River environments (always question 1 Examination matters !"#Rom (mar$ scheme on the % drive Identify and describe the main fluvial features shown in Figure 2.1 (a photo of a river in a valley). &'( Explain the processes responsible for the formation of the features identified in (a). &)( sing the evidence of Figure 2.2 (an !" map extract)# show how river landscapes provide opportunities for a range of human activities. &)( $ith reference to named examples# explain why some river basins are more naturally vulnerable to flooding than others. &*( Raw (+1 and , Figure 1 (a hydrograph before and after dam construction) shows the effects of dam construction on the %rinity &iver. 'escribe the main features of flow on the %rinity &iver before and after the construction of the dam. &'( Explain how dam construction might alter the fluvial processes operating in a river system. &)( In what ways can rivers provide opportunities for a number of human activities( &)( $ith reference to one or more examples# explain why some river basins are more vulnerable to flooding than others. &*( 'escribe the main fluvial features of the river channel and valley shown in Figure 2 (a photo). &'( Explain the processes responsible for the formation of the features identified in Figure 2. &)( "how how development can ma)e rivers increasingly vulnerable to flooding. &)( $ith reference to one or more named examples# explain how different land uses can lead to conflict in river basins. &*( Specimen paper Identify and describe the features shown on -ig. /. &'( *ompare the processes which affect the shape of the river channel with those that operate on the river valley slopes. &)( "how how two factors influence the use of land along river ban)s( &)( $ith reference to one or more located examples# explain how the human development of river basins can increase the ris) of flooding. &*( 0anuary /11* "tudy Fig. 1# a photograph of part of the +lyde &iver# "outh ,frica Identify the 2our features of river erosion# A3 43 ! and "3 shown in Fig. 1. &'( Explain how channel processes have influenced one of these features. &)( "how how two factors influence river deposition. &)( $ith reference to one or more located examples# explain how river basins can provide opportunities for human activities. &*( May /11* "tudy Fig. 1# a map showing the flood management scheme at +landford Farm# 'orset. 'escribe the ways in which the flooding ris) is being managed in the area shown in Fig. 1. &'( Explain two different ways in which development in a river basin such as this may increase the ris) of flooding. &)( "how how two physical factors influence river erosion. &)( Explain the possible conflicts that may result from the variety of human activities found in one located river basin. &*( 0anuary /111 "tudy Fig. 1# an !" map extract showing a stretch of the &iver -ersey# .iverpool. Identify the 2our different types of human activity ta)ing place at locations A to " on Fig. 1. &'( For any two of these activities# suggest why each one is ta)ing place at that location. &)( "tate and explain two reasons why some river basins are vulnerable to flooding. &)( $ith reference to one or more located examples# explain how roc) type and structure influence the development of landforms of river erosion. &*( May /111 "tudy Fig. 1# a graph showing the estimated average monthly sediment load for a point on the &iver $ye. 'escribe the pattern of average monthly sediment load show in Fig. 1. &'( Explain two possible reasons for this pattern. &)( "how how human activities within river basics can increase the ris) of flooding. &)( $ith reference to one or more located river basins# explain why differing land uses may conflict. &*( 0anuary /111 "tudy Fig. 1# a photograph showing the East .yn &iver# 'evon. 'escribe the main features of the river and its valley shown in Fig. 1. &'( "uggest how two natural processes are shaping this valley. &)( "tate and explain two environmental impacts of flooding. &)( $ith reference to a located example# describe and explain how a river environment provides opportunities for human activities. &*( May /111 "tudy Fig. 1# a photograph of part of the valley of the &iver &hine in /ermany. Identify 2our different types of human activities shown in Fig. 1. &'( "uggest two reasons why there is such a range of human activities in this area. &)( !utline two effects of sea0level change on the development of fluvial landforms. &)( $ith reference to one or more river basins# examine the economic impacts of flooding. &*( 0anuary /11/ "tudy Fig. 1 (a line graph)# which shows downstream changes in average sediment si1e for the -ississippi &iver. 