Industrial Crops and Products 34 (2011) 994998

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Chemical composition of grape canes
Emine Sema C etin
a,
, Duygu Altinz
b
, Ecehan Tarc an
a
, Nilgn Gktrk Baydar
a
a
Sleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, 32260 Isparta, Turkey
b
C ukurova University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, 01330 Adana, Turkey
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 22 December 2010
Received in revised form28 February 2011
Accepted 3 March 2011
Available online 1 April 2011
Keywords:
Grape cane
Phenolics
Carbohydrate
Protein
Minerals
a b s t r a c t
In this study, chemical composition of canes which were sampled from ten different grape cultivars was
investigated. For the determination of total phenolics, total avanols and total avonol contents, canes
were analyzed spectrophotometrically. The phenolic compositions of the canes, including caffeic acid,
catechin, p-coumaric acid, epicatechin, gallic acid, luteolin and trans-resveratrol were detected by HPLC.
The anthron method was used for the determination of total carbohydrate content. The minerals such
as K, P, Ca, Fe, Mg and Zn were determined by ICP-OES. All the parameters investigated in this study
signicantly changed depending on the cultivar. The results showed that grape canes as agricultural
wastes from commercial viticultural activities represent a potentially important source of phenolics,
minerals, carbohydrates and proteins. Therefore the grape canes may be used as an easily accessible
source of natural antioxidants and food supplement.
2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
The grape (Vitis vinifera L.) comes to us out of the abyss of antiq-
uity (Winkler et al., 1997). Because of the economic importance and
thebenecial effects onhumanhealth, grapeis oneof thefruit crops
most widely grown in many areas of the world and widely con-
sumed in different forms as fresh, raisins, wine, vinegar, molasses,
grape juice, etc. Grapes are cultivated in an area of 7.337.364ha
with an annual production of 66.643.404 tonnes throughout the
world, in 2009 (FAOSTAT, 2009).
For the best quality grapes, some cultural practises including
irrigation, fertilization and plant protection should be performed in
vineyards, annually. Pruning, one of the cultural operations carried
out in the vineyards, has important implications for vine function
as it inuences the formand size of the vine, the balance between
vegetative and fruit growth in the vine, the quantity and quality
of grape production. Balanced pruning is the concept of equating
the nodes retained at pruning with the capacity, the aim being to
maintainabalancebetweenvegetativegrowthandfruit production
(Tassie and Freeman, 2001). An average vine before pruning may
have 25 canes and 750 buds (Winkler et al., 1997), and it is too
important to practise removal of some of themfromthe vine for the
best quality grapes. Reynolds et al. (1995) found that cane pruning
weight varied from 0.56kg/vine to 2.01kg/vine depending on the
trellis systems andthe years. Basedonthe results, it canbe saidthat
a large quantity of cane pruning waste are obtained each year and

Corresponding author. Tel.: +90 0246 211 46 69; fax: +90 246 237 16 93.
E-mail address: esemacetin@gmail.com(E.S. C etin).
these pruningcanes are generallycompostedor burnedfor disposal
every year. Agricultural wastes, largely ignored and unevaluated
economically, can be the source of high-value phytochemicals and
value-added industrial products (Das and Singh, 2004). Plants and
their products have always played a substantional role in human
health by satisfying various essential needs ranging from foods to
medicines (Bhat et al., 2009).
To the best of our knowledge the studies conducted on the
chemical composition of the canes were generally focused on the
phenolic compounds including trans-resveratrol, trans-viniferin
and ferulic acid (Karacabey and Mazza, 2008; Rayne et al., 2008).
The objective of this study was to determine the content of pheno-
lics, total carbohydrates, total proteins and minerals in canes taken
fromten different grape cultivars in order to investigate their high-
value phytochemicals with potential medicinal, industrial and food
applications.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Sample preparation
In this study, grape canes of 10 different table grape cultivars
(Alphonse Lavalle (red), Atasars (white), Cardinal (red), Hafzali
(white), Horoz Karas (red), Isabella (red), Italia (white), Sultani
C ekirdeksiz (white), Tekirda g C ekirdeksiz (red) and Trakya

Ilkeren
(red)) were taken from the Experimental Vineyard of Sleyman
Demirel University(Isparta, Turkey). The grape canes collecteddur-
ing the annual pruning activities in March 2009 were used as plant
materials. Canes were dried in an oven at 40

