Contents Page

Overall Solutions for

Electrical Power Supply ............. 10/2
10
System Planning
System Planning
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10/2 Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission and Distribution 4th Edition
System Planning
Operation performance
Voltage quality
System perturbations
Neutral grounding
Fault clearing
Overload
Overvoltage
Selective Tripping Schemes
Asymmetry
Transient phenomena
Reactive power balance
Power-station reserve
Load development
Cable restructuring
Upgrading installations
Selecting voltage levels
System takeover
Defining new transfomer
substations
System interconnection
Connecting power stations
Using new protection schemes
System design
Generator
Transformer
Circuit-breaker
Overhead line
Cable
Compensation equipment
Equipment for
neutral grounding
Protection equipment
Control equipment
HVDC
FACTS
Grounding
Component layout
Tasks Solutions Results
System analysis,
system documentation
System calculations,
load-flow and short-circuit
Planning and calculating AC and
DC transmission
Determining economic alternatives
Specifying the configuration of
the system
Design of electrical installations
Design of protection system,
selecting equipment, selective
coordination and real-time tests
Customer acceptance tests of
protection equipment
Simulation of complete system
and secondary equipment
Switching operations, layout of
overvoltage protection system,
insulation coordination
Analysis of harmonics, layout of
filter circuits, closed-loop
and open-loop control circuits
for power converters
Simulation of system dynamics
Layout of power electronic
equipment (FACTS)
Method of neutral grounding
Reliability analysis
Earthing arrangement and
measurement
Investigation of interference
Propagation of ripple-control signals
Economical solutions for distribution
and transmission systems
Uncomplicated and reliable operation
Minimization of losses
Reduction of the effects,
extent and duration of faults
Optimized fault clearance for
reduced system black-outs
Priorities in system extension
Replacement of old installations,
reconstruction, extension or
new constructions
Extensively standardized
system components
Compliance with specified
performance values
Short tripping times for reduction
of system stresses
Safety for persons
Economical alternatives
Overall Solutions for
Electrical Power Supply
Integral power system solutions are far
more than just a combination of switch-
gear, transformers, lines or cables, togeth-
er with equipment for protection, supervi-
sion, control, communication and whatever
more. Of crucial importance for the quality
of power transmission and distribution is
the integration of different components in
an optimized overall solution in terms of:
I System design and creative system lay-
out, based on the load center require-
ments and the geographical situation
I Component layout, according to tech-
nical and economic assumptions and
standards
I Operation performance, analyzing and
simulation of system behavior under
normal and fault conditions
I Protection design and coordination,
matched to the power system.
Siemens System Planning
Whether a new system has to be planned
or an existing system extended or updat-
ed, whether normal or abnormal system
behavior has to be analyzed or a postfault
clarification done, the System Planning
Division, certified to DIN ISO 9001, is com-
petent and has the know-how needed to
find the right answer. The investigations
cover all voltage levels, from high voltage
to low voltage, and comprise system stud-
ies for long-distance transmission systems
and urban power networks, as well as for
particular distribution systems in industrial
plants and large-scale installations for build-
ing centers. In addition the protection de-
sign must be optimized for all transmission
and distribution systems for highest and
efficient power quality. In all these tasks,
System Planning works in close coopera-
tion with its customers and other Siemens
Groups (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1: Tasks, Solutions and Results
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Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission and Distribution 4th Edition 10/3
Power
generation
Transmission system
up to 550 kV with HV/HV
bulk substations
Subtransmission system up to 145 kV
with HV/MV main substations
Medium-voltage distribution system up to 36 kV
MV/LV transformer public substations
and consumer connection substations
Low-voltage distribution system up to 1 kV.
Public supply system or internal installation system
Consumer power application industry, commerce, trade,
public services, private sector
Distribution function
Transmission function
System Planning
Fig. 2: The Pyramid of Power Supply
Fig. 3: Aspects of system planning
Load
development
System
architecture
Network
calculation
Protection
analysis
Protection
coordination
Investment
planning
Network
representation
System
analysis
Energy Supply
reliable and economical
The Power Supply System
The power supply system is like a pyramid
based on the requirements of consumers
and the applications and topped by power
generation (Fig. 2).
