Amity School of Engineering & Technology, Noida

Applied Physics I for Life Sciences

Tutorial Sheet: 1 (odule I : Electromagnetic Theory!
1. If a vector k i A

+ =

, find the magnitude and the direction cosines of this vector.

2. If k j A

2 + =

and j i B

, find (a) B A

. , and (b) B A

+ .
3. If k j i A

2

2 + =

and k j i B

6 + =

, find the angle between A

and B

.
4. hat do !ou mean b! scalar and vector fields" #efine

o$erator.
%. &'$lain the terms (a) gradient, (b) divergence, (c) curl b! bringing out their $h!sical
significance.
6. (rove that) B curl A A curl B B A div

. . ) ( = .
*. (rove that) (a) grad A A div A div

+ = ) ( , (b) B div A div B A div

+ = + ) ( , (c)

2
= grad div .
+. If k z j y i x r

+ + =

, find (a)
n
r grad , (b) r r div
n

,
,. If r

is the $osition vector of a $oint, then show that

2
3
=

r
r
div

.
1-. .he $otential function in an electric field is re$resented as
( )
2 2 2
, ,
z y x C V
z y x
+ + =
,
where C is an arbitrar! constant. /how that the electric field is radial.
11. If
2 2 2
3 2 z y x V + = re$resents the electrostatic $otential at a $oint, find the electric
field intensit! at a $oint (3,2,02).
12. (rove that the divergence of a vector field which obe!s the inverse s1uare law is 2ero.
1
Amity School of Engineering & Technology, Noida
Applied Physics I for Life Sciences
Tutorial Sheet: " #odule I: Electromagnetic Theory!
1. 3 vector field is given as k zx yz j y x i y F

) (

) (

2 2
+ + + + =

, find (a)
F div

, (b)
F curl

.
2. If

is a scalar field and A

is a vector field, $rove that

A grad A curl A curl

+ = ) ( ) ( .
3. If k z xy j z y i z x A

2

2 2 3 2
+ =

, find the value of (a)

A div

, (b)
A curl

at the $oint
(2,2,2).
4. /how that k z y j z x i y x F

) (

) (

) ( + + + + =

re$resents a conservative field.

%. (rove that) (a)
n r grad =
, where n
is a unit vector, (b)
3
1
r
r
r
grad

=

, where r

is the $osition vector.

6. If ) ( 3 ) , , (
2 2
x y y x z y x = , calculate
grad
at the $oint (1,02,01).
*. 4ind
n
r grad , where r is the distance of an! $oint
) , , ( z y x
from the origin.
+. If r

is the $osition vector of a $oint, then find

( ) r grad

log
.
,. 3 vector function has the following com$onents)
xy E
x
6 =
,
2 2
3 3 y x E
y
=
, and
- =
z
E , show that
- = E div

.
1-. If r

is a $osition vector of a $oint, show that) (a)

3 = r div

, (b) - ) 5 (
3
= r r div

, (c)
n n
r n r r div ) 3 ( ) ( + =

, (d)
4 4
* ) ( r r r div =

.
11. 4ind the constant 6a7 for which the vector k az x j z y i y x A

) (

) 2 ( ) 3 ( + + + + =

is
solenoidal.
12. /tate and $rove (a) 8auss9s divergence and (b) /to:es9 theorem.
Tutorial Sheet: $ #odule I: Electromagnetic Theory!
2
Amity School of Engineering & Technology, Noida
Applied Physics I for Life Sciences
1. hat is electric flu'" If electric field is given b! k j i E

4 + + =

, then calculate the

electric flu' through a surface of area 4-- units l!ing in !02 $lane.
2. /tate and $rove 8auss9s law in electrostatics. #erive ;oulomb9s law from 8auss9s
law.
3. /tate and $rove 3m$ere9s circuital law in electromagnetism.
4. rite the <a'well9s e1uations in free s$ace in both integral and differential form.
8ive the $h!sical significance of each e1uation.
%. #erive <a'well9s e1uations in differential and integral form.
6. /how that e1uation of continuit! is contained in <a'well9s e1uations.
*. &'$lain the $ro$agation of $lane electromagnetic waves in free s$ace and show that
the electromagnetic waves $ro$agate with the s$eed of light in free s$ace. 3lso $rove
that the em waves are transverse in nature.
+. =sing <a'well9s electromagnetic e1uations)
t
B
E curl

