Motivation As An Instruments of Performance in Edo State Civil Service by Ajayi Adeola

P a g e | 619
MOTIVATION AS AN INSTRUMENTS OF PERFORMANCE IN EDO STATE CIVIL SERVICE Ajayi Adeola

International Journal of Resear! "IJR# Vol$%& Issue$'& August ()%* ISSN 2348-6848
Motivation as an Instruments of
Performance in Edo State Civil Service

Ajayi Adeola
Department of Public Administration
Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife,Osun State,Nigeria

ABSTRACT
The study examined motivation as an
instrument of performance Edo State Civil
Service. It also identified the motivational
strategies that exist in Edo State Civil Service.
In addition, the degree of implementation of
these motivational strategies in Edo State
Civil Service was examined as well as the
effectiveness of the identified motivational
strategies on the productivity of the Civil
Servants in Edo State.
The study used both primary
provision of working tools are motivational
mechanisms adopted by the Edo State Civil
Service towards increase in employees
productivity.
The finding of the study revealed that
!ob satisfaction level of staffs of Edo State
civil Service is affected or determined by a
number of factors which include wages and
salary, pension and gratuity, promotion work
environment and the work condition. The
study also revealed that the Edo State Civil
Service motivational strategies like prompt
payment of salary and granting of housing
and car loans are poorly implemented. The
study posits that the morale and initiatives of
the Edo State Civil Servants is dampened due
to the improper implementation of these
motivational strategies which may not at all
times be disconnected from politics of
favoritism and nepotism.
The study concluded that employers
should be able to help employees see that
the organi"ation can help them satisfy their
needs and utili"e their potentials to
contribute to the achievement of the
organi"ational goal. #orkers are affected by
different needs at different times$ this means
that individual worker is motivated
differently. %lso, those human needs could
be interdependent and overlapping. The
government should Endeavour to integrate
goals of the organi"ation with those of its
employees and continue to adopt the
supportive management techni&ue.
Keywords: Moti+ation as an
Instru,ents& E-o State Ci+il Ser+ie&
Pu.li A-,inistration& ,oti+ational
strategies& /ro-uti+it0 of t!e Ci+il
Ser+ants

P a g e | 620


CHAPTER ONE
ITERAT!RE RE"IE#
1$1 I%&rod'(&)o%
Ci+il Ser+ie arrange,ents !a+e
e,erge- as i,/ortant institution 1!i!
interfaes .et1een t!e state an- its
iti2ens3 Tra-itionall0 t!ese 1ere
,onolit!i& entrali2e-& /o1erful
strutures 1it! i,,ense /o1er o+er t!e
,anage,ent of t!e affairs of a nation&
an- often not +er0 res/onsi+e to t!e
!anging nee-s of go+ernane an- /u.li
,anage,ent3 4o1e+er& in reent ti,es&
,an0 go+ern,ents !a+e reali2e- t!e
i,/ortane of greater effiien0 ".ot!
eono,i an- funtional# in t!e -eli+er0
of ser+ies to t!eir iti2ens3 T!us&
go+ern,ents in -ifferent /arts of t!e
1orl- !a+e initiate- large$sale refor, in
t!eir i+il ser+ies to a!ie+e greater
effiien0& effeti+eness an-
res/onsi+eness "De5raff& ())6#3
A lot of resear!es !as .een -one
in t!e area of ,oti+ation in relation to
t!e area of organi2ational ,anage,ent3
Resear!ers an- aut!ors agree t!at
,oti+ation is +er0 ruial to t!e issue of
/ro-uti+it0 .ut t!e0 -iffer 1it! regar-
to t!e t!ings t!at ,oti+ate3
Vroo, "%78*# sees ,oti+ation as a
/roess go+erning !oies ,a-e .0
/ersons or lo1er organis,s a,ong
alternati+e for,s of +oluntar0 ati+it03
T!is i,/lies t!at ,oti+ation /ro/els an
in-i+i-ual to /refer one 9o. to anot!er3
So,e resear!ers assu,e- t!at
+aria.les su! as a,ount of re1ar- are
,oti+ational +aria.les t!at -iretl0
influene t!e strengt! of inenti+e
,oti+ation3
T!e effeti+e /erfor,ane of a
i+il ser+ie -e/en-s on soun-
reruit,ent& seletion an- retention
/raties3 Lo1 ,orale& !ig! turno+er&
e:tre,e i+il ser+ie 1ages .ills an- /oor
ser+ie ;ualit0 are en-e,i to
go+ern,ent a-,inistrations t!at fail to
attrat& retain an- ,oti+ate !ig! ;ualit0
i+il ser+ants "Nun.erg& %77<#3 Ci+il
ser+ie in -e+elo/ing ountries fae t!e
,a9or /ro.le,s of /rofessional
ino,/etene an- la= of ,oti+ation
a,ong t!eir e,/lo0ees "Vi9a0araga+an
an- Sing!& ())*#3 Furt!er,ore& i+il
ser+ie of t!ese ountries -o not !a+e a
1ell$-efine- s0ste, of !u,an resoure
,anage,ent3 Pro/er /lanning an-
,anage,ent of !u,an resoures 1it!in
t!e i+il ser+ie is essential to inrease
t!e a/a.ilities& ,oti+ation an-
effeti+eness of i+il ser+ants3

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A lose re+ie1 of all t!eories of
!u,an ,oti+ation re+eal a o,,on
-ri+ing /rini/le t!at /eo/le -o 1!at
t!e0 are re1ar-e- for -oing3 In general&
t!e t!eories on ,oti+ation an .e
lassifie- as> e,/lo0ee nee-s ,oti+ation
t!roug! goal$setting& e,/lo0ee
re1ar-?inenti+es an- reinfore,ent3

1$2 T*e Co%(e+& o, -o&)./&)o%
T!e 1or- ,oti+ation 1as -eri+e-
fro, t!e Latin 1or- @,ou+ereeA
,eaning to ,o+e3 It i,/lies t!at
,oti+ation is !o1 .e!a+iour get starte-&
energi2e-& sustaine-& -irete-& sto//e-
anot!er =in- of su.9eti+e reations
/resent in t!e organis, 1!ile all t!ese
are going on3
Moti+ation is @t!e set of /roesses
t!at -eter,ine t!e !oies /eo/le ,a=e
a.out t!eir .e!a+ioursA3 Moti+ation is an
a.strat ter,3 It i,/arts inenti+es t!at
re;uire a res/onse on /art of so,eone
else to a!ie+e a -efine- goal3 In
.usiness& ,oti+ation is s0non0,ous 1it!
salariesB ,one0 is a ,eans for
ao,,o-ating t!e eono,i nee-s of
1or=ers3 Moti+ation ,eans an inner
1!oleso,e -esire to e:ert effort 1it!out
t!e e:ternal sti,ulus of ,one03
Moti+ating is t!e a.ilit0 of in-otrinating
t!e /ersonnel 1it! a unit0 of /ur/ose
an- ,aintaining a ontinuing&
!ar,onious relations!i/ a,ong all
/eo/le3 It is a fore 1!i! enourages
an- /ro,otes a 1illingness of e+er0
e,/lo0ee to oo/erate 1it! e+er0
,e,.er of t!e tea,3 To ,aintain is to
reate an- /er/etuate t!e li,ate 1!i!
.rings !ar,on0 an- e;uili.riu, into t!e
entire 1or= grou/ for t!e .enefit of all
1!o are in+ol+e- C t!e o,/an0 as a
1!ole "S!in.a D Sin.a& %7''#3 Sine
effeti+e ,oti+ation o,es fro, 1it!in&
.0 ,oti+ating ot!ers& t!e ,anager an
-o ,ore t!an reate /ro/er on-itions
t!at ause /eo/le to -o t!eir 1or=
1illingl03
Moti+ating is t!e 1or= ,anagers
/erfor, to ins/ire& enourage an- i,/el
/eo/le to ta=e ation3 To ,oti+ate t!e
e,/lo0ee& t!e e,/lo0ee ,ust .e
rea!e-B to rea! !i, t!ere ,ust .e a
o,/lete un-erstan-ing of t!e
o,/le:it0 in !is ,a=e$u/ "Sta9=o+i D
Lut!ans "())6#3 Moti+ation efforts ,ust
.e -irete- to1ar-s i,/ro+ing o,/an0
o/erations3 To .e effeti+e& !o1e+er&
t!e0 ,ust also .e -esigne- to s!o1
.enefits to t!e e,/lo0ee3 In fat&
,oti+ation an .est .e ao,/lis!e-
1!en 1or=ers are a.le to ,erge t!eir
/ersonal a,.itions 1it! t!ose of t!e
o,/an03 Aor-ing to S=inner& E3F3
"%787#& ,oti+ation is -efine- t!us& @t!e

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1illingness to e:ert !ig! le+el of effort to
tea! Organi2ational goals& on-itione-
.0 t!e effortFs a.ilit0 to satisf0 so,e
in-i+i-ual nee-3 Daint0& Lingar-& an-
Loose,ore "())(#& -efine ,oti+ation as
a set of in-e/en-ent an- -e/en-ant
relations!i/s t!at e:/lains t!e -iretion&
a,/litu-e an- /ersistene of an
in-i+i-ualFs .e!a+iour !ol-ing onstant
t!e effets of a/titu-e& s=ills&
un-erstan-ing of a tas= an- t!e
onstraints o/erating in t!e 1or=
en+iron,ent3 Dei D R0an "%7G<#& -efine
,oti+ation as t!e onte,/orar0
i,,e-iate influene on t!e -iretion&
+igor& an- /ersistene of ation3
T!e relations!i/ .et1een t!e
e,/lo0er an- e,/lo0ee ,ust .e one of
un-erstan-ing in or-er for t!e e,/lo0ee
to i-entif0 !i,self 1it! !is 1or= an- 1it!
t!e .usiness !e is 1or=ing for3 La= of
,oti+ation in return affets /ro-uti+it03
A nu,.er of s0,/to,s ,a0 /oint to lo1
,orale> -elining /ro-uti+it0B !ig!
e,/lo0ee turno+erB inreasing nu,.er
of grie+anesB !ig!er ini-ene of
a.senteeis, an- tar-inessB inreasing
nu,.er of -efeti+e /ro-utsB !ig!er
nu,.er of ai-ents or a !ig!er le+el of
1aste ,aterials an- sra/ "Fas!o0in&
())*#3 A ,oti+ate- e,/lo0ee is a lo0al
e,/lo0ee an- to .e lo0al i,/lies t!at t!e
e,/lo0ee su//orts t!e ations an-
o.9eti+es of t!e fir,3 Vroo, "%78*#
-efine- ,oti+ation as a /roess
go+erning !oie ,a-e .0 /ersons or
lo1er organis, a,ong alternati+e for,s
of +oluntar0 ati+ities3
Moti+ation as a one/t attrate-
/s0!ologistsF attention in %76)s&
,oti+ation in onte,/orar0 /s0!olog0
eno,/asses t!ree ,ain issues3 T!ese
inlu-e -ri+e& goal or /ur/ose /leasure
an- /ain of nature of re$enforer3 T!e
first atte,/ts to e:/lain 1!at ati+ate
,an to ation an- 1!0 !e engages in
so,e ati+ities at ertain ti,es3 T!e
seon- assert t!at t!e .e!a+iour of ,an
ten-s to .e -irete- to1ar-s a /artiular
en- or goalB it see=s to -iso+er !o1 to
,a=e .e!a+iour to .e goal -irete- an-
1!et!er t!is goal -iretion an .e
o.9eti+el0 -esri.e- or ,easure-3 T!e
t!ir- +ie1 t!e nature of re$enforer an-
t!e /ro/erties t!at aount for /ositi+e
reinfore,ent "/leasure# in ertain
e+ents an- negati+e reinfore,ent "/ain#
in ot!er ,en ten- to re/eat at+ioties
t!at lea- to /ositi+e onse;uenes
"re1ar-# an- sto/ -oing 1!at lea-s to
negati+e onse;uenes C /unis!,ent
"N1a!u=1u& ())G#3
Moti+ation is a o,/le: one/t
1i-el0 use- in e+er0 ,a9or fiel- of
en-ea+our su! as in-ustr0& o,,ere&
/olitis& an- religion an- so on3 4ene& it

P a g e | 623


!as .een -efine- -ifferentl0 .0 +arious
in-ustrial an- .e!a+ioural /s0!ologists
as ea! tries to e,/!asi2e t!e as/et of
t!e one/t t!at a//eal to !i,3 All t!ese
-efinitions s!o1 t!at ,oti+ation is a
fator t!at triggers ation an- energises
an- -irets su! ation to1ar-s a goal3
T!ese -esri/tions an- -efinitions of
,oti+ation /roess 1!i! ,anagers
s!oul- ta=e ogni2ane of t!e effeti+e
la.our ,anage,ent3 T!ese inlu-e
=no1ing>
"a# H!at energises !u,an
.e!a+iourI
".# 4o1 t!is .e!a+iour is -irete-
or !annele- an- !o1 t!e
.e!a+iour an .e sustaine-&
"N1a!u=1u& i.i-#3
Si,ilarl0& Joont2 an- OFDonnel& "%7G)#
-istinguis!e- .et1een ,oti+ation an-
satisfation3 4e sai- t!at ,oti+ation
i,/lies a -ri+e to1ar-s outo,e 1!ile
satisfation in+ol+es outo,e alrea-0
e:/eriene-3 4e e:/lains furt!er t!at
,oti+ation refers to t!e -ri+e an- effort
to satisf0 a 1ant or a goal 1!ile
satisfation refers to t!e o,,it,ent
e:/eriene- 1!en a 1ant is satisfie-3
Fro, 1!at !as .een sai- so far& it is lear
t!at ,oti+ation is an i,/ortant tool for
a!ie+ing organi2ation o.9eti+es3 In +ie1
of t!is& a nu,.er of t!eories !a+e .een
/ro/oun-e- to !el/ ,anagers !a+e a
.etter un-erstan-ing of t!e su.9et3
So,e of t!e t!eories /ro+i-e t!e .asis
for t!e -esign of re1ar- s0ste,s 1!i! in
turn are ,eans .0 1!i! an organi2ation
atte,/t to influene an- ontrol t!e
.e!a+iour of its ,e,.ers3
Moti+ation an .e referre- to as
t!ose 1is!es& -esires& an- -ri+es et t!at
sti,ulate an- ati+ate ,an to -o ertain
t!ings3 Man is sai- to .e ,oti+ate- if !is
latent energ0 is -irete- to1ar-s ertain
goal3 It is also a /erei+e- re1ar- or
inenti+e t!at s!ar/ens t!e -ri+e to
satisf0 nee-s3 H!0 ,an .e!a+es in a
/artiular ,anner -e/en-s on !is nee-s3
Man is +er0 rational& !e -oes an0t!ing
onl0 to satisf0 !is nee-s an- at a
/artiular /oint of ti,e !e -oes t!at
ati+it0 1!i! satisfies !is ,ost
i,/ortant nee-3 A ,an is ,oti+ate- to
-o t!ose t!ings 1!i! satisf0 !is nee-s3
T!e ,anage,ent is intereste- in getting
t!e ati+ities of 1or=ers -i+erte- in t!e
fulfill,ent of t!ose t!ings 1!i! are
!el/ful in t!e attain,ent of t!e goal of
t!e organi2ation3
Moti+ation to1ar-s .etter
/erfor,ane -e/en-s on t!e satisfation
of nee-s for res/onsi.ilit0& a!ie+e,ent&
reognition an- gro1t!3 Nee-s are felt&
an- t!eir intensit0 +aries fro, one
/erson to anot!er an- fro, ti,e to ti,e&
an- so -oes t!e e:tent to 1!i! t!e0 are

