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Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Tribology Transactions Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/utrb20 Combined Influence of Journal Misalignment and Surface Roughness on the Performance of an Orifice Compensated Non-Recessed Hybrid Journal Bearing Satish C. Sharma a , S. C. Jain a & T. Nagaraju b a Indian Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Roorkee, Roorkee, 247 667, India b P.E.S. College of Engineering, Mandya, 571 401, India Version of record first published: 25 Mar 2008. To cite this article: Satish C. Sharma , S. C. Jain & T. Nagaraju (2002): Combined Influence of Journal Misalignment and Surface Roughness on the Performance of an Orifice Compensated Non-Recessed Hybrid Journal Bearing, Tribology Transactions, 45:4, 457-463 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402000208982574 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Combined Influence of Journal Misalignment and Surface Roughness on the Performance of an Orifice Comeensated Non-Recessed ~ ~ b r i d Journal eari in^@ SATISH C. SHARMA and S. C. JAIN Indian Institute of Technology Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Roorkee, Roorkee 247 667, India and T. NAGARAJU P.E.S. College of Engineering Mandya 57 1 40 1 , India The conlbined influence of surface roughness and journal mis- of surface roughness parameter ( A) and surface pattern parame- alignnlent on the performance of an orifice contpensated hole- ter ( y ) for a concentric design pressure ratio /3* = 0.5. entry hybrid journal bearing system is tl~eoretically studied. The Performance is also compared to capillary and corlstant flow analysis considers the average Reynolds equation for a rough valve conlpensated bearings. The conlputed results indicate tltat srttface for the sol~ttion of the lubricant flow field in the clearance the effect ofjournal misalignment is to lower the value of the min- space of a journal hearing system. The bearing performance imum fluid-film thickness of the journal hearing system wltile the characteristics are presented for the various representative values effect of surface roughness is to partially conlpensate this loss. For the chosen values of journal misalignnlent paranteters (q~, 6), Presented at the 57th Annual Meetina tlte constant flow valve compensated syntnletric jorcrnal hearing - in Houston, Texas configuration witlz longitudinal rorcgltness pattern ( y = 6) shows May 2002 an improvement of around 20% in the value of stability threshold Final manuscript approved June 8,2002 Review led by Greg Kostrzewsky speed margin. = bearing land width, (a,lL) = radial clearance, bearing length = damping coefficient, Ci j ( c3/ pR; ) = stiffness coefficients, Si j (c/ p, R3) (i, j = x, z,cp, 6 ) = local fluid-film thickness = nominal fluid-film thickness, (hl c) = average fluid-film thickness, (hJc) = pressure, pip,< = time, ( C ~ ~ , / ~ R ; ) = variance ratio, ((9. U,)/U)~ = external load, (Wo/p,Rj2) = combined roughness height, (zJ + zb)/c =journal rotational speed, threshold speed; = 0.5 correlation lengths of the x and y profile = RMS value of combined roughness = restrictor design parameter = & ( T T : / S C ~ ~ ~ ) for capillary restrictor = +(3Td~l~~d/~3)(2/pp8)1'2 for orifice restrictor = Q, a specified value of flow for constant flow valve restrictor = coefficient of discharge for orifice = (XIR,), circumferential coordinate = (YIR,), axial coordinate =LI D, aspect ratio = misalignment parameters = 2 / ~ Jt exp( - y2)dy error function = speed parameter, WJ (pR;/c2p,) = surface pattern parameter, (&,5rjAD,Sy) = surface roughness parameter, c / o Suesc~t prs AND SUPERSCRIPTS b = bearing J =journal S = supply - = non-dimensional parameter = first derivative w.r.t time D o w n l o a d e d
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S. SHARMA, S. JAIN AND T. NAGARAJU O O O O O O O O O O O O (a) Symmetric conflguratlon (b) Asymmetric configuration Journal Surface h (c) Bearlng geometry with surlaco proRle Flg. 1-Hole-entry journal bearing system. KEY WORDS Surk~cc Roughness; Journal Bearing; Hydrostatic INTRODUCTION Gcnernlly, the design of hole-entry hybrid journal bearings (Pigs. I (:I) and I(b)) is based on the assumption that both journal nntl bcaring surfaces are perfectly smooth and the journal and bcnri~ig axcs are properly aligned. However, in actual practice, on any finished surfaces imperfections exist and these take the form of ;I succession of hills and valleys which are often a result of the ~nachining process and its