Chap. III. SMITHERY AND irxONMONGERY.

723
2263. Besides the articles already mentioned, the iroDmonger furnishes hoJdfadf, wall-
fiooks, door springs of various sorts, door chaiiis and barrels of brass and iron, thumbscrews,
shutter fastenings, shutter bars, sash fastcni^igs, of which there are i ow many varieties
against burglary, adjustable silent door springs, brass turn buckles, closet knobs, brass
flush rings, iron drawer handles, brass flush draw handles, brass rolLrs, bars with latthets,
shelf brachts, sash weights, with numeroxis other articles.
2263a. Bolts, straps, and other exposed iron work are preserved from the action of mois-
ture on them by the following mixture:To two quarts of boiling oil add half a pound
of litharge, putting in small quantities at a time, and cautiously. Let it simmer over the
fire two or three hours
;
then strain it, and add a quarter of a pound of finoly-pounded
resin and a poucd of white lead, keeping it at a gentle heat till the whole is well incor-
porated. It is to be used hot. A composition of oil and resin and finely levigated brick-
dust is found useful in preserving iron from rust. It is to be mixed, and used as a paint
of the usual consistence (see par. 1779c. ^'^ seq.'^. 'Wrought iron ornamental work exposed
to the weather has been cased with copper and gilt, as much for decoration as for pre-
servation. The surface of iron may be decorated and highly vitrified, the colours being
burnt in. Thus the iron can be shaped to elaborate designs and artistically treated
;
being
easily cleaned, it is a permanent material for walls, ceilings, and other parts of a building.
See the Barff- Power process, &c. for protection of iron, 1780c.
22636. Mr. T. Fletcher, of Warrington, has lately
(1887),
by the use of compressed
oxygen and coal gas, with a ^-in. gas supply, brazed a joint of a 2-in. wrought iron pipe
in about one minute. He then tried welding, a process not possible with ordinary coal
gas and air, and found that a good weld was obtained on an iron wire
^
in. diam., with
a very small blowpipe, having an air jet about
^
diam. Larger arlicles, as boiler plates,
h'e thinks could be done perfectly with little trouble and no handling. By this process
ho fused a large hole in a plate |- in. thick wrought iron by an apparatus which could be
carried up a ladder by one man.
GAS FITTER.
2264. The -work of this artizan may be placed under the head of this section, although
his trade is now kept distinct. Gas is required by the C(jmpanies' Acts of Parliament to
have a lighting power of 16 sperm candles when consumed at the rate of 5 cubic feet per
hour. As regards purity, the gas must bo entirely free from sulphuretted hydrogen, and
the maximum quantities of sulphur and ammonia allowed are fixed from time to time for
London by the gas referees (188o). The jwcssure of gas usually during the day varies
from
1^
inches to about 3 inches at night. This causes the burners to flare and
hiss. To regulate this pressure various contrivances have been invented. Carnaby's
is for the turning off of any number of liglits by working the handle of a dial in the
master's room or office. The Stott, Tice, Oakley, and other gas economisers are auto-
matic, having valves that rise and fall according as the pressure is larger or smaller
;
they are said to save from 20 to 40 per cent.
61"
gas without diminution of light. A ready
plan of regulating the supply is to put the tap to the meter at such a point, by trial, as
will supply the lights in ordinary use. In large establis-hments this has been done by a
man, specially instructed, who alters it according to the lighting up or putting out of the
lights. A great saving has been thus effected. I'he various formuhe for calculating the
velocity and the pressure of effluent gas are to be found in Clegg, Treatise on Gas Light-
ing. The most economical workirg pressure is equivalent to the weight of a column of
water on the outlet, of about 1 inch. The formulafor calculating the quantity discharged
is
2
= 13/)0<.^
s/
-^;
in which j' = the quantity sought in cubic feet per hour; d, the
diameter of the pipe ; h, the working pressure in inches; I, the length of the pipe in
y
aids ; and s, the specific gravity of the gas compared with atmospheric air as unity.
Table of the Delia'ERY PER Hour through Pipes of THE Diameters named.
Size,
diam.
Thickness. Length. Weight. Delivery.
Size,
diam.
Thickness. Length. Weight. Delivery.
ins. cubic ft. ins. inch. feet. cwt. qr. lbs. cubic ft.
* 1
90 5 ].3-32iids 9 1 3 24 12,500
n
wrought 160 6 7-lCtlH 9 2 2 2 IK.OOO
a L
iron. 250 7 13-32ads 9
'4
14 24,500
5
S80 8 1-half 9 3 3 5 32,(KW
1, inrli. f<>ot. cwt. (jr. lbs. 500 9 17-32iids 9 4 2 2 40.5110
2 .'j-ieths 6 U 1 24 2,000 10 9-16ths 9 5 1 6 50,000
3 ll-32iids 6 1 3 4,500 12 5-8tLs 9 7 i, 72,000
4 3-8ths 9 1 1 24 8,000
For cost of laying, Eee Loekwood's Price Book, 1887, art. Gas Fitter.
3 a2