The power system is basically tailored to
the needs of consumers. Main characteris-
tics are the wide range of power require-
ments for the individual consumers from
a few kW to several MW, the high number
of similar network elements, and the wide-
spread supply areas. These characteristics
are the reason for the comparatively high
specific costs of the distribution system.
Thus, standardization of equipment, use
of maintenance-free components, and sim-
plified system configuration have to be con-
sidered for an economical system layout.
The load situation at the LV level deter-
mines the most suitable location of public
MV/LV substations and consumer connec-
tion stations and, to a high degree, the
electrical and geographical configuration of
the superposed medium-voltage distribu-
tion network as well.
HV/MV main substations feeding the
medium-voltage distribution system should
be located as close as possible to the load
centers of the medium-voltage distribution
areas. The subtransmission system feed-
ing the main substations is configured
according to their location and the location
of the bulk power substations of the trans-
mission system. The largely interconnect-
ed transmission system, e.g. up to 550 kV,
balances the daily and seasonal differences
between load requirements and different
available generation sources.
Basic conditions for system design
Industry, trade and commerce as well as
public services (transportation and commu-
nication systems), but not forgetting the
private sector (households), depend highly
upon a reliable and adequate energy sup-
ply of high quality on highly economical
terms. In order to achieve these aims,
several aspects must be considered
(Fig. 3). International and national stand-
ards are the basic fundamentals for sys-
tem design. The choice of system voltage
levels and steps is of decisive importance
for economical design and operation.
Reliability requires adequate dimensioning
of components with regard to current-
carrying capacity, short-circuit stress and
other relevant parameters. Although inter-
ruptions in supply due to environmental
influence or faults in components can
never be avoided completely, it has to be
assured that the time of interruption is
minimized. This is a question of reserve in
the system. Different degrees of reserve
can be provided depending on the require-
ments.
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10/4 Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission and Distribution 4th Edition
System Planning
System Planning, a complex activity
System planning and configuration are
comparable with architectural work, finding
the best technical and economical solution.
System planning has therefore to start
with a thorough task definition and system
analysis of the present status, based on
the given quality requirements. Alternative
system concepts (system architecture)
in several expansion stages ensure the
dynamic development of the system,
adapted to structure and load requirements
of the subposed voltage level. Component
design and the infeed from the super-
posed voltage level have to be considered
as well. Technical calculations and eco-
nomic investigations complete the plan-
ning work and are essential for the choice
of the solution (Fig. 4).
Load Development
The load analysis and estimation in the
distribution system are always a matter
of distributed loads in a certain area.
In urban and rural areas, natural borders
such as rivers, railway lines or major roads
and parks or woodlands allow the whole
supply district to be subdivided into a
number of subareas.
In large commercial complexes, such as
airports or university and hospital centers
as well as in industrial areas, the load esti-
mation is based on the individual buildings
and workshops.
Different methods are used for load esti-
mation, such as annual growth rates for
existing public areas, load density for new
developing residential areas, installed
capacity and simultaneity factor for com-
mercial and industrial supply.
Distribution
Network configuration for power distribu-
tion is a matter of visualization and will not
be executed successfully without the geo-
graphical information of load and source
location for public supply and industrial or
large building supply as well. Thus, each
distribution system must be planned indi-
vidually. But, for the basic design, a certain
standard configuration has proved optimal
in terms of
I Uncomplicated configuration
I Ease of operation and
I Economical installation
Low-voltage systems are usually operated
as open radial networks. Industrial systems
in particular contain facilities for transfer to
standby. Meshed operation is usually only
intended for special load situations, such
as single loads with great fluctuations or
welding systems.
Medium-voltage systems are primarily
governed in their configuration by the loca-
tions of the system and consumer stations
to be supplied.