accompanying defects. Furthermore, as a result of improper assembly, non-central load and shaft deflec- tion due to elnstic and thermal distortions etc, the journal and bcnring bccome misaligned. Thus, the analyses based on the assumption of an aligned journal as well as smooth surfaces of the bcoring and journal may not predict realistic bearing characteris- tic (Into. Therefore, for a realistic prediction of the journal bearing pcrfor~nn~ice characteristics data, the consideration of journal mis- alignment and surfi~ce roughness effects in the analysis is more appropriate. Studies related to the performance of misaligned hytlrostntic/hybrid journal bearing have received considerable ~ltlcnlion in the literature. Notable among these are the studies by Uou Snit1 and Nicolas (1992), San Andres (1993) and the previous work by the authors (Jain, et al., (1 997)). Many nuthors investigated the influence of surface roughness 011 rlic performance of hydrodynamic journal bearing systems. Notable nniong thcse are the studies of Hashimoto (1997) and R:l~iiesh, ct al. (1997) who used the average flow model proposed by I'atir and Cheng (1979) to study the roughness effects on the pcrlbr~iiance of a hydrodynamic journal bearing. Abdel-Latif, et nl. (1 988) and Guha (2000) used a stochastic model to study the rougli~icss effects on misaligned hydrodynamic journal bearings. San Andres (1990) considered the effect of surface roughness in the analysis of n pocketed hybrid journal bearing system. More (d) Axe8 of mlsellgnment recently, Fayolle and Childs (1999) experimentally investigated the static and dynamic performance characteristics of a hybrid journal bearing system by providing round-hole-pattern roughness on the lands. These studies (Fayolle, et al. (1999), San Andres, (1990)) showed significant improvement in stability compared to a conventional smooth land bearing. The recent studies in the cases of hydrodynamic (Abdel-Latif, et al. (1988), Guha, (2000), Hashimoto, (1997), Ramesh, et al. (1997)) and hydrostatic (Fayolle, et a]. (1999), San Andres (1990)) bearings clearly demonstrate that their performance is appreciably affected by the inclusion of surface roughness effects in the analy- sis. To the best of the authors knowledge no study is yet available in the literature which considers the combined influence of sur- face roughness and journal misalignment on the performance of hole-entry journal bearings. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to theoretically study the combined influence of surface rough- ness and journal misalignment on the performance of an orifice compensated hole-entry hybrid journal bearing system. The effect of surface roughness is taken into account by defining the non- dimensional parameters called surface roughness parameter (A) and surface pattern parameter (y). Journal misalignment is accounted for by defining a set of misalignment parameters p, and 6. The finite element method is used to obtain the solution of the governing system of equations. The bearing static and dynamic performance characteristics are presented for the generally used representative values of roughness parameters (A) for both transverse, isotropic and longi- tudinal surface texture for the orifice compensated hole-entry hybrid journal bearing configurations shown in Figs. I(a) and I(b). The percentage changes in a few selected performance char- acteristic parameters of orifice, capillary and constant flow valve compensated bearing configurations are also presented to study the effect of the method of compensation. The results presented in this paper are expected to be quite useful to bearing designers. D o w n l o a d e d
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Combined Influence of Journal Misalignment and Surface Roughness on the Performance of an Orifice ANALYSIS The Average Reynold's Equation The average Reynold's equation governing the laminar flow of an incompressible, Newtonian lubricant in the clearance space between the rough surfaces of a journal and bearing in non-dimen- sional form is defined (Patir, et al. (1979)) as where $y are the pressure flow factors used to compare the average pressure flows (in the axial and circumferential direc- tions) in a rough journal bearing to that of a smooth bearing and are expressed in non-dimensional form (Patir, et al. (1979)) as 7 > 1 and $,(Ah, 7) = 4, ( hhl llr) Pal $,r is the shear flow factor used to represent the additional flow transport of lubricant due to the sliding of the rough surface jour- nal. Assuming both journal and bearing surfaces have the