P a g e | 624


,oti+ate-3 Ee!a+iour is learne- an-
re1ar- enourages e+en .etter
/erfor,ane& t!us& reinforing -esire-
.e!a+iour3 It is 1!at one -oes not !a+e
t!at one 1ants& one 1or=s to a!ie+e
t!at 1!i! one nee-s3 4ene& if 1e =no1
1!at /eo/le nee- an- 1ant& t!en 1e
=no1 1!at t!e0 1ill 1or= for& an- li=e
1or=ing for& an- so 1or= 1ell to a!ie+e3
Attaining goals lea- to feelings of
self$res/et& strengt! an- onfi-ene3
Fe1 /eo/le are a.le to ontinue a
/attern of a!ie+e,ent an- suess
1it!out t!e a--e- enourage,ent
/ro+i-e- .0 ot!ers reogni2ing t!eir
a!ie+e,ents3 Continue- failure an-
frustration an- -efeat an result in
feelings of ina-e;ua0 an- a 1it!-ra1al
for, o,/etiti+e situations3 Persistent
la= of re1ar-s lea-s to a +ie1 of soiet0
as .eing !ostile an- unre1ar-ing
"Da+i-,ann& ())%#3
T!ere are ,an0 t!eories of
,oti+ation t!at e,/lo0ers an use to
i,/ro+e t!eir un-erstan-ing of 1!0
/eo/le .e!a+e as t!e0 -o3 None /ro+i-es
a uni+ersall0 ae/te- e:/lanation of
!u,an .e!a+iour3 Peo/le are far too
o,/le:3 T!e t1o ,ost -isusse- grou/s
of t!eories are ontent t!eories an-
/roess t!eories3 Content t!eories are
onerne- 1it! i-entif0ing 1!at is 1it!in
an in-i+i-ual or t!e 1or= en+iron,ent
t!at energi2es an- sustains .e!a+iour3
On t!e ot!er !an-& /roess t!eories tr0
to e:/lain an- -esri.e t!e /roess of
!o1 .e!a+iour is energi2e-& -irete-&
sustaine-& an- finall0 sto//e-3 4o1e+er
for t!e ontent t!eories& Maslo1
4ierar!0 of Nee-s& 4er.ergFs t1o$fator
t!eor0& an- MClellan-Fs A!ie+e,ent
Moti+ation t!eor0 s!all .e e:a,ine-3
H!ile for t!e /roess t!eories& t!e Carrot
an- t!e Sti=& E:/etan0 t!eor0
"Vroo,#& an- M5regor t!eor0 K an- L
s!all .e e:a,ine-3

1$2$1 -/s0ow1s H)er/r(*y o, Needs
A.ra!a, Maslo1 1as a
/s0!ologist& 1!o -e+elo/e- t!eor0 of
!u,an ,oti+ation& an- lassifie- !u,an
nee-s into fi+e ategories in a
!ierar!ial ,anner& t!at is ,o+e,ent
fro, one to anot!er after a nee- !as
.een satisfie-3
Maslo1Fs nee- !ierar!0 t!eor0
!as en9o0e- 1i-es/rea- ae/tane&
sine it 1as intro-ue- aroun- %7*63 4is
t!eor0 of ,oti+ation stresses t1o
fun-a,ental /re,ises>
i3 Man is a 1anting ani,al 1!ose
nee-s -e/en- on 1!at !e
alrea-0 !as onl0 nee-s not 0et
satisfie- an influene

P a g e | 622


.e!a+iour3 In ot!er 1or-s& a
satisfie- nee- is not a
,oti+ator3
ii3 ManFs nee-s are arrange- in a
!ierar!0 of i,/ortane3 One
one nee- is satisfie-& anot!er
e,erges an- -e,an-s
satisfation3
Maslo1 !0/ot!esi2e- fi+e le+els of
nee-s3 T!ese nee-s are>

1$2$1$1 P*ys)o0o3)(/0 Needs
T!is ategor0 onsists of t!e
!u,an .o-0Fs /ri,ar0 nee-s& su! as
foo-& 1ater& an- se:3 As Maslo1 states @a
/erson 1!o is la=ing foo-& safet0& lo+e
an- estee, /ro.a.l0 1oul- !unger for
foo- ,ore strongl0 t!an for an0t!ing
elseA3
1$2$1$2 S/,e&y Needs
H!en /!0siologial nee-s are
a-e;uatel0 ,et& t!e ne:t !ig!er le+el
assu,es i,/ortane3 Safet0 nee-s
inlu-e /rotetion for, /!0sial !ar,& ill
!ealt!& eono,i -isaster& an- t!e
une:/ete-3
1$2$1$3 So()/0 Needs
T!ese nee-s are relate- to soial
nature of /eo/le an- t!eir nee- for
o,/anions!i/3 4ere& t!e !ierar!0
-e/arts fro, t!e /!0sial or ;uasi$
/!0sial nee-s of t!e t1o /re+ious le+els3
Non$satisfation of t!is le+el ,a0 affet
t!e ,ental !ealt! of t!e in-i+i-ual3
1$2$1$4 Es&ee4 Needs
T!e nee- for .ot! a1areness of
i,/ortane to ot!ers "self$estee,# an-
atual estee, fro, ot!ers is inlu-e-3
Satisfation of t!ese nee-s lea- to feeling
of self$onfi-ene an- /restige3
1$2$1$2 Se0,- A(&'/0)5/&)o%
Needs
Maslo1 -efines t!ese nee-s as
t!e @-esire to .eo,e ,ore an- ,ore
1!at one is to .eo,e e+er0t!ing one is
a/a.le of .eo,ing3 T!is ,eans t!at t!e
in-i+i-ual 1ill reali2e full0 t!e
/otentialities of talents an- a/a.ilities3
T!e nee- !ierar!0 t!eor0 is
1i-el0 ae/te- an- referre- to .0
/ratising e,/lo0ers& alt!oug!& it -oes
not /ro+i-e a o,/lete un-erstan-ing of
!u,an ,oti+ation or t!e ,eans to
,oti+ate /eo/le3 T!e !ierar!0 is eas0 to
o,/re!en-& as a great -eal of o,,on
sense +ali-it0& an- /oint out so,e of t!e
fators t!at ,oti+ate /eo/le3

P a g e | 626


(3%> Soure> N1a!u=1u& %7GG
Maslo1Fs Nee- 4ierar!0

1$2$2 Her6er31s T*eory o, -o&)./&)o%
In t!e late %7<)s& Fre-eri=
4er2.erg onsi-ere- .0 ,an0 to .e a
/ioneer in ,oti+ation t!eor0&
inter+ie1e- a grou/ of e,/lo0ees to fin-
out 1!at ,a-e t!e, satisfie- an-
-issatisfie- on t!e 9o.3 Fre-eri=
4er2.erg 1ent to t!e e:tent of as=ing
/eo/le to -esri.e in -etail t!e -ifferent
situation 1!i! ause- t!e, !ig! or lo1
,orale3 Aor-ing to 4er2.erg& /eo/le
felt !a//0 1!en t!e0 e:/eriene 9o.
satisfation an- also ,oti+ate- an-
!a//0 t!roug! reognition&
a!ie+e,ent& res/onsi.ilit0&
a-+ane,ent an- 1or= itself3
All t!ese are onsi-ereas
intrinsi fator ".uilt in# or 9o. satisfier or
,oti+ator3 On t!e ot!er !an-& /eo/leFs
un!a//iness a.out t!eir 1or= of
e:/eriene& la= of 9o. satisfation is
onnete- 1it! /la0& o,/an0 /oli0&
su/er+ision& a-,inistration& an-
relations!i/ 1it! /eers or su.or-inate3
4er2.erg referre- to t!e on-itions as
e:trinsi fator or -issatisfier3 Dissatisfier
re-ues effort to 1or=B t!eir a.sene an
result in ats 1!i! are !ostile to t!e
organi2ation3 Dissatisfier 1ill into in-ue
!ar-er effort on t!e /art of t!e e,/lo0ee
.ut an result in ,ore or less neutral
reation3 4er2.erg onten-e- t!at t!e
,ain auses of 9o. -issatisfation are
-efiienies in t!e !0gieni fators 1!ere
as t!e ,ain ause of 9o. satisfation are
t!e /ro+ision of satisfiers3
T!e i,/liation of t!is t!eor0 is
t!at t!e e,/lo0er of la.our s!oul- .e
onerne- 1it! t1o +ie1s of t!eir
1or=ers>
"a# H!at ,a=es t!e 1or=ers
!a//0 an- ,oti+ate t!e,I
".# H!at ,a=es t!e, un!a//0
an- auses 9o.
-issatisfationI

P a g e | 627


Fro, t!e inter+ie1s& 4er2.erg 1ent on
to -e+elo/ !is t!eor0 t!at t!ere are t1o
-i,ensions to 9o. satisfation>
,oti+ation an- !0giene3 40giene issues&
aor-ing to 4er2.erg& an not ,oti+ate
e,/lo0ees .ut an ,ini,i2e
-issatisfation& if !an-le- /ro/erl03 In
ot!er 1or-s& t!e0 an onl0 -issatisf0 if
t!e0 are a.sent or ,is!an-le-3 40giene
to/is inlu-e o,/an0 /oliies&
su/er+ision& salar0& inter/ersonal
relations an- 1or=ing on-itions3 T!e0
are issues relate- to t!e e,/lo0eeFs
en+iron,ent "N1a!u=1u& %7GG#3
Moti+ators& on t!e ot!er !an-&
reate satisfation .0 fulfilling
in-i+i-ualsF nee-s for /ersonal gro1t!3
T!e0 are issues su! as a!ie+e,ent&
reognition& 1or= itself& res/onsi.ilit0
an- a-+ane,ent3 One !0giene areas
are a--resse-& sai- 4er2.erg& ,oti+ators
1ill /ro,ote 9o. satisfation an-
enourage /ro-ution3 Alt!oug! !0giene
issues are not t!e soure of satisfation&
t!ese issues ,ust .e -ealt 1it! first to
reate an en+iron,ent in 1!i!
e,/lo0eeFs satisfation an- ,oti+ation
are e+en /ossi.le3
1$2$2$1 Co4+/%y /%d
Ad4)%)s&r/&).e Po0)()es
An organi2ationFs /oli0 an .e a
great soure of frustration for
e,/lo0ees& if t!e /oliies are unlear or
unneessar03 Printe- o/ies of t!e
o,/an0Fs /oliies an- /roe-ures
s!oul- .e ,a-e aessi.le to all
,e,.ers of staff3 If t!ere is not a 1ritten
,anual& reate one& soliiting staff in/ut
along t!e 1a03 If t!ere is one& onsi-er
u/-ating it3
1$2$2$2 S'+er.)s)o%
To -erease -issatisfation in t!is
area& 0ou ,ust .egin .0 ,a=ing 1ise
-eisions 1!en 0ou a//oint so,eone to
t!e role of su/er+isor3 Ee a1are t!at
goo- e,/lo0ees -o not ,a=e goo-
su/er+isors3 T!e role of su/er+isor is
e:tre,el0 -iffiult3 It re;uires lea-ers!i/
s=ills an- t!e a.ilit0 to treat all
e,/lo0ees fairl03 Su/er+isors s!oul- .e
taug!t to use /ositi+e fee-.a=
1!ene+er /ossi.le an- s!oul- esta.lis! a
set ,eans of e,/lo0ee e+aluation an-
fee-.a= so t!at no one feels single- out3
1$2$2$3 S/0/ry
T!e ol- a-age @0ou get 1!at 0ou
/a0 forA ten-s to .e true 1!en it o,es
to staff ,e,.ers3 Salar0 is not a
,oti+ator for e,/lo0ees& .ut t!e0 -o not
1ant to .e /ai- fairl03 If in-i+i-uals
.elie+e t!e0 are not o,/ensate- 1ell&
t!e0 1ill .e un!a//0 1or=ing for 0ou3
Ma=e sure t!ere is a lear /oli0 relate-
to salaries& raises an- .onuses3

P a g e | 628


1$2$2$4 I%&er+erso%/0
Re0/&)o%s
Part of t!e satisfation of .eing
e,/lo0e- is t!e soial ontat it .rings&
so allo1 e,/lo0ees a reasona.le a,ount
of ti,e for soiali2ation3 T!is 1ill !el/
t!e, -e+elo/ a sense of tea, 1or=3 At
t!e sa,e ti,e& ina//ro/riate .e!a+iour&
offensi+e o,,ents an- ru-eness
s!oul- .e rea=e- -o1n on3 If an
in-i+i-ual ontinues to .e -isru/ti+e&
ta=e are of t!e situation& /er!a/s .0
-is,issing !i, or !er fro, t!e /ratie3
1$2$2$2 #or8)%3 Co%d)&)o%s
T!e en+iron,ent in 1!i! /eo/le
1or= !as a tre,en-ous effet on t!eir
le+el of /ri-e for t!e,sel+es an- for t!e
1or= t!e0 are -oing3 Do e+er0t!ing 0ou
an to =ee/ 0our e;ui/,ent an- failities
u/ to -ate3 E+en a nie !air an ,a=e a
1orl- of -ifferene to an in-i+i-ualFs
/s0!e3 Also& if /ossi.le& a+oi-
o+erro1-ing an- allo1 ea! e,/lo0ee
!is or !er o1n /ersonal s/ae& 1!et!er it
is -es=& or e+en a -ra1er3

1$2$26 #or8 I&se0,
H!at is ,ost i,/ortant to e,/lo0ee
,oti+ation is !el/ing in-i+i-uals .elie+e
t!at t!e 1or= t!e0 are -oing is i,/ortant
an- t!at t!eir tas=s are ,eaningful3
E,/!asi2e t!at t!eir ontri.utions to t!e
/raties result in /ositi+e outo,es an-
goo- !ealt! are for 0our /atients3 S!are
stories of suess a.out !o1 an
e,/lo0eeFs ation ,a-e a real -ifferene
in t!e life of a /atient& or in ,a=ing a
/roess .etter3 Lou ,a0 fin- ertain
tas=s t!at are trul0 unneessar0 an- an
.e eli,inate- or strea,line-& resulting in
greater effiien0 an- satisfation3

1$2$27 A(*)e.e4e%&
One /re,ise in!erent in
4er2.ergFs t!eor0 is t!at ,ost in-i+i-uals
sinerel0 1ant to -o a goo- 9o.3 To !el/
t!e,& ,a=e sure 0ou !a+e /lae- t!e,
in /ositions t!at use t!eir talents an- are
not set u/ for failure3 Set lear&
a!ie+a.le goals an- stan-ar-s for ea!
/osition& an- ,a=e sure e,/lo0ees =no1
1!at t!ose goals an- stan-ar-s are
in-i+i-uals s!oul- also reei+e regular&
ti,el0 fee-.a= on !o1 t!e0 are -oing
an- s!oul- feel t!e0 are .eing
a-e;uatel0 !allenge- in t!eir 9o.s3 Do
not o+erloa- in-i+i-uals 1it! !allenges
t!at are too -iffiult or i,/ossi.le& as it
an .e /aral02ing3

