1.

0 OBJECTIVE
To demonstrate the essential operation and characteristic of centrifugal pumps.
To differentiate the rate and pressure head of one pump and of 2 identical pumps that's
run series or parallel.

2.0 THEORY/INTRODUCTION
Pumps are measure utilized in the majority aspects of industry and engineering from
feeds to reactors or distillation columns in chemical engineering to pumping storm water
in civil and environmental. they're associate degree integral a part of engineering an
understanding of however they work is vital for any variety of engineer.

Centrifugal pump is one in every of the foremost wide used pumps for transferring
liquids. this can be for variety of reasons. Centrifugal pumps square measure terribly
quiet compared to different pumps. they need a comparatively low operative and
maintenance prices. Centrifugal pumps take up very little floor area and build the same,
non-pulsating flow. This instrumentality illustrates the essential operation and
characteristics of centrifugal pumps. The instrumentality can explore flow rates and
pressure head of one pump and of 2 identical pumps that square measure run
asynchronous or in parallel. during this instrumentality, there square measure 2 pumps
connected through a pipe work that permits for them to be operated severally,
asynchronous or in parallel. once identical pumps square measure asynchronous the
pressure head is doubled however the rate remains an equivalent. this can be helpful
once a high is required however an equivalent rate as of one pump is sufficient . once
pumps square measure run in parallel the flow is hyperbolic and also the pressure head
made is round the same as one pump.

Pumps are devices that transfer mechanical energy from a prime mover into fluid
energy to produce the flow of liquids.. Their displacement and dynamic within the
experiments, students are able to operate Horizontal Single stage Centrifugal Pump (PI)
and (P2) in several arrangement-single, parallel and serial. Stage pump (PI).



2.1 Dynamic Pumps

Dynamic pumps add energy to the fluid by the action of rotating blade, that will increase
the rate of the fluid. Figure one shows the development options of a pump, the foremost
ordinarily used style of dynamic pump.


Figure 1: Construction options of a pump

2.2 Horizontal Single Stage pump

Centrifugal pumps have 2 major components:
1. The impeller or blade consists of variety form of blades (also referred to as vanes)
hooked up in an exceedingly driveshaft. regular pattern to 1 face of a circular hub plate
that's connected to the rotating shaft.
2. The housing (also referred to as casing) may be a stationary shell that enclosed the
impeller and supports the rotating drive stat via a bearing.

A centrifugal pump operates as follows. The first cause rotates the rotating shaft and
thus the blade fluid is drawn in axially through the center gap (called the eye) of the
housing. The fluid then makes a 90 flip and flows radially outward. As energy is extra to
the fluid by the rotating blades (centrifugal action and actual blade force), the pressure
and rate increase till the fluid reaches the outer tip of the blade. The fluid then enters the
volute-shaped housing whose exaggerated flow space causes the rate to decrease.
This action leads to decrease mechanical energy associated an concomitant increase in
pressure.

The volute-shaped housing additionally provides a continual increase in flow space
within the direction of flow to provide an identical rate because the fluid travels round
the outer portion of housing and discharge gap.

Although centrifugal pumps give swish, continuous flow, their flow output (also referred
to as discharge) is reducing because the external resistance is increase. In fact, by
closing a system valve (thereby making in theory infinite external system resistance)
even whereas the pump is running at style speed, it's potential to prevent pump output
flow utterly. In such a case, no damage happens to the pump unless this no-flow
condition happens over extended amount with ensuing excessive fluid temperature
build up. therefore pressure relief valves don't seem to be required. the information of
the blade blade just shear to through the liquid, and therefore the motion speed
maintains a fluid pressure like the force established. Figure a pair of shows the cutaway
of a pump

Figure 2: The Cutaway of a Centrifugal pump



2.2.1 Pump Head versus rate of flow Curves for Centrifugal Pumps
The figure 3 shows pump head versus flow rate curves for a centrifugal pump. The solid
curve shows the speed for water, whereas the broken curve is for a additional viscous
fluid like oil. Most revealed performances curves for centrifugal pumps area unit for
pumping water. Notice from Figure three that employing a fluid having a better
consistency than water ends up in a smaller rate of flow at a given tithe fluid includes a
consistency bigger than 300 times that of water, the performance of a pump
deteriorates enough that a positive displacement pump is typically suggested.