same surface pattern (i.e. y, = y,), the shear flow factor in non-dimen- sional form is expressed (Patir, et al. (1979)) as where as is a positive function of ( h. h) and the surface pattern parameter y of a given surface and is expressed as where C, r, A, , A2, a , , a, and a3 appearing in Eqs. [2a]-[2c] are constants and y is the surface pattern parameter (Patir, et al. (1979)). Purely transverse, isotropic and longitudinal roughness textures have a value of 0, 1 and m respectively. Average Fluid-Film Thickness (hT) The geometry and coordinate system of a hybrid hole-entry journal bearing system with a rough surface profile is shown in Fig. I (c). Assuming a Gaussian distribution of surface heights, the non-dimensional form of average fluid-film thickness hT is expressed (Hashimoto, (1997), Ramesh, et al. (1997)) as where h( = 115) in the present work is defined as the surface roughness parameter and h is the nominal fluid-film thickness, i.e. the fluid-film thickness for a misaligned smooth surface journal bearing system. Figure I(d) shows the axes of misalignment in which the misalignment parameters cp and 6 are specified in terms of Eulerian angles having first rotation 9 about bearing fixed x- axis and the second rotation 6 about the journal fixed 2'- axis. The expression for h in a misaligned journal bearing system can be obtained by using transformation from bearing fixed axes (x,y,z) to journal fixed axes (x', y', 2') and is expressed (Jain, et al. (1997), Singh, et al. (1973)) as Finite Element Formulation The lubricant flow field has been discretized using four-noded quadrilateral isoparametric elements. Using Galerkins technique and the orthogonality condition for Eq. [I] and the usual assembly procedure, the following global system equation is derived (Sharma, et al. (2001)) as Restrictor Flow Equation The equation of flow through the orifice, capillary and con- stant flow valve restrictors in non-dimensional form is expressed (Sharma, et al. (200 1)) as where m = 0.5 (for orifice); rn = 1.0 (for capillary) and m = 0 (for constant flow valve) restrictors. SOLUTION PROCEDURE An iterative scheme was adopted for the solution of the com- pensated hole-entry hybrid journal bearing problem. Initially for a specified external vertical load (w',), assuming steady-state con- ditions (i.e. iJ = iJ = O) , the values of nominal fluid-film thickness h, average fluid-film thickness hT and flow factors $y, and $s are computed at each node point for the chosen tenta- tive values of journal center position ( XJ , Z J ) by using Eqs. [2]- [4]. The system equation (Eq. [5]) for the lubricant flow field, after adjustment for the flow through the restrictor (Eq. [6]) and modification for boundary conditions, is solved to establish the fluid-film pressure field. In the case of an orifice compensated bearing, Eq. 5 becomes nonlinear after adjustment for the flow through the restrictor. Thus, in the present study, an iterative scheme using the Newton-Raphson method is used to solve these nonlinear system equations. The solution for the capillary restric- tor is obtained as the initial trial solution to be used for the orifice restrictor. The iterative procedure is terminated when the differ- ence in nodal pressure at each node in the successive iteration becomes less than the predefined tolerance of 0.1%. Using an additional iterative scheme, the journal center equilibrium posi- tion is established for the given external vertical load (W,). The iterative process for the journal center equilibrium position con- tinues until the journal center coordinates in consecutive iterations are within the oredefined tolerance of 0.1% i.e. "t:' j2:lg$:!:,i ] x I00 5 0.001, Once the equilibrium jour- i j 2 nal center pos~t ~on is established, the static and dynamic perform- ance characteristics are computed using the required expressions reported elsewhere by the authors (Jain, et al. (1997)). D o w n l o a d e d