P a g e | 629


1$2$2$8 Re(o3%)&)o%
In-i+i-uals at all le+els of t!e
organi2ation 1ant to .e reogni2e- for
t!eir a!ie+e,ents on t!e 9o.3 T!eir
suesses -o not !a+e to .e ,onu,ental
.efore t!e0 -eser+e reognition& .ut 0ou
/raise s!oul- .e sinere3 If 0ou notie
e,/lo0ees -oing so,et!ing 1ell& ta=e
t!e ti,e to a=no1le-ge t!eir goo- 1or=
i,,e-iatel0& /u.lil0 t!an= t!e, for
!an-ling a situation /artiularl0 1ell3
Hrite a =in- note of /raise& or gi+e t!e,
a .onus if a//ro/riate3 A for,al
reognition /rogra, oul- .e
esta.lis!e- su! as @e,/lo0ee of t!e
,ont!A3

1$2$2$9 Res+o%s)6)0)&y
E,/lo0ees 1ill .e ,ore ,oti+ate- to -o
t!eir 9o.s 1ell if t!e0 !a+e o1ners!i/ of
t!eir 1or=3 T!is re;uires gi+ing
e,/lo0ees enoug! free-o, an- /o1er
to arr0 out t!eir tas=s so t!at t!e0 feel
t!e0 @o1nA t!e result3 As in-i+i-uals
,ature in t!eir 9o.s& /ro+i-e
o//ortunities for a--e- res/onsi.ilit03
Ee areful& !o1e+er& t!at 0ou -o not
si,/l0 a-- ,ore 1or=& instea-& fin- 1a0s
to a-- !allenging an- ,eaningful 1or=&
/er!a/s gi+ing t!e e,/lo0ee greater
free-o, an- aut!orit0 as 1ell3

1$2$2$10 Ad./%(e4e%&
Re1ar- lo0alt0 an- /erfor,ane 1it!
a-+ane,ent3 If 0ou -o not !a+e an o/en
/osition to 1!i! to /ro,ote a +alua.le
e,/lo0ee& onsi-er gi+ing !i, or !er a
ne1 title t!at reflets t!e le+el of 1or= !e
or s!e !as a!ie+e-3 H!en feasi.le&
su//ort e,/lo0ees .0 allo1ing t!e, to
/ursue furt!er e-uation& 1!i! 1ill
,a=e t!e, ,ore +alua.le to 0our
/ratie an- ,ore fulfille- /rofessionall0
"S0/ta=& Marslan- an- Ul,er& ())(#3

1$2$3 9/.)d -(C0e00/%d T*eory o,
-o&)./&)o%
Da+i- MClellan- ontri.ute- to t!e
un-erstan-ing of ,oti+ation .0
i-entif0ing t!ree t0/es of .asi
,oti+ating nee-s3 4e lassifie- t!e, as
t!e nee- for /o1er "n?PHR#& nee- for
affiliation "n?AFF#& an- nee- for
a!ie+e,ent "n?AC4#3

1$2$3$1 Need ,or Power

P a g e | 630


MClellan- anot!er resear!ers !a+e
foun- t!at /eo/le 1it! a !ig! nee- for
/o1er !a+e a great onern for
e:erising influene an- ontrol3 Su!
in-i+i-uals generall0 are see=ing
/ositions of lea-ers!i/B t!e0 are
fre;uentl0 goo- on+ersationalists&
t!oug! often argu,entati+eB t!e0 are
foreful& outs/o=en& !ar-$!ea-e-& an-
-e,an-ingB an- t!e0 en9o0 tea!ing an-
/u.li s/ea=ing3

1$2$3$2 Need ,or A,,)0)/&)o%
Peo/le 1it! a !ig! nee- for
affiliation usuall0 -eri+e /leasure fro,
.eing lo+e- an- ten- to a+oi- t!e /ain of
.eing re9ete- .0 a soial grou/3 As
in-i+i-uals& t!e0 are li=el0 to .e
onerne- 1it! ,aintaining /leasant
soial relations!i/s& to en9o0 a sense of
inti,a0 an- un-erstan-ing& to .e rea-0
to onsole an- !el/ ot!ers in trou.le& an-
to en9o0 frien-l0 interation 1it! ot!ers3

1$2$3$3 Need ,or
A(*)e.e4e%&
Peo/le 1it! a !ig! nee- for
a!ie+e,ent !a+e an intense -esire for
suess an- an e;uall0 intense fear of
failure3 T!e0 1ant to .e !allenge-& an-
t!e0 set ,o-eratel0 -iffiult ".ut not
i,/ossi.le# goals for t!e,sel+es3 T!e0
ta=er a realisti a//roa! to ris=B t!e0 are
not li=el0 to .e ga,.lers .ut& rat!er
/refer to anal02e an- assess /ro.le,s&
assu,e /ersonal res/onsi.ilit0 for
getting t!e 9o. -one& an- li=e s/eifi an-
/ro,/t fee-.a= on !o1 t!e0 are -oing3
T!e0 ten- to .e restless& li=e to 1or= long
!ours& -o not 1orr0 un-ul0 a.out failure
if it -oes our& an- ten- to li=e to run
t!eir o1n s!o1s3

1$2$4 T*e C/rro& /%d &*e S&)(8
T!is ,eta/!or relates to t!e use
of re1ar-s an- /enalties in or-er to
in-ue .e!a+iour3 It o,es fro, t!e ol-
stor0 t!at to ,a=e a -on=e0 ,o+e& one
,ust /ut a arrot in front of !i, or 9a.
!i, 1it! a sti= fro, .e!in-& t!oug!
lea-ing t!eories of ,oti+ation an-
,oti+ators sel-o, ,a=e referene to t!e
arrot an- t!e sti=3
@Re1ar- an- Punis!,entA are still
onsi-ere- strong ,oti+ators3 At t!e
sa,e ti,e& in all t!eories of ,oti+ation&
t!e in-ue,ents of so,e =in-s of
@arrotsA are reogni2e-3 Often& t!e
@arrotA is ,one0 in t!e for, of /a0 or
.onuses3 E+en t!oug!& ,one0 is not t!e
onl0 ,oti+ating fore& it !as .een an- 1ill
ontinue to .e an i,/ortant one3 T!e
/ro.le, 1it! @arrotA is t!at too often

P a g e | 631


e+er0one gets a arrot& regar-less of
/erfor,ane& t!roug! su! /raties as
salar0 inreases& an- /ro,otion .0
seniorit0& auto,ati @,eritA inreases&
an- e:euti+e .onuses not .ase- on
in-i+i-ual ,anager /erfor,ane3
T!e @Sti=A in t!e for, of fear C
fear of loss of 9o.& loss of ino,e&
re-ution of .onus& -e,otion& or so,e
ot!er /enalt0 C !as .een an- ontinues
to .e a strong ,oti+ator3 T!roug!
a-9u-ge- not to .e t!e .est3 It often gi+es
rise to -efensi+e or retaliator0 .e!a+iour&
su! as Union Organi2ation& /oor$;ualit0
1or=& e:euti+e in-ifferene& failure of as
,anager to ta=er an0 ris=s in -eision
,a=ing& or e+en -is!onest03 Eut fear of
/enalt0 an not .e o+erloo=e-3 T!e
/o1er an- /osition of ,anagers to gi+e
or 1it!!ol- re1ar-s or i,/ose /enalties
of +arious =in-s& gi+es t!e, an a.ilit0 to
ontrol& to a +er0 great e:tent& t!e
eono,i an- soial 1ell$.eing of t!eir
su.or-inates3

1$2$2 "roo41s E:+e(&/%(y T*eory o,
-o&)./&)o%
T!e E:/etan0 t!eor0 aor-ing
to Vitor Vroo, !ol-s t!at /eo/le 1ill .e
,oti+ate- to -o t!ings to rea! a goal if
t!e0 .elie+e in t!e 1ort! of t!at goal an-
if t!e0 an see t!at t!e0 -o 1ill !el/ t!e,
in a!ie+ing it3
Vroo,Fs t!eor0 /ostulates t!at
/eo/leFs ,oti+ation to1ar-s -oing
an0t!ing 1ill .e -eter,ine- .0 t!e +alue
t!e0 /lae on t!e outo,e of t!eir effort
"1!et!er /ositi+e or negati+e# ,ulti/lie-
.0 t!e onfi-ene t!e0 !a+e t!at t!eir
efforts 1ill ,ateriall0 ai- in a!ie+ing a
goal3 In ot!er 1or-s& Vroo, ,a=es t!e
/oint t!at ,oti+ation is a /ro-ut of t!e
antii/ate- 1ort! t!at an in-i+i-ual
/laes on a goal an- t!e !anes !e or
s!e sees of a!ie+ing t!at goal3
Vroo,Fs t!eor0 is state- t!us>
Fore M Valene : E:/etan0
H!en FORCE is t!e strengt! of a
/ersonFs ,oti+ation& VALENCE is t!e
strengt! of an in-i+i-ualFs /referene for
an outo,e& an- EKPECTANCL is t!e
/ro.a.ilit0 t!at a /artiular ation 1ill
lea- to a -esire- outo,e3 H!en a
/erson is in-ifferent a.out a!ie+ing a
ertain goal& a +alene of 2ero oursB
t!ere is a negati+e +alene 1!en t!e
/erson 1oul- rat!er not a!ie+e t!e
goal3 T!e result of eit!er 1oul- .e& of
ourse& no ,oti+ation3 Li=e1ise& a /erson
1oul- !a+e no ,oti+ation to a!ie+e a
goal if t!e e:/etan0 1ere 2ero or
negati+e3 T!e fore e:erte- to -o
so,et!ing 1ill -e/en- on .ot! +alene

P a g e | 632


an- e:/etan03 Moreo+er& a ,oti+e to
ao,/lis! so,e ation ,ig!t .e
-eter,ine- .0 a -esire to ao,/lis!
so,e t!ing else3 For e:a,/le& a /erson
,ig!t .e 1illing to 1or= !ar- to get out a
/ro-ut for a +alene in t!e for, of /a03
Or a ,anager ,ig!t .e 1illing to 1or=
!ar- to a!ie+e o,/an0 goals in
,ar=eting or /ro-ution for a /ro,otion
or /a0 +alene3

1$2$6 -(;re3or1s T*eory < /%d T*eory
=
M5regor /osite- t!at ,anaging ,ust
start 1it! t!e .asi ;uestion of !o1
,anagers see t!e,sel+es in relation to
ot!ers3 T!is +ie1/oint re;uires so,e
t!oug!t on t!e /ere/tion of !u,an
nature3 4ene& T!eor0 K an- T!eor0 L are
t1o sets of assu,/tions a.out t!e nature
of /eo/le3
T!eor0 K Assu,/tions are as follo1sB
%3 T!at !u,an .eings are
in!erentl0 la20& -isli=es 1or=&
an- 1ill a+oi- it if t!e0 an3
(3 T!at /eo/le ,ust .e oere-&
ontrolle-& -irete- an-
t!reatene- 1it! /unis!,ent
to get t!e, /ut fort! re;uire-
effort for t!e a!ie+e,ent of
Organi2ational o.9eti+es3
63 T!at /eo/le /refer to .e
-irete-& 1is! to a+oi-
res/onsi.ilit0& !a+e little
interest or 1or=& an- 0et 1ant
seurit0 of 9o. a.o+e all3
T!eor0 L Assu,/tions are as follo1s>
%3 T!e e:/en-iture of /!0sial
an- ,ental effort at 1or= is as
natural as /la0 or rest3
(3 Peo/le 1ill e:erise self$
-iretion an- self$ontrol in
t!e ser+ie of o.9eti+es to
1!i! t!e0 are sta=e!ol-ers
an- o,,itte-3
63 T!e -egree of o,,it,ent to
o.9eti+es is in /ro/ortion to
t!e si2e of t!e re1ar-s
assoiate- 1it! t!eir
a!ie+e,ent3
*3 A+erage !u,an .eings learn&
un-er /ro/er on-itions& not
onl0 to ae/t res/onsi.ilit0
.ut also to see= it3
<3 T!e a/ait0 to e:erise a
relati+el0 !ig! -egree of
i,agination& ingenuit0& an-
reati+it0 in t!e solution of
Organi2ational /ro.le,s is
1i-el0& not narro1l0
-istri.ute- in t!e /o/ulation3
83 Un-er t!e on-itions of
,o-ern in-ustrial life& t!e
intelletual /otentialities of

P a g e | 633


t!e a+erage !u,an .eing are
onl0 /artiall0 utili2e-3

1$3 T*e Co%(e+& o, Prod'(&).)&y
T!e 1or- @/ro-uti+it0A ,a0
soun- li=e @/ro-utionA& .ut t!ere is a
signifiant -ifferene .et1een t!e t1o3
@Pro-utionA refers to t!e total +olu,e
of goo-s an- ser+ies /ro-ue-B it
fouses on !o1 ,u! is /ro-ue-3
@Pro-uti+it0A& on t!e ot!er !an-& ta=es
t!ings a ste/ furt!er .0 relating out/ut to
t!e ;uantit0 of resoures or in/uts use-
to /ro-ue t!e,3 @Pro-uti+it0A is
.asiall0 onerne- 1it! !o1 effiientl0
a ertain out/ut of goo-s an- ser+ies is
/ro-ue- an- t!e +alue reate- .0 t!e
/ro-ution /roess3
In ot!er 1or-s& if a /ro-ut oul-
.e ,a-e at t!e lo1est /ossi.le ost 1it!
a !ig! ;ualit0& an- oul- .e sol-
o,/etiti+el0 in t!e ,ar=et /lae at a
goo- /rie& t!en its /ro-uti+it0 1oul- .e
onsi-ere- +er0 goo-3
Pro-uti+it0 one/t an .e e:/resse-
1it! t!is si,/le e;uation>
Pro-uti+it0 M Out/ut
In/ut

As t!e e;uation s!o1s& t!e
o.9eti+e of /ro-uti+it0 is to ,a:i,i2e
out/ut an- ,ini,i2e in/ut3 T!e one/t
of /ro-uti+it0& !o1e+er& !as e+ol+e-
o+er t!e 0ears to re/resent ,ore t!an an
effiien0 ratio3 For ost an- ;uantit0
issues& its /eo/le !as e:/an-e- to
e,.rae soial onerns& su! as 9o.
reation an- seurit0& /o+ert0 alle+iation&
i,/ro+e,ent in t!e ;ualit0 of life&
resoure onser+ation an-
en+iron,ental /rotetion3
T!is o,/re!ensi+e a//roa! to
/ro-uti+it0 ,eans t!at 1!en a
or/oration i,/le,ents a /ro-uti+it0
i,/ro+e,ent /rogra,,e its effet 1ill
e:ten- .e0on- t!e organi2ation3 T!e0
1ill also !a+e i,/at on t!e ountr0 an-
its /eo/le "Managers& %776#3
An organi2ation is /ro-uti+e if it
a!ie+es its goals an- -oes so .0
transferring in/uts to out/uts at t!e
lo1est ost3 As su!& /ro-uti+it0 i,/lies
a onern for .ot! effeti+eness an-
effiien03
Effeti+eness ,eans a!ie+e,ent
of goals 1!ile effiien0 is t!e ratio of
effeti+e out/ut to t!e in/ut re;uire- to
a!ie+e it3 A .usiness fir, is effeti+e
1!en it attains its sales or ,ar=et s!are
goals& .ut its /ro-uti+it0 also -e/en-s
on a!ie+ing t!ose goals effiientl03

