Outline for Chapter 6

Define the following terms

What is Cancer? (Section 6.1, pp 113-117)
Figure to review: 6.1

Tumor
A mass of cells
No apparent function in the body
A result of unregulated cell division

Benign
Stays in one place
Does not affect surrounding structures
Some may become cancerous

Malignant
Tumors that invade surrounding tissues
Cancerous

Metastasis
The process of which cells of a malignant tumor break away and start new cancers at
different locations in the body

Carcinogens
Cancer-causing substances
For a substance to be categorized as this, exposure to the substance must be correlated
with an increase of cancer
o Examples: Cigarette smoke, radiation, ultraviolet light, asbestos, some viruses

Passing Genes to Daughter Cells (Section 6.2, pp 117-120)
Figures to review: 6.3, 6.4, 6.5


DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Genetic Material
Carries the genes

Genes
Instructions for building all of the proteins that cells require


Chromosomes


Structure produced from the DNA in the nucleus wrapping around the proteins
Can carry hundreds of genes
Different organisms have different numbers of chromosomes in each cell
o Examples: Dogs-78, Humans-46, Dandelions-24

Centromere
The middle of a replicated chromosome where the sister chromatids are attached
o Sister chromatids-copied chromosomes, composed of one DNA molecule

DNA polymerase
Enzyme
Assists in DNA synthesis
Required in DNA replication

The Cell Cycle and Mitosis (Section 6.3, pp 120-124)
Figures to review: 6.6, 6.7, 6.8

Interphase
When DNA replicates
First step in cell cycle

Cytokinesis
When he cytoplasm of the parent cell splits
Daughter cells are produced
Third step in cell cycle

Cell Cycle Control and Mutation (Section 6.4, pp 124-129)
Figures to review: 6.9, 6.11, 6.12

Growth factors
Proteins that stimulate cells to divide
Bind the receptors
o Receptors-membrane-bound proteins

Mutation
A change in the sequence of DNA

Proto-oncogenes
Genes that encode he proteins regulating the cell cycle
Normal genes located on different chromosomes
Enables organisms to regulate cell division
Proto Before, Onco Cancer




Oncogenes
Proto-oncogenes that undergo mutations
Cancer can develop when this happens

Receptor
Protein
When shape on the surface of the cell is normal, it signals the inside of the cell to allow
division
Elicit a response from the cell

Meiosis (Section 6.6, pp 132-142)
Figures to review: 6.16, 6.17, 6.18, 6.19, 6.20, 6.21. 6.22, 6.25

Gametes
Specialized cells
Have one-half he number of chromosomes of the parent cell
Produced only within the gonads
o Gonads-sex organs

Somatic cells
Any of the body cells in an organism
Any cell that is not a gamete

Autosomes
Nonsex chromosomes
22 pairs in the human body

Sex chromosomes
X and Y chromosomes
One pair in human body
Males - X and Y, Females X and X

Homologous pairs
Each chromosome is paired with another
Same size
Same shape
Have their centromere in the same position
Carry the same genes, but not necessarily the same version

Alleles
Different versions of the same gene

Haploid


When only one member of each homologous pair is present in a cell, the cell is haploid
o Examples: Egg cells, sperm cells

Diploid
All somatic cells in humans
Contain homologous pairs of chromosomes

Zygote
Fertilized cell
o Example: When the sperm and egg fuse