INNOVATIVE WORK

Reading innovative physical science

Reading a physical science book is not like reading a story when you read physiacal science book you
are reading to learn more about the world around you. Reading a physical science book can be fun,
byt you may have to work a little to understand physics or chemistry. You will need to stidy what you
react you will also need to remember as much as you can.
Here is a way to help you study.
Following these steps will you to understand physical science.
1. Skim.
skim means look iover. Read all the title in the chapter notice the scientific terms. These
things will tell yoyu what the chapter is about, think of what you already know about this
topic.
2. Read
Carefully read the text under one heading at a time. Try to find the main idea. Learn what the
biological terms stand for. Try to pronounce the new words that are spelled. Look at all the
pictures. Read the labels and captions. They make physical science easy to understand
3. Review
Review means revise. Read all text again and look at the oicture. They will remaind you of the
picturs and the main ideas. Make sure you can define all the scientific terms. Also make sure
you can answer all the questions. The mare you review , the more you will remember.
Preface
Birth and finding a new home
I ahd come upon my being, whether fortunately or unfortunately, that I was born in the core
of massive star in the milkyt way galaxy. I was christened carbon, because I looked like one with 6
proton and 6 neutrons. I was given pride of place in the operiodic table, four place to the left from the
right on the 2
nd
row. I was small, butt proud of my six +ve cahrges. This the story of my life so far,
immortal as I am kindly, dear human reader , read on!
Carbon
HAI.,,,,,,,,,
3 1 18 2 15 14
C A R B O N
A violent birth
I was a small nuetrons called He. Litle did I know that I would grow in size. You see within my
kindyou grow my collisin. If I was supposed to becime the bigger be, I would have to collide with a He
nucleus (sanzzily nick named alpha). The catch is that a successful collission is extremely rare even
throughthe number of collision itself is very large, call it social presure or anything else you like, but
even through 2 alpha want tobe together to form a more stable berelium, they dont came togrthere
because of their repulsive ego-likecharges. Having a successful collission is a difficult anf a licky
business, I was lucky!.
So I did become be this was the 1
st
step towards adulthood, the next would be becoming what
I am now! That would require a greater amount of luck and energy. The further constraint in this next
conversion step was that the stable me cannot be formed by just collidingbe with alpha. The collision
with an alpha and formed a more excited state of my present self. Only a few of my Bebrothers had
got this far! I felt praid relaxing by realizing a couple of protons. And that is how I came to be, or so
they said!
A trple alpha process. The wiggly lines represent energy emmitted in the form of protons. Notice the
absence of the wiggly lines when the Beryllium fuses with the He.
I was more carbon
Blast and my journey through space
i ast for a couple of billion years at the core of the stars. Then suddenly enormous pressure
built up. My surroundings went a bit dark. The teperature increased. A new batch of reactions started
over. Some of my carbon brother got canverted to oxygen and then neon. I escaped the fate. The
pressure continued to buildup. Then all of a sudden it released I was swept out into space, I have
never experienced such a rush. Streams of ions followed. The outword force was enormous. The haint
star, my home was dead. The elders say that it was the supernova.
Initially I got shocked by the static medium outside the stars. I was forced to slowdownmy journey
across the cosmoshad, however begun! I was now in the interstellar medium.
I looked back to my old home it was still stimmering, but just a glimpse of its old majestie self.
The sea of ions propelled out was still being pushed out by the angry star. I would later know that it
would become a neutron star. I I rock the stellar wind out into space.
Space is the most horribly friged place you can imagine; I was cooled to my neutrons. How
ever due to the plethora of electrons in the medium surrounding the stars, and my 6 +ve carges I
attracted six electrons which began revolving around me in specified orbit. I wasfeeling more
completely as carbon. One of the greatest friendship had begun! A great new number of possibilities
opened up.

My new home and a new life
I got dragged by the wind and landed in a whirling gas of racky materials on the out skirts of
the milkyway. I knew enough to know that planetery formation was going on! May be, this was my
new home , my destiny! I settled on the thired rocky mass from the star called the sun! further it was
called would be my new address in the cosmos.
I saw rain dowm upon earth carrying ice and water , which gave this nascent planet raging
water bodies. I was up in the atmosphere , I wasassociated with 2 atoms of o2, forming co2. My
electrons had started showing their magic the magic which would, in a few million more years,
produce the greatest miracle in the universe life.
The ground was not hospitable. I rained down, weakely associated with a molecule of water .
flowing down a deepdark crevasse, I lande up in a hot cave. The surroundings smelled of raw sulfer. I
flowed down and out into a large water body. I was in the forming ocean. I would idly sit here for a
billion years or so after which my life would wxplods with activity. The greatest miracle was
happening in front of my eyes. I was soon going to be a part of it. I was soon going to be a part of life.