P a g e | 634


1$3$1 I4+or&/%(e o, Prod'(&).)&y
At t!e or/orate le+el&
/ro-uti+it0 ,a=es it /ossi.le to /ro-ue
su/erior ;ualit0 an- !ig!$+alue goo-s
an- ser+ies at t!e lo1est /ossi.le ost3
T!is gi+es an organi2ation a o,/etiti+e
e-ge in selling its /ro-uts an- ser+ies3
Hit! goo- sales& t!e o,/an0Fs
/rofita.ilit0 i,/ro+es& 1!i! allo1s it to
-o ,an0 t!ings su! as>
i3 E:/an- its o/erations& an- t!us
reate e,/lo0,ent an-
o//ortunities for e,/lo0ees to
a-+aneB
ii3 In+est in a-+ane- te!nolog0 an-
s0ste,s t!at 1ill furt!er en!ane
its /ro-uti+it0B
iii3 Pa0 e,/lo0ees .etter 1ages an-
/ro+i-e t!e, a .etter 1or=ing
en+iron,ent& t!us raising t!eir
1or= ,oraleB
i+3 Contri.ute ,ore to t!e soiet0 .0
/a0ing a !ig!er ;uantu, of
or/orate ta:& an- su//orting
,ore soial auses "Managers&
I.i-#3
T!ere are four ,a9or grou/s of
interating fators t!at -eter,ine
/ro-uti+it0 at t!e or/orate le+el3 T!ese
grou/s are Cor/orate Strateg0 an-
O.9eti+es& Organi2ation an- S0ste,s&
4u,an Resoure De+elo/,ent an-
Organi2ational Cli,ate an-
Cultural?In-ustrial Relations!i/s3 At t!e
national le+el& as ,ore o,/anies see=
to i,/ro+e /ro-uti+it0 an-
o,/etiti+eness& t!e0 reate ne1 9o.s
an- generate greater state re+enues3
T!is in turn& inreases t!e ountr0Fs
1ealt!3 T!e 5o+ern,ent an t!en -o
,ore for t!e /eo/le an- t!e eono,03
For e:a,/le& it an u/gra-e
infrastruture& lean u/ t!e en+iron,ent&
/ro+i-e ,ore an- .etter soial ser+ies
an- gi+e 1elfare are to /oor& -isa.le an-
ot!ers3 For in-i+i-uals& or/orate
/ro-uti+it0 gains an- .etter .usiness
/erfor,ane ,eans 9o. seurit0&
a-+ane,ent o//ortunities& .etter
1ages& greater soial ,o.ilit0& an-
e+entuall0& a .etter ;ualit0 of life
"Managers& i.i-#3

1$3$2 >/(&ors A,,e(&)%3 Prod'(&).)&y
As i-entifie- .0 +arious aut!ors&
t!ere are ertain fators t!at affet t!e
/ro-uti+it0 of 1or=ers in an
organi2ation3 So,e of t!ese fators are>

P a g e | 632


1$3$2$1 Cor+or/&e S&r/&e3y
/%d O6?e(&).es
T!e First ,a9or fator is
esta.lis!ing or/orate strateg0 an-
o.9eti+e t!at are in !ar,on0 1it!
/re+ailing .usiness li,ate3 Custo,er
satisfation is not onl0 a onern of
/ro-ut -e+elo/,ent or retail /eo/le3 It
,ust .e a foal /oint of t!e entire
o,/an0& t!e entire or/orate s0ste,
an- 1or= /roess ,ust .e organi2e-
aroun- it3
Te!nolog0 an- inno+ation are
t1o ot!er =e0 ontri.utors to inrease
/ro-uti+it03 A o,/an0 an- its staff
,ust .e rea-0 to 1elo,e t!e, 1it!
o/en ar,s& e+en if it ,eans so,e /ainful
a-9ust,ents o+er t!e s!ort ter,3 T!ese
a-9ust,ents ,a0 .e in t!e for, of lo1er
/rofita.ilit0& reorgani2ation /ossi.l0
resulting in la0$offs& san- !anges in 9o.
funtions3 T!e reent a-+ent an-
tre,en-ous i,/at of infor,ation
te!nolog0 on organi2ations an- /eo/le
is a goo- e:a,/le of 1!at te!nolog0 an
-o& an- te!nolog0 !as to .e
ontinuousl0 u/-ate- to =ee/ in ste/
1it! uneasing -e+elo/,ents3
Inno+ation is also a ontinual /roess3 A
o,/an0 nee-s a strategies /lan to -eal
1it! .ot! te!nolog0 an- inno+ation
"Ogunsola& ())'>G)#3

1$3$2$2 Or3/%)5/&)o% /%d
Sys&e4s
T!e ,anage,ent organi2ation
an- t!e /ro-ution s0ste, of an
enter/rise also !a+e an i,/at on
/ro-uti+it03 T!e ,anage,ent
organi2ation s!oul- .e fle:i.le& learn an-
non$.ureaurati3 It s!oul- .e a.le to
res/on- ;ui=l0 an- -0na,iall0 to
!anges in t!e -e,an- of onsu,ers& as
1ell as in t!e ,aro soio$eono,i
en+iron,ent3 T!is is ritial if an
organi2ation is to sustain its +ia.ilit0 an-
gro1t!3
T!e /ro-ution s0ste, ,ust .e
effiient an- effeti+e to /ro-ue ;ualit0
an- ost o,/etiti+e /ro-uts3 T!ere
s!oul-& t!erefore& .e a onstant +igilane
against unneessar0 1or= /roesses&
o+ersto=ing of /arts anot!er
in+entories& e:essi+el0 rigi- 1or=
assign,ents& use of su.stan-ar-
,aterials& a,ong ot!ers3 Hor= s!oul- .e
-one to s/eifiations an- o,/lete- on
s!e-ule so t!at goo-s an- ser+ies an
.e -eli+ere- to t!e usto,ers on ti,e
an- 1it! t!e ;ualit0 t!e0 e:/et3 T!e
o.9eti+e is to offer !ig!$+alue /ro-uers

P a g e | 636


an- ser+ies in ter,s of ;ualit0& ost&
/riing an- ti,e3

1$3$2$3 H'4/% Reso'r(e
-/%/3e4e%&
It is uni+ersall0 a=no1le-ge- t!at
!u,an resoures of an organi2ation is a
=e0 fator& if not t!e ,ost i,/ortant& in
/ro-uti+it0 i,/ro+e,ent3 T!is is true
-es/ite t!e a+aila.ilit0 of te!nolog0 an-
.etter e;ui/,ent3 Ulti,atel0& e+er0t!ing
nee-s t!e !u,an tou!3 T!e a/a.ilities
of t!e !u,an resoures of an
organi2ation !a+e to .e ontinuousl0
u/gra-e-3 T!is is usuall0 -oe t!roug!
onsistent s=ill -e+elo/,ent an-
retraining& greater aess to infor,ation&
an- en!ane,ent of t!e range an- -e/t!
of t!eir =no1le-ge .ase t!roug!
ontinuing e-uation3 Essentiall0& it is a
,atter of e;ui//ing t!e 1or=fore to -o
its 1or= 1ell3
Eringing out t!e .est in ea!
e,/lo0ee is of +ital i,/ortane3 T!is !as
to .e -one onsiousl0 an- in a sustaine-
,anner3 E,/lo0ees to-a0 1ant
!allenging 1or= an- to .e in+ol+e- in
t!e /lanning an- organi2ation of t!eir
1or=3 T!e0 are also loo=ing for attrati+e
re,uneration& fair e+aluation an-
reognition of t!eir /erfor,ane& a
o,forta.le 1or= en+iron,ent&
-e+elo/,ent an- a-+ane,ent
o//ortunities& an- a goo- 1elfare
s0ste,3 If an enter/rise an attrat an-
retain t!e .est /eo/le& an- ,oti+ate
t!e,& t!en its /ro-uti+it0 1ill .e greatl0
en!ane-3
H!en an enter/rise gi+es its
e,/lo0ees a sense of self$1ort! .0
treating t!e, rig!t& t!e0 1ill -e+elo/ a
strong atta!,ent to t!eir 1or= an- feel
t!at t!e0 are integral to or/oration3
T!e0 1ill 1ant to -o t!eir .est in t!eir
1or=& ta=e /ri-e in 1!at t!e0 -o& an-
1illingl0 /artii/ate in 1or=
i,/ro+e,ent ati+ities3 A ,oti+ate-
1or=fore is a /o1er to re=on 1it!
"Ogunsola& i.i-#3

1$3$2$4 Or3/%)5/&)o%
C0)4/&e /%d C'0&'re
T!e /eo/le 1it!in enter/rise are
tra-itionall0 -i+i-e- into grou/s3 T!ese
grou/s an .e -efine- in +arious 1a0s>
t!e e,/lo0er an- e,/lo0ees& or t!e
,anaging an- t!e ,anage- an- lastl0&
,anage,ent an- la.our3 T!is -i+i-e !as
le- to stress .et1een t!e t1o /arties&
1!i! in so,e ases& !a+e a-+ersel0
un-er,ine t!e /erfor,ane of t!e
or/oration3 For an0 /ro-uti+it0
/rogra,,e 1it!in an enter/rise to .e
effeti+e& t!is -i+ision !as to .e totall0

P a g e | 637


o+ero,e& if not totall0 erase-3 La.our
an- ,anage,ent i,/ro+e /ro-uti+it03
La.our an- ,anage,ent !a+e
so,e .asi -ifferene in outloo= an-
e:/etations 1!i! 1ill !a+e to .e
o+ero,e if t!e /ursuit of !ig!er
/ro-uti+it0 is to .e suessful3 T!is
oul- .e a!ie+e- t!roug! fostering a
!ar,onious relations!i/ .ase on trust
an- oo/eration3 A =e0 strateg0 for an
enter/riser to un-erta=e is t!e
esta.lis!,ent of a la.our$,anage,ent
9ointB onsultati+e foru, to failitate t!e
e:!ange of o/inion an- i-eas /ertinent
to /ro-uti+it0 gro1t! an- -e+elo/,ent3
T!e so/e of su.9ets for -isussion oul-
range fro, ,anagerial relate- issues li=e
o/erational /lanning an- ,anage,ent
to onerns on t!e s!o/ floor li=e
e,/lo0ee training /oliies an- t!e
1or=ing en+iron,ent3
Finall0& an enter/rise !as to
/ro,ote an- .uil- a or/orate ulture of
tea,1or=& 1or= e:ellene an-
inno+ation to /ro+i-e t!e -ri+e for
/ro-uti+it0 i,/ro+e,ent /rogra,,e3
T!ese +alues !a+e to /er+a-e t!e
organi2ationB e+er0one !as to su.sri.e
to t!e, an- ,anifest t!e, in t!eir 1or=3
T!ere !as to .e a !ange in t!e ,in- set
of t!e /eo/le C as /ara-ig, s!ift in t!e
1a0 t!e0 1or= C .efore en-uring
/ro-uti+it0 gro1t! an ta=e /lae
"Ogunsola& i.i-#3
%$4 I%(e%&).es
No one 1or=s for free& nor s!oul-
t!e03 H!ile /ursuing ,one0 .ase- on
negati+e ,oti+es an lea to a /oorer
/s0!ologial 1ell$.eing& t!is is not t!e
sa,e as /ursuing ,one0 to /ro+i-e
seurit0 an- o,fort for oneself an-
fa,il03 O.+iousl0& e,/lo0ees 1ant to
earn fair 1ages an- salaries& an-
e,/lo0ers 1ant t!eir 1or=ers to feel t!at
is 1!at t!e0 are getting3 To t!at en-& it is
logial t!at e,/lo0ees an- e,/lo0ers
ali=e +ie1 ,one0 as t!e fun-a,ental
inenti+e for satisfator0 9o.
/erfor,ane3
T!e use of ,onetar0 or ot!er
finanial inenti+es in t!e lassi @1or=
/erfor,ane /ara-ig,A is .ase-
/ri,aril0 on reinfore,ent t!eor03
Reinfore,ent t!eor0 %< fouses on t!e
relations!i/ .et1een a target .e!a+iour
"e3g3& 1or= /erfor,ane# an- its
onse;uenes "e3g3& /a0#& an- it is
/re,ise- on t!e /rini/les an-
te!ni;ues of organi2ational .e!a+iour
,o-ifiation3 Organi2ational .e!a+iour
,o-ifiation is a fra,e1or= 1it!in 1!i!
e,/lo0ee .e!a+iours are i-entifie-&
,easure- an- anal02e- in ter,s of t!eir
funtional onse;uenes "i3e3 e:isting

P a g e | 638


reinfore,ents# an- 1!ere an
inter+ention is -e+elo/e- using
/rini/les of reinfore,ent3
In a ,u! /u.lii2e- stu-0& 5u/ta
an- !er olleagues anal02e- t!irt0$nine
stu-ies on-ute- o+er four -ea-es an-
foun- t!at ol-$!ar- as! ,oti+ates
1or=ers 1!et!er t!eir 9o.s are e:iting
or ,un-ane& in la.s an- real$1orl-
settings ali=e3 Eut t!e resear! tea,
a=no1le-ges t!at ,one0 is not t!e onl0
t!ing t!at onerns e,/lo0ees C noting
t!at .e0on- a ertain /oint !ig!er
salaries 1ill ,a=e e,/lo0ees !a//ier&
.ut it 1ill not @.u0A .etter /erfor,ane3
Still& 5u/ta 1arns t!at e,/lo0ers 1!o
-ole out s,all ,erit raises C less t!an 'N
of .ase /a0 C ,a0 -o ,ore !ar, t!an
goo-3 Aor-ing to !er& s,all raises an
atuall0 .e -0sfuntional in ter,s of
,oti+ation .eause e,/lo0ees .eo,e
irritate- t!at t!eir !ar- 1or= 0iel-e- so
little3 Eeause of t!is& s!e a-+ises
e,/lo0ers 1!o ,ust gi+e s,all raises to
.e areful a.out lin=ing t!e, to result
an- to .e sru/ulous a.out .eing fair3
Still& t!e resear! .0 5u/taFs tea,
is 9ust one stu-0 fro, a 1ealt! of fin-ings
t!at an a//ear inonsistent3 T!ese
a//arent inonsistenies reflet& in /art&
i,/ortant nuanes a.out t!e
relations!i/ .et1een ,onetar0
inenti+es an- 9o. /erfor,ane3 For
e:a,/le& t!e .roa- literature on 9o.
/erfor,ane eno,/asses finanial
inenti+es t!at a--ress .ot! individual
an- group /erfor,ane an- /ro-uti+it03
Furt!er,ore& ,onetar0 inenti+es an
e:ten- .e0on- t!e ,ere raises -isusse-
.0 5u/taFs tea, to inlu-e in-i+i-ual an-
s,all$grou/ re1ar-s& ,erit /a0& /a0$for$
/erfor,ane& +aria.le /a0 /lans& or
grou/ .onus /lans as 1ell as /rofit$
s!aring an- gain$s!aring inenti+e /lans3
Perr0 an- !is olleagues anal02e-
t!is -i+erse literature in an outstan-ing
re+ie1 an- ulle- t1o general
/ro/ositions rele+ant to .est /raties in
t!e ser+ie in-ustr0> finanial inenti+es
,o-eratel0 to signifiantl0 i,/ro+e tas=
/erfor,ane& .ut t!eir effeti+eness are
-e/en-ent u/on organi2ational
on-itions3
Differenes in institutional
arrange,ents ontri.ute to t!e
feasi.ilit0 an- effeti+eness of +arious
,onetar0 inenti+es& as -o -ifferenes in
e,/lo0eesF /referenes for s/eifi
inenti+es3 T!erefore& o,/anies are
1ise to stu-0 t!ese issues .efore
i,/le,enting !anges to e:isting
inenti+e /lans3 T!is is es/eiall0
/ertinent for ser+ie organi2ations&
1!ere finanial reinfore,ents ten- to
/ro-ue a stronger effet on tas=
/erfor,ane t!an non$finanial re1ar-s

