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=
= + + + + =
= +
(3)
Setting a = 1p, (3) can be rewritten as
1
1
1
(1 )
(1 )
v
v k
mac
k
v
v k
k
n va a ka
d
va a a
da
=
=
= + =
= +
(4)
which, taking into account the geometric series formula
1
1
1
1
K K
k
k
a
a
a
(5)
And after some straightforward calculations yields
1
(1 ) (1 ) 1 1
v
mac
p v v p pv
n
p
+ +
= (6)
Considering that
1
1
1
p
p
+
= + = (8)
Then, equation (7) becomes
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
max
1 1 1
1
1 1 1
1
mac
mac
s
mac
s
mac
v
M
b
mac
M
b
nT
M
T
b
M
b
p
n
p
p
p
= =
(9)
where p
b
, the average bit error probability of the MAC bits, is
necessary for the computation of average number of
retransmissions n
mac
. Finally, the IP transmission data rate R
data
is given by
I
data
retr
delay
M
R
T
= . (10)
Overall, the net service throughput is less than the
calculated data rate because of higher layer overhead [14],
additional delays introduced in core network for information
management and security functions, e.g. [15], which consist a
crucial factor of modern wireless system designs, However
further study of the core network impact is beyond the scope of
this paper.
III. CELL LOAD CONSIDERATIONS
Consider a cell with a specific bandwidth of N
RB
total
available radio blocks. The model maps each available radio
block into one E
i
state of a higher order birth-death process.
Each user theoretically could demand up to the total N
RB
RB, if
available, more practical however might be the allocation of
i < N
RB
with a probability
i
. Considering the higher order
queue [16] of Fig. 2 and assuming that each user is entering the
cell with arrival rate and the service time equals , the
probability the system is at state E
i
is provided by the
following recursive formula
1
( 1)
0
1
1
1
1
( , ) ( 2)
( 1)
1
, 2
( 1)
subject to ( , ) 1
RB
RB
N i
mi RB m i j
j
i
m i RB
N
mi RB
i
N i
i
i N
i
N
+
=
=
= +
=
(11)
Figure 4. BER measurements, TU3 model
Figure 3. Average number of reserved resources vs cell load.
Considering a really tight LTE planning (1/1 frequency
planning) of maximum cell frequency band capacity of
20MHz, the number of available OFDM resources per cell will
be N
RB
= 110. The average number of used OFDM resources
given a certain amount of traffic load into the cell can be
calculated by [4]
1
( , )
RB
N
mi RB
i
N i N
=
=
(12)
Fig. 3 provides a plot of the average number of reserved
resources for different cell load conditions considering service
requests of 1, 2 and 5 resources.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The analysis presented in the previous sections can be used
in macroscopic planning decisions that pose the limits of
short-term real-time scheduling decisions that relate channel
conditions (in terms of bit error probability), allocated resource
elements and MAC packet size so that to guarantee that, in
average, the predefined maximum service delay is satisfied.
Given the bit error probability p
b
, we can calculate (9) the
average number of retransmissions n
mac
that satisfy a
predefined packet delay budget
max
with respect to the MAC
packet size M
mac
. This will lead us to the average number of
resources to be allocated, namely N, with respect to the MAC
packet size, through (2). In turn, given the available number of
resources for a specific traffic load, e.g. by using (12), we can
evaluate, via (2), (9) and (10), the necessary mean MAC packet
size and the average number of retransmissions that lead to a
certain throughput while satisfying packet delay budget
criteria. The above mentioned cases may be either used in cell
planning procedures or as input to MAC schedulers for setting
the limits for the required QoS.
In an example scenario of the aforementioned second case
type, we evaluated, in the following, the impact of MAC
packet size. In order to compute n
mac
, the bit error probability is
required. This was calculated with the use of Fig. 4 that was
extracted from drive tests using TEMS (Ascom S.A.). The
measurements have been conducted in an urban environment
which is highly dispersive. For the drive test trial a test eNB of
Teledrom AB was used with a rooftop antenna. Additionally,
an LTE UE category 4 [17] (max uplink bit rate = 50 Mbps,
uplink higher supported modulation 16QAM, 22 spatial
multiplexing) by an in-car moving user with an external
rooftop antenna was engaged, in order to avoid extra in-car
penetration losses. The car speed during the trial was less than
5 Km/h, trying to fulfill the Typical Urban channel model
(TU3 model, 3 Km/h) requirements [18]. In such a case
Doppler shift effects can be considered negligible.
TEMS investigation Data Collection software was used for
data gathering and MapInfo was used for geographical post
processing in order to collect real E
b
/N
0
data. Throughout the
test the average E
b
/N
0
was reported to be equal to 10 dB
indicating a relative good quality. From Fig. 4, E
b
/N
0
= 10 dB
corresponds to an approximate BER of 210
1
. Therefore, for a
maximum delay budget of
max
= 300 ms (the test included an
FTP upload to a collocated to the eNB server), we can calculate
the number of retransmissions n
mac
(9). On the other hand, it is
obvious form Fig. 3. that resource unavailability arises only for
high cell load. The test eNB allows only test SIM cards to be
connected. Thus, continuous scheduling of the test UE was
achieved, meaning that n = 0 in (1) and (2). M = 2 was set for a
22 MIMO solution (supported by both UE category 4 and test
eNB). Average IP packet length was considered to be M
I
= 1500 bytes and M
over
= 40 bits. Finally, the number of
transmitted bits per RB over a SB interval (1 ms) for a UE
supporting 22 MIMO with 16QAM is calculated as: (144 user
plane symbols per SB) (4 bits per symbol) (2 antenna
layers) = 1352 bits.
Fig. 5 illustrates the semi-analytically calculated delay as a
function of different allocated OFDM resources N and M
mac
packet lengths for n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 (each surface corresponds to
a value of n). It is obvious that delay is very low at 5000 <
M
mac
< 12000 packet sizes and 3 < N < 100. The drive tests
showed an average test uplink service rate of 10 Mbps with an
Figure 5. Analytical model delay analysis
average allocated number of resources equal to N = 55.
Following (10), the drive test average delay is estimated to be
retr
delay
T = 0.0012s. Using the analytical plot data (Fig. 5), the
required average MAC packet size for a total delay of 0.0012s
at N = 55 OFDM allocated resources and n = 0 is predicted to
be M
mac
= 6738 bits. It can be easily seen (Fig. 5) that for a an
average MAC packet size lower than 5000 bits the total delay
is increasing significantly, although still under the service
requirements of 300 ms.
V. CONCLUSION
This paper introduced a semi-analytical model for the
analysis of LTE uplink. The model takes into consideration the
expected number of retransmissions arising from channel
disturbances and the number of allocated resources so that to
satisfy a required packet delay budget. Based on this model and
measured data, we investigated the impact of the MAC packet
size on the total uplink delay budget of a single user aiming to
set-up the basis for future multi-user analysis.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors of this paper would like to express their
gratitude to Mr. Panos Kostopoulos, C.E.O. of Teledrom AB,
Sweden, for its prompt help on setting up the LTE eNB for the
drive test.
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