and
t
D
J H curl

+ =

,
show that (a)
- = B div

and (b)
= D div

, where s!mbols have their usual meaning.
,. =sing <a'well9s electromagnetic e1uations)
= D div

and
t
D
J H curl

+ =

,
derive) (a) ;oulomb9s law in electrostatics, and (b) &1uation of continuit!.
1-. #educe an e'$ression for the velocit! of $ro$agation of a $lane electromagnetic wave
in a medium of dielectric constant > and relative $ermeabilit! ?.
Tutorial Sheet: % #odule II: &a'e (ptics!
3
Amity School of Engineering & Technology, Noida
Applied Physics I for Life Sciences
1. (a)hat are the conditions for observing interference fringes"
(b) hat are coherent sources" @ow the! are reali2ed in $ractice" &'$lain wh! two
inde$endent sources can never be coherent sources. #escribe two methods for the
$roduction of coherent sources.
2. In an e'$eriment using sodium light of wavelength %+,- A, an interference $attern
was obtained in which 2- e1uall! s$aced fringes occu$ied 2.3- cm on the screen. Bn
re$lacing sodium lam$ with another monochromatic source of a different wavelength
with no other changes, 3- fringes were found to occu$! 2.+- cm on the screen.
;alculate the wavelength of light from this source.
3. In a Coung9s double slit e'$eriment, the angular width of a fringe formed on a distant
screen is -.1
-
. .he wavelength of light used is 6--- A. hat is the s$acing between
the slits.
4. .wo coherent sources whose intensit! ratio is +1)1 $roduce interference fringes.
#educe the ratio of ma'imum intensit! to minimum intensit! in fringe s!stem.
%. hite light falls normall! u$on a soa$ film whose thic:ness is %'1-
0%
cm and whose
inde' of refraction is 1.33. hich wavelength in the visible region will be reflected
most strongl!"
6. .wo $lane glass $lates are $laced on to$ of one another and on one side a $a$er is
introduced to form a thin wedge of air. 3ssuming that a beam of wavelength 6-- nm
is incident normall!, and that there are 1-- interference fringes $er cm, calculate the
wedge angle.
*. In Dewton9s ring e'$eriment the diameters of 4
th
and 12
th
dar: rings are -.4 and -.*
cm res$ectivel!. ;alculate the diameter of 2-
th
dar: ring.
4
Amity School of Engineering & Technology, Noida
Applied Physics I for Life Sciences
+. In a Dewton9s ring e'$eriment, the diameters of %
th
and 2%
th
rings are -.3 cm and -.+
cm res$ectivel!. 4ind the wavelength of light used. .a:e Eadius of curved surface of
lens E F 1-- cm.
,. Dewton9s rings formed b! monochromatic light between a flat glass $late and a
$lano0conve' lens are viewed normall!. ;alculate the order of the dar: ring which
will have double the diameter of that of 4-
th
dar: ring.
1-. In a Dewton9s ring arrangement, light consisting of wavelengths
1
and
2

incidents normall! on a $lane conve' lens of radius of curvature R resting on a glass

$late. If the nth dar: ring due to
1
coincides with (nG1)th dar: ring due to
2
, then
show that the radius of the nth dar: ring of
1
is given b!
( )
2 1
2 1

