11.

2 EXTRA KINETICS QUESTIONS

1. (i) The graph below shows the distribution of the energies of a sample of
gas molecules at a temperature T
1
. On the same axes, show the
distribution for the same sample of gas at a lower temperature T
2
.
Label this distribution T
2
.
n u m b e r o f
m o l e c u l e s
T
1
e n e r g y
(2)
(ii) hat does the area under each of the abo!e distribution cur!es
represent"
(1)
(iii) #xplain why a relati!ely small decrease in temperature may result in a
large reduction in the rate of a chemical reaction.
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
2. The cur!e below shows the distribution of energies at a temperature, T
1
, for the
molecules in a mixture of gases which react together. E
1
represents the acti!ation
energy of the reaction in the absence of a catalyst.
$ u m b e r o f
m o l e c u l e s
w i t h a g i ! e n
e n e r g y
E
1
# n e r g y
(a) (i) On the same axes, draw a second cur!e for the distribution of energies
in the same sample at a lower temperature, T
2
(ii) #xplain why the reaction is slower at temperature T
2
(3)
(b) (i) %i!e the meaning of the term activation energy.
(ii) On the graph abo!e, mar& on the energy axis a !alue for the acti!ation
energy in the presence of a catalyst. Label your !alue E
2
(2)
(Total marks)
3. 'efine the term activation energy for a reaction.
(Total 2 marks)
!. The diagram below shows the (axwell)*olt+mann energy distribution cur!es
for molecules of a sample of a gas at two different temperatures.
,
*
- '
Label both axes.
(Total 2 marks)
. (a) The diagram below shows the distribution cur!e for the energies of molecules
in a gi!en mass of methane.
$ u m b e r o f
m o l e c u l e s
w i t h a g i ! e n
e n e r g y
# n e r g y
(i) .f the graph were extended to higher energies, at what point would the
cur!e meet the hori+ontal axis" #xplain your answer.
Point...
Explanation
(ii) /&etch on the diagram a cur!e for a larger mass of methane at the same
temperature.
(iii) , sample of ethane containing the same number of moles as the sample
of methane abo!e is at the same temperature and pressure. 'escribe
how the distribution cur!e for ethane differs, if at all, from that abo!e.
()
(b) %i!e two re0uirements for a reaction to occur between two gaseous
molecules.
Requirement 1....
Requirement 2.
(2)
(Total " marks)
6. (a) -atalysts are needed in some chemical reactions. #xplain what is meant by the
term catalyst.
(2)
(b) The graph below shows the distribution of molecular energies for an
uncatalysed mixture of reactants. The energy corresponding to the acti!ation
energy for this reaction (E
A
) is also shown.
E
A
(i) Label the axes and draw a line on the graph to indicate a possible
acti!ation energy for the catalysed reaction. Label this line E
A

(#atal$se%).
(3)
(ii) hat does the shaded area on the graph represent"
(1)
(iii) 'escribe the function of a catalyst in a chemical reaction.
(2)
(Total & marks)
". The decomposition of ethanal !apour, shown below, is catalysed by iodine !apour.
-1
2
-1O(g) -1
3
(g) 4 -O(g)
The acti!ation energy of the catalysed reaction is 125 &6 mol
71
.
(a) #xplain the meaning of the term activation energy.
(1)
(b) -omplete the following table to show the 0ualitati!e effect, if any, of
increasing the temperature and of remo!ing the catalyst on the acti!ation
energy and on the rate of the abo!e reaction.
# f f e c t o n a c t i ! a t i o n e n e r g y # f f e c t o n r a t e o f r e a c t i o n
. n c r e a s i n g t h e t e m p e r a t u r e
8 e m o ! i n g t h e c a t a l y s t
(!)
(Total marks)
&. The diagram below shows the (axwell)*olt+mann distribution cur!e for a sample of gas
at a fixed temperature. #a is the acti!ation energy for the decomposition of this gas.
$ u m b e r o f
m o l e c u l e s
w i t h a g i ! e n
e n e r g y
E
a
# n e r g y
(i) On the diagram s&etch the distribution cur!e for the sample of gas at a higher
temperature.
(ii) hat is the effect of an increase in temperature on the rate of chemical reaction"
#xplain your answer with reference to the (axwell)*olt+mann distribution.
Effect...
Explanation
(iii) hat is the effect of the addition of a catalyst on the rate of chemical reaction"
#xplain your answer with reference to the (axwell)*olt+mann distribution.
Effect...
Explanation
(')
TOTA( ' marks
') (a) *elow is a (axwell)*olt+mann cur!e showing the distribution of molecular
energies for a sample of gas at a temperature T
(i) Label the axes on the diagram abo!e.
(ii) hat does the area under the cur!e represent"
(iii) /tate why the cur!e starts at the origin.
(!)
(b) (i) /tate what is meant by the term acti!ation energy.
(ii) The rate of a chemical reaction may be increased by an increase in
reactant concentration, by an increase in temperature and by the addition
of a catalyst.
/tate which, if any, of these changes in!ol!es a different acti!ation energy. #xplain
your answer.
Change(s..
Explanation
()
TOTA( ' marks
1*. (a) #xplain the term rate of reaction
(1)
(b) #xplain, in terms of the collision theory, why the rate of reaction decreases as
time increases
(3)
(c) #xplain why the rate of reaction between magnesium and dilute
hydrochloric acid is increases much more by changing the magnesium
from powder than by doubling the concentration of the acid.
(2)
TOTA( 6 marks
11. (a) State w+at ,s mea-t .$ t+e term activation energy o/ a rea#t,o-.
(1)
(b) /tate in general terms how a catalyst increases the rate of a chemical reaction.
(2)
(c) The cur!e below shows the (axwell7*olt+mann distribution of molecular
energies, at a constant temperature, in a gas at the start of a reaction. On this
diagram the most probable molecular energy at this temperature is indicated
by the symbol E
mp
and the acti!ation energy by the symbol E
a
.
$ u m b e r o f
m o l e c u l e s
E E # n e r g y m p a
-onsider the following changes.
(i) The number of molecules is increased at constant temperature.
(ii) The temperature is decreased without changing the number of
molecules.
(iii) , catalyst is introduced without changing the temperature or the
number of molecules.
9or ea#+ of these changes state how, if at all, the following would !ary:

the !alue of the most probable energy, E

mp

the number of molecules with the most probable energy, E

mp

the area under the molecular energy distribution cur!e

the number of molecules with energy greater than the acti!ation energy, E
a
(12)
(Total 1 marks)
12. 'raw a (axwell)*olt+man cur!e for a sample of gas at a temperature, T
1
. On the
same axes draw a second cur!e for the same sample of gas at a higher temperature,
T
2
. Label the cur!es and the axes clearly. #xplain, using these cur!es, why an
increase in temperature increases the rate of a gas phase reaction.
/uggest how and why the first cur!e would change if a larger mass of gas were used
at temperature T
1
.
(Total 1* marks)
RELATIVE REACTION RATES
The graph below shows how the !olume of carbon dioxide produced !aries against time during
reaction 1, which is a reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid. /&etch and
label similar cur!es for reactions 2);.
-a-O2 <1-l= (mol dm
)2
) >olume 1-l (cm
2
) Temperature (-)
1 small 2 1?? 2?
2 large 2 1?? 2?
2 large 2 @? 2?
3 small 3 @? 2?
@ large 1 1?? 2?
5 small 2 2?? 3?
; powder 2 2?? 3?

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l
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m
e

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f

C
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2


time