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Holr-entry hydmtl tl c journal barl np 0.5 Oflca mtrlctor; Symmatric conflpn. 0.4 - - Fmm Ref.9 ---- FmmPnsenl Work Iaothonnal cue Fmm Raf.8 (Smooth Surfam) From Pmsent Work (Smooth Surfam) --c From Raf.8 (Rough Surfam) - + - Fmm P mn t Work (Rough Surlaca) 1 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.9 E Flg. 2-Load carrylng capaclty. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The perfor11l:lnce characteristics of a misaligned hole-entry liybritl journal bearing system including the effect of surface roughness presented in this section were obtained using the analy- si s and solution algorithm described in the previous sections. The validity of the computed results obtained from the developed pro- gram is established in two stages. In the first stage, the fluid-film reaction (Fo) of iui orifice compensated symmetric hole-entry hydrostatic journal bearing with smooth surfaces and an aligned journal is computed and compared with the available published results of Rowe, et al. (1982) as shown in Fig. 2(a). These results compare well for a wide range of eccentricity ratios ( E) and a max- imuni deviation of nearly 6% is noted at higher eccentricity ratios. The minor difference observed between the results could be due to the use of different con~putational schemes. To the best of the authors knowledge, there are no results yet reported for the case of lion-rccessetl journal bearings with surface roughness effects. Thus, in the sccond stage, the developed program was modified to compute the results of fluid-film reaction (Fo) for both a smooth oncl a rough plain hydrodynamic journal bearing system and com- pare with the published results of Ramesh, et al. (1997). These rcsults show good comparison; slight differences observed betwccn the two results (Fig. 2(b)) may be due to the use of dif- fere~it numerical techniques as well as boundary conditions used in tlic cavitation zone. The results computed in the present study 0.95 - A = I . 0 , ~ = 0 . 2 5 , W 0 = 1 . 7 5 , ~ = 0 . ~ , ~ = 0 . 5 Aaymmetrlc conflgn.: Oriflce Restrlctor Fig. >Minimum fluid-film thickness. are for the case of a plain hydrodynamic journal bearing with con- ventional Reynold's boundary conditions whereas those presented by Ramesh, et al. (1997) are for a submerged bearing with Jacobssen and Floberg boundary conditions at the cavitation zone. The present work assumes that the journal and bearing sur- faces have the same surface pattern parameter (i.e. y, = y,, = y). The results of performance characteristics of an orifice compen- sated bearing have been presented as a function of the surface roughness parameter (A = 4-10) and the surface pattern parameter y, for a fixed value of the concentric design pressure ratio /3* = 0.5, an external load w0 = 1.25 (for a symmetric bearing config- uration) and W, = 1.75 (for an asymmetric bearing configura- tion). The results presented in Figs. 3-6 are for a set of represen- tative values of the misalignment parameter q, = 6 = 0.0 (for aligned), q, = 0.0002, 6 = 0.0 (for vertical misalignment) and q, = 0.0, 6 = 0.0002 (for horizontal misalignment) and a speed param- eter Q = 1 .O. Figure 3 shows the variation of nominal minimum fluid-film thickness - (hmin). At a constant external load (w~), the value of hmi, is seen to increase as the surface roughness parameter (A) reduces (i.e. as surface roughness increases) irrespective of jour- nal misalignment. It may be noted that as the value of surface roughness parameter (A) becomes less, the surface becomes more rough as h = 115. - The effect of journal misalignment is to reduce the value of hmin in both symmetric and asymmetric con- D o w n l o a d e d
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Combined Influence of Journal Misalignment and Surface Roughness on the Performance of an Orifice ~ = ~ . ~ , ~ = 0 . 2 5 , ~ ~ = 1 . 2 5 , ~ = 0 . 5 , ~ ' = 0 . 5 - Symmetric conflgn.: Orlfice Restrictor (b) Fig. 4--Fluid-film stiffness coefficient. figurations. However, for a given journal misalignment, the roughened bearing appears to partially compensate the loss in the - value of hmi, for both configurations (symmetric/asymmetric). The increase in the value of hmi, is observed to be greater for the longitudinally oriented roughness pattern for both the configura- 13.75 Symmetric confign.; Oriflce Restrictor 13.M) R=I.O . 070.0000, fd.0000 4 6 8 7 8 B l 0 A (b) Fig. 5--Fluid-film damping coefficient. tions irrespective of journal misalignment. This is because of the fact that the rough surfaces with long correlation lengths in the cir- cumferential direction, in case of a longitudinal roughness pattern (i.e. y > I ) , restrict the bearing flow i.e. the flow in the axial direc- tion. Figure 4 shows the variation of the direct fluid-film stiffness coefficient S,,. At constant external load w0 and for an alignedlmisaligned symmetric journal bearing configuration, the value of the direct stiffness coefficient S,, increases as the sur- face roughness parameter (A) decreases (i.e. as the surface becomes more rough). The value of S,, is also seen to be greater for the longitudinal roughness pattern for both configurations irre- - spective of journal misalignment. Further, the value of S,, reduces for both vertical and horizontal misalignment in the sym- metric configuration (Fig. 4(a)) whereas it seen to be slightly increased for horizontal misalignment in the case of an asymmet- ric configuration (Fig. 4(b)). Figure 5 shows that, at a constant external load I?