The most suitable arrangements for public
supplies are open-ring systems or line sys-
tems to a remote substation.
For industrial and building power supply
systems, the higher load densities result
in shorter distances between substations.
This leads for reasons of economy to the
spot system with radial-operated trans-
formers.
Industrial power supplies differ from public
networks inasmuch as they have a high
proportion of motor loads and often inplant
generation. Depending on the capacity,
units will be connected to normal low-volt-
age level, intermediate low-voltage level or
medium-voltage.
The technically and economically optimal
configuration of distribution systems calls
for wide-ranging practical experience from
a large number of different projects and
must determine switchgear configuration
as well.
Transmission
The design of transmission systems is to
a great extent individually tailored to the
location of generating plants and bulk sub-
stations feeding the subtransmission sys-
tem. Planning of high-voltage interconnected
networks and transmission networks is
a complex matter since they operate over
several different voltage levels and mostly
meshed systems are used. This and the
regional and seasonal difference of genera-
tion input and consumer demand as well
as the many different sizes of lines, cables
and transformers, make load-flow distribu-
tion complicated and require detailed calcu-
lations of system behavior and the operat-
ing conditions of power generation during
planning work. As well as the actual plan-
ning, the work includes numerous investi-
gations, for instance, to determine the con-
figuration of switchgear and various equip-
ment. This also entails detailed studies of
the reactive power, voltage stability, insu-
lation coordination, and testing of the dy-
namic and transient behavior in the net-
work resul-ting from faults. Connection of
neighboring transmission systems via AC/
DC coupling, the implementation of HVDC
transmission or superposing a new volt-
age level need comprehensive planning
and investigation work (Fig. 5).
Protection
The increasing demand from consumers in
industry and utility systems and in distribu-
tion and transmission networks in terms of
power quality imposes strong requirements
on system protection. Short tripping times,
high functionality, communication, fault re-
cording etc. will be provided by state-of-
the-art numerical relays. To come from pure
equipment protection to selective and co-
ordinated system protection, the responsible
staff have to be well trained.
To get the fastest tripping schemes with
the highest selectivity, knowledge of the
research and development is necessary. For
the optimization of protection under diffi-
cult system conditions, online simulation
like RTDS systems (Real-Time Digital Sys-
tem Simulators) must be available.
Tools
Besides great experience and know-how
Siemens System Planning applies powerful
tools to assist the engineers in their highly
responsible work.
SINCAL
(Siemens Network Calculation) for analysis
and planning purposes. Any size of system
with line and cable routing is simulated,
displayed and evaluated with the SINCAL
program system. With the help of an inte-
grated database and easy-to-use graphics
system, schematic and topological equiva-
lent systems can be digitized or converted
to other systems.
NETOMAC
(Network Torsion Machine Control) is a
program for simulation and optimization
of electrical systems which consist of net-
work, machines and closed-loop and open-
loop control equipment. Two modes of
time simulation, instantaneous value mode
and stability mode, can be used separately
or in combination. The program serves for
I Simulation of electromechanical
and magnetic phenomena
I Special load-flow calculations
I Frequency-range analysis
I Analysis of eigenvalues
I Simulation of torsional systems
I Parameter identification
I Reduction of passive systems
I Optimization
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Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission and Distribution 4th Edition 10/5
System Planning
Fig. 5: Planning tasks for interconnected transmission system
Fig. 4: Steps for network planning
Weak point
determination
Immediate action
Task definitions,
System analysis of
present status
Technical standards,
Reliability require-
ments
Proposal for
system layout
Technical/economical
calculations and
evaluations
System architecture
Alternative system
concepts for stages
Expansion project
Load development
Superposed
voltage level
Infeed
Component design
Protectivecoordination
Method of neutral
grounding
Subposed voltage level
Load structure
Existing system
Planned
Tasks
Load development and
power plant schedules
Voltage steps and
transformer substation
sizes
Installation type
and configuration
Voltage-control
and reactive-power
compensation
Load-flow control
and stability criteria
Dynamic and
transient behavior
System management
(normal and faulted)
DISTAL
(Distance Protection Grading) calculates
the setting values of the impedance for
the three steps and for the overreach zones
(automatic reclosing and signal compari-
son) of distance protection equipment in
any kind of meshed network.