C until it has a con-

stant weight. The dried grape canes were powdered in a grinder
0926-6690/$ see front matter 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.03.004
E.S. C etin et al. / Industrial Crops and Products 34 (2011) 994998 995
(<1mm), and then stored in sealed plastic bags in a deccicator at
25

C until use.
2.2. Extraction of phenolics
Powdered cane samples (0.5g) were mixed with 10ml of
60:40(v:v) ethanol:water mixture. After homogenization, phenolic
extractions were carried out for 30min at 80

C with gentle stirring

on a shaker. Then the cooled mixture was centrifuged at 10,000g
for 10min and ltered through a 0.2m membrane lter. Finally
the extracts of canes were used in the analyses of phenolics.
2.3. Determination of total phenolic content
Total phenolic content of the canes was determined by using
FolinCiocalteu colorimetric method (Singleton and Rossi, 1965).
The absorbance of the extracts andpreparedblankwas measuredat
765nmusing a spectrophotometer (UVvis model 1601, Shimadzu,
Kyoto, Japan). The measurements were compared to a standard
curve of prepared gallic acid solutions and expressed as mg gallic
acid equivalents (GAE) per g dry weight basis. The data presented
are the average of ve measurements.
2.4. Determination of total avonol content
Total avonols were determined with Neus reagent solution by
the method of Dai et al. (1995). The absorbance of the samples was
measured at 410nmand the avonols were expressed as mg rutin
equivalent (RE) per g dry weight basis. The data presented are the
average of ve measurements.
2.5. Determination of total avanol content
Total avanols were assayed colorimetrically by the DMAC
method (Arnous et al., 2001). The absorbance of the samples was
measured at 640nmand the contents of total avanols in the canes
were expressed as catechin equivalents (CE) per g dry weight basis.
Data presented are the average of ve measurements.
2.6. HPLC determination of phenolic compounds
The chromatographic analyses were carried out on HPLC (High
Performance Liquid Chromatography). The separation of phenolics
was performed by the modied method of Caponio et al. (1999).
The reversed phase (RP)-HPLC analysis was done using a SCL-
10Avp system controller, a SIL-10AD vp autosampler, a LC-10AD
vp pump, a DGU-14a degasser, a CTO-10 A vp column heater, and
a Diode Array Detector (DAD) with wavelengths of 278nm. The
250mm4.6mm i.d. 5m column which is lled with Agilent
Eclipse XDB-C18 was used for the analyses in the HPLC system.
The owrate was 0.8ml/min, the injection volume was 20L, and
the column temperature was set at 30

C. For gradient elution, as a

mobile phase, solvent A contained 3% acetic acid in water and sol-
vent B contained methanol (99%) (analytical grade). The following
gradient programme was used: 03min, from100% A to 93% A, 7%
B; 320min, from93% A, 7% B to 72% A, 28% B; 2028min, from72%
A, 28%Bto 75%A, 25%B; 2835min, from75%A, 25%Bto 70%A, 30%
B; 3560min 70% A, 30% B to 67% A, 33% B; 6062min, 67% A, 33% B
to58%A, 42%B; 6270min, 58%A, 42%Bto50%A, 50%B; 7075min,
50%A, 50%Bto20%A, 80%B; 7580min, 100%B. The data were inte-
gratedandanalyzedusing the ShimadzuClass-VP Chromatography
Laboratory Automated Software system. The amount of pheno-
lic compounds in the cane samples was calculated as g/g cane
(dry weight), using external calibration curves obtained for each
phenolic standard. Caffeic acid, (+)-catechin, p-coumaric acid, ()-
Table 1
Operating conditions of the ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma-optical emission
spectrometry).
Parameter Value
RF generator (plasma ArAr) 40MHz
RF incident power 1450W
Viewing mode Axial for P, Ca, Fe, Mg, Zn; radial for K
Auxiliary argon owrate 0.2L/min
Nebulizer argon owrate 0.55L/min
Plasma gas owrate 17L/min
Sample uptake owrate 1.5ml/min
epicatechin, gallic acid, trans-resveratrol, naringenin and luteolin
were determined in the samples.
2.7. Determination of total carbohydrates
Total carbohydrate content of the canes was determined using
the anthron method (Praznik et al., 1999). The absorbance of the
samples was measured at 540nm and the total carbohydrates of
the canes were expressed as g/100g dry basis. The data presented
are the average of three measurements.
2.8. Determination of total protein content
The nitrogen content was determined by the Kjehdahl method
(Bradford, 1976) and converted to protein content by a factor of
6.25. The data presented are average of three measurements.
2.9. Determination of minerals
P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn determination was performed by Induc-
tively Coupled Plasma-Optic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES).
For the sample preparation, Milestone-Ethos plus 900 microwave
systemwas usedtodigest the samples. For the digestion, 0.5g pow-
dered (<1mm) cane samples were transferred into teon beakers.
A 6ml volume of a freshly prepared mixture of HNO
3
H
2
O
2
(5:1,
v/v) was added to each teon beaker. After digestion, the volume of
the sample was made up to 25ml with distilled water. The ICP-OES
measurements were carried out by a A Perkin-Elmer Optima 5300
DV ICP-OES instrument under the specication of the operating
conditions given in Table 1. The wavelengths used for the different
elements were: K, 766.490nm; Ca, 317.933nm; Mg, 285.213nm; P,
213.617nm; Fe, 238.204nm; Zn, 206.200nm. The values of detec-
tion limits were 0.0045mg/l for P; 0.0165mg/l for K; 0.0228mg/l
for Ca; 0.0015mg/l for Fe; 0.0018mg/l for Mg; 0.0012mg/l for Zn.
2.10. Statistical analysis
Data were subjected to analysis of variance with mean separa-
tion by Duncans multiple range test. Differences were considered
statistically signicant at the p0.05 levels. Statistical analysis was
performed using SPSS 16.0 for Windows.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Phenolic content of grape canes
Total phenolic content of the cane was estimated with
FolinCiocalteu colorimetric method and the data and the statis-
tical separation of the means are given in Table 2. Total phenolic
content of the canes changed signicantly according to the culti-
vars (P0.05). The greatest total phenolic content was detected
in Trakya