P a g e | 639


use- alone3 E+en stronger results are
seen 1it! a o,/osite a//roa!3 For
e:a,/le& one ,eta$anal0sis of '( fiel-
foun- t!at ,onetar0 inenti+es
i,/ro+e- tas= /erfor,ane .0 (6N&
soial reognition i,/ro+e- tas=
/erfor,ane .0 'N an- fee-.a= eliite-
a %))N i,/ro+e,ent3 Si,ultaneousl0
o,.ining all t!ree t0/es of
reinfore,ents i,/ro+e- /erfor,ane
.0 *<N3
5rou/ inenti+e s0ste,s are
onsistentl0 effeti+e in /ri+ate setor
settings3 Tea,$.ase- or s,all$grou/s
inenti+es are -efine- as re1ar-s
1!ere.0 a /ortion of in-i+i-ual /a0 is
ontingent on ,easura.le grou/
/erfor,ane3 In general& its effeti+eness
is -e/en-ent on t!e !arateristis of t!e
re1ar- s0ste,& t!e organi2ation& t!e
tea, an- t!e in-i+i-ual tea, ,e,.ers3
Eut generall0 s/ea=ing& resear! suggests
t!at e;uall0 -i+i-e- s,all$grou/
inenti+es sustain !ig! le+els of
/ro-uti+it0 an- satisfation for grou/
,e,.ers& an- t!at s,all grou/
inenti+es are at least as effeti+e as
in-i+i-ual inenti+es 1it! grou/s of t1o
to t1el+e /eo/le3
Oualitati+e& ;uantitati+e an-
sur+e0 resear! stu-ies of alternati+e /a0
s0ste,s su! as /rofit$s!aring or gain$
s!aring /lans are e+en ,ore onsistent in
t!eir fin-ings3 T!ese inenti+e /rogra,s
inlu-e +arious /a0$for$/erfor,ane
a//roa!es t!at lin= finanial re1ar-s for
e,/lo0ees to i,/ro+e,ents in t!e
/erfor,ane of t!e 1or= unit3 Resear!
re+eals t!at t!ese t0/es of inenti+e
s0ste,s are assoiate- in /ratie C an-
in e,/lo0er an- e,/lo0ee ,in-s 1it!
.ot! !ig!er /ro-uti+it0 an-
i,/ro+e,ents in organi2ational
/erfor,ane3
In or-er to =ee/ 1or=ers
,oti+ate- t!eir nee-s ,ust .e
a--resse- as /ro9et goals are rea!e-3
Satisf0ing 1or=ersF nee-s an .e +ie1e-
as -istri.uting inenti+es 1!en ertain
o.9eti+es are a!ie+e-3 E,/lo0ees !a+e
nee-s t!at t!e0 1ant ,et an- e,/lo0ers
!a+e goals t!at t!e0 1ant to rea! an-
t!e0 an 1or= toget!er as a tea, to
satisf0 t!e 1ants of .ot! t!e e,/lo0ees
an- t!eir e,/lo0ers3 Hor=ers 1!o are
,oti+ate- to !el/ rea! t!e goal of t!e
e,/lo0er an- -o so s!oul- .e reogni2e-
1it! an inenti+e?re1ar-3 H!en
onsi-ering 1!at t0/e of inenti+es to
use t!ere are t1o t0/es to .e a1are of
e:trinsi an- intrinsi3 Extrinsic re1ar-s
are e:ternal re1ar-s t!at our a/art
fro, 1or=& su! as ,one0 anot!er
,aterial t!ings3 On t!e ot!er !an-&
intrinsic re1ar-s are internal re1ar-s
t!at a /erson feels 1!en /erfor,ing as

P a g e | 640


9o.& so t!at t!ere is a -iret an-
i,,e-iate onnetion .et1een 1or=
an- re1ar-3
T!e /o1er of inenti+es is
i,,ense an- /er+asi+e& 1!i! is all t!e
,ore reason t!e0 re;uire areful
,anage,ent "MJen2ie an- Hillia,s&
%776#3 4ea/ "%7G'# !as su,,ari2e- a list
of t!ese a-+antages an- -isa-+antages
assoiate- 1it! finanial inenti+es3
Man0 onstrution o,/anies !a+e
alrea-0 onsi-ere- t!at t!ere an .e
a-+antages an- -isa-+antages of
-e+elo/ing an inenti+e /rogra,3 A stu-0
.0 San-ers an- T!o,/son "%777#
s!o1e- t!at t!ose o,/anies t!at =ee/
t!eir /rogra, si,/le 1it! t!e ,ain
o.9eti+e of t!e /rogra, in ,in- "to
.enefit t!e /ro9et in referene to ost&
s!e-ule& usto,er ser+ie& en+iron,ent
an- ;ualit0# are also -ee,e- suess of
an0 inenti+e /rogra,3
Inenti+es are usuall0 -efine- as
tangi.le re1ar-s t!at are gi+en to t!ose
1!o /erfor, at a gi+en le+el3 Su!
re1ar-s ,a0 .e a+aila.le to 1or=ers&
su/er+isors& or to/ ,anagers3 H!et!er
t!e inenti+e is lin=e- -iretl0 to su!
ite,s as safet0& ;ualit0 or a.senteeis,&
t!e re1ar- follo1s suessful
/erfor,ane "MJen2ie an- Hillia,s&
%776#3 Man0 o,/anies feel t!at /o=et
,one0 is no longer a goo- ,oti+ator3
Ot!ers onten- t!at s,all re1ar-s su!
as toasters an- .len-ers to not ,oti+ate3
Man0 o,/anies t!erefore offer /rofit
s!aring /lansB or o,/anies !a+e
a.an-one- ,onetar0 re1ar-s an-
instea- offer la+is! tri/s to su! /laes as
Euro/e an- so,e Cari..ean Islan-s3
Eeause of t!e e:/ense& t!ese /rogra,s
re;uire areful ,onitoring3 So,e
o,/anies ,erel0 re1ar- goo-
/ro-uers 1it! an e:tra -a0 off 1it! /a03
Ot!er onerns re1ar- to/ /erfor,ers
1it! .etter 1or=ing on-itions3 Sine
inenti+e /rogra,s ai, to inrease
1or=ersF /erfor,ane le+els& t!e
,easure use- to -ei-e if a re1ar- !as
.een earne- s!oul- .e arefull0 set3 T!e
/erfor,ane le+el ,ust .e attaina.le or
1or=ers 1ill not tea! t!e goal3 T!at fat
un-ersores t!e usefulness of !a+ing
1or=ers t!e,sel+es ontri.ute t!eir
a.out 1!at onstitutes a reasona.le
le+el of /erfor,ane3 An inenti+e
s!e,e ,a0 also fail if t!e ,easure of
suess ignores ;ualit0 or safet03 An
o.+ious /ro.le, e:ists 1!en an
inenti+e is a//lie- to 1or= t!at is
,a!ine /ae-3 Inenti+es s!oul- .e
learl0 lin=e- to /erfor,ane& .ut not all
inenti+es an .e learl0 tie- to o.9eti+e
riteria3 So,e inenti+e re1ar-s are
issue- on t!e .asis of a su.9eti+e
assess,ent .0 a su/er+isor on t!e ,erit
of /artiular 1or=ers3 T!is ,et!o-& in

P a g e | 641


/artiular& ,a0 ause onflits .et1een
1or=ers& es/eiall0 t!ose 1!o -o not 1in
re1ar-s3

1$2 Per,or4/%(e
Des/ite -e+elo/,ent in t!e
/ro9et ,anage,ent te!nolog0 1or=ers
are still t!e =e0 /la0ers in t!e /ro9ets3
T!e0 -eter,ine t!e suess or t!e failure
of a /ro9etB t!e0 -efine /ro9et goal&
t!e0 /lan& organi2e& -iret& oor-inate
an- ,onitor /ro9et ati+ities3 T!e0 also
,eet /ro9et goals an- o.9eti+es .0
suing inter/ersonal an- organi2ational
s=ills su! as o,,uniation& -elegation&
-eision$,a=ing an- negotiation
"L+onne -u Plessis& ())6#3 S!e a--s @In
/ro9et en+iron,ents& /eo/le an .e
+ie1e- as ontri.uting /ro.le,s an-
onstraints or /ro+i-ing solution an-
o//ortunitiesA& an- onlu-es t!at
!u,an resoure ,anage,ent is a +ital
o,/onent of a /ro9et3 T!e e,/!asis is
on t!e 1or=fore an- !o1 t!e0 an .e
,anage- an- lea- to inrease in t!eir
o+erall effiien0 an- effeti+eness as
in-i+i-uals& as /ro9et tea,s an- as t!e
,e,.ers of t!e organi2ation3 It is
i,/ortant t!erefore& t!at t!e rig!t
/eo/le enter t!e /ro9et at t!e rig!t
ti,e& 1!i! t!e0 are organi2e- an-
,oti+ate- as in-i+i-uals an- 1or= as a
tea, to -eli+er aor-ing to t!e /ro9et
goals an- t!erefore reogni2e- an-
re1ar-e- for t!eir a!ie+e,ents3 S!e
!as t!e follo1ing -efinition of
/erfor,ane>
Commitment' A /ersonFs a.ilit0 to
o,/lete a 9o. suessfull03
Caliber' It is a ter, use- to -esri.e t!e
/ersonal ;ualities an- a.ilit0 a /erson
.rings to t!e 9o.3 T!ese are t!e ;ualities
of s=ill t!at ena.les a /ersonFs tas=& an-
gi+e !i, t!e a/ait0 to o/e 1it! t!e
-e,an-s of t!e 9o.3 A /ersonFs le+el of
ali.er is assoiate- 1it! t!eir in,atesF
a.ilit0 an- t!e a,ount of training an-
e:/eriene t!e0 !a+e a;uire-3
T!erefore& /erfor,ane of an
in-i+i-ual -e/en-s on !is 1illingness an-
-ri+e to o,/lete t!e tas=& 1!i! is !is
o,,it,ent3 Unli=e ali.er&
o,,it,ent is not a fi:e- o,,o-it0B it
,a0 !ange ;uite fre;uentl0 in res/onse&
to on-itions an- situations t!e
in-i+i-ual enounters3
(erformance ) *unction +Caliber x
Commitment,
T!e ,anager ,ust use an a//ro/riate
st0le of lea-ers!i/ to ontrol t!e 1or=ing
en+iron,ent in su! a ,anner t!at t!e
1or=fore 1ill .e o,,itte- to -o t!e

P a g e | 642


tas= an- so ,oti+ate t!e,sel+es to
a!ie+e t!e o.9eti+es of t!e /ro9et3

1$6 Poss)60e #/ys &o I4+ro.e
wor8ers1 Prod'(&).)&y
E,/lo0eeFs ,oti+ation& 1!i! is
t!e ,ain /ro.le,& an ta=e ,an0 for,s3
T!us& an0 /ro-uti+it0 i,/ro+e,ent
/rogra,,es in Nigeria s!oul- inlu-e&
a,ong ot!er t!ings& t!e re/lae,ent of
ineffeti+e an- o.solete te!nologies&
re/lae,ent of e;ui/,ent in /oor
on-itionsB esta.lis!,ent of goo-
1or=ing on-itions "goo- /a0,ent
s0ste, an- inenti+es& 9o. satisfation&
goo- retire,ent /a=ages#& an- t!e
/ro+ision of a//ro/riate te!nial
,an/o1er an- instrutions "Di=e& ())<#3
In+est,ent in !u,an
-e+elo/,ent "e,/lo0ees training# an-
te!nologial ,o-erni2ation are areas
t!at -eser+e serious attention3 T!is is
.eause& one of t!e ,ost effiient an-
effeti+e ,et!o-s of i,/ro+ing 1or=ers
/ro-uti+it0 is si,/l0 to train t!e, in t!e
s=ills t!e0 nee- to /erfor, t!eir 9o.
-uties3 As 4o-gson !as reo,,en-e-&
1e s!oul- e-uate t!e 1or=ers& test
t!e, on t!e un-erstan-ing of t!e
,aterials& t!en re1ar- t!e, .ase- on
!o1 1ell t!e0 /erfor,3 It is a//ro/riate
to /oint out at t!is 9unture t!at @t!e
onl0 en-uring o,/etiti+e a-+antage "in
t!is glo.al eono,0# is a !ig! ;ualit0&
1ell$,oti+ate- 1or=fore 1illing to 1or=
toget!er as a tea, to inrease
/ro-uti+it0A "5reene& %77%#3
Ta=ing /ro/er interest in /eo/le is
anot!er 1a0 to i,/ro+e /ro-uti+it03 It
!as .een note- t!at t!e ,ore 0ou =no1
a.out an in-i+i-ual C =no1ing t!e nee-
an- as/irations C t!e .etter 0ou 1ill .e
a.le to =no1 !o1 to ,oti+ate an- to get
t!e ,ost out of !i, "A-ele=e ())(#3
Managers "/erson in !arge of a
for,al organi2ation or one of its su.$
units& Mint2.erg& %7G)#& are res/onsi.le
for gi+ing -iretions3 T!us& t!e 1or=
li,ate of an0 unit or organi2ation is
-eter,ine- for goo- or .a-& .0 t!e 1or=
!a.its of t!at unit3
Hor=ers s!oul- .e allo1e- to
/artii/ate in ati+ities an- in setting
goals an- o.9eti+es in t!eir
organi2ations3 T!is 1oul- !el/ t!e, to
-e+elo/ a sense of o1ners!i/ an- /ri-e
"A-ele=e& i.i-#3 Nigerian 5o+ern,ent
s!oul- reate a//ro/riate organi2ational
en+iron,ent an- +alue s0ste, t!at
1oul- sti,ulate t!e ,orale an-
/ro-uti+it0 of t!e 1or= fore an-
lea-ers!i/3 O+erti,e& a ulture of !ig!
/ro-uti+it0 1oul- .e reate-& not .0
an0 ot!er 1a0& .ut .0 t!e .e!a+iour of

P a g e | 643


t!e 1or=ers an- t!e lea-ers3 4o1e+er& it
is essential to e,/!asi2e t!at t!e a.o+e
/resri/tions 1oul- 1or= .etter un-er a
+ia.le -e,orati /olitial /roess "Di=e&
())<#3

