Ch.

1- Matter in our surroundings 9th Solved

Question
Q.1 Define matter.
Ans: Anything that occupies space and has mass and is felt by senses is called matter.
Q.2 what happens if you put copper sulphate crystals in water?
Ans: Copper sulphate crystals mixed between the spaces of molecules of water and disappear.
Q. A substance has a definite !olume but no definite shape? "tate whether this substance is a
solid# a li$uid or a gas.
Ans: %iguid
Q.& Arrange the following substances in increasing order of force of attraction between the
particles.
'a( )il* 'b( "alt 'c( +xygen.
Ans: +xygen , )il*, "alt
Q.- A substance has neither a fixed shape nor a fixed !olume . "tate whether it is a solid # a li$uid
or a gas.
Ans: .as
Q./ 0he melting point of a substance is below the room temperature. 1redict its physical state.
Ans: 2ce
Q.3 4hat is !apour ?
Ans: A substance that found n gaseous state only at room temperature is called 5apour
Q.6 7ame the temperature at which the solid and li$uid states of substance can exist together.
Ans8 9 degreeC
Q.: 4hat is the effect of pressure on boiling point?
Ans: boiling point increases with increase in pressure.
Q.19 7ame any two substances which sublime.
Ans: Camphor and 7aphthalene# iodine and Ammonium chloride iodine
Q.11 Define Condensation.
Ans: 0he change of solid state from li$uid state on cooling is also *nown as Condensation.
Q.12 ;or any substance# why does the temperature remain constant during the change of state?
Ans: +n increasing the temperature of solids# the *inetic energy of the particles increases which
is used to o!ercome the forces of attraction between the particles therefore
the temperature remain constant during the change of state.
Q.1 4hich is the slow process # <!aporation or =oiling ?
Ans: <!aporation
Q.1& "tate the effect of surface area on rate of e!aporation.
Ans: 2f the surface area is increased# the rate of e!aporation increases.
Q.1- 4hy are we able to sip hot tea faster from saucer rather than from a cup?
Ans: 0his is because the rate of e!aporation is faster from saucer.
Q.1/ 4hat is the "2 unit of temperature?
Ans: >el!in
Q.13 >el!in scale of temperature is regarded as better scale than Celsius. 4hy?
Ans: As it has wide range of measurement and >el!in scale of temperature has always positi!e
sign # hence regarded as better scale than Celsius.
Q.16. Con!ert 19
o
C into >el!in scale.
Ans: 239 ? 19 @ 269 >
Q.1: 1ressure on the surface of a gas is increased. 4hat will happen to the inter particle forces?
Ans: come closer and compressed
Q.29 A gas can exert pressure on the walls of the container. Assign reason.
Ans: As its partials mo!e rapidly due to high *inetic energy.
CBSE Chemistry IX Matter in our surrounding
Chemistry solved questions
Q.1 Camphor disapperars without leaving any residue. Explain?
Ans. Camphor disappears without leaving any residue because of sublimation, as it changes its
state
directly from solid to gas without changing to liuid.
Q.! "hy do we feel cool when we touch a piece of ice?
Ans. "e feel cool because the temperature of ice is # deg C and our body$s temp is higher
than # deg C.
Q.% Convert the following&'
a( )*% +
Ans. )*%'!*%, %## deg C
b( %- deg C
Ans. !*%.%- , %#/ +
c( %*% deg C
Ans. %*%.!*%, -0- +
Q.0 1oth the process of evaporation and boiling involves the change of state from liuid to gas
but still
they are different from each other. 2ustify.
Ans. Evaporation is diffeent from boiling as evaporation is a natural phenomenon, occurs on
the surface
of the water and also it is a slow process whereas boiling is an artificial phenomenon , it occurs
in the bul3
of the liuid and is a fast process.
Q.) "hy is +elvin considered as the best scale for measuring the temperature?
Ans. +elvin is the best scale for measuring the temperature because it has no max temp. and
it can
measure temperature to any extent.
Q.- 4ow can you show that evaporation causes cooling?
Ans. "hen we put some acetone on our hand , after sometime we will feel coolness on our
hand because
the action absorbs 3inetic energy from our hand 5 evaporates and evaporation causes cooling.
Q.* "hat is the significance of boiling point 5 melting point of a substance?
Ans. 6he significance of boiling point and melting point is that it shows the purity of the
substance.
Q.7 "hen we put Cu890 in water, after sometime we find the soln. turns blue. "hy? Also, on
heating it,
what change will occur?
Ans. 6he solution turns blue because of diffusion. 9n heating the solution nothing will happen
Q./ 4ow can you :ustify that table is a solid?
Ans. "hen we apply force on the table it doesn$t change its shape because its intermolecules
are tightly
pac3ed , this shows that table is solid.
Q.1# Arrange the following in decreasing order of force of attraction& "ater, 8alt, 9xygen,
Also, state the reason.
Ans. 8alt, "ater, 9xygen
8alt has the maximum force of attraction as it is a solid, followed by water as it is a liuid.
9xygen
is a gas so its force of attraction is the least.
Q. 11 8tate characteristics of matter demonstrated by &
a( diffusion
Ans. ;iffusion involves movement of different particles so that they become intermixed
uniformly .
b( 1rownian motion
Ans.<t is thwe =ig'=ag movement of the small particles suspended in a liuid or a gas .
Q.1! "hen an incense stic3 >agarbatti( is lighted in one corner of a room, its fragrance
spreads in the
whole room uic3ly.
"hich characteristic of the particles of matter is illustrated by this observation?
Ans. ?articles of matter are constantly moving.
Q.1% 6he boiling point of alcohol isn *7 deg C. "hat is this temperature on +elvin scale?
Ans. +, ;eg C . !*% , *7 . !*% , %)1 +
Q. 10 6he +elvin scale temperature is # +. "hat is the corresponding Celsius
scaletemperature?
Ans. @ !*% deg C
Q. 1) "hat is Aatent 4eat of Busion?
Ans. 6he latent heat of fusion >or melting( of a solid is the uanity of heat in :oules reuired to
convert 1
3ilogram of the solid >at its melting point ( to liuid, without any change in temperature.
Q. 1- ;efine latent heat of Caporisation?
Ans. 6he latent heatm of vaporisation of a liuid is the uantity of heat in :oules reuired to
convert 1
3ilogram of the liuid >at its boiling point ( to vapour or gas, without any change
intemperature.
Matter In Our Surroundings MCQ
1. Camphor is purified by the process of A
a. e!aporation b. distillation c. sublimation d. filtration
2. %1. is used in the *itchens in our homes in theB
a. "olid form b. compressed form c. gaseous form d. none.
. 4hich of the following is not fluid B a. water# b. air# c. sand# d. sharbat?
&. +n >el!in scale 9oC is e$ual to A a. 23 > b. B23 > c. 9 > d. 199 >
-. "2 unit of temperature is B a. >el!in b. Celsius c. ;ahrenheit d. 1ascal
/. Dry ice means A a. solid "+2 b. solid water c. solid C+2 d. solid C+
3. Condensation is a process which in!ol!es con!ersion of A
a. solid into li$uid b. li$uid into !apour c. !apour into li$uid d. li$uid into solid
6. During e!aporation# the particles of li$uid e!aporate from A
a. 0he bul* of li$uid b. surface only c. the surface and bul* of li$uid d. none of them.
:. 4hich of the following will not sublime A
a. Camphor b. ammonium chloride c. bromine d. iodine?
19. A state of matter which has a definite shape and fixed !olume A
a. "olid b. li$uid c. gas d. none of these.
11. A state of matter which does not ha!e a definite shape but has definite !olume A
a. "olid b. li$uid c. gas d. none of these.
12. A state of matter which neither has neither definite shape nor definite !olume A
a. "olid b. li$uid c. gas d. none of these.
1. 0he states of matter can be changed by changing A
a. 0emperature b. pressure c. both 'a( and 'b( d. none of these.
1&. 0he rate of e!aporation does not depend on A
a. 0emperature b. humidity c. pressure d. speed of wind.
1-. 4hich of the following is accompanied by cooling A
a. 5aporiCation b. e!aporation c. condensation d. none of these.
1/. A bul* phenomenon in which particles from whole of the li$uid change into !apour state
is called B
a. =oiling b. cooling c. melting d. none of these.
13. 0he amount of heat energy re$uired to change 1 *g of solid into li$uid at its melting point
is called A
a. )elting point b. latent heat of fusion c. boiling point d. latent heat of !aporiCation.
16. 0he amount of heat energy re$uired to change 1 *g of li$uid into solidat its boiling point is
called A a. )elting point b. latent heat of fusion c. boiling point d. latent heat of !aporiCation.
1:. 0he density of water is DDDDDDDDD than that of ice. a. )ore b. less c. e$ual to d. none.
29. 0he temperature at which the solid melts to become a li$uid at the
atmospheric pressureis called A
a. =oiling point b. melting point c. freeCing point d. none of these.
21. 0he temperature at which the !apour pressure of the li$uid becomes e$ual to the
atmospheric pressure is called A
a. =oiling point b. melting point c. freeCing point d. none of these.
22. 4hich is not the characteristic of matter A
a. particles of a matter are continuously mo!ing#
b. particles of matter mo!e faster on increasing temperature#
c. particles of matter intermix with each other on their own#
d. 1articles of all maters ha!e same *inetic energy.
2. 0he compressibility of which state of matter is high A
a. "olid b. li$uid c. gas d. all of these.
2&. 4hich of the following is the simplest form of matter A
a. <lement b. mixture c. compound d. none of these.
2-. 4hich of them is most energetic A
a. "olids b. li$uids c. gases d. all of them.
2/. 4hich of the following is correct for something to be called matter B
a. 2t should occupy spaceb. 2t should ha!e mass c. =oth 'a( and 'b( d. 7one of these.
23. 4hich of the following cannot be considered as matter A
a. )ixture b. affection c. gas d. li$uid.
26. 4hich of the following is correct about solid carbon dioxide A
a. 2t is used in theatres to gi!e special effects.
b. 2t is extremely cold substance.
c. 2t is used to *eep freeCe food and to *eep iceBcream cold.
d. All of them.
e. 7oneof them.
2:. 4hich of the following statements is not correct A
a. 0he density of ice is less than the density of water.
b. 0o con!ert a temperature on the >el!in scale to Celsius scale# subtract 23 from the
gi!entemperature.
c. 0o con!ert a temperature on the Celsius scale to >el!inscale# add 23 to the
gi!entemperature.
d. 5aporisation of a li$uid causes cooling.
9. 4hen a substance is directly changed form solid state to gas on heating or from gas to
solid on cooling# this process is called A
a. <!aporation b. condensation c. sublimation d. !aporiCation
M!E" I# O$" S$"O#%I#& %E'I#!IO#S
)atter:
matter is commonly defined as the substance of which physical obEects are composed# not
counting the contribution of !arious energy or forceBfields# which are not usually considered
to be matter per se 'though they may contribute to the mass of obEects(. )atter constitutes
much of the obser!able uni!erse# although again# light is not ordinarily considered matter.
Fnfortunately# for scientific purposes# GmatterG is somewhat loosely defined. 2t can also be
defined as a physical substance that has mass and !olume.
5olume:
0he !olume of a solid obEect is the threeBdimensional concept of how much space it
occupies# often $uantified numerically. +neBdimensional figures 'such as lines( and twoB
dimensional shapes 'such as s$uares( are assigned Cero !olume in the threeBdimensional
space.
)ass:
)ass is a fundamental concept in physics# roughly corresponding to the intuiti!e idea of Ghow
much matter there is in an obEectG. )ass is a central concept of classical mechanics and
related subEects# and there are se!eral definitions of mass within the framewor* of relati!istic
*inematics 'see mass in special relati!ity and mass in .eneral Helati!ity(. 2n the theory of
relati!ity# the $uantity in!ariant mass# which in concept is close to the classical idea of mass#
does not !ary between single obser!ers in different reference frames
Diffusion:
2n the second sense of diffusion is the spontaneous net mo!ement of particles from an area
of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a semiBpermeable membrane.