Ilkeren (36.562.67mgGAE/g) and Alphonse Laval-
le (34.161.83mgGAE/g), while Atasars had the lowest value
(25.361.62mgGAE/g).
996 E.S. C etin et al. / Industrial Crops and Products 34 (2011) 994998
Table 2
Total phenolics, total avanols and total avonols contents of the grape canes.
Cultivars Total phenolic contents
(mg GAE/g)
Total avanol
contents (mg CE/g)
Total avonol
contents (mgRE/g)
Alphonse Lavalle 34.16 1.83 ab
*
9.37 0.24 a 3.26 0.05 a
Atasars 25.36 1.62 e 9.22 0.15 ab 1.74 0.05 e
Cardinal 28.20 3.09 cde 9.28 0.24 a 1.63 0.07 f
Hafzali 27.03 1.01 de 8.82 0.58 b 1.39 0.05 g
Horoz Karas 32.75 4.21 b 9.29 0.13 a 2.17 0.08 c
Isabella 31.09 2.53 bc 9.18 0.16 ab 2.39 0.06 b
Italia 31.65 2.16 bc 9.25 0.18 a 1.81 0.07 e
Sultani C ekirdeksiz 30.44 1.37 bcd 9.18 0.20 ab 2.06 0.10 d
Tekirda g C ekirdeksiz 32.69 1.17 b 9.21 0.15 ab 2.02 0.06 d
Trakya

Ilkeren 36.56 2.67 a 9.09 0.02 ab 2.37 0.04 b
*
Differences between means indicated by the same letters are not statistically signicant (p0.05).
Total avanol andtotal avonol contents of thegrapecanes were
signicantly affected by the cultivars (p0.05) (Table 2). Total a-
vanol contents varied from 8.820.58 to 9.370.24mg CE/g. By
comparing the data from Table 2, it was shown that the lowest
total avanol content was found in Hafzali cane, while the other
cultivars showedalmost similar contents. Total avonol contents of
grape canes ranged from1.390.05 to 3.260.05mg RE/g. While
Alphonse Lavalle had the highest level of total avonol content,
Hafzali showed the lowest total avonol content when compared
to the other cultivars.
The amounts and variations of phenolic compounds in the
canes were determined by HPLC and the data were presented in
Table 3. The genotype seemed to be the major factor inuenc-
ing the relative concentrations of the various phenolic compounds
in the canes (P0.05). The phenolic acids, including caffeic, gallic
and p-coumaric acids showed signicant differences among differ-
ent cultivars. Caffeic acid varied from 1.04 to 1.90g/100g cane.
Tekirda g C ekirdeksiz was the cultivar with the highest content of
caffeic acid. The amounts of gallic acid and p-coumaric acid in this
cultivar ranged from 1.24 to 3.20g/100g cane and from 0.90 to
3.50g/100g cane, respectively. The most abundant gallic acidwas
found in Trakya