1$7 H)s&ory@E4er3e%(e o, N)3er)/1s
C).)0 Ser.)(e
T!e Nigerian Ci+il Ser+ie oul- .e
t!oug!t of& as first tas=ing root in %G8% as
/urel0 olonial instru,ent -esigne- to
ser+e t!e Eritis! Colonial interests after
Lagos 1as for,all0 e-e- to t!e Eritis!
5o+ern,ent3 T!e Nigerian Ci+il Ser+ie
-uring t!is olonial /erio- @,a-e
Nigerians to o.e0 t!e olonialists an-
1or=e- to !el/ Eritis! Colonialists ta=e
a1a0 our ro/s& ,inerals anot!er
/ro-utsA aor-ing to t!e Politial
E-uation Manual of t!e Diretorate for
Soial Mo.ili2ation3
Eet1een %G8% an- %7*< 1!en
-eli.erate efforts .egan to .e ,a-e to
aelerate its in-igeni2ation& t!e Nigerian
Ci+il Ser+ie 1as struture- into -istint
Euro/ean Staff 1ere a//ointe- into t!e
Senior Ser+ie 1!i! onsiste- ,ainl0 of
e:/atriates 1!o ou/ie- +irtuall0 all t!e
e:isting senior or @Euro/ean /osts3A In
/ratie& e:/atriate staff 1ere reruite-
an- selete- in Eritain .0 t!e Seretar0 of
State& an- in so,e ases .0 t!e Cro1n
Agents for t!e olonies& to .e sent to
Nigeria for for,al a//oint,ent into t!e
ser+ie on ontrat or /er,anent .asis
.0 t!e 5o+ernor& al1a0s su.9et to a
t!ree$0ear /ro.ationar0 /erio-3
4o1e+er& Nigerians a;uire- suffiient
e-uation& an- as /ressure 1as ,ounte-
on t!e olonial aut!orities .0 Nigerian
elites for gra-ual in-igeni2ation of t!e
ser+ie& Nigerians 1ere no1 .eing
a//ointe- into Senior Ser+ie "Euro/ean
Posts#3 T!e Euro/ean staff 1ere
a//ointe- into t!e senior ser+ie 1!i!
onsiste- ,ainl0 of e:/atriates 1!o
ou/ie- +irtuall0 all t!e e:isting senior
or @Euro/ean /ostsA3
In /ratie& e:/atriate staff 1ere
reruite- an- selete- in Eritain .0 t!e
Serear0 of State an- in so,e ases .0
t!e Cro1n Agents for t!e Colonies& to .e
sent to Nigeria for for,al a//oint,ent
into t!e ser+ie on ontrat or
/er,anent .asis .0 t!e 5o+ernor& al1a0s
su.9et to a t!ree$0ear /ro.ationar0
/erio-3 Nigerians anot!er Hest
Afrians 1ere in rare instanes a//ointe-
into t!e senior ser+ie3 Dr3 4enr0 Carr
1!o ser+e- as Assistant Colonial
Seretar0 for Nati+e Affairs for, %7))$
%7)% an- as T!ir- Colonial Seretar0
fro, %7)6$%7)8 .efore re+erting to t!e
E-uation De/art,ent 1!ere !e later
reate- ate- as Diretor of E-uation

P a g e | 644


1as one of t!ese rare ge,s3 4o1e+er& as
,ore an- ,ore Nigerians a;uire-
suffiient e-uation& an- as /ressure 1as
,ounte- on t!e olonial aut!orities .0
Nigerians elites for gra-ual in-igeni2ation
of t!e ser+ie& t!e nu,.er of Nigerians
a//ointe- into @Euro/eans /ostsA
inrease- 1it! ti,e an- 1it!
-e+elo/,ents in t!e /olitial sene3 Allan
Eurns in !is -istory of .igeria reor-s
t!at a Nigerian 1as on t!e .en! of t!e
ountr0Fs Su/re,e Court as a Ju-ge .0
%7*G3 T!e @AfrianA or @Nati+eA staff on
t!e ot!er !an- onsiste- /re-o,inantl0
of Nigerians anot!er Hest Afrians
a//ointe- into t!e @9unior ser+ieA as
ler=s an- artisans& .ot! s=ille- an-
uns=ille-3
T!e senior ser+ie onsiste- of
offiers in t!e a-,inistrati+e an-
/roessional lasses& ,e,.er 1!i!
entere- t!e ser+ie usuall0 on an initial
salar0 of si: !un-re- /oun-s sterling /er
annu,3 Hit! goo- on-ut& satisfator0
/erfor,ane an- un.le,is!e- ser+ie&
t!e senior i+il ser+ant& .0 annual salar0
inre,ent& rea!e- an annual salar0 of
eig!t !un-re- an- si:t0 /oun-s sterling
in !is nint! 0ear3 S!oul- .e fail to ;ualif0
for /ro,otion 1it!in t!is /erio-& !e
1oul- ontinue to ,ar= ti,e on t!is
salar0 .ar3
H!ile t!e Junior Ser+ie on t!e
ot!er !an- 1as staffe- /re-o,inantl0
1it! @AfrianA or @Nati+e /ersonnel&
,ost of 1!o, 1ere Nigerians or
in-igenes of ot!er Eritis! Hest Afrian
Colonies su! as Sierra$Leone an- t!e
5ol- Coast "5!ana#3 T!ese @nati+eA staffs
1ere e,/lo0e- ,ainl0 as ler=s an-
artisans on /er,anent .asis as uns=ille-
la.ourer on -ail0 or te,/orar0
a//oint,ents3 T!e salaries of t!e Junior
Ci+il Ser+ants in t!e lerial a-re range-
for, t1ent0 four to t!ree !un-re-
/oun-s sterling /er annu,& 1!ile
artisans an- la.ourers earne- salaries
ranging fro, t1el+e to to1 !un-re-
/oun-s sterling /er annu,3

1$7$1 T*e A4/03/4/&)o% o, &*e
Nor&*er% /%d So'&*er% Pro&e(&or/&e
Eefore %7))& Nigeria !a- t!ree
se/arate an- -istint olonial
a-,inistrations& ea! 1it! its o1n .o-0
of la1s& regulations an- 5eneral Or-ers3
T!e Niger Territories 1ere ontrolle- .0
t!e Ro0al Niger Co,/an0B t!e Niger
Coast Protetorate 1as un-er t!e ontrol
of t!e Eritis! Foreign Offie 1!ile t!e
Colonial Offie !a- res/onsi.ilit0 for t!e
a-,inistration of t!e Lagos Cro1n
Colon0 an- Protetorate3

P a g e | 642


Hit! t!e a,alga,ation of t!e
Sout!ern an- Nort!ern Nigeria in %7%*&
t!e e:isting -i+ergene in /oli0& la1s&
5eneral Or-ers et 1ere re,o+e- to a
+er0 large e:tent3 E0 %7%'& t!e se/arate
5eneral Or-ers& Finanial Instrutions
anot!er a-,inistrati+e gui-elines
!it!erto in fore in t!e t1o /arts of t!e
ountr0 !a- .een re+ise-& unifie- an-
,a-e a//lia.le to all of Nigeria3 A
si,/le 1ee=l0 ga2ette 1it! a su//le,ent
re/lae- /re+ious se/arate /u.liations3
T!us& t!e fat t!at to-a0& t!e +arious i+il
ser+ies in t!e ountr0 s!are to a large
e:tent& o,,on a-,inistrati+e ulture&
+alues& on+entions& tra-itions an-
regulations -ate .a= to t!e
a,alga,ation of Nigeria3
During t!is /erio-& t!e ser+ie& as
.riefl0 ,entione- 1as funtionall0
organi2e- into -e/art,ents su! as
E-uation& Agriulture an- Hor=s3 Ea!
-e/art,ent 1as !ea-e- .0 t!e ,ost
senior /rofessional offier 1it! t!e title
of -iretor3 T!ere 1ere no Per,anent
Seretaries an- no Ministers sine t!ere
1ere no Ministries3 Hit! t!e %7%*
a,alga,ation& t!e -iretors .ea,e e:$
offiio ,e,.ers of t!e Legislati+e
Counil3 In t!is a/ait0& t!e0 1ere
res/onsi.le for /oli0 ,atters in t!eir
+arious -e/art,ents an- !ene ate- as
C!ief A-+isers to t!e Colonial
5o+ern,ent on all ,atters relating to
t!eir -e/art,ents3 T!e0 ans1ere-
;uestions an- -efen-e- t!eir
-e/art,ents in t!e Legislati+e Counil3

1$7$2 E:+/%s)o% /%d I%d)3e%)5/&)o%
Furt!er /olitial an-
onstitutional -e+elo/,ents ,o+e- t!e
ountr0 to1ar-s regionalis, 1it! t!e
intro-ution of t!e Ri!ar-Fs
Constitution in %7*83 Nigeria .ea,e a
full fe-eration onsisting of t!e Eastern&
Hestern an- Nort!ern Regions an- t!e
Fe-eral Territor0 of Lagos3 E0 %7<7
t!erefore& ea! of t!e t!ree regions !a-
its o1n i+il ser+ie in a--ition to t!e
fe-eral i+il ser+ie3
T!e in-e/en-ene Constitution of
%78) !a- /ro+i-e- for a Fe-eral
Constitution an- a onstitution for ea!
of t!e t!ree regions3 T!is onstitution
/ro+i-e- for t!ree regional an- one
fe-eral i+il ser+ie3 In %786& Nigeria
a-o/te- a Re/u.lian Constitution 1!i!
re/lae- t!e four onstitutions3 Also& a
fourt! region& t!e Mi-$Hestern Region
1as reate- in August %786 on t!e .asis
of a referen-u, !el- on %6
t!
Jul0& %7863
a ne1 Ci+il Ser+ie 1as reate- for t!e
region& .ringing t!e total nu,.er of Ci+il
Ser+ie 1as reate- for t!e region&
.ringing t!e total nu,.er of Ci+il Ser+ie

P a g e | 646


in t!e ountr0 to fi+e3 After1ar-s& t!e
/artitioning of Nigeria into t1el+e States
on ('
t!
Ma0& %78' .0 -eree no %* of
%78' as /ro,ulgate- .0 t!e Su/re,e
Militar0 Counil un-er Lt3 Col La=u.u
5o1on onse;uent u/on t!e %<
t!

Januar0 %788& Nigeria first e+er ,ilitar0
ou/3 T!e nu,.er of Ci+il Ser+ie in t!e
ountr0 inrease- fro, fi+e to t!irteen3
Hit! t!is -e+elo/,ent& staff fro, t!e
four regional Ci+il Ser+ies !a- to .e
-istri.ute- to t!eir States of Origin to
,an t!e ne1l0 reate- State Ci+il
Ser+ies3

1$8 >'%(&)o%s o, C).)0 Ser.)(e )%
N)3er)/
T!e s/eifi -a0 to -a0
res/onsi.ilities of t!e Nigerian i+il
ser+ie inlu-e& a,ong ot!ers t!e
follo1ing>
i3 Assisting go+ern,ent in
t!e for,ulation an-
i,/le,entation of
/u.li /oliies an-
/rogra,,es3
ii3 Data olletion& storage
an- in/ut to /u.li
/oli0 for,ulation .0
go+ern,ent3
iii3 Pro+ision of ontinuit0
in /u.li /oli0
for,ulation an-
i,/le,entation on
.ot! s!ort an- long
ter, .ases for t!e goo-
of t!e nation
irres/eti+e of t!e
/olitial /art0 or set of
,ilitar0 offiers in
/o1er3
i+3 Maintenane an-
o/eration of effiient
an- effeti+e
a-,inistrati+e
,a!iner0 for t!e -a0
to -a0 -is!arge of
go+ern,ent funtions3
+3 Pre/aration an-
i,/le,entation of t!e
annual
esti,ates?.u-get of
t!e go+ern,ent3
+i3 Colletion of
go+ern,ent re+enue
an- ontrol of
go+ern,ent
e:/en-iture to ensure
t!e 9u-iious
a//liation of /u.li
fun-s3
+ii3 Maintenane an-
o/eration of effiient
an- effeti+e /ersonnel
,anage,ent s0ste,

P a g e | 647


o+ering all /ersonnel
in go+ern,ent ser+ie3
+iii3 Assisting go+ern,ent in
t!e /ro,otion of
national unit0 an-
integration3

1$9 Ide%&),)(/&)o% o, ;/+ )%
K%ow0ed3e
Se+eral 1or=s !a+e un-ou.te-l0
.een arrie- out on e,/lo0eesF
,oti+ation an- /ro-uti+it0& in t!is
regar-& .ot! foreign an- loal s!olars
li=e Vitor Vroo, %78*& De5raaff ())6&
Nu,.erg %77<& Vi9a0araga+an an- Sing!
())*& Ra.iu ())( A-ele=e ())6&
Ogunsola ())G& anot!ers !a+e 1ritten
so ,u! on e,/lo0eesF ,oti+ation an-
/ro-uti+it03
4o1e+er& t!e assess,ent of t!e
-egree of i,/le,entation of
,oti+ational strategies in t!e Ci+il ser+ie
see,s to !a+e elu-e- t!e interest of
soial resear!ers3 T!is stu-0 t!erefore&
is essentiall0 ai,e- at filling t!e ga/3

CHAPTER T#O
RESEARCH -ETHO9OO;=
2$1 I%&rod'(&)o%
T!e ,et!o- a-o/te- to a--ress
t!e o.9eti+es of t!e stu-0 is .ase- on
e:tensi+e an- rigorous sur+e0 1or=3 T!e
resear! 1as a -esri/ti+e stu-0 t!at
a-o/te- a ross$setional sur+e0 -esign3
T!e stu-0 fous on ,oti+ation as a tool
for /ro-uti+it0 in t!e Nigerian Ci+il
Ser+ie> A Case Stu-0 of E-o Ci+il Ser+ie3
T!e !oie of E-o State Ci+il Ser+ie is as
a result of la= of ,orale an- lo1
/ro-uti+it0 affeting t!e i+il ser+ants3
In arr0ing out t!is 1or=& t!e soures of
-ata olletion a-o/te- 1ere /ri,ar0
an- seon-ar0 soures of infor,ation3

2$2 S&'dy Po+'0/&)o%
T!e /o/ulation of stu-0 1as ,a-e u/ of
t!ree ategories of /ersonnel 1it!in t!e
E-o State Ci+il Ser+ie3
i3 T!e Senior Ca-re Personnel>
T!ese are t!ose grou/s of
/ersonnel t!at are sa--le-
1it! t!e res/onsi.ilit0 of
a-,inistering t!e
ser+ies?ati+ities in t!e
,inistriesB t!ese inlu-e t!e
-iretors& -e/ut0 -iretors an-
!ea-s of -e/art,ents?units in
t!e ,inistries3
ii3 Mi--le Ca-re Personnel>
T!ese are t!ose t!at are
referre- to as ,i--le line

P a g e | 648


,anagers 1!o su/er+ise t!e
ati+ities of t!e 9unior staff3
T!e0 inlu-e !ig!er e:euti+e
offiers& et3
iii3 Junior Staff> T!ese are t!e
9unior a-re staff of t!e
,inistries3 In t!is ategor0 of
t!e 9unior a-re are t0/ists&
lerial assistants& ,essengers&
et3
A ross$setional sur+e0 -esign
1as utili2e- in or-er to ensure t!at t!e
sa,/le 1as re/resentati+e of t!e
/o/ulation in ter,s of su! ritial
fators as gen-er& -e/art,ents an-
status3 One !un-re- an- fift0 one
-ifferent ategories of /eo/le in t!e
State Ci+il Ser+ie 1ere selete-3

2$3 Rese/r(* 9es)3%
T!e resear! -esign in+ol+e- t!e
a-,inistration of ;uestionnaires an- t!e
on-ut of /ersonal inter+ie1 1it! t!e
+arious ategories of staff in E-o State
Ci+il Ser+ie 1!ere neessar03 T!e
resear! 1as -esigne- to>
o.tain -etaile- infor,ation
t!at 1ill i-entif0 t!e
,oti+ational strategies t!at
e:ist in E-o State Ci+il Ser+ieB
i-entif0 t!e +arious -egree of
i,/le,entation of t!ese
,oti+ational strategies in E-o
State Ci+il Ser+ieB
e:a,ine t!e effeti+eness of
t!e i-entifie- ,oti+ational
strategies on t!e /ro-uti+it0
of t!e i+il ser+ants in E-o
State an-B
reo,,en- 1a0s of i,/ro+ing
t!e /ro-uti+it0 of E-o State
Ci+il Ser+ie t!roug! t!e
i,/le,entation of -ifferent
,oti+ational inenti+es for
-ifferent ategories of staff3

