Halit Khoshen

P.O.Box 0819-09791
Panama City, Panama
halit.khoshen@gmail.com
Enrichment and Wellbeing of Mammals in Captivity
A Handbook for Central and South America
(First Edition)
:
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mit) and to remix (to adapt) the work by Halit Khosh-
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Attribution: you must attribute the work to its respec-
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Copyright :
Photos and institution documents were reproduced
with permission by their authors, and are copyright
of their respective authors. Reproduction of this
material can only be made with permission by the
respective authors.
Cover photo by Halit Khoshen: a painting by
capuchins at Summit Municipal Park, Panama
Join the Fauna Silvestre en Cautiverio mailing list (http://
pets.groups.yahoo.com/group/Fauna_Silvestre_en_Cautive-
rio/) in order to share information, knowledge and experiences
with professionals from zoos, sanctuaries and rescue centers
in Latin America, in areas such as:
1) Husbandry, diets, veterinary care, enrichment, group forma-
tion, and wellbeing of captive wildlife
2) Wildlife release and reintroduction
We all need help at some point to better the life of wildlife, and
even in order to save a life. The only way to do so is by having
who to consult, and at the same time, by sharing information.
Sharing and opening information conduits are a great frst step
into fulflling our commitment towards wildlife!
IV Enrichment and Wellbeing of Mammals in Captivity. Halit Khoshen, MSc.
Example form for herbs and spices:
Nasua narica Gorda Flaca Juliana Cindy
Oregano X X
Sage
Mint
Catnip
Fennel
Basil
Ginger
Chili powder
Curry
Dill
Lavender
Tarragon
Cinnamon
All Spice
Marjoram
Rosemary
Coriander
5 Chinese spice
Chives
Cloves
Ground lemon peel
Paprika
Ground nutmeg
Onion spice
Citronella
Apple pie spice
Pumpkin pie spice
Garlic spice
How to fll in the boxes:
Scores 1-3: black box
Scores 4-5: with a centered X
Non-evaluated or performed enrichment scents: leave blank
On the top column: personal names of species members
VI Enrichment and Wellbeing of Mammals in Captivity. Halit Khoshen, MSc.
Table of Contents
Fauna Silvestre en Cautiverio mailing list IV
Contributions to the Second Edition V
Dedications IX
Acknowledgments X
Chapter 1 Introduction the Basics 2
Chapter 2 Welfare, Rights and Wellbeing 4
2.1 Feelings Sentience 5
2.2 Animal Rights and Animal Welfare 7
2.3 Animal Needs 9
2.4 Measuring Animal Wellbeing in Captivity 14
Chapter 3 Enrichment What is It? 21
3.1 overview - What is Enrichment ? 22
3.2 Why is Enrichment Important ? 23
3.3 Types of Enrichment 24
3.3.1 Enclosure design and enrichment (the physical habitat) 25
3.3.2 Feeding enrichment 27
3.3.3 Sensory enrichment 35
3.3.4 Manipulative enrichment 40
3.3.5 Social enrichment 42
3.3.6 Training 46
Chapter 4 Stages of Enrichment 52
4.1 Establishing goals and objectives 53
4.2 Planning 54
4.3 Implementation 66
4.4 Documenting 67
4.5 Evaluation 71
4.6 Re-adjustment 72
Chapter 5 Enrichment Ideas 73
5.1 Enclosure Design and Enrichment (the physical habitat) 75
5.1.1 Furniture 76
5.1.2 Cats 82
5.1.3 Primates and squirrels 90
5.1.4 Procyonids 110
5.1.5 Tapirs and Deer 115
5.1.6 Anteaters and tamanduas 120
5.1.7 Sloths 124
5.2 Feeding Enrichment 131
5.2.1 Food Presentation 132
5.2.2 Food Placement 141
5.2.3 Novel Food Items 197
5.3 Sensory Enrichment 203
5.3.1 Olfactory Enrichment 204
5.3.2 Tactile Enrichment 216
5.3.3 Visual Enrichment 225
5.3.4 Auditory Enrichment 229
5.4 Manipulative Enrichment 231
5.5 Social Enrichment 250
5.6 Other Enrichments 255
Appendixes 259
Appendix 1 Additional References Further Reading 260
References 263
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DATE: SECTION:
CATEGORY: (please mark all that apply)
Food Olfactory Tactile
Auditory Visual Substrate
Choice
Exhibit Modification
Location Enrichment is to be offered (please check one):
on exhibit off exhibit both
PURPOSE OF ENRICHMENT:
ASSEMBLY MATERIALS AND INSTRUCTIONS:
SOURCE: (Vendor info, donated, built, etc.) COST:
SAFETY CONCERNS and RESTRICTIONS:
APPROVAL SIGNATURES:
Supervisor
Curator
Date Approved:
If available, please attach a photo or drawing and natural/individual history questions.