;or example# diffusing molecules will mo!e randomly between areas of high and low
concentration but because there are more molecules in the high concentration region# more
molecules will lea!e the high concentration region than the low concentration one. 0herefore#
there will be a net mo!ement of molecules from high to low concentration. 2nitially# a
concentration gradient lea!es a smooth decrease in concentration from high to low which will
form between the two regions. As time progresses# the gradient will grow increasingly
shallow until the concentrations are e$ualiCed.
;orce:
force is what causes a mass to accelerate. 2t may be experienced as a lift# a push# or a pull.
0he acceleration of the body is proportional to the !ector sum of all forces acting on it
'*nown as net force or resultant force(. 2n an extended body# force may also cause rotation#
deformation# or an increase in pressure for the body. Hotational effects are determined by
the tor$ues# while deformation and pressure are determined by the stresses that the forces
create.
1ressure:
1ressure is the force per unit area applied on a surface in a direction perpendicular to that
surface.
Density:
density is mass 'm( per unit !olume '5( I the ratio of the amount of matter in an obEect
compared to its !olume. A small# hea!y obEect# such as a roc* or a lump of lead# is denser
than a larger obEect of the same mass# such as a piece of cor* or foam.
>inetic energy: 0he *inetic energy of an obEect is the extra energy which it possesses due to
its motion. 2t is defined as the wor* needed to accelerate a body of a gi!en mass from rest to
its current !elocity. Ja!ing gained this energy during its acceleration# the body maintains this
*inetic energy unless its speed changes. 7egati!e wor* of the same magnitude would be
re$uired to return the body to a state of rest from that !elocity.
"peed:
speed is a $uantity that measures the ratio of an e!olution to time. <xample: speed of
sedimentation# speed of economic growth# speed of chemical reaction etc.
)elting point:
0he melting point of a crystalline solid is the temperature range at which it changes state
from solid to li$uid. Although the phrase would suggest a specific temperature and is
commonly and incorrectly used as such in most textboo*s and literature# most
crystalline compoundsactually melt o!er a range of a few degrees or less. At the melting
point the solid and li$uid phase exist in e$uilibrium. 4hen considered as the temperature of
the re!erse change from li$uid to solid# it is referred to as the freeCing point.
Atmospheric pressure:
Atmospheric pressure is the pressure at any point in the <arthKs atmosphere. 2n most
circumstances atmospheric pressure is closely approximated by the hydrostatic pressure
caused by the weight of air abo!e the measurement point. %ow pressure areas ha!e less
atmospheric mass abo!e their location# whereas high pressure areas ha!e more
atmospheric mass abo!e their location. "imilarly# as ele!ation increases there is less
o!erlying atmospheric mass# so that pressure decreases with increasing ele!ation. A column
of air 1 s$uare inch in cross section# measured from sea le!el to the top of the atmosphere#
would weigh approximately 1&.3 lbf. A 1 mL '11 s$ ft( column of air would weigh about 199
*ilonewtons 'e$ui!alent to a mass of 19.2 tonnes at the surface(.
%atent heat:
%atent heat is the amount of energy in the form of heat released or absorbed by a substance
during a change of phase 'i.e. solid# li$uid# or gas(# B also called a phase transition.
5aporisation:
<!aporation is the process by which molecules in a li$uid state 'e.g. water( spontaneously
become gaseous 'e.g. water !apor(. 2t is the opposite of condensation. .enerally#
e!aporation can be seen by the gradual disappearance of a li$uid# when exposed to a
significant !olume of gas.
Matter in our surrounding notes (or )lass 9th
Matter in our surrounding Explanatory notes
Introduction:
Everything in this universe is made up of material which scientists have named matter. The air we
breathe the food we eat stones clouds stars plants and animals even a small drop of water or a
particle of sand! each thing is matter.
Early Indian philosophers classified matter in the form of five basic elements !air earth fire s"y and
water.
Modern day scientists have evolved two types of classification of matter based on their physical
properties and chemical nature.
#haracteristics of $articles of Matter
%. $&'TI#(E) *+ M&TTE' ,&-E )$&#E .ET/EE0 T,EM1 when we ma"e tea coffee or
lemonade 2nimbu paani 3 particles of one type of matter get into the spaces between particles of the
other. This shows that there is enough space between particles of matter. )imilarly particles of sugar
salt 4ettol or potassium permanganate get evenly distributed in water.
5. $&'TI#(E) *+ M&TTE' &'E #*0TI06*6)(7 M*-I081 $articles of matter are
continuously moving that is they possess what we call the "inetic energy. &s the temperature rises
particles move faster. )o we can say that with increase in temperature the "inetic energy of the
particles alsoincreases.
9. $&'TI#(E) *+ M&TTE' &TT'&#T E&#, *T,E'1 $articles of matter have force acting
between them. This force "eeps the particles together. The strength of this force of attraction varies
from one "ind of matter to another.
)tates of Matter
%. T,E )*(I4 )T&TE1 all solids have a definite shape distinct boundaries and fixed volumes that is
have negligible compressibility. )olids have a tendency to maintain their shape when sub:ected to
outside force. )olids may brea" under force but it is difficult to change their shape so they are rigid.
5. T,E (I;6I4 )T&TE1 (i<uids have no fixed shape but have a fixed volume. They ta"e up the
shape of the container in which they are "ept. (i<uids flow and change shape so they are not rigid but
can be called fluid. The rate of diffusion of li<uids is higher than that of solids. This is due to the fact
that in the li<uid state particles move freely and have greater space between each other as compared
to particles in the solid state.
9. T,E 8&)E*6) )T&TE1 8ases are highly compressible as compared to solids and li<uids. The
li<uefied petroleum gas 2($83 cylinder that we get in our home for coo"ing or the oxygen supplied to
hospitals in cylinders is compressed gas. In the gaseous state the particles move about randomly at
high speed. 4ue to this random movement the particles hit each other and also the walls of the
container.
Matter #an #hange its )tate /ater can exist in three states of matter!
= )olid as ice
= (i<uid as the familiar water and
= 8as as water vapour.
E++E#T *+ #,&08E *+ TEM$E'&T6'E
*n increasing the temperature of solids the "inetic energy of the particles increases. 4ue to the
increase in "inetic energy the particles start vibrating with greater speed. The energy supplied by heat
overcomes the forces of attraction between the particles. The particles leave their fixed positions and
start moving more freely. & stage is reached when the solid melts and is converted to a li<uid. The
temperature at which a solid melts to become a li<uid at the atmospheric pressure is called its melting
point.
The melting point of ice is 5>9.%? @. The process of melting that is change of solid state into li<uid
state is also "nown as fusion.
)olid 1111heat1111A (i<uid 1111111111111111111heat11A 8as
B111cool1111 B111cool111111111111111
)o we infer that the state of matter can be changed into another state by changing the temperature.
E++E#T *+ #,&08E *+ $'E))6'E
Increasing or decreasing the pressure can change the state of matter. &pplying pressure and
reducingtemperature can li<uefy gases.
+or an example )olid carbon dioxide 2#*53 is stored under high pressure. )olid #*5 gets converted
directly to gaseous state on decrease of pressure to % atmosphereC without coming into li<uid state.
This is the reason that solid carbon dioxide is also "nown as dry ice.
Thus we can say that pressure and temperature determine the state of a substance whether it will be
solid li<uid or gas.
Evaporation
$articles of matter are always moving and are never at rest. &t a given temperature in any gas li<uid
or solid there are particles with different amounts of "inetic energy. In the case of li<uids a small
fraction of particles at the surface having higher "inetic energy is able to brea" away from the forces
of attraction of other particles and gets converted into vapour. This phenomenon of change of a li<uid
into vapours at any temperature below its boiling point is called evaporation.
+&#T*') &++E#TI08 E-&$*'&TI*0
The rate of evaporation increases with!
D &n increase of surface area: /e "now that evaporation is a surface phenomenon. If the surface area
is increased the rate of evaporation increases. +or example while putting clothes for drying up we
spread them out.
D &n increase of temperature: /ith the increase of temperature more number of particles get enough
"inetic energy to go into the vapour state.
D & decrease in humidity: ,umidity is the amount of water vapour present in air. The air around us
cannot hold more than a definite amount of water vapour at a given temperature. If the amount of
waterin air is already high the rate of evaporation decreases.
D &n increase in wind speed: It is a common observation that clothes dry faster on a windy day. /ith
the increase in wind speed the particles of water vapour move away with the wind decreasing the
amount of water vapour in the surrounding.
HOW DOES EVAPORATION CAUSE COOLING?
In an open vessel the li<uid "eeps on evaporating. The particles of li<uid absorb energy from the
surrounding to regain the energy lost during evaporation. This absorption of energy from the
surroundings ma"e the surroundings cold.
&fter a hot sunny day people sprin"le water on the roof or open ground because the large latent heat
of vaporisation of water helps to cool the hot surface.
Why should we wear coo! clohes "! su##er?
4uring summer we perspire more because of the mechanism of our body which "eeps us cool. /e
"now that during evaporation the particles at the surface of the li<uid gain energy from the
surroundings or body surface and change into vapour. The heat energy e<ual to the latent heat of
vaporisation is absorbed from the body leaving the body cool. #otton being a good absorber of
waterhelps in absorbing the sweat and exposing it to the atmosphere for easy evaporation.
Why do we see waer dro$les o! he ouer sur%ace o% a &lass co!a"!"!& "ce'cold waer?
(et us ta"e some ice1cold water in a tumbler. -ery soon we see water droplets on the outer surface of
the tumbler. The water vapour present in air on coming in contact with the cold glass of water loses
energy and gets converted to li<uid state which we see as water droplets.
Matter in Our Surroundings !o* )on)e*ts
Chemistry Adda Class: IX: Chemistry Chapter 1: Matter in our Surroundings
Top concepts
%. &nything that occupies space and has mass is "nown as matter.
5. Matter is not continuous but rather consists of large number of particles.
9. #haracteristics of $article
a. (arge number of particles constitutes matter.
b. $articles of matter are very small in siEe.
c. $articles of matter have spaces between them
d. $articles of matter are continuously moving
F. )olids have definite shape distinct boundaries and fixed volume
G. (i<uids have fixed volume but no fixed shape.
?. 8ases neither have fixed shape nor volume.
>. )olids possess least compressibility.
H. (i<uids possess higher compressibility than solids.
I. 8ases possess highest compressibility as compared to solids and li<uids.
%J. The process in which a solid changes to li<uid state by absorbing heat at constant
temperature is called fusion.
%%. The temperature at which a solid melts to become a li<uid at the atmospheric
pressure is called as melting point.
%5. )I unit of temperature is @elvin. T 2@3K T 2o#3 L5>9
%9. The hidden heat which brea"s the force of attraction between the molecules during
change of state is called latent heat.
%F. (atent heat of fusion is the amount of heat energy re<uired to change %"g of solid
into li<uid at its melting point.
%G. The melting point of a solid is an indication of the strength of the force of
attraction between its particles.
%?. The temperature at which a li<uid changes to solid by giving out heat at atmospheric
pressure is called freeEing point.
%>. The temperature at which a li<uid starts boiling at the atmospheric pressure is "nown
as boiling point.
%H. (atent heat of vaporiEation is the heat energy re<uired to change %"g of li<uid to gas
at atmospheric pressure at its boiling point.
%I. .oiling is a bul" phenomenon.
5J. The phenomenon of change of a li<uid into its gaseous state at
any temperature below its boiling point is "nown as evaporation.
5%. In evaporation the conversion of li<uid to gaseous state occurs at a much slower rate
compared to boiling.
55. Evaporation ta"es place only at the surface of the li<uid while boiling can ta"e place
in all parts of the li<uid.
59. Evaporation is surface phenomenon
5F. .oiling is a bul" phenomena
5G. The amount of water vapour present in the air is called humidity.
5?. Evaporation is a continuous or ongoing process.
5>. Evaporation causes cooling.
5H. The process of evaporation of water from the aerial parts of plants especially leaves
is "nown as transpiration.
