The Old Testament tells the religious story of ancient Israel and provides the background for Christianity. It developed over time from oral traditions and was finally compiled from multiple sources and traditions into the form that appears in Christian and Jewish Bibles today. The Old Testament contains different genres of literature and must be understood within its historical context as the sacred text of the Hebrew people rather than analyzed literally. Scholars use various critical methods to study the Old Testament's composition, history, and meaning.
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Reviewer of Christian Education Test 1
OLD TESTAMENT REVIEWER CHAPTER 1
The Old Testament tells the religious story of ancient Israel and provides the background for Christianity. It developed over time from oral traditions and was finally compiled from multiple sources and traditions into the form that appears in Christian and Jewish Bibles today. The Old Testament contains different genres of literature and must be understood within its historical context as the sacred text of the Hebrew people rather than analyzed literally. Scholars use various critical methods to study the Old Testament's composition, history, and meaning.
The Old Testament tells the religious story of ancient Israel and provides the background for Christianity. It developed over time from oral traditions and was finally compiled from multiple sources and traditions into the form that appears in Christian and Jewish Bibles today. The Old Testament contains different genres of literature and must be understood within its historical context as the sacred text of the Hebrew people rather than analyzed literally. Scholars use various critical methods to study the Old Testament's composition, history, and meaning.
-unconditional ties of God to Israel or the conditional bond of Israel to God.
- RELIGIOUS BOOK - Tells about the religious life of the people of ancient Israel who composed the community where Christianity would grow up. - HOLY - Tells us that the it is not just a book, but also a sacred book (holy scripture) by which Christians find it comfort and also the word of God. o THE BIBLE Contains everything we need to be saved. Highest standard of our faith - TESTAMENT - It is something that tells the truth - Tells the truth about our God and his will to us. - Covenant or agreement - COVENANT- a binding relationship between parties, specifically they are bound in covenant with God through Christ. WE ARE HIS PEOPLE and HE IS OUR GOD. We are pleased to obey it. - AGREEMENT- tells us about our agreement with GOD and makes us a living part of that covenant. - The OLD TESTAMENT is our covenant with God. - Being the REVEALED WORD OF GOD - (1) Instrument of communication (2) inspired witness to what God has shown to us (3) part of our bible, which is the rule of Christian living.
HOW AM I TO RELATE WITH IT? 1) WORDS FREQUENTLY USED: a. TORAH/PENTATEUCH (PENTA-TYOOK) i. A Hebrew word that literally means teaching, ii. TORAH- refers to Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. 1. THE FIVE SCROLLS (Pentateuch)
b. APOCRYPHA i. things that are hidden ii. used to designate the books that are withdrawn from public use by the Protestant church iii. Deutero-conanicals- Part of the Roman Catholic church canon iv. Consist of 14 books and Letter of Jeremiah as the final chapter of Baruch. 1. The first book of Esdras 2. The second book of Esdras 3. Tobit 4. Judith 5. The additions to the Book of Esther 6. The wisdom of Solomon 7. Ecclesiasticus, or Wisdom of Jesus the Son of Sirach 8. Baruch 9. The Letter of Jeremiah 10. The prayer of Azariah and the song of the Three Young Men 11. Susanna 12. Bel and the Dragon 13. The Prayer of Manasseh 14. The first book of the Maccabees 15. The second book of the Maccabees
c. PROPHET i. Refers to the go-between parties. ii. Communicates the will of God to the people
d. COVENANT i. Refers to a relationship that has the following characteristics: COMMITMENT, PROMISE AND OBLIGATION, and DURABILITY. ii. Committed to each other under a promise to fulfill their obligations not only once but thereafter. iii. oath iv. Background by which salvation unfolds throughout the bible.
2) THE CANON OF THE OLD TESTAMENT: a. CANON- refers to the concept of measurement. i. Stalk of reed that was used to measure. b. CANON OF SCRIPTURES- refers to the standardized books being used, accepted, and regarded by the church (AUTHORITATIVE) c. GREEK VERSION OF OLD TESTAMENT ( The Septuagint or LXX) i. was long used by the Christians especially those Greek-speaking Christians outside Palestine who did not have access to the Hebrew versions or did not speak Hebrew ii. LXX= APOCRYPHA 1. Found in the present canon of the Roman Catholic iii. Sacred and authoritative; was not official until AD 100 iv. First English translation based from the Hebrew appeared in the 16 th Century with William Tyndales translation of the Pentateuch in 1530. v. King James Version is the most among the widely used version of the Protestant bible.