'escribe the changes shown in Fig. 1. &'( !utline two ways by which rivers transport sediment. &)( Explain two ways in which river basins are managed to resolve possible land0use conflicts. &)( $ith reference to one or more located river basins# explain how human activities can increase flood ris). &*( May /11/ "tudy Fig. 1 (a simple map with shaded altitude 1ones and assorted annotations as clues)# which shows the factors influencing flooding of the &iver !use# 2or)shire. !utline two physical factors that influence flooding of the &iver !use. &'( "uggest how two of the human factors shown in Fig. 1 can influence flooding. &)( !utline two conflicts that can arise from having different land uses in river basins. &)( $ith reference to one or more located examples# describe and explain how river basins are managed to resolve flood ris) issues. &*( 0anuary /11, "tudy Fig. 1# which shows the erosion index (134502667) along the .ower "an ,ntonio &iver# %exas# ", (via a line graph). sing Fig.1# describe how the erosion index varies with distance downstream. &'( "uggest and explain two factors influencing these variations. &)( !utline two slope processes typical of river environments. &)( $ith reference to one or more river basins# describe and explain the growth and development of two different human activities. &*( May /11,5 !oastal environments (always question / Examination matters !"#Rom (mar$ scheme on the % drive 'escribe the main physical features of the coastline in Figure 2.4 (an !" map of a coastline). &'( Explain the formation of the physical features described in (a). &)( sing Figure 2.7 (a photo of a protected coastline)# explain how coastal protection can ta)e a variety of different forms. &)( $ith reference to one or more named examples# explain why coastal management increasingly favours soft engineering and managed retreat. &*( Raw (+1 and , Identify and describe the main coastal landforms shown in Figure 1 (an !.". map extract). &'( Explain the formation of the coastal landforms identified in (a). &)( !utline the evidence in Figure 1 that shows that coastal environments have a variety of human uses. &)( $ith reference to one or more examples# explain how stretches of coastline can be protected from coastal erosion and flooding. &*( 'escribe the main features of the coastline in Figure 2 (a photo). &'( Explain how erosion and sub0aerial processes are responsible for the formation of the features described in (a). &)( Explain why some stretches of coastline need protection against the effects of natural processes. &)( $ith reference to one or more named examples# explain how coastlines are valuable economic and environmental resources. &*( Specimen paper Identify and describe the features shown on -ig. 1. &'( *ompare the processes which affect the shoreline and the cliff face.&)( "how how two factors influence the use of land in coastal areas( &)( $ith reference to one or more located examples# explain how management schemes in coastal areas can provide protection from coastal processes. &*( 0anuary /11* "tudy Fig. 2# a photograph of 'unmore 8ead# 'ingle 9eninsula# western Ireland. Identify the 2our landforms of coastal erosion# A3 43 ! and "3 shown in Fig. 2. &'( Explain how wave action has influenced one of these landforms. &)( "how how two factors influence coastal deposition. &)( $ith reference to one or more located examples# explain how coastal areas can provide opportunities for human activities. &*( May /11* "tudy Fig. 2# a photograph of a stretch of coastline at %eignmouth# 'evon. 'escribe the ways in which the coastal area shown in Fig. 2 is being protected from physical processes. &'( Explain how two of these ways provide protection from wave action. &)( "how how two physical factors influence coastal erosion. &)( Explain the possible conflicts that may result from the variety of human activities found in one located coastal area. &*( 0anuary /111 "tudy Fig. 2# an !.". map extract showing a stretch of the 'orset coastline near 9oole. Identify the 2our different types of human activity ta)ing place at locations A to " on Fig. 2. &'( For any two of these activities# suggest why each one is ta)ing place at that location. &)( "tate and explain two reasons why some coastal areas need to be protected from the effects of natural processes. &)( $ith reference to one or more located examples# explain how roc) type and structure influence the development of landforms of coastal erosion. &*( May /111 "tudy Fig. 2# a graph showing variations in mean pebble si1e with distance from a cliff along a beach at .a -albaie# :uebec# *anada. 