R
.
Tutorial Sheet: ) #odule II: &a'e (ptics!
1. (a)#ifferentiate between interference and diffraction $henomena in light.
(b)&'$lain the difference between 4resnel and 4raunhofer t!$e of diffraction.
2. /how that, for 4raunhofer diffraction at a single slit, the relative intensities of the
successive ma'ima are a$$ro'imatel! 1 ) 45,
2
) 452%
2
) 454,
2
HHH..
3. Iight of wavelength %--- A is incident normall! on a $lane transmission grating of
width 3 cm and 1%--- lines. ;alculate the angle of diffraction in first order.
4. #educe the missing orders for a double slit 4raunhofer diffraction $attern, if the slit
widths are -.16 mm and the! are -.+ mm a$art.
%
Amity School of Engineering & Technology, Noida
Applied Physics I for Life Sciences
%. hat is grating element" /how that onl! first order is $ossible if the width of the
grating element is less than twice the wavelength of light.
6. 3 diffraction grating is Just able to resolve two line of F%14- A and F%14-.+% A in
the first order. ill it resolve the line F +-3*.2- A and F +-3*.%- A in the second
order"
*. .he limits of visible s$ectrum are a$$ro'imatel! 4--nm and *--nm. 4ind the angular
width of the first order visible s$ectrum $roduced b! a $lane diffraction grating
having 1%--- lines $er inches when the light is incident normall! on the grating.
+. hat is the ratio of resolving $owers of two gratings having 1%--- lines in 2 cm and
1-,--- lines in 1 cm in first order" &ach grating has lines in its 2.% cm width.
,. @ow man! orders will be visible if the wavelength of incident radiation is 4+-- A and
the number of lines on the grating is 2%--- lines $er inch.
1-. Iight is incident normall! on a grating of total ruled width % K 1-
03
m with 2%-- lines
in all. ;alculate the angular se$aration of two sodium lines in the first order s$ectrum.
;an the! be seen distinctl!"
11. .he wavelengths of sodium # lines are %+,.6nm and %+,nm. hat is the minimum
number of lines that a grating must have in order to resolve these lines in the first
order s$ectrum"
12. (a) hat do !ou understand b! the term resolving $ower of a grating" &'$lain
Ea!leigh criterion for the limit of resolution.
(b) .wo $lane diffraction gratings 3 and L have the same width of ruled surface but 3
has greater number of lines than L. hich has greater intensit! of fringes"
6
Amity School of Engineering & Technology, Noida
Applied Physics I for Life Sciences
Tutorial Sheet: * #odule II: &a'e (ptics!
1. &'$lain the following terms)
a. (lain of $olari2ation
b. B$tic a'is of a cr!stal
c. #ouble refraction
d. Muarter and @alf wave $lates
e. Brdinar! and &'tra ordinar! ra!
2. =sing two Dicol $risms, how would !ou find whether the given $late is a 1uarter wave
$late or a half wave $late or a sim$le glass $late"
2. If the $lane of vibration of the incident beam ma:es an angle of

