Q1. What process and principle is used to separate a mixture of two miscible liquids? Ans: Principle used in separating a mixture of two miscible liquids: Fractional distillation is used to separate a liquid from a mixture of miscible liquids with different boiling points to obtain a pure liquid. For example, separation of pure alcohol from a mixture of alcohol (boiling point ) and water (boiling point ). Process used: During fractional distillation, i) The mixture of alcohol and water is heated slowly. ii) The liquid that is distilled out at is collected. The collected distillate is actually a pure alcohol.
Q2. State the method used to a) Obtain pure water. Ans: Simple distillation b) Separate a mixture of alcohol and water Ans: Fractional distillation c) Obtain salt from sea water Ans: Crystallisation d) Obtain diesel and bitumen from petroleum Ans: Fractional distillation
Extra e) Separate a mixture of sand and water (sea water) Ans: Filtration f) Obtain pure water from salt solution (or sea water) Ans: Simple distillation g) Obtain sugar from sugarcane Ans: Crystallisation h) Produce pure oxygen and pure nitrogen gas from liquid air Ans: Fractional distillation
Q3. A child accidentally puts the sand into a bottle of granulated sugar. Explain how you can separate the sand from the granulated sugar? Ans: The sand can be separated using filtration method. Process used in filtration method: i) At first, we dissolve the mixture of sand and granulated sugar into water. ii) Then we pour the mixture of sand and sugar solution into a filter funnel lined with a filter paper. iii) The insoluble sand is then trapped on the filter paper. iv) The sugar solution passes through the funnel. Thus, we can separate sand from granulated sugar.
CHAPTER 5 Energy and Chemical Changes
Q1. What is meant by (a) an electrolyte and (b) a cation? Ans: (a) Electrolyte: An electrolyte is a compound which conducts electricity in molten or liquid state (aqueous solution). Example, molten Lead (II) Chloride or aqueous Copper (II) Chloride solution. (b) Cation: A cation is a positive ion which is attracted to the cathode (or negative electrode) and also is discharged at the cathode during electrolysis. Example, Copper ions
are discharged at the cathode and become
copper atoms .
Q2. State two differences between a molten electrolyte and an aqueous electrolyte. Ans: Differences between molten electrolyte and aqueous electrolyte: Molten Electrolyte Aqueous Electrolyte 1. When an electrolyte is heated to its melting point, it forms a molten electrolyte. 1. When an electrolyte is dissolved into water, it forms an aqueous electrolyte. 2. It is generally an ionic compound. 2. It is generally a salt solution. 3. It is less energy efficient. 3. It is more energy efficient.
Note: You must memorize no. 1 and can choose anyone between no. 2 and no. 3. Q3. Give three uses of Electrolysis. Ans: Three uses of electrolysis: Electrolysis is used to -- i) extract metals from their ores ii) obtain pure metals by removing impurities from impure metals iii) coat a metal object with a layer of another metal (electroplating).
Q4. In the metal plating process what is used as the anode and the cathode? Ans: In metal plating or electroplating process, for example in copper plating process, Copper (Cu) is used as anode and Iron (Fe) is used as cathode. Likewise, in silver plating process, Silver (Ag) is used as anode and Aluminium (Al) is used as cathode.
Q5. What is produced at the anode and at the cathode in the electrolysis of molten lead (II) bromide? Ans: In the electrolysis of molten lead (II) bromide, (a) Brown bromine gas is released at the anode. It can change blue litmus paper to red and decolourises it.
(b) Grey shiny lead atoms are deposited at the cathode. Figure: Electrolysis of molten lead (II) bromide CHAPTER 6 Nuclear Energy
Q1. How can the process of nuclear fusion be accelerated? Ans: The process of nuclear fusion can be accelerated by achieving high temperature and pressure. This accelerates the speed of colliding hydrogen neutrons and hence accelerates the process of nuclear fusion.
Extra Q1. How can the process of nuclear fission be accelerated? Ans: The process of nuclear fission can be accelerated by using graphite core. The graphite core slow down the speed of neutrons and the fission of uranium - 235 is more likely to occur with slow-moving neutrons compared to fast moving neutrons.
Q2. How can the rate of chain reactions (nuclear fission) in a nuclear reactor be controlled? Ans: The rate of nuclear reaction can be controlled by using boron rods. The boron rods inside a nuclear reactor absorb neutrons. This can control the number of neutrons that bombard the uranium 235 nuclei.
Extra Q2. How can the rate of nuclear fusion be controlled? Ans: The rate of nuclear fusion can be controlled by using magnetic field to confine the plasma hydrogen nuclei.
Q3. State the type of energy sources that are non-renewable. Ans: Types of non-renewable energy sources: Non-renewable energy sources are mainly fossil fuels such as, i) Crude oil / Petroleum ii) Natural gas iii) Coal All these are non-renewable and have been gathered down the Earths crust for millions of years.
Q4. Name the radioactive substances used in nuclear reactors to produce nuclear energy. Ans: Radioactive substances used in nuclear reactors: i) Uranium - 235 nucleus (used in nuclear fission) ii) Hydrogen - 2 (Deuterium) or Hydrogen 3 (Tritium) nuclei (used in nuclear fusion)
Q5. What is the main use of nuclear energy produced from nuclear fission? Ans: Use of nuclear fission energy: Nuclear energy produced from nuclear fission is used to i) generate electric energy ii) propel submarines and big vessels iii) operate satellites iv) explode atomic bombs
Extra Q5. What is the main use of nuclear energy produced from nuclear fusion? Ans: Use of nuclear fusion energy: Nuclear energy produced from nuclear fusion is used to i) produce hydrogen bombs ii) produce heat and light energy from the Sun
Q6. State a misuse of nuclear energy that can bring mass destruction to nature and mankind. Ans: Using nuclear energy in atomic bomb and hydrogen bomb explosion can bring mass destruction to nature and mankind.