HEBREW CANON CHRISTIAN BIBLE PROTESTANT ROMAN CATHOLIC AND ORTHODOX CHURCH TORAH 1. BERESHITH (IN THE BEGINNING) 1. GENESIS PENTATEUCH 1. GENESIS 2. ..+ 2. SHEMOTH (NAMES) 2. EXODUS 3. EXODUS 3. WAYIQRA (AND HE CALLED) 3. LEVITICUS 4. LEVITICUS 4. BEMIDBAR (IN THE WILDERNESS) 4. NUMBERS 5. NUMBERS 5. DEBARIM ( WORDS) 5. DEUTERONOMY 6. DEUTERONOMY NEBIIM (PROPHETS) 6. YEHOSHUA 6. JOSHUA HISTORICAL BOOKS 7. JOSHUA FORMER 7. SHOFETIM (JUDGES) 7. JUDGES 8. JUDGES 8. SHEMUEL 8. RUTH 9. RUTH 9. MELAKIM ( KINGS) 9. I SAMUEL 10. I SAMUEL 10. II SAMUEL 11. II SAMUEL 11. I KINGS 12. I KINGS 12. II KINGS 13. II KINGS 13. I CHRONICLES 14. I CHRONICLES 14. II CHRONICLES 15. II CHRONICLES 15. EZRA 16. EZRA 16. NEHEMIAH a. (APOCRYPHAL) b. (APOCRYPHAL) 17. NEHEMIAH 18. TOBIT 19. JUDITH 17. ESTHER 20. ESTHER LATTER PROPHETS MAJOR 10. YESHAYAHU 18. JOB POETRY AND WISDOM 21. JOB 11. YIRMEYAHU 19. PSALMS 22. PSALMS 12. YEHEZQEL 20. PROVERBS 23. PROVERBS MINOR 13. TERE ASAR (TWELVE) HOSHEA YOEL AMOS OBADYAHU YONAH MICAH NAHUM HABAQQUQ ZEPHANYA HAGGAIZEKARYAHU MALAKI 21. ECCLESIASTES 24. ECCLESIASTES 22. SONG OF SOLOMONS 25. SONG OF SOLOMON 26. WISDOM OF SOLOMON KETHUBIM (WRITINGS) 14. TEHELIM (PRAISES) 23. ISAIAH PROPHETIC WRITINGS 27. ISAIAH 15. IYYOB 24. JEREMIAH 28. JEREMIAH 16. MISHLE 25. LAMENTATIONS 29. LAMENTATIONS (PROVERSBS OF) 17. RUTH (APOCRYPHAL) 30. BARUCH INCLUDING THE LETTER OF JEREMIAH (RC ONLY) 18. SHIR HASHIRIM (SxONGS OF SONGS) 31. 19. QOHELETH h(PREACHER) 26. EZEKIEL 32. EZEKIEL FETAL SCROLLS 20. EKAH 27. DANIEL 33. DANIEL 21. ESTER 28. HOSEA 34. HOSEA 22. DANIEL 29. JOEL 35. JOEL 23. EZRA- NEHEMIYAH 30. AMOS 36. AMOS 24. DIBRE HAYAMIM (CHRONICLES) 31. OBADIAH 37. OBADIAH 32. JONAH 38. JONAH 33. MICAH 39. MICAH 34. NAHUM 40. NAHUM 35. HABAKKUK 41. ZEPHANIAH 36. ZEPHANIAH 42. HAGGAI 37. HAGGAI 43. ZECHARIAH 38. ZECHARIAH 44. MELACHI 39. MELACHI (APOCRYPHAL) (APOCRYPHAL) 45. I MECCABEES 46. II MECCABEES
3) DEVELOPMENT OF THE OLD TESTAMENT -went through a long and complex process helps taking its final shape as known today. a. How and where did it all start? i. The beginning of Israel is usually traced to the person of Abraham ii. From Abraham was born Isaac- father of Jacob(Israel)- the father of the 12 pillars of Israel iii. Not sure where the community grew from single ethnic (racial or tribal) composition iv. There were others other than Israelites that joined them [EXODUS 12:38] v. Israelites had their bitter experience- SLAVERY- (became slaves in Egypt after death of joseph) vi. They escape to the wilderness and their subsequent tribal confederation in CANAAN. 1. Here they were able to go out of Egypt through the leadership of MOSES
b. GOD= YAHWEH c. ORAL TRADITION= simply the collection of stories songs, and poems in unwritten form found in a certain community. i. This was already been using before the bible was written ii. In the bible, the stories are derived from the Oral tradition iii. Used as the basis content of the written bible since it came first. iv. Until now, they still practice Oral Tradition v. Stories are told using the medium of sound; the story teller do not stop and big chance that the listener have missed some of the stories. d. Probable intermediate sources of the Pentateuch i. wrote from the oral tradition ii. PENTATEUCH= composite work TETRATEUCH = 4 BOOKS HEXATEUCH = 6 BOOKS
e. J, E,D, P i. 4 strands of traditions that Pentateuch has ii. Works of Graf and Wellhausen became dominant and known as Graf- Wellhausen hypothesis iii. Documentary source of the hypothesis J-TRADITION: Yahwist traditionist/ writer wrote an epic from the oral tradtiotion E- TRADITION: another writer from Northern Israel D- TRADITION: parts of 2 kings (chapter 22-23) were published in the 7 th century P- TRADITION: priestly writers, during the time of the exile, compiled those 3 documents and added their own ( Pentateuch) FINAL REDACTOR 4) APPROACHING THE OLD TESTAMENT WITH UNDERSTAND a. The old testament is a religious literature i. The Hebrews- people of God. b. The old testament is a part of the Judeo-Christian Tradition c. The old testament is understood in the back ground of tradition and reason d. The resurrection of Jesus gives light to the understanding of the Christian faith. FOR US, myth and legends may be problematic but for Ancient HEBREWS or ISRAELITES they are not. e. For HEBREWS myth and legends are functional in character. They are ways to explain what the Hebrews believe to be true. f. We are using myth and legends to express what we believe to be true. g. MYTHS- are stories not so much to prove as to tell the origin of a thing or event. h. LEGENDS are stories centered on a character/s and such stories are partly based on history. i. GOD CREATED or MAKER OF EVERYTHING 5) TOOLS OF STUDYING THE OLD TESTAMENT a. b. criticism to distinguish them from the methods of the hard sciences requiring quantitative formulations. c. Tools Use or application Textual criticism Historical criticism Grammatical criticism
The quest for the original wording The setting in time and space This language of the text The composition structure and rhetorical Literary criticism
Tradition/ transmission criticism . 5Form criticism Redaction criticism style of the text question of authorship The stages in the development of the text The genre and function of the text The final, canonical viewpoint and theology expressed in the text. d.