Ilkeren while the highest p-coumaric acid content
was detected in Sultani c ekirdeksiz.
(+)-Catechin and ()-epicatechin were the most abundant
avonoids in the canes like grape seed extracts (Revilla and Ryan,
2000; Rodriguez Montealegre et al., 2006). The highest (+)-catechin
content (289.20g/100g cane) was found in Trakya

Ilkeren and
the lowest was detected in Atasars. Epicatechin, one of the other
avan-3-ols, was detected between 69.60g/100g cane in cultivar
Italiaand114.32g/100gcaneincultivar Tekirda gC ekirdeksiz. It is
commonly known that avan-3-ols are located in both grape seeds
and skin (Revilla and Ryan, 2000; Rodriguez Montealegre et al.,
2006). This study showed that grape canes are also valuable cat-
echin and epicatechin sources. In the cane samples luteolin was
also found, but luteolin concentration was extremely low when
compared to the major avanoids including (+)-catechin and ()-
epicatechin.
trans-Resveratrol, a phytoalexin that belongs to the group of
compounds known as stilbenes, is known to occur in grapes and
consequently in grape products and in wine. This compound has
gained signicant worldwide attention because of its ability to
inhibit or delay a wide variety of diseases (Baur and Sinclair,
2006). trans-Resveratrol is also known to display signicant anti-
phytopathogenic properties (Adrian et al., 1997; Pezet et al., 2004).
trans-Resveratrol was foundinthe canes between0.95(cv. Hafzali)
and 3.94g/100g (cv. Horoz Karas) which conrmed that stil-
bene content is largely depend on the grape cultivar. The studies
concerning the trans-resveratrol content of canes showed that
waste grape canes contain signicant levels of trans-resveratrol,
a compound class termed the stilbenes. Karacabey and Mazza
(2008) reported trans-resveratrol contents changing between 1.3
and 4.1mg/g in cane extracts. Rayne et al. (2008) also reported
that trans-resveratrol of Pinot noir cane extracts produced by
different extraction solvents varied from 1.30 to 3.45mg/g dw.
They indicated that grape canes are pruned annually, and these
wastes represent a potentially important global source of trans-
resveratrol.
Grapes produce stilbenes in response to mold infections
and physiological stresses such as UV, light, heavy metals,
etc. These types of treatments have been shown previously to
increase stilbene levels up to several hundred-folds in grape skins
(Gonzalez-Barrioet al., 2006) andleaves (Adrianet al., 1996). There-
fore, postharvest stilbene contents of grape cane may possibly be
further increased through the exposure to UV light, ozone, or other
abiotic stresses.
3.2. Total carbohydrate and protein contents of grape canes
Total carbohydrate and protein contents of the canes are given
in Table 4. Genotype had a signicant effect on the amounts of total
Table 3
Changes in phenolic compounds in the grape cane samples (g/100g cane).
Cultivars Phenolic acids Flavanoids trans-Resveratrol
Caffeic acid Gallic acid p-coumaric acid Catechin Epicatechin Luteolin
Alphonse Lavalle 1.20 0.03 e
*
1.26 0.03 1.04 0.02 f 124.24 1.20 h 111.42 3.20 d 1.84 0.03 g 2.20 0.52 d
Atasars 1.52 0.02 c 1.48 0.05 g 2.76 0.02 b 89.86 0.80 j 81.54 1.96 h 3.52 0.14 d 2.18 0.42 d
Cardinal 1.04 0.06 g 1.88 0.04 e 2.16 0.03 c 152.08 2.42 g 113.08 2.43 b 3.88 0.10 c 2.56 0.32 c
Hafzali 1.14 0.02 ef 1.39 0.10 h 2.72 0.03 b 105.32 3.19 102.64 4.32 e 0.84 0.02 h 0.95 0.08 g
Horoz karas 0.58 0.00 h 2.06 0.02 d 0.90 0.00 g 182.48 4.54 e 112.18 2.36 c 4.40 0.12 b 3.94 0.21 a
Isabella 1.78 0.05 b 2.12 0.02 c 1.98 0.02 d 157.80 2.30 f 98.82 2.56 g 3.08 0.07 e 2.96 0.26 b
Italia 1.28 0.04 d 1.78 0.03 f 2.68 0.02 b 208.72 3.21d 69.60 1.82 7.20 0.25 a 1.42 0.14 f
Sultani C ekirdeksiz 1.08 0.04 fg 1.24 0.00 3.50 0.02 a 259.42 3.27 b 112.94 3.24 b 2.62 0.20 f 1.42 0.32 f
Tekirda g C ekirdeksiz 1.90 0.07 a 2.44 0.04 b 0.92 0.00 g 258.02 3.34 c 114.32 3.82 a 2.70 0.21 f 2.62 0.36 c
Trakya