Figure 3: Pump head versus Flow rate curves for Centrifugal Pump for water and
for a more viscous liquid
The maximum head made by a pump is termed pump shutoff head as a result of
associate external system valve is closed and there's no flow. Notice from Figure four
that because the external the flow system resistance decrease (which happens once a
system valve is opened additional fully), rate will increase at the expense of reduced
pump head. as a result of the output

Flow rate changes considerably with external system resistance, centrifugal pumps area
unit seldom employed in fluid power systems. Zero pump head exists if the pump
discharge port were opened to the atmosphere, like once cultivation near open tank with
water. The open tank represents basically zero resistance to flow for the pump. Figure
four shows why centrifugal pumps area unit fascinating for pumping stations used for
delivery water to homes and factories. The demand for water could attend close to zero
throughout the evening and reach a peak throughout the daytime, however a pump will
pronto handle these giant changes in water demand. Since there's a good deal of
clearance between the blade and housing, centrifugal pumps aren't self-priming, in
contrast to positive displacement pumps. therefore if a liquid being pumped-up from a
reservoir set below a pump, priming is needed. Priming is that the prefilling of the pump
housing and water pipe with the liquid in order that the pump will at the start draw the
liquid and pump potency. Priming is needed as a result of there's an excessive amount
of clearance between the pump water and outlet ports to seal against air pressure.
therefore the displacement of a pump isn't positive wherever a similar volume of liquid
would be delivered per revolution of the rotating shaft.
The lack of positive internal seal against run implies that the pump isn't forced to supply
flow once there's a really giant system resistance to flow. As system resistance
decrease, less of the fluid at the discharge port slips into the clearance areas between
the blade and housing, leading to a rise in flow. Slippage happens as a result of the fluid
follows the trail of least resistance.

2.2.2 performance Characteristic Curves for Centrifugal Pumps
When Centrifugal Pump manufacturers test their pumps, they typically produce (for a
given geometry and speed) performance curves of head, overall efficiency, and input
shaft power versus flow rate of the specified fluid. Figure 5 shows these three curves
plotted on the same graph. Note that as the flow rate increases from zero, the efficiency
increases from zero until it reaches maximum, and then it decreases as the maximum
flow rate is approached. The point where the maximum efficiency occurs is the best
efficiency point (BEP), and the corresponding flow rate is the design flow rate. When
selecting a pump for a given application, it is usually desirable to use a pump that will
operate near its efficient point. Maximum efficiency values for centrifugal pumps
typically range from 60% to 80%.

2.3 Centrifugal pump connected in Parallel
If a single pump does not provide enough flow rate for a given application, connecting
two pumps in parallel as shown in Figure 4, can rectify the problem. The effective two-
pump performance curve is obtained by adding the flow rates of each pump at the same
head. A shown, when two pumps are connected in parallel, the operating points shift
from A to B, providing not only increased flow rate as required but also greater head.
Figure 6 shows same identical pumps, but the pumps do not have to be the same.


Figure 4 Two centrifugal pumps connected in parallel

2.4 Centrifugal pump connected in series
On different hand, if one pump doesn't offer enough head for a given
application, 2 pumps connected in series. as shown in Figure five, may be a remedy.
The effective two-pump performance curve is obtained by adding the top of every pump
at constant rate of flow, As. shown, the operational purpose shifts from A to B, thereby
providing not only increased head as required however additionally larger flow.
Figure 5 shows identical pumps. However the pumps don't have to be compelled
to be constant.


Figure 5: Two centrifugal pumps connected in series