5I. The rate of evaporation is affected by the surface area exposed to
atmosphere temperature humidity and wind speed.
9J. )ince evaporation is a surface phenomenon therefore it increases with an increase
in surface area
9%. Evaporation increases with an increase in temperature.
95. Evaporation decreases with an increase in humidity
99. Evaporation increases with the increase in wind speed
9F. The process in which a gas changes into li<uid state by giving out heat at
constant temperature is called condensation.
9th Sam*le &uess E+tra s)ore solved *a*er
Matter in Our Surroundings
Class IX, Chemistry Solved Questions Chapter 1: Matter in Our Surroundings
%. what are the states of Matter around usM
&ns The matter around us exists in three statesN solid li<uid and gas.
5. In which state of matter there will be maximum force of attraction between particlesM
&ns. The maximum forces of attraction between the particles will be in )olid state.
9. In which state of matter there will be maximum "inetic energy of the particlesM
&ns The maximum "inetic energy of the particles will be in gaseous state of matter.
F./hat do you mean by )ublimation
&ns )ublimation is the change of gaseous state directly to solid state without going
through li<uid state and vice versa.
G. /hat do you mean by (atent heat of vaporiEationM
&ns (atent heat of vaporiEation is the heat energy re<uired to change% "g of a li<uid to
gas at atmospheric pressure at its boiling point.
?. /hat do you mean by (atent heat of fusionM
&ns (atent heat of fusion is the amount of heat energy re<uired to change % "g of solid
into li<uid at its melting point.
>. In which unit pressure is measuredM
&ns. $ascal.
H. #onvert the G>9J @ temperatures to the #elsius scale.
&ns G>915>9K9JJJ #elsius.
I. /hat is the physical state of water a 5GJ #M
&ns (i<uid state.
%J. /hat produces more severe burns boiling water or steam and whyM
&ns )team as it also has energy of latent heat of vaporiEation.
%%. /hat is the unit of measurement of volumeM
&ns cubic metre.
%5. /hat are the #haracteristics of $articles of MatterM
&ns $articles of matter have space between them particles of matter attract each other
and particles of matter are continuously in movement.
%9. &rrange the following substances in increasing order of forces of attraction between
the particlesN water sugar oxygenM
&ns *xygen !water !sugar.
%G. /hy should we wear cotton clothes in summerM
&ns 4uring summer we perspire more. &nd as we "now that during evaporation the
particles at the surface of the li<uid gain energy from the surroundings or body surface
and change into vapour. The heat energy e<ual to the latent heat of vaporiEation is
absorbed from the body leaving the body cool. #otton being a good absorber of
water helps in absorbing the sweat and exposing it to the atmosphere for easy
evaporation.
CBSE,#CE"! IX-9th. Matter in Our Surroundings
Class IX, Chemistry Solved Questions- Chapter 1: Matter in Our
Surroundings
1: Which of the following are matter?
Chair, air, love, smell, hate, almonds, thought, cold, cold drink, smell of
perfume.
Ans: Anything that occupies space and has mass is called matter.
Matter can eist in three physical states!solid, li"uid, and gaseous.
Chair and almond are forms of matter in the solid state.
Cold drink is a li"uid state of matter.
Air and smell of perfume are gaseous states of matter.
#: $ive reasons for the following o%servation:
&he smell of hot si''ling food reaches you several meters away, %ut to
get the smell from cold food you have to go close.
Ans: (olids di)use at a very slow rate. *ut, if the temperature of the
solid is increased, thenthe rate of di)usion of the solid particles into
air increases. &his is due to an increase in the kinetic energy of solid
particles. +ence, the smell of hot si''ling food reaches us even at a
distance, %ut to get the smell from cold food we have to go close.
,. A diver is a%le to cut through water in a swimming pool. Which
property of matter does this o%servation show?
Ans : &he a%ility of a diver to cut through water in a swimming pool
shows that matter is made up of particles. and having space %etween
them
-. What are the characteristics of particles of matter?
Ans: &he characteristics of particles of matter are:
.i/ 0articles of matter have spaces %etween them.
.ii/ 0articles of matter are continuously moving.
.iii/ 0articles of mater attract each other.
1. &he mass per unit volume of a su%stance is called density .density 2
mass3volume/. Arrange the following in order of increasing density 4
air, ehaust from chimney, honey, water, chalk, cotton, and iron
Ans: &he given su%stances in the increasing order of their densities can
%e represented as:
Air 5 6haust from chimney 5 Cotton 5 Water 5 +oney 5 Chalk 5 7ron
8. $ive reasons:
.a/ A gas 9lls completely the vessel in which it is kept.
.%/ A gas eerts pressure on the walls of the container.
.c/ A wooden ta%le should %e called a solid.
.d/ We can easily move our hand in air, %ut to do the same through a
solid %lock of wood, we need a karate epert.
Ans:
.a/ &here is little attraction %etween particles of gas. &hus, gas
particles move freely in all directions. &herefore, gas completely 9lls
the vessel in which it is kept.
.%/ 0articles of gas move randomly in all directions at high speed. As a
result, the particles hit each other and also hit the walls of the
container with a force. &herefore, gas eerts pressure on the walls of
the container.
.c/ A wooden ta%le has a de9nite shape and volume. 7t is very rigid and
cannot %e compressed i.e., it has the characteristics of a solid. +ence,
a wooden ta%le should %e called a solid.
.d/ 0articles of air have large spaces %etween them. :n the other hand,
wood has little space %etween its particles. Also, it is rigid. ;or this
reason, we can easily move our hands in air, %ut to do the same
through a solid %lock of wood, we need a karate epert.
<. =i"uids generally have lower density as compared to solids. *ut you
must have o%served that ice >oats on water. ;ind out why.
Ans.: &he mass per unit volume of a su%stance is called density
.density 2 mass3volume/. As the volume of a su%stance increases, its
density decreases.
&hough ice is a solid, it has large num%er of empty spaces %etween its
particles. &hese spaces are larger as compared to the spaces present
%etween the particles of water. &hus, the volume of ice is greater than
that of water. +ence, the density of ice is less than that of water. A
su%stance with lower density than water can >oat on water. &herefore,
ice >oats on water.
?. What is the physical state of water at:.a/ #1@AC .%/ 1@@AC
Ans. .a/ Water at #1@AC eists in gaseous state.
.%/ At 1@@AC, water can eist in %oth li"uid and gaseous form. At
this temperature, after getting the heat e"ual to the latent heat of
vapori'ation, water starts changing from li"uid state to gaseous state.
B. ;or any su%stance, why does the temperature remain constant
during the change of state?
Ans. Curing a change of state, the temperature remains constant. &his
is %ecause all the heat supplied to increase the temperature is utilised
in changing the state %y overcoming the forces of attraction %etween
the particles. &herefore, this heat does not contri%ute in increasing
the temperature of the su%stance.
1@. What produces more severe %urns, %oiling water or steam?
Ans: (team has more energy than %oiling water. 7t possesses the
additional latent heat of vapori'ation. &herefore, %urns produced %y
steam are more severe than those produced %y %oiling water.
11. Why does a desert cooler cool %etter on a hot dry day?
Ans: 7n a desert cooler, the water inside it is made to evaporate. &his
leads to a%sorption of energy from the surroundings, there%y cooling
the surroundings.
:n a hot dry day, the amount of water vapour present in air is less.
&hus, water present inside the desert cooler evaporates more, there%y
cooling the surroundings more. &hat is why a desert cooler cools %etter
on a hot dry day.
1#: Why does our palm feel cold when we put some acetone or petrol
or perfume on it?
Ans:When we put some acetone or petrol or perfume on our palm, it
evaporates. Curing evaporation, particles of the li"uid a%sor% energy
from the surrounding or the surface of the palm to compensate for the
loss of energy, making the surroundings cool. +ence, our palm feels
cold when we put some acetone or petrol or perfume on it.
1,. Why are we a%le to sip hot tea or milk faster from a saucer than a
cup?
Ans:A li"uid has a larger surface area in a saucer than in a cup. &hus, it
evaporates faster and cools faster in a saucer than in a cup. ;or this
reason, we are a%le to sip hot tea or milk faster from a saucer than a
cup.
1-.. What type of clothes should we wear in summers?
Ans: We should wear cotton clothes in summers. Curing summers, we
sweat more. :n the other hand, cotton is a good a%sor%er of water.
&hus, it a%sor%s sweat from our %ody and eposes the li"uid to the
atmosphere, making evaporation faster. Curing this evaporation,
particles on the surface of the li"uid gain energy from our %ody
surface, making the %ody cool.
11.$ive reason for the following o%servations.
.a/ Daphthalene %alls disappear with time without leaving any solid.
.%/ We can get the smell of perfume sitting several metres away.
Ans: .a/ Daphthalene undergoes su%limation easily i.e., the change of
state of naphthalene from solid to gas takes place easily. &hus,
naphthalene %alls disappear with time without leaving any solid.
.%/ $aseous particles possess high speed and large spaces %etween
them. 0articles ofperfume di)use into these gaseous particles at a very
fast rate and reach our nostrils. &his ena%les us to smell the perfume
from a distance.
18. What is the physical state of water at44 .a/ #1AC .%/ @AC .c/
1@@AC
Ans: .a/ Water at #1AC is present in the li"uid state.
.%/ At @ AC, water can eist as %oth solid and li"uid. At
this temperature, after getting the heat e"ual to the latent heat of
fusion, the solid form of water i.e., ice starts changing into its li"uid
form i.e., water.
.c/ At 1@@ AC, water can eist as %oth li"uid and gas. At
this temperature, after getting the heat e"ual to the latent heat of
vapori'ation, water starts changing from its li"uid state to its gaseous
state, i.e., water vapors.
1<.. $ive two reasons to Eustify4
.a/ water at room temperature is a li"uid.
.%/ an iron almirah is a solid at room temperature.
Ans .a/ At room temperature .#1 AC/, water is a li"uid %ecause it has
the following characteristic of li"uid:
.i/ At room temperature, water has no shape %ut has a 9ed volume
that is, it occupies the shape of the container in which it is kept.
.ii/ At room temperature, water >ows.
.%/ An iron almirah is a solid at room temperature .#1 AC/ %ecause:
.i/ it has a de9nite shape and volume like a solid at room temperature.
.ii/ it is rigid as solid at room temperature.
1?. Why is ice at #<, F more e)ective in cooling than water at the
same temperature?
Ans: 7ce at #<, F has less energy than water .although %oth are at the
same temperature/. Water possesses the additional latent heat of
fusion. +ence, at #<, F, ice is more e)ective in cooling than water.
Matter in Our Surroundings Class IX- Chemistry
Questions Ban/s-1
#hemistry &dda #lass IO #hemistry ;uestions .an"s
#hapter %: Matter in *ur )urroundings
%. /hat is the normal room temperatureM P%Q
5. &re the melting point of the solid state and the freeEing point of the li<uid state of a
substance differentM P%Q
9. & certain substance R&S cannot be compressed but ta"es up the shape of any container in
which it is placed. /hat is the physical state of T&TM P%Q
F. & rubber band changes its shape when stretched. #an it be regarded as solidM P%Q
G. /hat are volatile li<uidsM P%Q
?. /hich scale of measuring the temperature is the bestM P%Q
>. 4efine diffusion P%Q
H. Is matter continuous or particulateM P%Q
I. /hat are the factors on which evaporation dependsM P%Q
%J. 4efine humidity. P%Q
%%. 4efine evaporation. P%Q
%5. /rite the full form of (.$.8. U #.0.8. P%Q
%9. /hy do the states of matter differM P%Q
%F. 4efine melting point. P%Q
%G. Inspite of being solid a sponge is compressible. #omment. P%Q
%?. /hat are the factors that determine the state of a substanceM P5Q
%>. /hy does our palm feel cold when we put some acetone petrol or perfume on itM P5Q
%H. (i<uids generally have lower density as compared to solids. .ut ice floats on water.