Veterinarian
COMMENTS:
REQUESTED BY:
REQUESTED FOR (species/individual):
Other (specify):
HOUSTON ZOO, INC. ENRICHMENT APPROVAL FORM
DESCRIPTION OF ENRICHMENT ITEM and/or ACTIVITY:
Novel Object
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DATE: SECTION:
If you were able to observe: WAS THE ANIMAL INTERESTED? yes no
CATEGORY: (please mark all that apply)
Food Olfactory Tactile
Auditory Visual Substrate
Choice
Location Enrichment was offered (please check one):
on exhibit off exhibit both
Daily Weekly Monthly
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5
I1 I2 I3 I4 I5
No Yes
SHOULD THIS ENRICHMENT BE CONTINUED?
Yes No
SAFETY CONCERNS and NEGATIVE REACTIONS:
COMMENTS:
Less than once a month Twice a month
DID THE ENRICHMENT ENCOURAGE THE DESIRED NATURAL BEHAVIOR?
LIST BEHAVIOR(S) THE ENRICHMENT WAS DESIGNED TO ENCOURAGE:
HOUSTON ZOO, INC. ENRICHMENT EVALUATION FORM
DESCRIPTION OF ENRICHMENT ITEM and/or ACTIVITY:
Novel Object
species/individual being evaluated:
Other (specify):
RESPONSE TO ENRICHMENT: (please check one, see page two for descriptions of the codes.) Use the rest of
the space to add additional comments about the animal's response.
Exhibit Modification
FREQUENCY ENRICHMENT ITEM and/or ACTIVITY IS OFFERED (please check one):
HOW LONG WAS THE ENRICHMENT EVALUATED?
HOW LONG WAS THE ANIMAL INTERESTED ?
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ESPECIAS
MAPACHES ZORROS GATO SOLOS NA
CANELA X X
CEBOLLA X
AJO
COMINO X X
OREGANO X X
CURRY X X X
CLAVITO DE OLOR X X X
ESCENCIAS
MAPACHES ZORROS GATO SOLOS NA
LIMON X X
VAINILLA X X X
X = LAS DE PUNTAJE 4 Y 5
= LAS DE PUNTAJE 1 A 3
= LAS AUN NO EVALUADAS / REALIZADAS
SPICES
RACCOONS FOXES COATIS NA
CINNAMON X X
ONION X
GARLIC
CUMIN X X
OREGANO X X
CURRY X X X
CLOVES X X X
ESCENCIAS
MAPACHES ZORROS GATO SOLOS NA
LEMON X X
VANILLA X X X
X = SCORES 4 AND 5
= SCORES 1 TO 3
= NOT YET EVALUATED / PERFORMED
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Enrichment ideas in this chapter were based on the following animal species. This does not mean that
it cannot be adapted for use with other species.
Order Family Genus and Species Common Name
Carnivora Procyonidae Procyon sp. Raccoon
Nasua sp. Coatimundi
Potos favus Kinkajou
Felidae Panthera onca Jaguar
Puma concolor Cougar
Puma yagouaroundi Jaguarundi
Leopardus pardalis Ocelot
Leopardus wiedii Margay cat
Mustelidae Eira barbara Tayra
Canidae Cerdocyon thous Crab-eating fox
Urocyon cinereoargenteus Gray fox
Perissodactyla (odd-
toed ungulates)
Tapiridae Tapirus spp. Tapir
Artiodactyla (even-
toed ungulates)
Tayassuidae (pecca-
ries)
Tayassu pecari White-lipped peccary
Pecari tajacu Collared peccary
Cervidae Odocoileus virginianus White-tailed deer
Mazama spp. Brocket deer
Rodentia Porcupine
Caviidae Hydrochoerus sp. Capybara
Cuniculidae Cuniculus sp. Paca
Dasyproctidae Dasyprocta sp. Agouti
Sciuridae Sciurus sp. Squirrel
Primates Atelidae Ateles sp. Spider monkey
Alouatta sp. Howler monkey
Cebidae Cebus sp. Capuchin monkey
Saimiri sp. Squirrel monkey
Callitrichidae Saguinus sp. Tamarin monkey
Aotidae Aotus sp. Night monkey
Pilosa Myrmecophagidae Tamandua sp. Tamandua, anteater
Myrmecophaga sp. Giant anteater
Bradypodidae Bradypus sp. Three-toed sloth
Megalonychidae Choloepus sp. Two-toed sloth
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Appendix 1
Additional References - Further Reading
Books and handbooks:
Training
Pryor K. (2002) Dont Shoot the Dog: The New Art of Teaching and Training. United States: Ringpress
Books Ltd.