'escribe the variations in mean pebble si1e with distance from the cliff in Fig. 2. &'( Explain two possible reasons for these variations. &)( "how how hard engineering methods can protect coastlines from natural processes. &)( $ith reference to one or more located coastal areas# explain why conflicts may result from the growth and development of human activities. &*( 0anuary /111 "tudy Fig. 2# a photograph showing the coastline near .ynmouth# 'evon. 'escribe the main features of the coastline shown in Fig. 2. &'( "uggest how two natural processes are shaping this coastline. &)( "how how two methods of soft engineering can protect coastlines from natural processes. &)( $ith reference to a located example# describe and explain how a coastal environment provides opportunities for human activities. &*( May /111 "tudy Fig. 2# a photograph showing the coastline at +udleigh "alterton# 'evon. Identify 2our different types of human activities shown in Fig. 2. &'( "uggest two reasons why there is such a range of human activities in this area. &)( !utline two effects of sea0level change on the development of coastal landforms. &)( $ith reference to one or more coastal areas# examine the need for protection from natural processes. &*( 0anuary /11/ "tudy Fig. 2 (scatter graph)# which shows the relationship between wave energy and angle of beach profile for a sample of 12 beaches. 'escribe the relationship shown in Fig. 2. &'( !utline two ways by which waves transport sediment. &)( Explain two ways in which coastal areas are managed to resolve possible conflicts. &)( $ith reference to one or more located areas# explain how the coast is being protected from the effects of natural processes. &*( May /11/ "tudy Fig. 2 (a simple map showing geology# coastal features and land uses with assorted annotations as clues)# which shows reasons why coastal protection may be needed in part of western France. !utline two physical reasons why protection may be needed on this coastline. &'( "uggest how two of the human activities shown in Fig. 2 may lead to a need for coastal protection. &)( !utline two conflicts that can arise between different human activities in coastal areas. &)( $ith reference to one or more located examples# describe and explain how coastal areas are managed to resolve issues resulting from their development. &*( 0anuary /11, "tudy Fig. 2# which shows mean erosion rates (13;102661) along a coastline in 2or)shire (simple bar chart). sing Fig.2# describe how mean erosion rates vary along this coastline. &'( "uggest and explain two factors influencing these variations. &)( !utline two sub0aerial processes typical of coastal environments. &)( $ith reference to one or more coastal areas# describe and explain the growth and development of two different human activities. &*( May /11,5 !old environments (always question , Remem6er that you must only do the short3 structured questions 2or this unit7 Examination matters !"#Rom (mar$ scheme on the % drive sing Figure 2.; (a s)etch of a valley glacier< 1ones of accumulation and ablation)# describe the main features of the mass balance of a glacier. &'( Explain how changes in mass balance can affect the behaviour of glaciers. &)( Explain the formation of the variety of morainic features that occur in glaciated lowland regions. &)( $ith reference to Figure 2.= (9ermafrost temperatures in East %eshe)pu)# ,las)a 0 three lines for 1353# 133; and 2661)# and one or more named examples# comment on the problems associated with development in cold environments. &*( Raw (+1 and , se Figure 1 (a climate graph of Fairban)s# ,las)a) to describe the main features of the climate at Fairban)s. &'( Explain the weathering processes that operate in cold environments. &)( Explain the formation of one named landform found in cold environments. &)( $ith reference to one or more named examples# outline the opportunities for# and the problems caused by# resource exploitation. &*( se Figure 2 (a map of the distribution of permafrost) to describe the distribution of permafrost in cold environments. &'( Explain the weathering processes operating in permafrost areas in cold environments. &)( Explain the impact of climate on vegetation in cold environments. &)( $ith reference to one or more named