/hyMP5Q
%I. /hy do we sweat on a humid dayM P5Q
5J. /hy do solids generally lac" the property of diffusionM P5Q
5%. ,ow will you demonstrate that air contains water vapour M P5Q
55. #an matter change its stateM )tate the conditions under which it changes. P5Q
59. /hy do we see water droplets on the outer surface of a glass containing ice1cold waterM
P5Q
5F. Explain why there is no rise in temperature of water when it starts boiling although it is
still being heated. P5Q
5G. /hat is dry iceM /hy it is "nown soM P5Q
9th Chemistry !est 0a*er solved (or Ch1 Matter in
our surrounding CBSE
#hapter %: Matter in *ur )urroundings #lass IO #.)E TE)T $&$E'1J5
%. If you decrease the surface area and increase the temperature then the rate of
evaporation
2a3 Increase 2b3 decrease 2c3 remain same 2d3 may increase or decrease depending
upon other factors
5. 9JJ" will have its corresponding temperature in degree centigrade as:1
2a3 9J
J
c 2b3 9JJ
J
c 2c3 5>
J
c 2d3 ?>9
J
c
9. (i<uid to gas and gas to li<uid changes are called:1
2a3 vaporiEation and condensation 2b3 condensation and vaporiEation
2c3 sublimation and condensation 2d3 condensation and sublimation
F. $hysical state of water at 5GJc JJc and %JJJc is respectively
2a3 li<uid solid and gas 2b3 solid li<uid and gas
2c3 solid gas and li<uid 2d3 gas solid and li<uid
G. /hat happens when the temperature of the solids increase M
?. /hen heat is being supplied to a solid then what does the heat energy do to
the particles of solidM
>. /hy is it that on increasing the wind speed the rate of evaporation increases M
H. /hy do we say that evaporation is a surface phenomenonM
I. /hat is the state of inter particle distance inside a solid li<uid and gasM
%J. /hy it is that to smell cold food we have to go close but smell of hot food
reaches us several meters awayM
%%. /hy is it that a wooden chair should be called a solid and not a
li<uidM
%5. 8ive an experiment to show that ammonium chloride undergoes
sublimation.
#.)E TE)T $&$E'1J5 #(&)) 1 IO )cience
2Matter in our surrounding3 P&0)/E')Q
&ns J%. 2c3 &ns J5. 2c3 &ns J9. 2a3 &ns JF. 2a3
&ns JG. /hen temperature of the solid is increased "inetic energy of the particles
increases as results particles vibrates more freely with greater speed. They overcome
the force of attraction between the particles and start moving more freely.
&nsJ?. The heat supplied to the solid helps the particles to overcome the forces of
attraction between them and increases their "inetic energy as a result of which
particle brea" free the forces of attraction and changes to li<uid state.
&nsJ>. /hen the speed of wind increases then they blow away with them the water
vapour in the air and as results evaporation will increase because the surrounding air
will be able to receive more vapours and hence evaporation increases.
&ns JH. Evaporation is called a surface phenomenon because only particles of the
surface of li<uid gains energy and changes into vapors.
&nsJI. In solids the particles are very close to each other and are bonded by strong
forces of attraction so inter particle distance is least.
In li<uid the particles are far away from each other and are bonded by wea" forces of
attraction so inter particle distance is large.
In gases particles are very far apart from each other and are bonded by very wea"
forces of attraction so inter particle distance is a largest.
&ns%J. In hot food the particles are at high temperature so <uic"ly changes to
vapour and hence the vapours have greater "inetic energy so travel faster and travel
to far off distances. /hereas in cold food because of temperature being low
particles do not change to vapour state and hence cannot travel faster so the smell
does not reaches to a
$erson sitting far away.
&ns%%. & wooden chair should be called a solid not a li<uid because the particles
of wooden chair are very close to each other it has negligible compressibility and it
maintains its shape when sub:ective to outside force.
&ns%5. Experiment to show that ammonium chloride 20,F#l 3 undergoes
sublimation:1
2a3 Ta"e an inverted funnel and inside it china dish with crystal of ammonium
chloride 20,F#l3.
2b3 ,eat the crystals with the help of a burner.
2c3 &s soon as the crystal is heated we observe the vapors of 0,F#l and the
solidified &mmonium chloride 20,F#l3 along the walls at the upper end of the
bea"er.
2d3 This shows that solid ammonium chloride does not undergo li<uid state but
directly changes to vapour state which them solidifies i.e. it undergoes sublimation
2solid changes directly to gases without undergoing li<uid state3.
9th Chemistry Matter in Our Surroundings!est
0a*er
Class IX, Chemistry Questions Paper: Chapter 1: Matter in Our Surroundings
;%: #onvert G>J @ into #elsius scale. 2% mar"3
;5: /hat is humidityM 2% mar"3
;9: 8ive reasons:
a. The smell of hot siEEling food reaches you several meters away but to get the smell
from cold food you have to go close.
b. & diver is able to cut through water in a swimming pool. 25 mar"3
;F: /hich phenomenon occurs during the following changesM 25 mar"3
a. )iEe of naphthalene ball decreases b. 4rying of clothes
;G: 4efine the following 29 mar"3
a. #ondensation b. (atent heat of fusion c. freeEing
;?: Explain why gases are easily compressible as compared to li<uids and solids. 29
mar"3
;>: /hy do plants re<uire more leaves during summerM 29 mar"3
;H: (ist any four factors on which evaporation dependsM Explain in short any three
factors. 2G mar"s3
)olution:
&ns %: Temperature in o# K Temperature in @elvin 15>9 2%V5mar"3
Therefore Temperature in o# K G>J @ 15>9K 5I> o# 2%V5 mar"3
&ns 5: $resence of water vapour in air is called humidity. 2% mar"3
&ns 9:
a. The particles of hot siEEling food have more "inetic energy and thus diffuse rapidly in
the air as compared to cold food which possesses less "inetic energy. 2% mar"3
b. $articles of water contain spaces between them. ,ence a diver is easily able to cut
through water in a swimming pool 2% mar"3
&ns F: a. )ublimation 2% mar"3 b. Evaporation 2% mar"3
&ns G: a. #ondensation: $rocess in which a gas changes into li<uid state by giving out
heat at constant temperature is called #ondensation. 2% mar"3
b. (atent heat of fusion: It is the amount of heat energy re<uired to change % "g of solid
into li<uid at its melting point. 2% mar"3
c. +reeEing: $rocess in which a li<uid changes into solid by giving out heat at
constanttemperature is called +reeEing. 2% mar"3
&ns ?: 8ases are easily compressible because they have wea" forces of attraction
between the molecules and have more intermolecular space. 2% mar"3
In li<uids there is a stronger force of attraction between the molecules and less
intermolecular space as compared to gases. ,ence they are not as easily compressible as
compared to gases. 2% mar"3
In solids forces of attraction among molecules is strongest as compared to both li<uids
and gases. +urther intermolecular space is least as compared to li<uids and gases. ,ence
they are least compressible as compared to gases and li<uids. 2% mar"3
&ns>: Evaporation of water from leaves of plants is called transpiration. Transpiration
helps the plants to "eep themselves cool. 4uring summers as the temperature increases
more transpiration ta"es place in order to "eep themselves cool. Therefore more leaves
are re<uired for transpiration. ,ence plants ac<uire more leaves during summer. 29
mar"s3
&nsH: The rate of evaporation depends on following factors:
%3 )urface area exposed to atmosphere 2%V5 mar"3 53 Temperature 2%V5 mar"3
93 ,umidity 2%V5 mar"3 F3 /ind speed 2%V5 mar"3
%3 )urface area exposed to atmosphere: )ince evaporation is a surface phenomenon
therefore it increases with an increase in surface area. 2% mar"3
53 ,umidity: The air around us cannot hold more than a definite amount of water vapour
at a given temperature. If the amount of water in air is already high the rate of
evaporation decreases. )o evaporation decreases with increase in humidity. 2% mar"3
93 /ind speed: /ith the increase in wind speed the particles of water vapour move away
with the wind decreasing the amount of water vapour in the surroundings. This results in
a faster rate of evaporation. )o evaporation increases with the increase in wind speed. 2%
mar"3
M!!E" in our surrounding solved questions
C="< ADDA Matter in our surrounding solved
questions
Q. 1. 4hat is a matter?
Anything that occupies space and has mass is called a matter.
;or example:B Chal*# )il*# "ugar etc.
Q. 2. "odium chloride and sugar ha!e same appearance. Are they same or different?
0hey ha!e different physical and chemical properties. "o# they are different
Q. . All substances around us are ali*e. Jow?
All substances can occupy space and ha!e weight.
Q. &. Jow can we say that air is a matter?
Air occupies space and ha!e weight. Jence air is a matter.
Q. -. "tate the characteristics of matter?
)atter has mass# weight and occupies space.
Q. /. 4hat are the intensi!e properties of matter?
Density# colour# melting point# boiling point# refracti!e index etc. are the intensi!e properties of
matter as it does not depend upon the amount of matter contained in it
Q. 3. 4hat are the extensi!e properties of matter?
0he properties which depends upon the amount of matter contained in a substance is called
extensi!e properties of matter. ;or example mass# weight# !olume# energy etc.
Q. 6. "tate the characteristics of particles of matter.
'i( 0here is enough space between the particles of matter.
'ii( 0he particles of matter are continuously mo!ing about their mean position.
'iii( 0he particles of matter attract each other.
Q. :. 4hat is the effect of temperature on a matter?
1articles of matter posses *inetic energy. As the temperature rises# *inetic energy increases.
Q. 19. 0he smell of hot siCCling food reaches us se!eral metres away. 4hy?
As the rate of diffusion increases with the increase in temperature.
Q. 11. 4hat is diffusion?
4hen two gases are mixed# their molecules mix with each other due to their speed and random
motion. 0his phenomenon is *nown as diffusion
Q. 12. 2f a bottle of perfume is opened in one corner of a room# it immediately spreads throughout
the room. 4hy?
0he molecules of a gas are free to mo!e in a chaotic motion at a greater speed throughout the
!essel in which it is contained. 4hen the bottle of perfume is opened in one corner of the room#
the molecules of perfume mo!e at random motion in all direction and mix with the molecules of air
and reaches us
Q. 1. 7ame the three states of matter with examples.
0he three states of matter are:
'i( Solid1 - A solid has definite shape and !olume.E+am*le 2 wood# metal# rubber.
'ii( 3iquid1 - A li$uid has definite !olume and its shape is the shape of the container.E+am*le
2 water# oil# petrol.
'iii( &as1 2 A gas has neither a definite !olume nor a definite shape. E+am*le 2 air#
hydrogen# oxygen.
Q. 1&. "tate the characteristics of solids.
"olids are rigid. 0he molecules of solids are pac*ed closely and remain fixed at their position. 0he
molecules of solids are pac*ed closely and remain fixed at their position. 0he force of attraction
between the molecules are !ery strong and hence they resist any change in their shape or
!olume.
Q. 1-. 4hat are the characteristics of li$uids?
%i$uids ha!e definite !olume but not a definite shape. 0hey ta*e the shape of a container in which
they are stored. 0he molecules ha!e wea*er force of attraction than solids# and hence can flow
easily.
Q. 1/. 4hat are the characteristics of gases?
.ases ha!e neither definite !olume nor definite shape. 0he molecules ha!e !ery wea* force of
attraction and low density. 0hey can be compressed to li$uid state and flow in any direction.
Q. 13. 4hat are fluids?
"ubstances ha!ing tendency to flow are called fluids. %i$uids and gases are fluids.
Q. 16. .i!e one similarity between a li$uid and a gas and one dissimilarity.
Similarity1 - =oth li$uids and gases are fluids and they ta*e the shape of the container.
%issimilarity1 - A gas can be compressed easily to a desired !olume. A li$uid can not be
compressed easily. A small !olume of gas occupies the whole space of the container. =ut the
!olume of li$uid is fixed. A large !olume of gas can be stored in a container of !ery small !olume.
Q. 29. 4hat property of gas is utiliCed when natural gas is supplied for !ehicles.
Jigh compressibility of gas is utiliCed and compressed it for supply for the !ehicles in the name of
C7..