2$4 S/4+0)%3 Pro(ed're
T!e /roe-ure a-o/te- for
sa,/ling in t!is .oo= is /ur/osi+e
ran-o, sa,/ling3 Pur/osi+e ran-o,
sa,/ling te!ni;ue 1as a//lie- a,ong
t!e senior& ,i--le an- 9unior a-re of
staff t!at ,a-e u/ E-o State Ci+il Ser+ie3
One !un-re- an- eig!t0 ;uestionnaires
1ere a-,inistere-& !o1e+er one
!un-re- an- fift0 one ;uestionnaires
1ere returne-3 T!us& t!e sa,/le
/o/ulation use- for t!is stu-0 is one
!un-re- an- fift0 one 1!i! re/resents
a.out ten /erent "%)N# of t!e total
/o/ulation of one t!ousan- eig!t
!un-re- an- t1ent0 eig!t3 Pur/osi+e
sa,/ling ,et!o- 1as use- for
on+enieneFs sa=e an- -ue to t!e

P a g e | 649


li,itation of ti,e a+aila.le for t!e
o,/letion of t!e resear! 1or=3

2$2 -e/s're4e%& o, "/r)/60es
T!e t1o +aria.les in t!is resear!
1or= are> Moti+ation an- E,/lo0eesF
Pro-uti+it03 Moti+ation is t!e
In-e/en-ent Varia.le3 It is t!e inner
-ri+e& 9o0 or satisfation t!at ,a=es
e,/lo0ee 1or= !ar-& at ti,es e:tra !ar-
to1ar-s t!e ao,/lis!,ent of
organi2ational goals3 E,/lo0eePs 1ill to
a!ie+e t!e organi2ational goals an-
targets inreases 1!en !e or s!e -eri+es
so,e satisfation on t!e 9o.3
In ot!er 1or-s& e,/lo0eeFs
/ro-uti+it0 is -e/en-ent on t!e le+el of
,oti+ation reei+e- fro, 1it!in an-
aroun- t!e 1or= en+iron,ent3 T!ese
,oti+ations 1!i! affet t!e generalit0
of t!e Hor=ersF?E,/lo0eesF life translate
to !is?!er /erfor,ane at 1or=$
Pro-uti+it03
E,/lo0eesF Pro-uti+it0 in t!is
resear! 1or= t!erefore is t!e
-e/en-ent +aria.le3 It oul- .e affete-
/ositi+el0 or negati+el03 It affets
/ositi+el0& if it ,eets t!e -e,an- of t!e
e,/lo0ees& an- affet negati+el0 1!en it
fails to a--ress t!e nee- of t!e
e,/lo0ees3

2$6 Rese/r(* I%s&r'4e%&
T1o .asi resear! instru,ents of
/ri,ar0 -ata olletion e,/lo0e- in
or-er to o.tain t!e -esire- infor,ation is
t!e a-,inistration of ;uestionnaires3
T!e ;uestionnaires 1ere -rafte-
in su! a ,anner so as to o.tain t!e
-esire- infor,ation fro, t!e +arious
ategories of res/on-ents .ase- on t!eir
o1n +ie1s as regar-s t!e su.9et ,atter3
In or-er to aug,ent t!e infor,ation
o.taine- fro, /ri,ar0 -ata& seon-ar0
-ata te!ni;ue 1as also onsulte-3 T!e
seon-ar0 -ata soures onsulte-
inlu-e 9ournals& te:t.oo=s& 1e.site
,aterials& ne1s/a/ers an- ,aga2ines3

2$7 9/&/ Co00e(&)o%
Pri,ar0 an- seon-ar0 -ata 1ere
use- as ,et!o-s of in+estigation3 T!e
/ri,ar0 -ata 1!i! 1as ,ainl0 t!e use of
;uestionnaire 1as -istri.ute- to .ot!
senior an- 9unior staff of t!e +arious
,inisters3 Pur/osi+e sa,/ling ,et!o-
1as use- ,ainl0 use- for aa-e,i
/ur/ose3

P a g e | 620


2$7$1 Pr)4/ry So'r(es
T!e ,a9or soure of /ri,ar0 -ata is
;uestionnaire3

2$7$2 Se(o%d/ry So'r(es
T!e seon-ar0 soures inlu-e
/u.liations su! as 9ournals&
ne1s/a/ers& ,aga2ines& internet
soures& te:t.oo=s an- offiial ga2ettes3

2$8 Re0)/6)0)&y o, Rese/r(*
I%s&r'4e%&
T!e relia.ilit0 of t!e resear!
instru,ent 1as ensure- .0 inlu-ing all
t!e essential fators of ,oti+ation an-
/ro-uti+it0 in t!e rating sale an- rating
t!e ite,s in si,/le Englis! language3 3

2$9 -e&*od o, 9/&/ A%/0ys)s
T!e -ata anal0sis of t!is .oo=
,a-e use of t!e -esri/ti+e ,et!o-3 For
-esri/ti+e ,et!o-& t!e -ata 1ere
anal0se- 1it! t!e use of /erentage for
ea! ite, on t!e ;uestionnaire

CHAPTER >O!R
PRESENTATIONA INTERPRETATION AN9
ANA=SIS O> 9ATA
3$1 I%&rod'(&)o%
T!is !a/ter fouses on t!e
/resentation& anal0sis an- inter/retation
of t!e infor,ation ollete- fro, t!e
/o/ulation of stu-0 1!i! !a+e .earing
1it! t!e o.9eti+es of t!e .oo=3 It also
-isusses t!e fin-ings fro, t!e
infor,ation eliite- fro, t!e sa,/le
/o/ulation3
T!e !a/ter re+eals t!e res/onses
of %<% res/on-ents onsi-ere- for t!is
stu-0& ,ale res/on-ents onstitute
a.out 88N re/resenting 77 /ersons out
of t!e %<% res/on-ents 1!ile t!e
re,aining are fe,ale res/on-ents3 Due
to t!e nature of t!e 1or= an- t!e
-ifferent attri.utes of t!e res/on-ents&
t!e fin-ings are treate- as t!eir
/erentage on grou/ .asis3 T!e fin-ings
is -isusse- in line 1it! t!e o.9eti+e of
t!e stu-0 an- -isusse- as follo1s>

3$2 So()o-E(o%o4)( C*/r/(&er)s&)(s o,
Res+o%de%&s
T!e -esri/tion of t!e
res/on-ents is -isusse- aor-ing to
t!eir se:& age& ,arital status an-
e-uational status3 T!ese are anal0se-
.elo1>

P a g e | 621


4$2$1 >reB'e%(y 9)s&r)6'&)o% o,
Res+o%de%&s 6y Se:
T!e -esri/tion of t!e
res/on-ents .0 se: as o.ser+e- in Ta.le
*3% s!o1s t!at 8<3<8N of t!e
res/on-ents in t!e stu-0 area are Male
1!ile 6*3**N 1ere o.ser+e- to .e
fe,ale of t!e %<% res/on-ents
onsi-ereas t!e stu-0 /o/ulation3
T/60e 3$1: >reB'e%(y 9)s&r)6'&)o% o,
Res+o%de%&s 6y ;e%der
Se: >reB'e%(y Per(e%&
Male 77 8<388
Fe,ale <( 6*3**
Total %<% %))3))
Soure> Fiel- Sur+e0& Jul0 "())7#

3$2$2 A3e R/%3e o, Res+o%de%&s
T!e age ategor0 of res/on-ents
1as grou/e- into four lasses3
Res/on-ents .et1een t!e age grou/ of
6)$67 0ears 1ere o.ser+e- to .e ,ore
t!an t!e ot!er grou/s as t!e0 onstitute
*8368N of t!e stu-0 /o/ulation3 Ot!ers
inlu-e res/on-ents .et1een t!e age of
()$(7 0ears 1it! a -istri.ution of %'
"%%3(8N# 1!ile t!ose .et1een *)$*7
0ears !as a /erentage of 6<3'8N an-
t!ose t!at fall 1it!in t!e age .ra=et of
<)$<7 0ears onstituting %) "838(N# of
t!e stu-0 /o/ulation3

T/60e 3$2 >reB'e%(y 9)s&r)6'&)o% o,
Res+o%de%&s 6y A3e
A3e >reB'e%(y Per(e%&
()$(7 %' %%3(8
6)$67 ') *8368
*)$*7 <* 6<3'8
<)$<7 %) 838(
Total %<% %))3))
3$2$3 -/r)&/0 S&/&'s o, Res+o%de%&s
Marital Status fin-ings of t!e
resear! arrie- out in t!e stu-0 area
re+eale- ,ost res/on-ents are ,arrie-
1it! /erentage -istri.ution of '%3<(N
"%)G#3 T!e least grou/ of t!e ,arital
status in t!e stu-0 area is -i+ore- 1it!
/erentage -istri.ution of %36(N "(#3 T!e
,arital status of all res/on-ents are

P a g e | 622


lassifie- into single& ,arrie-& -i+ore-
an- 1i-o1e- an- t!is is !ig!lig!te- in
Ta.le % .elo13

T/60e 3$3 >reB'e%(y 9)s&r)6'&)o% o,
Res+o%de%&s 6y -/r)&/0 S&/&'s
-/r)&/0
s&/&'s
>reB'e%(y Per(e%&
Marrie- %)G '%3<(
Single (7 %73(%
Di+ore- ( %36(
Hi-o1e- %( '37<
Total %<% %))3))

3$2$4 Ed'(/&)o%/0 9)s&r)6'&)o% o,
Res+o%de%&s
T!e e-uational status of t!e
res/on-ents in-iate- t!at onl0 %36(N of
t!e /o/ulations in t!e stu-0 area !a+e
e-uational e:/eriene .elo1 seon-ar0
s!ool le+el& 7376N onstitute
res/on-ents 1it! seon-ar0 s!ool
e-uation& <638*N of t!e entire stu-0
/o/ulation !a+e !ig!er e-uational
;ualifiation& i3e3 4ND an- E3S follo1e-
.0 MS?P!D le+el of e-uation 1it!
663''N /erent 1!ile t!ose 1it! NCE !as
%36(N3

T/60e 3$4 >reB'e%(y 9)s&r)6'&)o% o,
Res+o%de%&s1 Ed'(/&)o%/0 S&/&'s
Ed'(/&)o% >reB'e%(y Per(e%&
Pri,ar0
S!ool
Certifiate
( %36(
SSCE?HASC %< 7376
4ND?E3S G% <638*
M3S?P!3D <% 663''
NCE ( %36(
Total %<% %))3))

3$3 Assess4e%& o, -e(*/%)s4s ,or
-o&)./&)%3 S&/,, )% Edo S&/&e C).)0
Ser.)(e
T!e staffs of E-o State Ci+il Ser+ie
1ere inter+ie1e- on t!eir /erei+e-
/ere/tion to1ar-s ,e!anis,s for

P a g e | 623


,oti+ating staff in E-o State Ci+il Ser+ie&
t!e in+estigation re+eale- t!e follo1ing&
fro, t!e %<% res/on-ents onsi-ere- for
t!e stu-03
T!ere is a strong in-iation t!at
"ran= G# Jo. Satisfation an-
De+elo/,ent nee-s a--resse- are t!e
first an- fore,ost ,e!anis, in
en!aning e,/lo0eesF /ro-uti+it0 in
E-o State Ci+il Ser+ie3 T!e0 !a+e e;ual
/erentage -istri.ution 1!i! re+eale-
t!at 663%%N of t!e res/on-ents agree-
to t!e fat t!at t!e0 are i,/ortant
,e!anis,s in en!aning e,/lo0eesF
/ro-uti+it0 1!ile onl0 G38%N are
un-ei-e-3
T!e /ro+ision of 1or=ing tool to
en!ane /ro-uti+it0 1as ran=e- 6
r-
an-
in-iate- t!at a su, of *'"6%3%6N# of t!e
res/on-ents are un-ei-e- an- t!ose
1!o agree an- strongl0 agree !a+e
/erentages of '37< an- *38*
res/eti+el03
It 1as also o.ser+e- t!at
i,/ro+e- re,uneration is anot!er fator
for e,/lo0eesF ,oti+ation in E-o State
Ci+il Ser+ie3 As /erei+e- .0 t!e
res/on-ents 1!o fall in t!e (
n-
/osition&
<(37GN of t!e stu-0 /o/ulation strongl0
agree- to t!is state,ent 1!ile 6)3*8N
onl0 agree to it3 Res/on-ents 1!o eit!er
-isagree or un-ei-e- a.out t!is fat
1ere 636%N an- 73('N res/eti+el03 T!e
-egree to 1!i! effiien0 an-
effeti+eness are /erei+e- .0 t!e
res/on-ents is an in-iation t!at t!ere is
a -eline .ut ,ig!t not .e in its entiret0
1it!in t!e state i+il ser+ie3 T!e result
fro, t!e on-ui+e 1or= en+iron,ent is
e+i-ent as in-iate- .0 '37<N
res/on-ents 1!o strongl0 agree an-
(63G*N agree to t!is state,ent 1!ile
(<3%'N an- *(36GN -isagree an- strongl0
-isagree res/eti+el0 an- onl0 )388N 1as
un-ei-e-3
Ot!er fators to .e i-entifie- are
t!e 8
t!
ran= 1!i! inlu-e Qre1ar- for
lo0alt0F an- Qa+aila.ilit0 of o//ortunit0FB
t!ere is a strong in-iation t!at .ot!
fator are also ,e!anis,s for
,oti+ating 1or=ers in E-o State Ci+il
Ser+ie as in-iate- .0 %73G'N of t!e
res/on-ents strongl0 agree& 6)3*8N
agree 1!ile (%3G<N -isagree an- <378N
strongl0 -isagree to t!is fat3

P a g e | 624


T/60e 3$2 >reB'e%(y 9)s&r)6'&)o% o, -e(*/%)s4s ,or -o&)./&)%3 S&/,, )% Edo S&/&e
C).)0 Ser.)(e
Un-ei-e- Disagree Strongl0
-isagree
Agree Strongl0
agree

Fre; N Fre;3 N Fre; N Fre;3 N Fre; N Mean Ran=
%3 Pro+ision of 1or=ing tools
to en!ane /ro-uti+it0
*' 6%3%6 8' **36' %G %%37( %( '37< ' *38* 63G7 6
r-

(3 I,/ro+e- re,uneration %* 73(' < 636% 8 637' *8 6)3*8 G) <(37G 63G7 (
n-

63 Regular /ro,otion 6' (*3<) <6 6<3%) (( %*3<' (* %<3G7 %< 7376 63*G *
t!

*3 De+elo/,ent nee-s .eing
a--resse-
%6 G38% *' 6%3%6 (* %<3G7 <) 663%% %' %%3(8 (376 G
t!

<3 Effeti+e o,,uniation G% <638* <* 6<3'8 ' *38* ' *38* ( %36( *368 %
st

83 Con-ui+e 1or=
en+iron,ent
% )388 6G (<3%' 8* *(36G 68 (63G* %( '37< 63*G *
t!

'3 re1ar- for lo0alt0 66 (%3G< 66 (%3G< 7 <378 *8 6)3*8 6) %73G' 63*) 8
t!

G3 a+aila.ilit0 of o//ortunit0 66 (%3G< 66 (%3G< 7 <378 *8 6)3*8 6) %73G' 63*) 8
t!