Ilkeren 1.04 0.02 g 3.20 0.02 a 1.88 0.03 e 289.20 3.44 a 100.30 4.00 f 3.94 0.42 c 1.88 0.24 e
*
Differences between means indicated by the same letters are not statistically signicant (p0.05).
E.S. C etin et al. / Industrial Crops and Products 34 (2011) 994998 997
Table 4
Total carbohydrate and protein contents of grape canes (g/100g).
Cultivars Total carbohydrate
contents (g/100g)
Protein content (%)
Alphonse Lavalle 40.17 3.14 cd
*
27.16 3.97 ab
Atasars 43.91 3.62 ab 25.63 2.19 ab
Cardinal 34.96 1.24 e 28.13 2.44 a
Hafzali 42.07 2.92 abc 18.72 0.22 cd
Horoz karas 38.52 2.32 cde 23.75 3.94 abc
Isabella 39.62 3.14 cd 23.25 0.63 abc
Italia 37.17 1.17 de 15.84 0.41 de
Sultani C ekirdeksiz 39.87 3.98 cd 12.09 1.90 e
Tekirda g C ekirdeksiz 40.48 2.36 bcd 16.75 1.50 de
Trakya

Ilkeren 44.22 2.43 a 21.00 1.31 bcd
*
Differences between means indicated by the same letters are not statistically
signicant (p0.05).
carbohydrateandprotein(P0.05). Total carbohydrateandprotein
contents varied from 34.961.24g/100g to 44.222.43g/100g
and from 12.09% to 28.13% depending on the genotypes, respec-
tively. The highest total carbohydrate value was detectedonTrakya