Enrichment
Shepherdson, D. J., Mellen, J. D., & Hutchins, M. E. (1998) Second Nature: Environmental Enrichment for
Captive Animals. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institutional Press.
Resources on the web:
Training
Disneys Animal Programs Training Program
Ark Animals
Karen Pryor Clicker Training
Enrichment
The Shape of Enrichment
Disneys Animal Enrichment
The Environmental Husbandry Manual
Cleveland Metroparks Zoo Animal Enrichment
Honolulu Zoo Animal Environmental Enrichment Program
PhxZoo Behavioural Enrichment Protocols
ZooLex
Zoo Enrichment
Carnivore Enrichment
Primate Enrichment
Enrichment: Shape UK and Ireland
Houston Zoo Animal Enrichment
p 260 Enrichment and Wellbeing of Mammals in Captivity. Halit Khoshen, MSc.
Journal articles:
Training
Buchanan-Smith H. (2003) The benefts of positive reinforcement training and its effect on human non-hu-
man animal interactions. Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Symposium on Zoo Research, 21-26.
Colahan H. and Breder C. (2003) Primate Training at Disneys Animal Kingdom. Journal of Applied Animal
Welfare Science 6(3), 235-246.
Coleman K. and Maier A. (2010) The use of positive reinforcement training to reduce stereotypic behavior
in rhesus macaques. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 124(3-4), 142-148.
Fass-Holmes B. (2005) Clicker training as enrichment. Parrots 92,24-28.
Laule G. (1993) Using training to enhance animal care and welfare. Animal Welfare Information Center
Newsletter 4(1), 2, 8-9.
Laule G.E. and Bloomsmith M.A. (2003) The use of positive reinforcement training techniques to enhance
the care, management, and welfare of primates in the laboratory. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Sci-
ence 6(3), 163-173.
McKinley J. Buchanna-Smith H.M. and Basset L. (2003) Training common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)
to cooperate during routine laboratory procedures: Ease of training and time investment. Journal of Applied
Animal Welfare Science 6(3), 209-220.
Prescott M.J. and Buchanan-Smith H.M. (2003) Training nonhuman primates using positive reinforcement
techniques. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 6(3), 157-161.
Prescott M.J. and Buchanan-Smith H.M. (2007) Training laboratory-housed non-human primates, part I: A
UK survey. Animal Welfare 16, 21-36.
Prescott M.J., Bowell V.A. and Buchanen-Smith H.M. (2005) Training laboratory-housed non-human pri-
mayes, part 2: Resources for developing and implementing training programmes. Animal Technology and
Welfare 133-148.
Priest G.M. (1991) Training a diabetic drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) to accept insulin injections and veni-
puncture. Laboratory Primate Newsletter 30(1), 1-4.
Reinhardt V. (1997) Training nonhuman primates to cooperate during blood collection: a review. Laboratory
Primate Newsletter 36(4), 1-4.
Reinhardt, V. (1997) Training nonhuman primates to cooperate during handling procedures: a review. Ani-
mal Technologist 48, 55-73.
p 261 Enrichment and Wellbeing of Mammals in Captivity. Halit Khoshen, MSc.
Enrichment
Draper W. A. and Bernstein I. S. (1963) Stereotyped behavior and cage size. Perceptual and Motor Skills
16, 231-234.
Honess P.E. and Marin C.M. (2006) Enrichment and aggression in primates. Neuroscience and Biobehav-
ioral Reviews 30, 413-436.
Kuczaj S., Lacinak T., Fad O., Trone M., Solangi M and Ramos J. (2002) Keeping environmental enrich-
ment enriching. International Journal of Comparative Psychology 15(2), 127-137
MacLean O.D. (1964) Mirror display in the squirrel monkey, Saimiri sciureus. Science 146, 950-952.
Melle J.D. (2002) Role of enrichment in reproduction of zoo animals. Proceedings of the 2nd International
Symposium on Asssited Reproductive Technology for the Conservation & Genetic Management of Wildlife,
90-102.
Pratt Hawks N.C. (2002) Impacts of housing and social environment on reproduction dont overlook the
basics. Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Assisted Reproductive Technology for the
Conservation & Genetic Management of Wildlife, 40-49.
Watson D.S.B., Houston B.J. and Macallum G.E. (1989) The use of toys for primate environmental enrich-
ment. Laboratory Primate Newsletter 12, 231-234.
Westergaard G.C. and Fragaszy D. (1985) Effects of manipulative objects on the activity of capuchin mon-
keys (Cebus apella). Zoo Biology 4, 317-327.
Wolff A.V. (1989) Polyvinyl chloride piping as perch material for squirrel monkeys. Laboratory Primate
Newsletter 28(1), 17.
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