/,, the value of direct fluid-film damping coefficient c,, increases as the sur- face roughness parameter A reduces (i.e. as roughness increases) in both configurations (Figs. 5(a) and 5(b)). For a - symmetric/asymmetric configuration, the largest value of C, , is found for the case of a longitudinal roughness pattern. The bearing dynamic coefficients (Sij and c i j , i, j = x, z ) change due to the combined influence of journal misalignment D o w n l o a d e d
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S. SHARMA, S. JAIN AND T. NAGARAJU 2.s - 2.=I.O,% =0.25,~~=1.75,~,=0.5,~* =0.5 AsymmaUc confign.; Ollfice Resblctor LIZ. Flg. &Threshold speed. and surface roughness. Thus, the bearing stability threshold speed margin is altered as shown in Fig. 6. Further, at a constant value of w,, the value of stability threshold speed margin Gth increases as the surface roughness parameter (A) reduces (i.e. as surface becomes more rough) irrespective of journal misalignment for both of the configurations (Figs. 6(a) and 6(b)). The effect of jour- nal misalignment is to reduce the stability threshold speed margin quite considerably in both configurations. However, the variation in the value of Gth for vertical and horizontal misalignment is seen to be almost the same in the symmetric configuration irre- spective of the roughness pattern. Table 1 shows that the values of direct and cross-coupled stiff- ness coefficients s,,, s,,, and s,, improve due to surface roughness irrespective of journal misalignment. The longitudinal roughness pattern provides larger values of s,,, s,, and s,,. A similar trend is observed for the values of direct and coupled damping coefficients c,,, C,, and c,,. In order to have a better physical insight into the effect of sur- face roughness on the performance of a misaligned hole-entry hybrid journal bearing, the percentage changes in a few selected bearing characteristic parameters for orifice, capillary and con- stant flow valve compensated symmetric bearing configurations are presented in terms of bar charts. These results were computed using the following relation. Fig. 7-Percentage change in fluid-film stlffness coefficient. Fig. &Percentage change in fluid-film damping coefficient. Fig. 9--Percentage change in threshold speed. where PCH is the performance characteristic, pCHI(S,R)M and PCHl sA are the performance characteristics of a smooth/rough misaligned bearing and a smooth aligned bearing respectively. It may be observed from Figs. 7-9 that the bars under 'smooth' indicate the percentage change in performance characteristics of a smooth bearing for the given journal misalignment with respect to a smooth aligned bearing. Similarly, the bars under 'roughness pattern (y)' indicate the percentage change in the performance characteristics of a rough bearing (with surface pattern parameters y = 1/6,1,6) with respect to a smooth aligned bearing. Therefore, the difference between the percentage change in the performance of a rough bearing to that of a smooth bearing gives the percent- age increase (if the difference is positive) or decrease (if the dif- ference is negative) in the bearing performance characteristic parameter due to the inclusion of surface roughness effects. From Figs. 7(a) and 7(b), the maximum enhancement in the value of s,, is observed to be of the order of 42% (i.e. 44.7 - 2.28 = 42.42) for the constant flow valve compensated symmetric bearing con- figuration for vertical as well as horizontal misalignment with a longitudinal roughness. Similarly, Fig. 8 indicates that for a verti- cal misalignment (4, = 0.0002, S = 0.0), the orifice, capillary and constant flow valve compensated bearings with longitudinal roughness pattern provide around 5%, 11 % and 20% enhancement in the value of C,, respectively (Fig. 8(a)). For a horizontal mis- alignment (q = 0.0, S = 0.0002) the values are of the order of 6%, 11% and 19% respectively (Fig. 8(b)). Figure 9 indicates that for a vertical and horizontal misalignment, the longitudinal roughness D o w n l o a d e d