Q. 21. 4hat are Mintermolecular forcesN? Jow are these related to the three states of matter ?
0he force operating between the atoms or molecules of a matter is called intermolecular force.
0he intermolecular force in solid are strong. 0his *eeps the constituent particles !ery close to
each other. Due to this solids are rigid and incompressible. 0his also gi!e ordered arrangement of
the particles gi!ing regular geometrical shape to the solid.
2n li$uid# intermolecular force is wea* to gi!e definite shape.
2n gas# intermolecular force is negligible and so its constituents particles are free to mo!e and
occupy the a!ailable space.
Q. 22. "eparate the following substances in groups of high and low intermolecular force:2ce#
sulphur !apour# nitrogen# sugar# copper# air# salt# plastic.
4igh intermole)ular (or)es 1- 2ce# sugar# copper# salt# plastic
3o5 intermole)ular (or)es 1- "ulphur !apour# nitrogen# air
Q. 2. 4hich of the following substances you expect strongest and in which wea*est
intermolecular force:
4ater# alcohol# sugar# sodium chloride# carbon dioxide.
"odium chloride A "trongest
Carbon dioxide A 4ea*est
Q. 2&. 4hy are gases compressible but li$uids not ?
0he molecules of a gas are separated !ery far and there is a lot of empty space between them.
Jence gases can be compressed easily. 2n li$uids molecules are closer to each other and can be
brought further closer only under !ery high pressure.
Q. 2-. Jow does the state of matter changes from solid to li$uid and then to gas on heating ?
2n solids particles are !ery close. 4hen heat is gi!en to solid# the distance between particles
increases and it ta*es the shape of the container. +n further heating the distance between the
particles increases in such an extent that the molecules are free to mo!e. 0his is a gaseous state.
Q. 2/. Jow is pressure de!eloped in a container full of a gas ?
.aseous molecules are free to mo!e in the container. 0he molecules collide with each other and
with the wall of the container. +n the wall the molecules exert force. 0he force per unit area is
called the pressure of the gas.
Q. 23. 4hat are the applications of intercon!ersion of states of matter ?
0he intercon!ersion of states of matter is used to :
'i( generate electricity in thermal power plant.'ii( separate nitrogen and oxygen from air by
li$uefaction.
'iii( prepare machine parts.'i!( prepare room fresheners.'!( prepare iceBcreams.
Q.26. 4hat happens to a gas if its intermolecular space is reduced ?
2f the intermolecular distance between molecules of a gas is reduced# it changes to li$uid. ;urther
reduction it is changed to solid.
Q. 2:. 4hich of the following substances is most compressible?C+2# J2+# 7aCl.BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
C+2
Q. 9. 4hich property of a gas results in steady pressure of the gas ?
0he constant bombardment of the gas molecules with the walls of the container
Q. 1. 2n which of the following substances# wea*est intermolecular force is expected:J2+#
CJ+J# Al# Je.
Je
Q. 2. +ne gas mixes with another gas easily. 4hat is this property called ?
Diffusion.
Q. . Describe briefly 'i( )elting point and 'ii( =oiling point.
'i( )elting point :B 0he melting point of a solid is that temperature at which it changes into the
li$uid. ;rom the beginning to the end of melting# the temperature does not change.
'ii( =oiling point :B 0he boiling point of a li$uid is that temperature at which a li$uid starts boiling at
the atmospheric pressure.
Q. &. Jow would you find out whether a sample of sodium chloride is pure or impure ?
1ure substance melts at its melting point. 2f sodium chloride melts at :3OC#then the sample is
pure otherwise impure.
Q. -. Jow will you find out whether a sample of water is pure or impure ?
0he boiling point of water at one atmospheric pressure is 199OC. 2f the gi!en sample of water
boils at 199OC then it is pure otherwise impure.
Q. /. 4hy do solids ha!e a fixed shape and gases ha!e neither a fixed shape nor a fixed
!olume ?
2n solids the molecules are close due to intermolecular force. 0he molecules are arranged in a
fixed pattern. 0he mo!ement of molecules are not possible. Jence its shape are fixed . 2n gases
the intermolecular force are negligible. )olecules are free to mo!e in any direction. 0he distance
between the molecules is !ery large. Jence gases do not ha!e fixed shape and fixes !olume.
Q. 3. 4hat is 5aporiCation ?
0he change of li$uid into its gaseous form '!apour( when temperature of li$uid is increased is
called !aporiCation.
Q. 6. 4hat is "ublimation ?
A change of state directly from solid to gas without changing into li$uid state or !iceB!ersa is called
sublimation.
Q. :. 4hat is Condensation ?
A change of gaseous state to li$uid state or solid state is called condensation.
Q. &9. 4hat is Deposition ?
A change of !apour to solid is called deposition. 2t is the re!erse process of sublimation
Q. &1. 4hat is %i$uefaction ?
A substance which is gas in normal condition# when changed to li$uid by cooling it under pressure is called
li$uefaction.
Q. &2. 4hat is "olidification ?
A substance which is a li$uid in normal condition# when changed to solid to by cooling it under pressure is
called solidification.
Q. &. 4hat is difference between !apour and gas.
5apour is used to denote the gaseous state of fluids which exists as li$uids under normal conditions# while
gas is used to denote the gaseous state at normal temperature. 4e always spea* water !apour and carbon
dioxide gas.
Q. &&. 4hy do the three states of matter differ ?
0he three states of matter differ due to :
'i( Difference in pac*ing and arrangement of molecules in the three states.
'ii( 2ntermolecular force of attraction are different in the three states.
Q. &-. 4hy does the temperature remain constant until whole of the solid changes into li$uid#
though the heat energy is constantly supplied ?
During melting# temperature of the li$uid phase remains the same as that of the li$uid phase. 0he
heat energy supplied is utiliCed to destroy the crystal pattern and is stored in the li$uid phase as
potential energy.
Q. &/. 4hy does the temperature remain constant during boiling though heat is constantly
supplied ?
0he heat energy supplied is utiliCed to destroy the intermolecular force amongst the molecules of the li$uid
and is stored as potential energy.
Q. &3. 4hy does a gas fill a !essel completely ?
0he molecules of a gas are mo!ing continuously with a high speed in all direction and
intermolecular force amongst the molecules are negligible. Jence it fills the !essel completely.
Q. &6. Compare the process of boiling and !aporiCation.
Boiling 6a*uorisation
'i( 2t is a process of changing li$uid sinto !apour. 'i( 2t is a process of changing li$uids into !apour.
'ii( )olecules of li$uids escape from all parts of the
li$uids into atmosphere.
)olecules of li$uids escape from upper surface of the
li$uid into atmosphere.
'iii( 2t is a fast process. 'iii( 2t is a slow process.
'i!( 2t ta*es place only at a fixed temperature called
boiling point.
'i!( 2t ta*es place at all temperature# e!en at melting
point.
'!( 2n boiling# the !apour pressure of li$uids is e$ual
to the atmospheric
'!( 2n e!aporation the !apour pressure of li$uid is less
than the atmospheric
pressure. pressure.
Q. &:. <xplain the term boiling on the basis of *inetic theory of gases.
4hen a li$uid is heated up to its boiling point# the heat is absorbed by the molecules and stored
in the form of potential energy . 4hen potential energy of the molecule is is increased# the
intermolecular distance is increased. 2t means intermolecular force of attraction reduces to Cero.
0he molecules start escaping in air causing the li$uid to boil.
Q. -9. <xplain the term melting on the basis of *inetic theory.
0he molecules of solids !ibrate about its mean position. 4hen it is heated# its *inetic energy is increased
and it starts !ibrating !igorously. At the melting point the intermolecular force of attraction is reduced and
particles can not hold each other with strong force to hold them in their fixed position. 0he crystalline
structure is destroyed and it starts melting.
E+ta s)ore MCQ 1IX Ch1Is matter around us *ure
CC6 Class 7G Chapter: 7s matter around us pure : MCHI(
1. Which of the following is3are eample of suspension?
.A/ Muddy water .*/ (laked lime .C/ 0aints .C/ All
#. Which of the following statement is not true a%out suspension ?
.A/ &he particles of suspension can %e separated from solvent %y the
process of 9ltration.
.*/ When the suspension is kept undistur%ed the particles of
suspension settle down.
.C/ A suspension is homogeneous in nature.
.C/ (cattering of light take place in suspension.
,. ;og is an eample of J
.A/ foam .*/ emulsion .C/ aerosol .C/ gel
-. Which of the following statement is not true a%out colloidal
solution ?
.A/ &hese are visi%le under powerful microscope.
.*/ &heir particles do not settle down with passage of time
.C/ &heir particles are electrically charged.
.C/ &hese are homogeneous in nature.
1. Which of the following is an eample of emulsion ?
.A/ ;ace cream .*/ (having cream .C/ +oney .C/ (moke
8. (oap solution is an eample of J
.A/ true solution .*/ suspension .C/ colloidal solution .C/ none of
these
<. When a %eam of light is passed through a colloidal solution, it gets
J
.A/ re>ected .*/ a%sor%ed .C/ scattered .C/ refracted
?. Which of the following is an eample of gel ?
.A/ Coloured gem .*/ Kelly .C/ (moke .C/ (having cream
B. Which of the following will show &yndall e)ect ?
.A/ (tarch solution .*/ (odium chloride solution
.C/ Copper sulphate solution .C/ (ugar solution
1@. Colloidal particles can %e normally seen %y
.A/ naked eye .*/ optical microscope
.C/ electron microscope .C/ telescope
Answer:
1 # , - 1 8 < ? B 1@
D C C C A C C * A *
CCE Class IX Cha*ter1 Is matter around us *ure 1
MCQ7S
CC6 Class 7G Chapter: 7s matter around us pure : MCHI(
1. Which of the following provides an eample of a true solution?
.A/ *lood .*/ Milk .C/ (tarch solution .C/ (ugar solution
#. Which of the following can %e classi9ed as a pure su%stance ?
.A/ Milk .*/ (ea J water .C/ 7ce .C/ Cast iron
,. Which of the following is a compound ?
.A/ air .*/ Milk .C/ 7odine .C/ Water
-. &he particle si'e of solute in true solution is of the order of J
.A/ 1@J8 m .*/ 1@J< m .C/ 1@J? m .C/ 1@JB m
1. Which of the following statement is not true a%out true solution?
.A/ 7t can pass through 9lter paper.
.*/ 7t is homogeneous in nature.
.C/ At constant temperature, particles of solute settle down.
.C/ ;rom a true solution, the solute can easily %e recovered %y
evaporation or crystalli'ation.
8. &he concentration of solution is the mass of the solute in grams,
which is present in J
.A/ 1@ gm of solvent .*/ 1@ gm of solution
.C/ 1@@ gm of solvent .C/ 1@@ gm of solution
<. A solution, which at a given temperature dissolves as much
solute as it is capa%le of dissolving, is said to %e a J
.A/ saturated solution .*/ semi saturated solution
.C/ unsaturated solution .C/ super saturated solution
?. Which of the following is not a compound ?
.A/ Mar%le .*/ Washing soda .C/ Huick lime .C/ *rass
B. &he elements which given out harmful radiation are called J
.A/ normal elements .*/ representative elements
.C/ radioactive elements .C/ none of these
1@. Air is regarded as a J
.A/ compound .*/ miture .C/ element .C/ electrolyte
Answer:
1 # , - 1 8 < ? B 1@
D C C C C C A C C *
CCE Class IX Cha*ter1 Is matter around us *ure 1
'ill In the Blan/s
CCE Class IX Chapter: Is matter around us pure : ill In the
!lan"s
1. &he component present in the solution in greater "uantity is
JJJJJJJJJJ.
. solvent./
#. &he component present in the solution in lesser "uantity is
JJJJJJJJJJJJJ.