3- with the o$tic

a'is, com$are the intensities of e'traordinar! and ordinar! ra!s.
3. Iight reflected from a glass $late (ng F 1.6%) immersed in eth!l alcohol (ne F 1.36) is
found to be com$letel! linearl! $olari2ed. 3t what angle will the $artiall! $olari2ed
beam be transmitted into the $late"
4. 3 right circularl! $olari2ed beam is incident on a calcite half0wave $late. /how that
the emergent beam will be left0circularl! $olari2ed.
%. ;alculate the thic:ness of a 1uarter wave $late of 1uart2 for sodium light of
wavelength %+,3 A. .he refractive indices of 1uart2 for &0ra! and B0ra! are e1ual to
1.%%33 and 1.%442 res$ectivel!.
6. 3 beam of linearl! $olari2ed light is changed into circularl! $olari2ed light b! $assing
it through a sliced cr!stal of thic:ness -.--% cm. ;alculate the difference in refractive
indices of the two ra!s in the cr!stal assuming this to be of minimum thic:ness that
will $roduce the effect. .he wavelength of light used is
-
%--- A
.
*
Amity School of Engineering & Technology, Noida
Applied Physics I for Life Sciences
*. 3 $late of thic:ness -.-2- mm is cut from calcite with o$tic a'is $arallel to the face.
8iven, No F 1.64+ and Ne F 1.4+1 (ignoring variations with wavelength), find out those
wavelengths in the range 4--- A to *+-- A for which the $late behaves as a half
wave $late and also those for which the $late behaves as a 1uarter wave $late.
+. 3 beam of light is $assed through a $olari2er. If the $olari2er is rotated with the beam
as an a'is, the intensit! I of the emergent beam does not var!. hat are the $ossible
$olari2ation states and how to ascertain the state of the light beam with an additional
1uarter wave $late"
,. 3 O54 $late is rotated between two crossed (olaroids. If an un$olari2ed beam is
incident of the 1
st
(olaroid, discuss the variation of intensit! of the emergent beam as
the 1uarter wave $late in rotated. hat will ha$$en if have a O52 $late instead of a O54
$late.
1-. 3 2- cm long tube containing 6- cc of sugar solution $roduces an o$tical rotation of
11
-
when $laced in a $olarimeter. ;alculate the 1uantit! of sugar contained in the
tube. .he s$ecific rotation of sugar is 66
-
.
Tutorial Sheet: + #odule III: Lasers and ,i-er (ptics!
+
Amity School of Engineering & Technology, Noida
Applied Physics I for Life Sciences
1. hat are the characteristics of laser beams" #escribe its im$ortant a$$lications.
2. h! two level lasers does not e'ist.
3. ;alculate the number of $hotons emitted $er second b! % m lasers assuming
that it emits light of wavelength 632.+ nm.
4. 3 certain rub! laser emits 1.-- P $ulses of light whose wavelength is 6,43 A.
hat is the minimum number of chromium ions in the rub!"
%. &'$lain (a) 3tomic e'citations (b) .ransition $rocess (c) <eta stable state and (d)
B$tical $um$ing.
6. 4ind the intensit! of laser beam of 1% m $ower and having a diameter of 1.2%
mm. 3ssume the intensit! to be uniform across the beam.
*. ;alculate the energ! difference in eQ between the energ! levels of De0atoms of a
@e0De laser, the transition between which results in the emission of a light of
wavelength 632.+nm.
+. 4ind the intensit! of a laser beam of 1- m $ower and having a diameter of 1.3
m. 3ssume the intensit! to be uniform across the beam.
,. hat is $o$ulation inversion" @ow it is achieved in Eub! Iaser. #escribe the
construction of Eub! Iaser.
1-. &'$lain the o$eration of a gas Iaser with essential com$onents. @ow stimulated
emission ta:es $lace with e'change of energ! between @elium and Deon atom"
11. hat is the difference between the wor:ing $rinci$le of three level and four level
lasers. 8ive an e'am$le of each t!$e. @ow a four level Iaser is su$erior to a three
level Iaser.
12. &'$lain wh! $o$ulation inversion is essential for laser action to ta:e $lace.
,
Amity School of Engineering & Technology, Noida
Applied Physics I for Life Sciences
Tutorial Sheet: . #odule III: Lasers and ,i-er (ptics!
1. hat is total internal reflection and e'$lain its im$ortance for o$tical
communication.
2. &'$lain acce$tance angle and acce$tance cone of a fiber. hat do !ou mean b!
numerical a$erture of a fiber" #erive e'$ression for them.
3. .he refractive indices of core and cladding materials of a ste$ inde' fiber are 1.4+
and 1.4%, res$ectivel!. ;alculate) (i) numerical a$erture, (ii) acce$tance angle, and
(iii) the critical angle at the core0cladding interface and (iv) fractional refractive
indices change.
4. ;alculate the angle of acce$tance of a given o$tical fiber, if the refractive indices
of the core and cladding are 1.%63 and 1.4,+, res$ectivel!.
%. hat is the carrier fre1uenc! for an o$tical communication s!stem o$erating at
1.%% Nm.
6. #etermine the numerical a$erture of a ste$ inde' fiber when the core refractive
inde' n1 F1.% and the cladding refractive inde' n2 F1.4+. 4ind the ma'imum angle
for entrance of light if the fiber is $laced in air.
*. 3n o$tical fiber has D3 of -.2- and a cladding refractive inde' of 1.3,.
#etermine the acce$tance angle for the fiber in water which has refractive inde'
of 1.33.
+. ;alculate the numerical a$erture acce$tance angle and critical angle of the fiber
from the following data) n1 F1.% and n2 F 1.4%.
1-
Amity School of Engineering & Technology, Noida
Applied Physics I for Life Sciences
,. 3 ste$ inde' fiber with a large core diameter com$ared with the wavelength of the
transmitted light has an acce$tance angle in air of 22
-
and a relative inde'
difference of 3R. #etermine
(1) Dumerical a$erture of the fiber
(2) .he critical angle at the core0cladding interface
T/T(0IAL S1EET: 2 #odule I3: Special Theory of 0elati'ity!
1. hat do !ou mean b! Inertial and non Inertial frames of reference" Is earth an inertial
frame"
2. #escribe the <ichelson <orle! e'$eriment and discuss the im$ortance of its
negative result.
3. ;alculate the fringe shift in <ichelson0<orle! e'$eriment. 8iven that)
m l 11 =
,
-
623+ A =
, s cm v 5 1- 3
6
= , and s m c 5 1- 3
+
= .
4. /tate the fundamental $ostulates of &instein s$ecial theor! of relativit! and deduce
from them the Iorent2 .ransformation &1uations.
%. hat is $ro$er length" &'$lain relativistic length contraction on the basis of s$ecial
theor! of relativit!"
6. 8ive an e'am$le to show that time dilation is real effect.
*. hat do !ou mean b! $ro$er time interval" &'$lain relativistic time dilation on the
basis of s$ecial theor! of relativit!"
+. 3 rod has length 1-- cm. hen the rod is in a satellite moving with velocit! -., c
relative to the laborator!, what is the length of the rod as measured b! an observer (i)
in the satellite, and (ii) in the laborator!".
11
Amity School of Engineering & Technology, Noida
Applied Physics I for Life Sciences
,. @ow fast would a roc:et shi$ have to go relative to an observer for its length to be
contracted to ,,R of its length at rest"
1-. 3 cloc: :ee$s correct time. ith what s$eed should it be moved relative to an
observer so that it ma! a$$ear to lose 4 minutes in 24 hours"
11. (rove that '
2
G!
2
G2
2
F c
2
t
2
is invariant under Iorent2 transformation.
12. In the laborator! the Slife time9 of a $article moving with s$eed 2.+'1-
+
m5s, is found
to be 2.%'1-
0*
sec. ;alculate the $ro$er life time of the $article.
13. 3t what s$eed should a cloc: be moved so that it ma! a$$ear to loss 1 minute in each
hour"
14. #erive relativistic law of addition of velocities and $rove that the velocit! of light is
the same in all inertial frame irres$ective of their relative s$eed.
1%. .wo $articles come towards each other with s$eed -.,c with res$ect to laborator!.
;alculate their relative s$eeds.
16. Eoc:ets 3 and L are observed from the earth to be traveling with velocities -.+c and
-.* c along the same line in the same direction. hat is the velocit! of L as seen b!
an observer on 3"
1*. #educe an e'$ression for the variation of mass with velocit!. 3lso $rove that no
material $article can have a velocit! e1ual to or greater than the velocit! of light.
1+. 3 $roton of rest mass kg
2*
1- 6* . 1