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Combined Influence of Journal Misalignment and Surface Roughness on the Performance of an Orifice 463 pattern provides an improvement in the value of the stability threshold speed margin Gtl, of around 20% (for the constant flow valve cotnpensated bearing) and 4% (for both orifice and capillary compensated bearings). CONCLUSIONS An analysis showing the combined influence of journal mis- alignment and surface roughness effects on the performance of hole-entry hybrid journal bearings leads to the following general conclusions: I . The effect of journal misalignment is to reduce the value of - nominal minimum fluid-film thickness hmi, whereas the effect of surface roughness is to partially compensate this loss for both symmetric and asymmetric configurations irre- spective of the type of compensating device used (orifice/capillary/constant flow valve). At a constant exter- nal load ( w 0 ) and concentric design pressure ratio P* = 0.5, the longitudinally oriented roughness pattern, in general, provides higher values of nominal minimum fluid-film thickness irrespective of journal misalignment and type of compensation while the transversely oriented roughness pattern provides lower values. 2. In general, the effect of journal misalignment is to reduce the values of the bearing dynamic coefficients (Sij, Ci j ; i, j = .Y, z ) whereas the surface roughness improves these values significantly. For a constant flow valve compensated sym- metric hole-entry journal bearing with a longitudinal rough- ness pattern (y = 6), the maximum improvement in the val- ues of the direct fluid-film stiffness coefficient $, is of the order of 42% for a vertical (p, = 0.0002, 6 = 0.0) and hori- zontal (p, = 0.0, 6 = 0.0002) misalignment and that of the direct fluid-film damping coefficient C,, is around 19% to 20%. 3. The roughened hole-entry journal bearing system shows an improved stability threshold speed margin as compared to a smooth bearing. For the chosen values of misalignment 4, the stability threshold speed margin of a constant flow valve compensated symmetric journal bearing configura- tion is enhanced by 20% for the longitudinal roughness pat- tern (i.e. for y = 6). 4. In order to inlprove performance from a misaligned bearing, a judicious selection of parameters such as the surface roughness parameter (A), the surface pattern parameter (y), the type of restrictor (orifice/capillary/constant flow valve), in conjunction with the bearing configuration (symmetric/asymmetric) is essential. REFERENCES ( I ) Abdel-Latif, L. A. and Mokhtar. M. 0. A. (1988). "Misalignment Effects on Hydrodynamically Lubricated Journal Bearings with Rough Surfaces". Weor. 128, pp 225-237. (2) Bou Said, B. and Nicolas, D. (1992). "Effects of Misalignment on Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Hybrid Bearings." Trib., Trans., 35, 2, pp 325-33 I. (3) Fayolle, P. and Childs, D. W. (1999). "Rotordynamic Evaluation of a Roughened-Land Hybrid Bearing," ASME Jorrr. oJTrih., 121, pp 133- 138. (4) Guha, S. K. (2000). " Analysis of Steady-State Characteristics of Misaligned Hydrodynamic Journal Bearings with Isotropic Roughness Effect." Trih.. Irrr.. 33, I, pp 1-12. ( 5) Hashimoto. H. (1997). "Surface Roughness Effects i n High-Speed Hydrodynamic Journal Bearings," ASME Jorrr. of Trih., 119. pp 776-780. (6) Jain, S. C., Sharma, S. C. and Nagaraju. T. (1997). "Misaligned Journal Effec~s i n Liquid Hydrostatic Non-recessed Journal Bearings," Wear, 210. pp 67-75. (7) Patir, N. and Cheng, H. S. (1979), "Application of Average Flow Model to Lubrication Between Rough Sliding Surfaces," ASME Jour. of Lubr. Tech.. 101, pp 220-230. (8) Ramesh. J., Majumdar. B. C. and Rao, N. S. (1997). "Thermohydrodynamic Analysis of Submerged Oi l Journal Bearing Considering Surface Roughness Effects." ASME Jour. of Trib., 11 9, 1, pp 100- 106. (9) Rowe, W. B., Xu, S. X., Chong, F. S. and Weston, W. (1982). "Hybrid Journal Bearings- with Panicular Reference to Hole-entry Configuration," Trih. Irtr., 15, 6. pp 339-348. (10) San Andres, L. (1990), "Turbulent Hybrid Bearings with Fluid lnenia Effects," ASME Jorrr. of Trib.. 112. pp 699-707. (11) San Andres. L. (1993). "The Effect of Journal Misalignment on the Operation of a Turbulent Flow Hydrostatic Bearing," ASME Joltr. of Trib., 115, pp 355-363. (12) Sharma, S. C., Jain, S. C. and Reddy, N. M. M. (2001), "A Study of Non- recessed Hybrid Flexible Journal Bearing with Different Restrictors," Trih. Trrttrs., 44, 2, pp 310-317. (13) Singh, D. V., Sinhasan, R. and Singh, H. N. (1973), "Analysis of Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing with Axes Skew," Jofrr. oJMecA. Errg. Scietlce, IS. 2, pp 123- 131. parameters (p,, 6) and the surface roughness parameter A = D o w n l o a d e d