CUSS
(Computer-Aided Protective Grading) indi-
cates grading paths and grading diagrams,
checks the interaction of the current-time
characteristics with regard to selectivity
and generates setting tables for the pro-
tection equipment.
DISCHU
Simulation and testing of numerical pro-
tection relays.
CTDIM
is a program for protective current trans-
former dimensioning. Main task is techni-
cal and economical optimization.
PRIMUS
works out the most suitable voltage for
a DC transmission project together with
the most important electrical data and
the costs.
SECOND
is used to calculate the electrical character-
istics and costs of a given AC transmission
project.
FELD
permits calculation of electrical and mag-
netic fields which occur during operation
and fault conditions in the environment of
one, two and three-phase systems (e.g.
overhead lines and railway lines) in a two-
dimensional way.
LEIKA
permits calculation of the electrical charac-
teristics of overhead lines and cables.
TERRA
is for calculating the potential fields of
grounding installations.
KABEIN
is used for calculating the inductive inter-
ference to which telecommunication lines
and pipelines are subjected by the operat-
ing currents or fault currents of high-volt-
age overhead lines or cables at any levels
of exposure.
SUNICO
calculates how to make optimum use of
power stations. It indicates the best choice
from among the available power units and
the best way of dividing up the system load
among the individual units used.
HADICA
is used for calculating harmonic voltages
and currents in electrical systems.
ACFilt
(Filter-circuit design) is for dealing effi-
ciently with harmonic compensation.
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10/6 Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission and Distribution 4th Edition
System Planning
For further information please contact:
Fax: ++49 - 91 31-73 44 45
e-mail: evnp@erls04.siemens.de
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u, f,
G
Power Generation
AC/DC Systems
8 Test Stations
Simulator Interfaces
Real-Time Computer
Simulation
Signal Generation and
Recording
Measuring, Protection
and Control
Positive and Zero
Sequence Components
Digital Sequence
Controllers
Playback Computer
Simulation

HVDC/FACTS
1 6
Custom Power
8

7
Protection
Signal Acquisition System
NETOMAC, EMTDC, EMTP RTDS

Since 1996
Fig. 6: Advanced AC/DC Real-Time Simulator facilities Overview
Advanced AC/DC real-time simulation
The development and testing of measur-
ing, protection and control equipment of
large power supply installations need to
take place under real system conditions.
Siemens System Planning utilizes a realtime
simulator based on a modular principle so
that different layouts and structures of the
projects can be dealt with flexibly.
In the simulator, there are 8 test stations
which enable parallel work to be carried
out. Six of them are specially designed for
testing large power converters such as
HVDC and FACTS units. Station 7 has spe-
cial interfaces for testing system protec-
tion schemes. Custom power station 8 is
used for Advanced Power Electronic Appli-
cations such as SIPCON (Siemens Power
Conditioner). In addition to the classic type
of simulator with physical elements, real-
time injection of transient signals from dig-
ital simulations is also possible, e.g. with
NETOMAC or RTDS, so that computer and
analog simulation complement each other.
Measurements
Sometimes only field measurements can
provide an accurate picture of the actual
situation and will be conducted for acquisi-
tion of data, clarification of disturbances
and verification of functions.
Instruction and Training
Training matched to the particular needs
of our customers, acquainting them with
installations, methods of planning and use
of software tools will be provided. Custom-
ers need today also well trained protection
staff who are able to handle modern numer-
ical relays in parallel with older installed
static and mechanical ones.
Siemens System Planning provides the
right training for protection design and co-
ordination.
All the training courses can be held world-
wide and also in Siemens Trainings Centers.
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