. solute/
,. Water can dissolve in it a great num%er of su%stances. (o water
is considered a J
. universal solvent/
-. &he amount of solute dissolved in a 9ed amount of solvent is
called JJJJJJJJJJJ of solution
.&he concentration/
1. 7f the amount of solute dissolved is greater, it is a
JJJJJJJJJJJsolution
.concentrated/
8. if the amount of solute dissolved is lesser, it is JJJJJJJJJJ solution
.diluted/
<. &he amount of solute dissolved in 1@@g of water to make it
saturated is the JJJJJJJJJJJJJ of the solute in water
.solu%ility/
?. A solution in which maimum amount of solute is dissolved at a
certain temperature is its JJJJJJJJJJJ solution at that temperature.
. saturated/
B. JJJJJJJJJJJ is a form of miture which is neither a solution nor a
suspension
.Colloid/
1@. When a strong %eam of light is passed through a colloid, its
path %ecomes visi%le. &his phenomenon is called
.&yndal 6)ects/
Chemistry Class 9th1Is matter around us *ure
solved questions
;.%: /hich separation techni<ues will apply for the separation of the followingM
2a3 )odium chloride from its solution in water.
2b3 &mmonium #hloride from a mixture containing )odium #hloride and &mmonium #hloride.
2c3 )mall pieces of metal in the engine oil of a car.
2d3 4ifferent pigments from an extract of flower petals.
2e3 .utter from curd.
2f3 *il from water.
2g3 Tea leaves from tea.
2h3 Iron pins from sand.
2i3 /heat grains from hus".
2:3 +ine mud particles suspended in water.
&ns: 2a3 #rystalliEation or Evaporation.
2b3 )ublimation.
2c3 #entrifugation or )edimentation.
2d3 #hromatography.
2e3 #entrifugation.
2f3 )eparating funnel.
2g3 ,and1pic"ing.
2h3 Magnetic separation.
2i3 /innowing.
2:3 #entrifugation.
;.5: /rite the steps you would use for ma"ing tea. 6se the words 1 solution solvent solute
dissolve soluble insoluble filtrate and residue.
&ns: Ta"e the solvent water in a "ettle. ,eat it. /hen the solvent boils add the solute mil". Mil"
and water forms a solution. Then pour some tea leaves over a sieve. $our slowly hot solution of mil"
over tea leaves. #olour of tea leaves goes into solution as filtrate. The remaining tea leaves being
insoluble remains as residue. &dd re<uisite sugar which dissolves and the tea is ready.
;.9: Explain the following giving examples:
2a3 )aturated solution 2b3 $ure substance 2c3 #olloid 2e3 )uspension.
&ns: 2a3 )aturated )olution 1 a solution in which no more of the solid 2solute3 can be dissolved at a
given temperature is called a saturated solution. )uppose GJ gm of a solute is the maximum amount
that can be dissolved in %JJ gm water at 5IH @. Then %GJ gm of solution so obtained is the saturated
solution at 5IH @.
2b3 $ure )ubstance 1 & pure substance consists of a single of matter or particles and can not be
separated into other "ind of matter by any physical process. $ure substances always have the same
colour taste and texture at a given temperature and pressure. +or example pure water is always
colorless odorless and tasteless and boils at 9>9 @ at normal atmospheric pressure.
2c3 #olloid 1 #olloids are heterogeneous mixtures the particle siEe is too small to be seen with a
na"ed eye but it is big enough to scatter light. The particles are called the dispersed phase and the
medium in which they are distributed is called the dispersion medium. #olloids are useful in
industry and daily life.
& colloid has the following characteristics:
2%3 It is a heterogeneous mixture.
253 The siEe of particles of a colloid lies between % 1 %JJ nm and can not be seen by na"ed eyes.
293 The particles of colloid can scatter a beam of light passing through it and ma"e the path visible.
2F3 The particles of colloid can not be separated from the mixture by filtration. The process of
separation of colloidal particles is "nown as RcentrifugationS.
2G3 They do not settle down when left undisturbed. In other words colloids are <uite stable e.g.
smo"e mil" fog cloud etc.
2d3 )uspension !
& RsuspensionS is a heterogeneous mixture in which the solute particles do not dissolve but remain
suspended throughout the bul" of the medium.
& suspension has the following characteristics:
2%3 It is a heterogeneous mixture.
253 The siEe of particles of a suspension is greater than %JJ nm and is visible to na"ed eyes.
293 The particles of suspension can scatter a beam of light passing through it.
2F3 The particles of a suspension settle down when left undisturbed.
2G3 The particles of a suspension can be separated from its mixture by filtration.
;.F: #lassify each of the following as a homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture: soda water wood
air soil vinegar filtrated tea.
&ns: ,omogeneous mixture 1 soda water air vinegar filtered tea.
,eterogeneous mixture 1 wood soil.
;.G: ,ow would you confirm that a colourless li<uid given to you is pure waterM
&ns: Every li<uid has a characteristic boiling point at % atmospheric pressure. If the given colourless
li<uid boils exactly at 9>9 @ at % atmospheric pressure then it is pure water. If the boiling point is
different then the water is contaminated.
;.?: /hich of the following materials fall in the category of a Rpure substanceSM
2a3 Ice 2b3 Mil" 2c3 Iron 2d3 ,ydrochloric acid 2e3 #alcium oxide 2f3 Mercury 2g3 .ric" 2h3 /ood 2i3
&ir.
&ns: 2a3 2c3 2d3 2e3 and 2f3 are pure substances.
;.>: /hich of the following will show Tyndall effectM
2a3 salt solution 2b3 mil" 2c3 copper sulphate solution 2d3 starch solution.
&ns: 2b3 and 2d3 are colloids and will show Tyndall Effect.
;.H: #lassify the following into elements compounds and mixtures.
2a3 sodium 2b3 soil 2c3 sugar solution 2d3 silver
2e3 calcium carbonate 2f3 tin 2g3 silicon 2h3 coal
2i3 air 2:3 soap 2"3 methane 2l3 carbon dioxide 2m3 blood
&ns: Elements 1 sodium silver tin silicon.
#ompounds 1 calcium carbonate methane carbon dioxide.
Mixtures 1 soil sugar solution coal air soap blood.
;. I. In the formation of sodium chloride from its constituent elements do the properties of its
elements changeM Explain.
&ns: )odium is a very reactive metal that reacts exothermically with water. If we were to ingest a
pinch of sodium it would burn our intestines. #hlorine is a greenish yellow gas with a characteristic
irritating odour and pungent taste. /hen sodium and chlorine combine to form sodium chloride the
properties of the elements are totally changed. )odium chloride is a white substance totally safe to be
ingested and is used to add flavour to our food.
;. %J. .riefly describe how to separate i3 )ulphur from a mixture of sulphur and sand. ii3 .lac"
#u* from a mixture of #u* and Wn*.
&nswer:
i3 &dd a solvent to the mixture of sulphur and sand. )ulphur dissolves in carbon disulphide while
sand does not. /hen filtered the residue is sand. The filtrate is "ept open carbon disulphide
evaporates and the sulphur crystals form.
ii3 &dd a solvent to the mixture of #u* and Wn* that dissolves only one component e.g. sodium
hydroxide. /hen sodium hydroxide is added to the mixture Wn* dissolves. +ilter to obtain the
residue of #u*.
IX Is matter around us *ure1"elated terms and
%e(initions
Jumidity:
0he term Jumidity is usually ta*en in daily language to refer to relati!e humidity. Helati!e
humidity is defined as the amount of water !apor in a sample of air compared to the
maximum amount of water !apor the air can hold at any specific temperature. Jumidity may
also be expressed as Absolute humidity and specific humidity. Helati!e humidity is an
important metric used in forecasting weather. Jumidity indicates the li*elihood of
precipitation# dew# or fog. Jigh humidity ma*es people feel hotter outside in the summer
because it reduces the effecti!eness of sweating to cool the body by pre!enting the
e!aporation of perspiration from the s*in. 0his effect is calculated in a heat index table.
4arm water !apor has more thermal energy than cool water !apor and therefore more of it
e!aporates into warm air than into cold air.
)ixture:
A mixture is a substance made by combining two or more different materials with no
chemical reaction occurring. 0he obEects do not bond together in a mixture. A mixture can
usually be separated bac* into its original components. "ome examples of mixtures are: fruit
salad# ocean water and soil. )ixtures are the product of a mechanical blending or mixing of
chemical substances li*e elements and compounds# without chemical bonding or other
chemical change# so that each ingredient substance retains its own chemical properties and
ma*eup.
"olution:
a solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances. 2n such a
mixture# a solute is dissol!ed in another substance# *nown as a sol!ent. A common example
is a solid# such as salt or sugar# dissol!ed in water# a li$uid. .ases may dissol!e in li$uids#
for example# carbon dioxide or oxygen in water. %i$uids may dissol!e in other li$uids. .ases
can combine with other gases to form mixtures# rather than solutions.
"ol!ent:
sol!ent is a li$uid that dissol!es a solid# li$uid# or gaseous solute# resulting in a solution. 0he
most common sol!ent in e!eryday life is water. )ost other commonlyBused sol!ents are
organic 'carbonBcontaining( chemicals. 0hese are called organic sol!ents. "ol!ents usually
ha!e a low boiling point and e!aporate easily or can be remo!ed by distillation# lea!ing the
dissol!ed substance behind. "ol!ents should therefore not react chemically with the
dissol!ed compounds I they must be inert. "ol!ents can also be used to extract soluble
compounds from a mixture# the most common example is the brewing of coffee or tea with
hot water. "ol!ents are usually clear and colorless li$uids and many ha!e a characteristic
odor. 0he concentration of a solution is the amount of compound that is dissol!ed in a certain
!olume of sol!ent. 0he solubility is the maximal amount of compound that is soluble in a
certain !olume of sol!ent at a specified temperature.
Jomogeneous mixture:
Jomogeneous mixtures are mixtures that ha!e definite# consistent composition and
properties. 1articles are uniformly spread. ;or example# any amount of a gi!en mixture has
the same composition and properties. <xamples are solutions and some alloys 'but not all(.
A homogeneous mixture is a uniform mixture consisting of only one phase. <xamples are
gasoline and margarine.
Jeterogeneous mixture:
Jeterogeneous mixtures are mixtures with inconsistent# nonBuniform composition. 0he parts
of a heterogeneous composition can be mechanically separated from each other. <xamples
include salad# trail mix and granite.
Colloid:
A colloid or colloidal dispersion is a type of homogenous mixture. A colloid consists of two
separate phases: a dispersed phase and a continuous phase. 2n a colloid# the dispersed
phase is made of tiny particles or droplets that are distributed e!enly throughout the
continuous phase. 0he siCe of the dispersedBphase particles are between 1 nm and 199 nm
in at least one dimension. Jomogeneous mixtures with a dispersed phase in this siCe range
may be called colloidal aerosols# colloidal emulsions# colloidal foams# colloidal dispersions#
or hydrosols. 0he dispersedBphase particles or droplets are largely affected by the surface
chemistry present in the colloid.
;iltration:
;iltration is a mechanicalPphysical operation which is used for the separation of solids from
fluids 'li$uids or gases( by interposing a medium to fluid flow through which the fluid can
pass# but the solids 'or at least part of the solids( in the fluid are retained. 2t has to be
emphasiCed that the separation is 7+0 complete# and it will depend on the pore siCe and the
thic*ness of the medium as well as the mechanisms that occur during filtration.
Concentration:
concentration is the measure of how much of a gi!en substance there is mixed with another
substance. 0his can apply to any sort of chemical mixture# but most fre$uently the concept is
limited to homogeneous solutions# where it refers to the amount of solute in a substance.
"aturated solution:
in physical chemistry# saturation is the point at which a solution of a substance can dissol!e
no more of that substance and additional amounts of that substance will appear as a
precipitate. 0his point of maximum concentration# the saturation point# depends on the
temperature of the li$uid as well as the chemical nature of the substances in!ol!ed. 0his can
be used in the process of recrystallisation to purify a chemical: it is dissol!ed to the point of
saturation in hot sol!ent# then as the sol!ent cools and the solubility decreases# excess
solute precipitates. 2mpurities# being present in much lower concentration# do not saturate
the sol!ent and so remain dissol!ed in the li$uid. 2f a change in conditions 'e.g. cooling(
means that the concentration is actually higher than the saturation point# the solution has
become supersaturated.