examples# explain how human activity in cold environments can destroy the fine balance of natural ecosystems and result in ecological change. &*( Specimen paper se -ig. , to describe the main features of the climate at Frobisher +ay. &'( ,ccount for two weathering processes that are li)ely to occur in cold environments. &)( Explain the formation of either outwash plains or cir>ues. &)( *omment on the problems associated with the sustainable management of two contrasting cold environments. &*( 0anuary /11* "tudy Fig. 4# a climate graph for %oms)# &ussia. Identify the main features of the climate at %oms)# &ussia shown in Fig. 4. &'( Explain how vegetation has adapted to such climatic conditions. &)( "uggest two ways in which human activity ma)es cold environments ecologically vulnerable. &)( Explain the impact of weathering on the physical landscape of one located cold environment. &*( May /11* "tudy the map extract# a 1<;6 666 !" map of part of the .a)e 'istrict. Identify the distinctive landforms produced by ice# A3 43 ! and "# show in the map extract. &'( Explain how ice shaped one of these distinctive landforms. &)( !utline two ways in which cold environments can provide economic opportunities. &)( $ith reference to one or more located examples# explain why cold environments can be easily damaged. &*( 0anuary /111 "tudy Fig. 4# a photograph of a cold environment in .apland# Finland. 'escribe the main characteristics of the vegetation shown in Fig. 4. &'( "uggest how climate has influenced two of these characteristics. &)( !utline two ways in which cold environments provide challenges for economic development. &)( $ith reference to one or more located examples# explain how careful management in cold environments can help to ensure sustainability. &*( May /111 "tudy Fig. 4# a map of the present0day distribution of ice masses. 'escribe the distribution of ice masses show in Fig. 4. &'( Explain how climatic conditions lead to the formation of ice masses. &)( !utline two ways in which cold environments can be exploited for short0term gains. &)( $ith reference to one or more located examples# explain how ice produces distinctive landforms in cold environments. &*( 0anuary /111 "tudy Fig. 4# two maps showing annual days of melt on the /reenland ice sheet in 13?3 and 266?. 'escribe the pattern of change in annual days of melt shown in Fig. 4. &'( "uggest two reasons for this pattern of change. &)( Explain two impacts of climate on the characteristics of animals in cold environments. &)( $ith reference to one or more cold environments# examine how meltwater has shaped the landscape. &*( May /111 "tudy Fig. 4# a rose diagram showing the orientation of cir>ues in an area of the .a)e 'istrict. 'escribe the pattern of cir>ue orientation shown in Fig. 4. &'( Explain how two natural processes influence cir>ue formation. &)( 'escribe the climatic characteristics of a cold environment. &)( $ith reference to one or more located examples# show how cold environments provide economic opportunities. &*( 0anuary /11/ "tudy Fig. 4# a (40' s)etch) diagram of a cold (glacial eroded) environment. 'escribe two opportunities for human activities provided by this cold environment. &'( Explain two ways in which these activities could help the economic development of the area. &)( !utline the influence of two factors affecting weathering processes in cold environments. &)( $ith reference to one or more located cold environments# show how and why the ecosystem has been damaged. &*( May /11/ "tudy Fig. 4# a photograph of a cold environment in the ,lps (snow covered lower slopes and @agged pea)s). se Fig. 4 to outline the evidence that suggests that these are harsh conditions for animals. &'( Explain two ways in which animals have adapted to conditions in cold environments. &)( Explain how two factors affect processes of erosion by ice. &)( $ith reference to one or more located examples# show how cold environments provide challenges for development. &*( 0anuary /11, "tudy Fig. 4# a summary (three short paragraphs of text) of a sustainable tourism scheme in the "wiss ,lps. se evidence from Fig.4 to show how socio0economic and environmental needs are being met. &/( In what way is this scheme sustainable( &/( "tate and explain two ways in which plants adapt to survive in cold environments. &)( !utline how ecosystems in cold environments can change as a result of human activities. &)( 'escribe and explain how ice has shaped two different landforms in cold environments. &*( May /11,5