Ilkeren followed by Atasars. On the other hand Cardinal had the

lowest total carbohydrate value, while the highest protein content
was found in this cultivar.
Carbohydrates and proteins are essential substances on human
health. The carbohydrates supply energy to the body. Car-
bohydrates are needed for the central nervous system, the
kidneys, the brain, the muscles (including the heart) to func-
tion properly (Srilakshmi, 2006). On the other hand, proteins
are necessary for the growth, development, revitalizing, rejuve-
nation and reconstruction of the body. Many substances that
control body functions, such as enzymes and hormones, also are
made of protein. Other important functions of proteins include
the formation of blood cells and the production of antibodies
for the protection against illnesses and infections (Srilakshmi,
2006).
There is increasing evidence on the role of those macro-
molecules in the protection of health. Therefore, carbohydrate and
protein rich plant materials such as grape canes can be evaluated
as dietary suplements.
3.3. Mineral contents of grape canes
The data about mineral contents of the canes are pre-
sented in Table 5. Statistical analysis showed that mineral
contents of the canes differed signicantly among the genotypes
(P0.05).
The plant materials with high concentrations of the nutrient
elements will denitely play an important role in the mainte-
nance of human health when taken at recommended levels. In this
study, it was determined that grape canes are also useful dietary
supplements which can provide K, P, Ca, Fe, Mg and Zn. Cultivar
Italia had the highest levels of K (8.23mg/g), whereas cv. Hafzali
had the lowest K concentration (5.19mg/g). K is a very important
component for human health. High-potassium diet lowers blood
pressure and reduces cardiovascular disease morbidity and mor-
tality (Whelton et al., 1997). In addition potassium intake lowers
urinary calcium excretion and decreases the risk of osteoporo-
sis (He and Mac Gregor, 2008). The highest P concentration was
in the cultivar Tekirda g C ekirdeksiz (0.93mg/g) and it was low-
est in cultivars Hafzali, Isabella and Italia. P can be found most
commonly as phosphates in the enviroment as well as in plant
tissues.
The results fromthe present study also showed that grape canes
are rich in Ca. Ca concentrations in grape canes varied from 5.95
to 10.21mg/g. Ca is the major component of the bone, assists in
tooth development, helps regulate endo- and exo-enzymes, and
plays a signicant role in regulating blood pressure (Brody, 1994).
Therefore, it is an essential mineral for the human health.
Cultivar Isabella had the highest concentrations of Fe and Zn
(0.68 and 9.82mg/100g, respectively. Deciency of Z and Fe in
the diet is a widespread problem and a matter of great concern,
especially in the developing countries where people rely more on
vegetarian diets. These essential trace elements are involved with
vital immune system(Zn) and metabolic functions and are intrin-
sic components of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochrome (Fe)
(Hemalatha et al., 2007). They are also recognized to be poten-
tial antioxidants (Talwar et al., 1989). Mg is one of the minerals
whichwas foundinhighconcentrations ingrape canes. Mg concen-
trations changed between 1.94mg/100g (cv. Sultani C ekirdeksiz)
and 11.12mg/g (cv. Hafzali). Mg is essential to all living cells,
where they play a major role in manipulating important biologi-
cal polyphosphate compounds like ATP, DNA, and RNA. Also more
than 300 enzymes require magnesium ions in order to function
(Schachter, 1996).
Grape canes are useful dietary supplements to provide Ca, K,
Mg, Zn and Fe. Plant materials with high concentrations of the
above-mentioned micronutrient elements will denitely play an
important role in the maintenance of human health when taken at
recommended levels.
Consumers are interested in incorporating high nutrient levels
with adequate amount of essential minerals into their normal diet,
preferably with sources from plant origin. In this regard, inter-
est has grown in nding traditionally consumed plant products
that might have not only culinary and medicinal properties but
also abundant in essential micronutrients because of the bene-
cial effects on normal growth, biochemical functions and essential
enzyme systems of humans (Bhat et al., 2009). According tothe pre-
sented data, grape canes are rich in some of the essential minerals
including K, Ca, Fe, Mg, P and Zn.
Table 5
Mineral contents of grape canes.
Cultivars K (mg/g) P (mg/g) Ca (mg/g) Fe (mg/100g) Mg (mg/100g) Zn (mg/100g)
Alphonse Lavalle 5.68 0.06 de
*
0.74 0.00 c 7.38 0.01 bcd 0.32 0.00 c 3.74 0.00 e 4.14 0.00 d
Atasars 6.30 0.05 c 0.81 0.01 b 5.95 0.05 e 0.30 0.00 c 5.12 0.00 c 2.37 0.00 f
Cardinal 5.87 0.13 cd 0.80 0.01 bc 6.33 0.02 e 0. 34 0.00 c 3.00 0.00 f 2.18 0.00 f
Hafzali 5.19 0.09 e 0.42 0.01 e 7.20 0.03 cd 0.26 0.00 d 11.12 0.00 a 0.70 0.00 h
Horoz karas 7.02 0.11 b 0.78 0.00 bc 7.02 0.11 d 0.42 0.00 b 6.57 0.00 b 2.90 0.00 e
Isabella 5.69 0.13 de 0.49 0.01 e 7.98 0.07 b 0.68 0.00 a 3.18 0.00 f 9.82 0.00 a
Italia 8.23 0.11 a 0.50 0.01 e 10.21 0.12 a 0.26 0.00 d 4.72 0.00 cd 1.48 0.00 g
Sultani C ekirdeksiz 6.00 0.04 cd 0.84 0.01 b 7.71 0.09 bcd 0.33 0.00 c 1.94 0.00 h 7.24 0.00 b
Tekirda g C ekirdeksiz 6.29 0.05 c 0.93 0.02 a 7.94 0.00 b 0.44 0.00 b 4.56 0.00 d 5.81 0.00 c
Trakya

Ilkeren 6.95 0.20 b 0.62 0.01 d 7.85 0.07 bc 0.26 0.00 d 2.58 0.00 g 2.54 0.00 ef
*
Differences between means indicated by the same letters are not statistically signicant (p0.05).
998 E.S. C etin et al. / Industrial Crops and Products 34 (2011) 994998
4. Conclusion
Plants and their products have always played an important role
on human health and some valuable phytochemicals extracted
from plant materials have a great interest in food industry and
industry and pharmacology. This study reports that, grape canes
as agricultural wastes from commercial viticultural activities,
represent a potentially important source of phenolics, minerals,
carbohydrates and proteins. Therefore, the grape canes might have
a potential to be used as an easily accessible source of natural
antioxidants and can be used as a food supplement in the form
of a food-grade grape plant cane product involving daily ingestion
of desired amounts.
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