73 Jo. Satisfation %6 G38% *' 6%3%6 (* %<3G7 <) 663%% %' %%3(8 (376 G
t!


3$4 >/(&ors &*/& /,,e(& s&/,, ?o6
s/&)s,/(&)o% )% Edo S&/&e C).)0
Ser.)(e
T!e first fator to .e onsi-ere- is
Q1ages an- salar0F& of 1!i! all t!e
res/on-ents agree- it is a fator3 For,
ta.le *3* .elo1& it an .e o.ser+e- t!at
6(3*<N of t!e res/on-ents .elie+e t!at
Q1ages an- salar0F !ig!l0 affet 9o0
satisfation follo1e- .0 t!ose t!at
a+eragel0 .elie+e 1it! /erentage
-istri.ution of 6%3'7N "*G# 1!ile %377N
an- (73%*N .elong to Qlo1F an-
Q,o-erateF ategor0 res/eti+el03 T!e
ne:t fator onsi-ere- is Q/ension an-
gratuit0F of 1!i! a.out *<3')N of t!e
res/on-ents .elie+e it ,o-eratel0
affets 9o. satisfation3 T!is is follo1e-
.0 t!ose t!at !ig!l0 .elie+e- t!at it -oes
1it! /erentage -istri.ution of (83*7N
"*)# an- t!ose t!at a+eragel0 .elie+e

P a g e | 622


1it! /erentage -istri.ution of %63(<
1!ile onl0 '3(GN -isagree .0 !oosing
Qnot at allF3
Anot!er fator onsi-ere- is
Q/ro,otionF t!at follo1s t!is or-er> Qlo1F$
)388N& Qa+erageF$ %)38)N& Q,o-erateF
6%3%6& an- (73G)N for Q!ig!F an- ('3G%
-isagree .0 !oosing Qnot at allF3 T!e
1or= en+iron,ent is also a ruial fator
onsi-ere- 1!ere a.out 6<3'8N of t!e
res/on-ents .elie+e it a+eragel0 affets
9o. satisfation3 T!is is follo1e- .0 t!ose
t!at ,o-eratel0 .elie+e- t!at it -oes
1it! /erentage -istri.ution of 6%3'7
"*G# 1!ile t!ose t!at !ose Qlo1F an-
Q!ig!F are (<3%'N an- '3(GN res/eti+el03
T!e last .ut not t!e least of t!e fators is
t!e 1or=ing on-ition t!at !as
Q,o-erateF as t!e !ig!est /erentage
-istri.ution of *(36G "8*# an- Qlo1F as t!e
lo1est /erentage -istri.ution of )388N
"%#3

T/60e 3$6 >reB'e%(y 9)s&r)6'&)o% o, >/(&ors &*/& A,,e(& Co6 S/&)s,/(&)o% )% Edo S&/&e
C).)0 Ser.)(e
ow A.er/3e -oder/&e H)3* No& /& /00
Fre; N Fre; N Fre; N Fre; N Fre; N
Hages D salar0 6 %377 *G 6%3'7 ** (73%* *7 6(3*< ' *38*
/ension an-
gratuit0
%% '3(G () %63(< 87 *<3') *) (83*7 %% '3(G
Pro,otion % )388 %8 %)38) *' 6%3%6 *< (73G) *( ('3G%
Hor= en+iron,ent 6G (<3%' <* 6<3'8 *G 6%3'7 %% '3(G
Hor= on-ition % )388 6G (<3%' 8* *(36G 68 (63G* %( '37<
3$2 S&/,, ")ews o% -o&)./&)o%/0
S&r/&e3)es I4+0e4e%&/&)o% )% Edo
S&/&e C).)0 Ser.)(e
T!e first strateg0 to .e onsi-ere-
is t!e /ro,/t /a0,ent of 1or=ersF salar0
E-o State 5o+ern,ent3 It 1as re+eale-
fro, t!e ta.le t!at /ro,/t /a0,ent of
1or=ersF salar0 is /oorl0 i,/le,ente- as
G<3*6N of t!e res/on-ents .elie+e- t!at

P a g e | 626


t!eir salar0 is not .eing /ro,/tl0 /ai-
1!ile onl0 %*3<'N agree- to it3 4o1e+er&
greater nu,.er of t!e res/on-ents
agree- to t!e reei/t of lea+e .onus at
t!e rig!t ti,e 1it! /erentage
-istri.ution of G)3'7 "%((# 1!ile %73(%N
-isagree-3
Moreo+er& onerning !ousing
loan& G<3*6N -isagree .0 /i=ing QNoF
1!ile onl0 %*3<'N agree .0 /i=ing QLesF3
On t!e ot!er !an-& a little ,ore t!an
a+erage of t!e res/on-ents <G37*N
agree t!e0 reei+e ar loan 1!ereas
*%3)8 -isagree3

T/60e 3$7: >reB'e%(y 9)s&r)6'&)o% o, S&/,, ")ews o% -o&)./&)o%/0 S&r/&e3)es
I4+0e4e%&/&)o% )% Edo S&/&e C).)0 Ser.)(e
=es No
C/&e3ory >reB D >reB D
Pro,/t /a0,ent of salar0 (( %*3<' %(7 G<3*6
Reei/t of lea+e .onus at t!e rig!t ti,e %(( G)3'7 (7 %73(%
4ousing loan fro, go+ern,ent (( %*3<' %(7 G<3*6
Car loan G7 <G37* 8( *%3)8
3$6 Co%s)s&e%& I4+0e4e%&/&)o% o,
-o&)./&)o%/0 I%(e%&).es
Fro, t!e ta.le .elo1& it an .e
o.ser+e- t!at t!e i,/le,entation of
,oti+ational inenti+es .0 E-o State
5o+ern,ent is irregular as <%388N of t!e
res/on-ents .elie+e- it is rarel0 .eing
i,/le,ente-& follo1e- .0 t!ose t!at
agree- t!at it is not .eing i,/le,ente-
at all 1it! /erentage -istri.ution of
663'' "<%# 1!ile onl0 %*3<'N of t!e
res/on-ents agree- it is often .eing
i,/le,ente-3
T/60e 3$8 >reB'e%(y 9)s&r)6'&)o%
S*ow)%3 Co%s)s&e%&
I4+0e4e%&/&)o% o,
-o&)./&)o%/0 I%(e%&).es
Fre;uen0 Perent

P a g e | 627


Not at all <% 663''
Rarel0 'G <%388
Often (( %*3<'
Total %<% %))3))

3$7 #or8 Co%d)&)o% )% Edo S&/&e C).)0
Ser.)(e
Ta.le *3' .elo1 re+eale- t!e state
of 1or= on-ition in E-o State Ci+il
Ser+ie3 A.out '( res/on-ents of t!e
entire /o/ulation .elie+e t!at t!e 1or=
on-ition in E-o State Ci+il Ser+ie see,s
to .e e,/iriall0 o=a0 1it! -istri.ution
'( "*'38GN# (63G*N of t!e res/on-ents
.elie+e- it is goo- 1!ile onl0 *38*N 1ere
of t!e o/inion t!at it is +er0 goo-3 On t!e
ot!er !an-& %73(%N agree- it is .elo1
a+erage 1!ile *38*N .elie+e- t!at t!e
1or= on-ition in E-o State Ci+il Ser+ie
is /oor3
T/60e 3$9: >reB'e%(y 9)s&r)6'&)o%
S*ow)%3 &*e e.e0 o, #or8
Co%d)&)o% )% Edo S&/&e C).)0
Ser.)(e
Fre;uen0 Perent
Ver0 goo- ' *38*
5oo- 68 (63G*
A+erage '( *'38G
Eelo1
a+erage
(7 %73(%
Poor ' *38*
Total %<% %))3))
CHAPTER >I"E
S!--AR=A CONC!SION AN9
RECO--EN9ATIONS
4$1 S'44/ry o, >)%d)%3s
T!e .oo= treate- ,oti+ation as a
,anage,ent te!ni;ue of a!ie+ing
organi2ational o.9eti+es t!roug!
e,/lo0eesF effeti+eness an- effiien03
T!e .oo= re+eals t!at Jo.
Satisfation an- a--ress of
-e+elo/,ental nee-s re/resents t!e
fore,ost ,e!anis,s in en!aning
e,/lo0eesF ,oti+ation is E-o State Ci+il
Ser+ie follo1e- .0 /ro+ision of 1or=ing
tools an- i,/ro+e- re,uneration3
T!e staffsF 9o. satisfation in E-o
State Ci+il Ser+ie is affete- .0 t!e
follo1ings in or-er to i,/ortane> 1ages
an- salar0& /ension an- gratuit0&
/ro,otion& 1or= en+iron,ent an- t!e
1or=ing on-ition3

P a g e | 628


Pro,/t /a0,ent of 1or=ers salar0
as a ,oti+ational strateg0 .0 t!e E-o
State Ci+il Ser+ie is t!oug! /oorl0
i,/le,ente-& .ut lea+e .onuses are
/ro,/tl0 /ai-3 Ma9orit0 of t!e staffs -o
not !a+e aessi.ilit0 to !ousing loans
.ut a little a.o+e a+erage !a+e aess to
ar loans3
T!e .oo= re+eale- t!at -es/ite
t!e i,/ortane of goo- an- a-e;uate
re,uneration s0ste, to organi2ation
/erfor,ane& t!e go+ern,ent as 1ell as
so,e ot!er e,/lo0ers -o not atta!
i,/ortane to it3
Finall0& t!e resear! /osits t!at if
staff 1ages an- salar0 are /ro,/tl0 /ai-&
goo- /ension an- gratuit0 /lan is in
/lae& /ro,otion is o.taine- as at 1!en
-ue& 1or= en+iron,ent an- on-ition
are ,a-e on-ui+e an- attrati+e&
e,/lo0ees 9o. satisfation le+el 1ill
inrease an- t!is in turn inreases t!e
o+erall organi2ational /erfor,ane3
*$2 Co%(0's)o%
Moti+ation !as .een seen as t!at
inner -ri+e& instint t!at energi2es&
ati+ate or ,o+e in-i+i-uals to /erfor,
t!eir -uties effeti+el03 It is e+i-ent fro,
t!is stu-0 t!at an in-i+i-ual 1or=er !as
-ifferent nee- at -ifferent ti,es3 T!is
in+aria.l0 ,eans t!at in-i+i-ual 1or=er is
,oti+ate- -ifferentl03 Also& it re+eale-
t!at !u,an nee-s are inter-e/en-ent
an- o+erla//ing& in t!is regar-s 1or=ers
an .e ,oti+ate- in -i+erse 1a0s not
neessaril0 follo1ing Maslo1 !ierar!0
of nee-s3 T!at is 1!at ,oti+ates one
in-i+i-ual ,a0 .e -ifferent fro, 1!at
,oti+ates ot!ers at -ifferent stages of
t!eir li+es3
T!is .oo= re+eale- t!at i+il
ser+ants are not enourage- to /ut in
.est to t!e ser+ies of t!eir e,/lo0ers3 It
1as -iso+ere- t!at 1!ere ser+ies t!at
are su//ose- to ,eet t!e nee-s of
e,/lo0ees are a+aila.le& t!e0 are eit!er
-ela0e- or /oorl0 /ro+i-e-3 T!is resear!
also re+eale- t!at staffs in t!e Ci+il
Ser+ie are in t!e ,ost /itia.le on-ition
in ter,s of on-ition of ser+ie an-
1elfare failities3
T!is aor-ing to t!e resear!
,a-e t!e, not to .e intereste- in t!e
9o.& -a,/ene- t!eir ,orale an- also
,a=es t!e, la= initiati+es3 T!ese finall0
aounte- for t!e reasons 1!0 t!e0 are
not /erfor,ing 1!i! in turn le- to t!e
un-e+elo/e- situation of t!e State to-a03
It s!o1s furt!er t!at in-i+i-ual 1or=er
1or=e- !ar-er to a!ie+e t!e o.9eti+es
of t!eir e,/lo0ers in or-er to get t!eir
o1n nee-s3
It 1as also -iso+ere- t!at
,e,.ers of staff are al1a0s ,oti+ate-

P a g e | 629


.0 /ro+ision of 1elfare ser+ies li=e
/ro+ision of ar or ar loan& staff ;uarters
or !ousing loan& !ealt! are ser+ie&
!il-ren e-uation allo1ane an- so on3

4$2 Re(o44e%d/&)o%s
For t!e Ci+il Ser+ie to a!ie+e its
o.9eti+es t!ere is t!e nee- to !a+e goo-
a-,inistrator 1!o un-erstan-s t!e
/oli0 of t!e institution an- 1!o 1ill .e
a.le to utili2e t!ese /oliies to ,oti+ate
t!e e,/lo0ees to ena.le t!e, a!ie+e
t!eir nee-3 T!e a-,inistrator s!oul- .e
a.le to !el/ 1or=ers see t!at t!e
organi2ational an !el/ t!e, satisf0 t!eir
o1n nee-s an- utili2e t!eir /otentials in
a 1a0 to ontri.ute to t!e goal of t!e
organi2ationB t!e roles assu,e- .0
1or=ers s!oul- .e un-erstoo- .0 !i,
an- t!e ,anage,ent3
5o+ern,ent anot!er e,/lo0ers
of la.our s!oul- en-ea+our to integrate
t!e goals of t!e organi2ation 1it! t!ose
of its staff an- ontinue to a-o/t t!e
su//orti+e ,anage,ent te!ni;ue3
T!e go+ern,ent s!oul- also
reate 9o. satisfator0 ,oti+ational
strategies& 1!i! 1ill ena.le 1or=ers
i,/ro+e on t!eir /erfor,ane ?
/ro-uti+it0 su! as inrease in salar03
H!en 1or=ers salar0 is inrease- 1it! a
goo- 1or= en+iron,ent& it 1ill .oost t!e
,orale of t!e 1or=ers3 5o+ern,ent
s!oul- follo1 its /ro,otion /oli0 to
-eser+ing offiers .ase- on seniorit0 an-
,eritB t!is s!oul- .e +oi- of fa+ouritis,3
T!e nee- to /ro+i-e 1elfare
failities su! as on-ui+e 1or=
en+iron,ent& ar loan& anteen& free
!ealt! are s0ste,& long$ser+ie a1ar-
an- 9o. seurit0 an not .e o+er$
e,/!asi2e-3 Reognition of !ar- 1or=
an- re1ar-ing it aor-ingl0 ,oti+ates
e,/lo0ees to /ut in t!eir .est3 T!ere is
also t!e nee- for go+ern,ent to /ro+i-e
rereational failities so as to failitate
infor,al assoiation 1it! t!e e,/lo0eesB
t!is 1ill go a long 1a0 in satisf0ing t!eir
soial nee-s3 Regular an- /ro,/t
/a0,ent of entitle,ent su! as lea+e
.onus to ser+ing offier is also neessar03
T!ere is nee- to enourage tea,
,anage,ent in or-er to reate
un-erstan-ing .et1een lea-ers an-
su.or-inates so as to a!ie+e t!e
organi2ationFs o.9eti+es3 A-e;uate
,oti+ation failitates greater
/erfor,ane an- effiien0 oul- .e
a!ie+e-3 T!e o,/le:it0 of nee- to
e,/lo0ees re;uire t!at& t!e go+ern,ent
s!oul- as ,u! as /ossi.le reate

P a g e | 660


on-ui+e 1or= en+iron,ent for
e,/lo0ees& 1it!in t!e 1or=ing
en+iron,ent& t!ere s!oul- .e a+aila.ilit0
of all neessar0 an- enouraging fators
1!i! lea- to 9o. satisfation3

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P a g e | 661


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Jul0 ())%& //3 %7%$()*3

Motivation As An Instruments of Performance in Edo State Civil Service by Ajayi Adeola

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MOTIVATION AS AN INSTRUMENTS OF PERFORMANCE IN EDO STATE CIVIL SERVICE Ajayi Adeola

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