Notes for STATS-September 4

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Alabama: 848 deaths
Miles driven annually: 61,!!,!!!
848"61,!!,!!!
848"61# million$14 deaths per million miles driven
%T: && deaths
Miles driven annually: 1,4!!,!!!
&&"1#4 million miles driven$' deaths per million miles driven
(uantitative data is numeri)al data that *e )an perform numeri)al )al)ulations on#
Typi)ally, *hen this is )olle)ted, one )an ans*er +uestions pertainin, to distribution and
ho* the data behaves#
1# -o)ation: *here the data lies# Namely, *hat is the )enter. /hile this sounds li0e
an easy +uestion, the avera,e is not al*ays a valid sour)e of data#
&# Spread: /hat is the variation in the data.
# Shape: There are a variety of 1typi)al2 shapes: 1normal2 *hi)h is a bell )urve#
Then there is one *hi)h is uniform, *hi)h is a set s+uare# The third one is
positively s0e*ed, in *hi)h it is s0e*ed to the ri,ht, or ne,atively s0e*ed, *hi)h
leans to*ards the left#
4# 3utliers: An outlier is a data point that is 1not )onsistent2 *ith the 1bul02 of the
data# To find these, one must ,raph the data# 4s the 1outlier2 valid. 3r is it an
error. 5ust be)ause it is unusual doesn6t e7a)tly mean that it is in)orre)t#
8o*ever, one must be meti)ulously thorou,h to determine *hether or not this is
the )ase#
9isual summaries for +uantitative variables:
1# 8isto,rams: :ood for )ontinuous measurement data#
&# ;otplots: :ood for dis)rete <)ount= data# This means that there *ill be dots above
different lines and stuff and yeah#
# Stem-and-leaf-plots: or stemplot uses a)tual di,its in the data to )onstru)t the
,raph#
4# >o7plots: /ith outliers#
%reatin, a 8isto,ram:
?irst, one must approa)h the data# 3ne must de)ide ho* many intervals to use for the
hori@ontal a7is# As a ,eneral rule, they must try to have some*here bet*een 6 to 16
,roups# 4deally, there *ould be non-overlappin, )lasses of e+ual *idth# This re+uirement
is imperative#
Se)ondly, use fre+uen)ies or relative fre+uen)ies on the verti)al <1A2= a7is#
?irst, one must find the ran,e of values# 4n the dataset of the death of ?irst -adies, the
minimum *as 4, and the ma7imum *as B'# 3ne must round numbers from 4 do*n to
! and ma7imum up to 1!!, to ma0e the )al)ulations easier to *or0 *ith#
Number of ,lasses: :oal <for this dataset=: 6 to 16 ,roups#
%lass *idth: A,ain, use numbers li0e Cs, 1!s, &Cs, et)#
Somethin, else that 4 missed#
?re+uen)y Table is the thin, *ith the different )olumns, li0e the )lasses, the tallies, the
fre+uen)ies, the relative fre+uen)ies, et)#
8isto,ram: Aeah#
:o to STAT-D;4T-%-DAE <-1=
Dnter the values from pa,e '
Eesults of randomly pi)0in, a number from ! to 1!
%ate,ories ?re+uen)ies
1 11
& &C
48
4 &'
C &
6 4!
' '&
8 1
B 18
1! B
:o to STAT and enter the %ate,ories into -1 and the ?re+uen)ies into -&
Then ,o to &
nd
-A$, and put -& into the ?re+uen)y# To adFust the *indo*, :oo,le it later#
-o)ation: )enterG'!
Spread: ! to 1!!
Shape: Sli,htly s0e*ed left
3utliers: No
;otplots displays a dot for ea)h observation alon, a number line#
Sample: ;isplays a dot for ea)h observation alon, a number line#
A,es of 1B leadin, (>6s in the N?-: 4, 1, 1, &8, et)# Minimum is &C, and the
ma7imum is 4!#
There are a bun)h of dots alon, ea)h number, *ith the number of dots representin, that
number6s respe)tive fre+uen)y#
3h, loo0 up stem-and-leaf plots and all that# 4n the stem-and-leaf plot, the 0ey is *hat
informs someone of their leaf unit#