is moving with a velocit! of -.,c. ;alculate its
mass and momentum.
1,. .he s$eed of an electron is doubled from -.2 c to -.4 c. L! what ratio does its
momentum increase"
2-. 3 $article has :inetic energ! 2- times its rest energ!. 4ind the s$eed of the $article in
terms of Sc9.
12
Amity School of Engineering & Technology, Noida
Applied Physics I for Life Sciences
21. /tate and $rove the law of e1uivalence of mass and energ!.
22. (rove the relation &
2
0 $
2
c
2
F m-
2
c
4
, where $ is the momentum.
23. 3t what s$eed does the :inetic energ! of a $article e1ual to its rest energ!"
24. hat should be the s$eed of an electron so that its mass becomes e1ual to the mass of
$roton" 8iven) mass of electronF,.1'1-
031
Tg and mass of (roton F1.6*'1-
02*
Tg.
2%. 3n electron is moving with a s$eed -.,c. ;alculate (i) its total energ! and (ii) the ratio
of Dewtonian :inetic energ! to relativistic energ!. 8iven) kg m
e
31
1- 11 . ,

= and
s m c 5 1- 3
+
= .
26. (i) #erive a relativistic e'$ression for :inetic energ! of a $article in terms of
momentum. (ii) /how that the momentum of a $article of rest mass -
m
and :inetic
energ! k
E
, is given b!
k
k
E m
c
E

- 2
2
2 + = .
2*. ;alculate the mass and s$eed of 2<eQ electron.
2+. 3 $article of rest mass m- moves with s$eed c5U2. ;alculate its rest mass, momentum,
total energ! and :inetic energ!.
13