"olubility:
"olubility is a physical property referring to the ability for a gi!en substance# the solute# to
dissol!e in a sol!ent. 2t is measured in terms of the maximum amount of solute dissol!ed in a
sol!ent at e$uilibrium. 0he resulting solution is called a saturated solution. Certain li$uids are
soluble in all proportions with a gi!en sol!ent# such as ethanol in water. 0his property is
*nown as miscibility. Also# the e$uilibrium solubility can be exceeded under !arious
conditions to gi!e a soBcalled supersaturated solution# which is metastable.
0yndall effect:
0he 0yndall effect is the effect of light scattering on particles in colloid systems# such as
suspensions or emulsions. 2t is named after the 1:th century F> scientist Qohn 0yndall. 0he
0yndall effect is used to tell the difference between the different types of mixtures# namely
solution# colloid# and suspension. ;or example# the 0yndall effect is noticeable when car
headlamps are used in fog. 0he light with shorter wa!elengths scatters better# thus the color
of scattered light has a bluish tint. 0his is also the reason why the s*y loo*s blue when
!iewed away from the sun: the blue light from the sun is scattered to a greater degree and is
therefore !isible far from its source.
<mulsion:
An emulsion is a mixture of two immiscible 'unblendable( substances. +ne substance 'the
dispersed phase( is dispersed in the other 'the continuous phase(. <xamples of emulsions
include butter and margarine# mil* and cream# espresso# mayonnaise# the photoBsensiti!e
side of photographic film# and cutting fluid for metal wor*ing. 2n butter and margarine# a
continuous li$uid phase surrounds droplets of water 'a waterBinBoil emulsion(. 2n mil* and
cream# oil is dispersed within a continuous water phase 'an oilBinBwater emulsion(.
<mulsification is the process by which emulsions are prepared.
Centrifugation:
Centrifugation is a process that in!ol!es the use of the centripetal force for the separation of
mixtures# used in industry and in laboratory settings. 2n chemistry and biology# increasing the
effecti!e gra!itational force on a test tube so as to more rapidly and completely cause the
precipitate 'GpelletG( to gather on the bottom of the tube. 0he remaining solution is properly
called the GsupernateG or Gsupernatant li$uidG. "ince GsupernatantG is an adEecti!e# its usage
alone is technically incorrect# although many examples can be found in scientific literature.
0he supernatant li$uid is then either $uic*ly decanted from the tube without disturbing the
precipitate# or withdrawn with a 1asteur pipette. 0he rate of centrifugation is specified by the
acceleration applied to the sample# typically measured in re!olutions per minute 'H1)( or g.
0he particlesK settling !elocity in centrifugation is a function of their siCe and shape#
centrifugal acceleration# the !olume fraction of solids present# the density difference between
the particle and the li$uid# and the !iscosity.
)iscible li$uid:
)iscibility is a term in chemistry that refers to the property of li$uids to mix in all proportions#
forming a homogeneous solution. 2n principle# the term applies also to other phases 'solids
and gases(# but the main focus is on the solubility of one li$uid in another. ;or example#
water and ethanol are miscible in all proportions.
"ublimation:
"ublimation of an element or compound is a transition from the solid to gas phase with no
intermediate li$uid stage. "ublimation is a phase transition that occurs at temperatures and
pressures below the triple point
Chromatography:
chromatography is the collecti!e term for a family of laboratory techni$ues for the separation
of mixtures. 2t in!ol!es passing a mixture dissol!ed in a Gmobile phaseG through a stationary
phase# which separates the analyte to be measured from other molecules in the mixture and
allows it to be isolated.
Distillation:
Distillation is a method of separating chemical substances based on differences in their
!olatilities in a boiling li$uid mixture. Distillation usually forms part of a larger chemical
process# and is thus referred to as a unit operation.
Decomposition:
Decomposition# biological process through which organic material is reduced
=oiling point:
the boiling point of a li$uid is the temperature at which the !apor pressure of the li$uid e$uals
the en!ironmental pressure surrounding the li$uid. A li$uid in a !acuum en!ironment has a
lower boiling point than when the li$uid is at atmospheric pressure. And a li$uid in a high
pressure en!ironment has a higher boiling point than when the li$uid is at atmospheric
pressure. 2n other words# all li$uids ha!e an infinite number of boiling points.
Condensation:
Condensation is the change in matter of a substance to a denser phase# such as a gas 'or
!apor( to a li$uid. Condensation commonly occurs when a !apor is cooled to a li$uid# but can
also occur if a !apor is compressed 'i.e.# pressure on it increased( into a li$uid# or undergoes
a combination of cooling and compression. %i$uid which has been condensed from a !apor
is called condensate. A de!ice or unit used to condense !apors into li$uid is called a
condenser. Condensers are used in heat exchanges which ha!e !arious designs# and come
in many siCes ranging from rather small 'handBheld( to !ery large.
;ractional distillation:
;ractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts# or fractions#
such as in separating chemical compounds by their boiling point by heating them to a
temperature at which se!eral fractions of the compound will e!aporate. 2t is a special type of
distillation. .enerally the component parts boil at less than 2-RC from each other under a
pressure of one atmosphere 'A0)(. 2f the difference in boiling points is greater than 2-RC# a
simple distillation is used.
Crystallisation:
CrystalliCation is the 'natural or artificial( process of formation of solid crystals from a uniform
solution. CrystalliCation is also a chemical solidBli$uid separation techni$ue# in which mass
transfer of a solute from the li$uid solution to a pure solid crystalline phase occurs.
2nflammability:
2nflammation is the complex biological response of !ascular tissues to harmful stimuli# such
as pathogens# damaged cells# or irritants. 2t is a protecti!e attempt by the organism to
remo!e the inEurious stimuli as well as initiate the healing process for the tissue.
2nflammation is not a synonym for infection. <!en in cases where inflammation is caused by
infection it is incorrect to use the terms as synonyms: infection is caused by an exogenous
pathogen# while inflammation is the response of the organism to the pathogen.
Compound:
Compound 'chemistry(# a combination of two or more elements
Ductile:
Ductility is a mechanical property which describes how much plastic deformation a material
can sustain before fracture occurs. <xamples of highly ductile metals are gold# copper# and
aluminum. 0he ductility of steels !aries depending on the alloying constituents. 2ncreasing
le!els of carbon decreases ductility# i.e.# the steel becomes more brittle.
Combustion:
Combustion or burning is a complex se$uence of exothermic chemical reactions between a
fuel and an oxidant accompanied by the production of heat or both heat and light in the form
of either a glow or flames.
Hesidue: 2n general chemistry# a residue is what is left behind by a reaction.
s matter around us *ure solved test a*a*er (or
)lass 9
;uestion 2%3: &ction of heat on blue vitriol is a physical as well as chemical change.
Xustify.
&nswer: /hen blue vitriol is a gradually heated to about HJJ
o
# it undergoes a physical
change to form a white powder. *n adding a drop of water to the white powder it
changes bac" to blue. Thus the change is a physical change. *n strongly heating copper
sulphate 2blue vitriol3 decomposes to give new substances li"e copper oxide and sulphur
dioxide. *n cooling these copper sulphate cannot be re1obtained. Thus it is a chemical
change.
;uestion 253: ,ow would you separate a mixture of 0,F#l and I5M
&nswer: ,eating cannot separate the mixture as both substances sublime on heating.
,owever when water is added to the mixture 0,F#l dissolves but I5 does not. The
mixture is filtered. The filtrate is a solution of 0,F#l while the residue is iodine. The
filtrate is heated to obtain 0,F#l crystals.
;uestion 293: ,ow can you prove that air is a mixtureM
&nswer: a3 The composition of air is variable. The composition varies from place to
place and with altitude. +or instance at higher altitudes there is less oxygen in the air. In
industrial areas due to the waste gases coming out of industrial chimneys in the form of
smo"e more impurities are added in the air.
b3 &ir has no definite set of properties. Its properties are an average of its constituents.
+or e.g. vapour density of oxygen is %? vapour density of nitrogen is %F and vapour
density of air is %F.F
c3 The components of air can be separated by physical means. +ractional distillation of
li<uid air cans separat5 and *5. .oiling point of a li<uid 05 K 1%I?
J
# .oiling point of a
li<uid *5 K 1%H9
J
#
d3 The formation of air does not involve any energy change. 0o energy is released or
absorbed when the constituents of air are mixed in the right proportion. e3 &ir cannot be
assigned a fixed chemical formula.
;uestion 2F3: 4escribe a method for separation of the constituents of gunpowder.
&nswer: 8unpowder is a mixture of sulphur charcoal and potassium nitrate 2nitre3.
/hen water is added to the mixture potassium nitrate dissolves. The mixture is then
filtered. The filtrate is potassium nitrate solution while the residue is a mixture of sulphur
and charcoal. The filtrate is evaporated on a sand bath to obtain nitre bac". /hen carbon
disulphide is added to the residue sulphur dissolves. /hen this mixture is filtered the
filtrate is sulphur solution while the residue is charcoal. (eaving it open evaporates the
sulphur solution. #arbon disulphide evaporates and sulphur crystals are left behind.
;uestion 2G3: /rite down the techni<ue used to separate.
i3 The constituents of the colouring matter in in".
ii3 ,ydrated copper 2II3 sulphate from its a<ueous solution.
iii3 6nused Einc after reacting the excess with dilute sulphuric acid.
iv3 .enEene 2boiling point HJ
J
#3 and aniline 2boiling point %HF
J
#3.
&nswer: i3 #hromatography ii3 Evaporation
iii3 +iltration iv3 +ractional distillation
;uestion 2?3: & pupil decides to separate powdered calcium carbonate from powdered
sodium chloride by sha"ing the mixture with water and filtering. /ould this procedure
succeedM Explain.
&nswer: This procedure will succeed as #a#*9 is insoluble in water while 0a#l is
soluble in water. *n filtering the residue will be #a#*9.
;uestion 2>3 If salt is added to water is the mixture homogeneous or heterogeneous. 8ive
reasons for your &nswer.
&nswer: The mixture is homogeneous because
a3 The salt particles do not form a separate layer.
b3 The salt particles cannot be separated from the water by filtration.
c3 &lso every portion of the solution is e<ually salty as the solution has salt uniformly
dispersed in it.
Is matter around us *ure solved question
ans5er8#CE"! SO3$!IO#9
Q.1: 4hich separation techni$ues will apply for the separation of the following?
'a( "odium chloride from its solution in water.
'b( Ammonium Chloride from a mixture containing "odium Chloride and Ammonium Chloride.
'c( "mall pieces of metal in the engine oil of a car.
'd( Different pigments from an extract of flower petals.
'e( =utter from curd.
'f( +il from water.
'g( 0ea lea!es from tea.
'h( 2ron pins from sand.
'i( 4heat grains from hus*.
'E( ;ine mud particles suspended in water.
Ans: 'a( CrystalliCation or <!aporation.
'b( "ublimation.
'c( Centrifugation or "edimentation.
'd( Chromatography.
'e( Centrifugation.
'f( "eparating funnel.
'g( JandBpic*ing.
'h( )agnetic separation.
'i( 4innowing.
'E( Centrifugation.
Q.2: 4rite the steps you would use for ma*ing tea. Fse the words B solution# sol!ent# solute#
dissol!e# soluble# insoluble# filtrate and residue.
Ans: 0a*e the sol!ent# water# in a *ettle. Jeat it. 4hen the sol!ent boils# add the solute# mil*. )il*
and water forms a solution. 0hen pour some tea lea!es o!er a sie!e. 1our slowly hot solution of
mil* o!er tea lea!es. Colour of tea lea!es goes into solution as filtrate. 0he remaining tea lea!es
being insoluble remains as residue. Add re$uisite sugar which dissol!es and the tea is ready.
Q.: <xplain the following gi!ing examples:
'a( "aturated solution# 'b( 1ure substance# 'c( Colloid# 'e( "uspension.
Ans: 'a( "aturated "olution B a solution in which no more of the solid 'solute( can be dissol!ed at
a gi!en temperature is called a saturated solution. "uppose -9 gm of a solute is the maximum
amount that can be dissol!ed in 199 gm water at 2:6 >. 0hen 1-9 gm of solution so obtained is
the saturated solution at 2:6 >.
'b( 1ure "ubstance B A pure substance consists of a single of matter or particles and can not be
separated into other *ind of matter by any physical process. 1ure substances always ha!e the
same colour# taste and texture at a gi!en temperature and pressure. ;or example# pure water is
always colourless# odorless and tasteless and boils at 3 > at normal atmospheric pressure.
'c( Colloid B Colloids are heterogeneous mixtures the particle siCe is too small to be seen with a
na*ed eye# but it is big enough to scatter light. 0he particles are called the dispersed phase and
the medium in which they are distributed is called the dispersion medium. Colloids are useful in
industry and daily life.
A colloid has the following characteristics:
'1( 2t is a heterogeneous mixture.
'2( 0he siCe of particles of a colloid lies between 1 B 199 nm and can not be seen by na*ed eyes.
'( 0he particles of colloid can scatter a beam of light passing through it and ma*e the path
!isible.
'&( 0he particles of colloid can not be separated from the mixture by filtration. 0he process of
separation of colloidal particles is *nown as McentrifugationN.
'-( 0hey do not settle down when left undisturbed. 2n other words colloids are $uite stable e.g.
smo*e# mil*# fog# cloud etc.
'd( "uspension A A MsuspensionN is a heterogeneous mixture in which the solute particles do not
dissol!e but remain suspended throughout the bul* of the medium.
A suspension has the following characteristics:
'1( 2t is a heterogeneous mixture.
'2( 0he siCe of particles of a suspension is greater than 199 nm and is !isible to na*ed eyes.
'( 0he particles of suspension can scatter a beam of light passing through it.
'&( 0he particles of a suspension settle down when left undisturbed.
'-( 0he particles of a suspension can be separated from its mixture by filtration.
Q.&: Classify each of the following as a homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture: soda water#
wood# air# soil# !inegar# filtrated tea.
Ans: Jomogeneous mixture B soda water# air# !inegar# filtered tea.
Jeterogeneous mixture B wood# soil.
Q.-: Jow would you confirm that a colourless li$uid gi!en to you is pure water?
Ans: <!ery li$uid has a characteristic boiling point at 1 atmospheric pressure. 2f the gi!en
colourless li$uid boils exactly at 3 > at 1 atmospheric pressure# then it is pure water. 2f the
boiling point is different then the water is contaminated.
Q./: 4hich of the following materials fall in the category of a Mpure substanceN?
'a( 2ce 'b( )il* 'c( 2ron 'd( Jydrochloric acid 'e( Calcium oxide 'f( )ercury 'g( =ric* 'h( 4ood 'i(
Air.
Ans: 'a(# 'c(# 'd(# 'e( and 'f( are pure substances.
Q.3: 4hich of the following will show S0yndall effectT?
'a( salt solution 'b( mil* 'c( copper sulphate solution 'd( starch solution.
Ans: 'b( and 'd( are colloids and will show 0yndall <ffect.
Q.6: Classify the following into elements# compounds and mixtures.
'a( sodium 'b( soil 'c( sugar solution 'd( sil!er 'e( calcium carbonate 'f( tin 'g( silicon 'h( coal 'i(
air 'E( soap '*( methane 'l( carbon dioxide 'm( blood
Ans: <lements B sodium# sil!er# tin# silicon.
Compounds B calcium carbonate# methane# carbon dioxide.
)ixtures B soil# sugar solution# coal# air# soap# blood.
Q. :. 2n the formation of sodium chloride from its constituent elements# do the properties of its
elements change. <xplain.
Ans: "odium is a !ery reacti!e metal that reacts exothermically with water. 2f we were to ingest a
pinch of sodium# it would burn our intestines. Chlorine is a greenish yellow gas with a
characteristic irritating odour and pungent taste. 4hen sodium and chlorine combine to form
sodium chloride# the properties of the elements are totally changed. "odium chloride is a white
substance totally safe to be ingested and is used to add fla!our to our food.
Q. 19. =riefly describe how to separate# i( "ulphur from a mixture of sulphur and sand. ii( =lac*
Cu+ from a mixture of Cu+ and Un+.
Answer: i( Add a sol!ent to the mixture of sulphur and sand. "ulphur dissol!es in carbon
disulphide while sand does not. 4hen filtered# the residue is sand. 0he filtrate is *ept open#
carbon disulphide e!aporates and the sulphur crystals form.
ii( Add a sol!ent to the mixture of Cu+ and Un+ that dissol!es only one component e.g. sodium
hydroxide. 4hen sodium hydroxide is added to the mixture# Un+ dissol!es. ;ilter to obtain the
residue of Cu+.
Class2IX C4EMIS!": Cha*ter-;1IS M!!E"
"O$#% $S 0$"E
8eparating the Components of a Dixture
Importance of separation--> To study and to use the individual components of a mixture
;. /hat would happen if you were to ta"e a saturated solution at a certain temperature and cool it
slowly.
&ns. 4ifferent substances in a given solvent have different solubilities at the same temperature. )o
oncooling substances start to precipitate out.
;. /hat is suspensionM/rite its propertiesM
&ns: )uspension:0on1homogeneous systems in which solids are dispersed in li<uids are called
)uspensions so It is a heterogeneous mixture.
$roperties of a )uspension111
D )uspension is a heterogeneous mixture.
D The particles of a suspension can be seen by the na"ed eye.
D The particles of a suspension scatter a beam of light passing through it and ma"e its path visible.
D The solute particles settle down when a suspension is left undisturbed that is a suspension is
unstable.
C They can be separated from the mixture by the process of filtration.
;. ,ow can we separate colour component of from in"2mixture.3M
&ns: .y evaporation method: /ater 2)olvent3 has got evaporated and residue color left over.
#onclusion: we can separate the volatile component 2solvent3 from its non1volatile solute by the
method of evaporation.
;. ,ow can we separate cream2fat3 from mil" M
&ns: The denser particles of water are forced to the bottom and the lighter particles of creamVfats stay
at the top when mil" spun rapidly by centrifuge machine.
#entrifugation: &pplications1
D 6sed in diagnostic laboratories for blood and urine tests.
D 6sed in dairies and home to separate butter from cream.
D 6sed in washing machines to s<ueeEe out water from wet clothes
;. ,ow can we separate "erosene oil from waterM
&ns: .y using a separating funnel.
The principle is that immiscible li<uids separate out in layers depending on their densities.
&pplications
D To separate mixture of oil and water.
D In the extraction of iron from its ore the lighter slag is removed from the top by this method to leave
the molten iron at the bottom in the furnace.
;. ,ow can we separate mixture of salt and ammonium chlorideM
&ns: .y sublimation method sice ammonium chloride is a sublimating substance
;. ,ow can we separate dye in blac" in"M
&ns: 4ye in blac" in" is a mixture of different compounds.
These different compounds can be separated by chromatography method.
The process of separation of components of a mixture is "nown as chromatography.
@roma in 8ree" means colour. This techni<ue was first used for separation of colours so this name
was given.
#hromatography is the techni<ue used for separation of those solutes that dissolve in the same solvent.
&pplications: To separate
D colours in a dye D pigments from natural colours D drugs from blood.
;. /hat according to you can be the reason for the rise of the coloured spot on the paper stripM
&ns. The in" that we use has water as the solvent and the dye is soluble in it. &s the water rises on the
filter paper it ta"es along with it the dye particles. 6sually a dye is a mixture of two or more colours.
The coloured component that is more soluble in water rises faster and in this way the colours get
separated
;urther study search related
QsunilKs Chemistry for Class 2V B is matter around us pure sol!ed $uestions
How to separate,
i( "ulphur from a mixture of sulphur and sand.
ii( =lac* Cu+ from a mixture of Cu+ and Un+.
iii( mixture of 7J&Cl and 22 i!(the constituents of gunpowder
!( a mixture of ammonia and hydrogen
Edugain1 IX Ch1Is matter around us *ure 1MCQ7S
Choose the best correct option in the following as :-
Q1. The used tea learns are separated from prepared tea by the method
of:
a. Centrifugation b. Filtration c. Evaporation d. Sublimation
Q2. Separating funnel technique is used to separate components which
are -
a.Miscible liquids b. Immiscible liquids c. Solid and liquid d. Solid
and gas
Q3. Centrifugation technique is used to separate:
a. Cream from milk b. Ammonium chloride and salt c. Alcohol & water d.
iron flling and sulphur
Q4. Which one is a correct method of separating is on flings from
sulphur powder.
a. Heating with water b. passing the mixture over a
magnet
c. heating in a china dish d. using a separating funnel.
Q5. The process of cooling a hot and concentrate solution of a substance
to obtain crystals of the solute called
a.Evaporation b. Sublimation c. Crystallization d. Chromatography
Q6. Identify the method used to separate more than two components of a
mixture whose diference in being point is <25C.
a.Distillation b. Fractional distillation c. Crystallization d.
Centrifugation.
Q7. A simple distillation technique used for the mixture if.
a. Two liquid miscible b. They boil without
decomposition
c. They have sufcient diference in their boiling points. d. All the
above.
Q8. For water purifcation system in water work, the following steps are
carried out.
1.Loading 2. Sedimentation. 3. Chlorination 4.Filtration : the correct
sequence of steps is
a.2,1,4,3 b. 2,3,4,1 c. 2,1,3,4 d. 4,1,2,3
Q9. A mixture containing sand, Sodium chloride, Ammonium chloride
and iron fling may be separated by using following steps. The correct
sequence of steps would be.
1.By using magnet 2. Filtration 3. Evaporation 4.
Sublimation
Q10. The process of crystallization used to.
a. Purify a large number of water soluble salts. b. Purifcation of salt that
we get from sea water.
c. Separate crystals B alum (phitkari) from inpure sample. d. All the
above.
!est yoursel(1 IX Ch1Is matter around us *ure
1MCQ7S
CC6 Class 7G Chapter: 7s matter around us pure : MCHI(
1. Which of the following su%stances when mied with sand cannot
%e separated %y su%limation?
.A/ DaCl .*/ D+-Cl .C/ Camphor .C/ 7odine
#. Which of the following is a physical change ?
.A/ 6vaporation of alcohol .*/ Melting of ice .C/ Lusting of iron .C/
*oth .A/ M .*/
,. What will %e the su%limate, when a miture of sand, sulphur,
common salt and iodine is su%limed?
.A/ (and .*/ 7odine .C/ (ulphur .C/ Common salt
-. Miture of sand and camphor can %e puri9ed %y J
.A/ distillation .*/ 9ltration .C/ sedimentation .C/ su%limation
1. A miture of alcohol and water can e separated %y
.A/ separating funnel .*/ fractional distillation
.C/ simple distillation .C/ su%limation
8. &o separate the various coloured pigments present in a
su%stance which method is used?
.A/ su%limation .*/ Chromatography .C/ Centrifugation .C/
6vaporation
<. Car%on %urns in oygen to form car%on dioide. &he properties of
car%on dioide are J
.A/ similar to car%on .*/ similar to oygen
.C/ totally di)erent from %oth car%on and oygen
.C/ much similar to %oth car%on and oygen
?. A miture of ammonium chloride and sodium chloride can %e
separated %y
.A/ chromatography .*/ hand picking .C/ %y su%limation .C/
centrifugation
B. Which of the following is not a chemical change ?
.A/ Lusting of iron .*/ Cooking of food .C/ ;ree'ing of water .C/
Cigestion of food
1@. Which of the following method is used for separation of
di)erent components of petroleum?
.A/ ;ractional distillation .*/ (u%limation .C/ Chromatography .C/
(imple distillation
Answer:
1 # , - 1 8 < ? B 1@
# C * C * * C C C A