Multi-fixed smeared crack model for brittle materials Multi-fixed smeared crack model for brittle materials

U n i v e r s i t y o f M i n h o
Department of Civil Engineering
Guimares, Portugal
barros@civil.uminho.pt www.civil.uminho.pt
2
Type of models
1. Discrete crack models to simulates the behaviour of structures
with already existing cracks; When the localization of cracks are
known a priori.
2. Smeared crack models When diffuse crack partners are
expected to occur.
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
3. Hybrid model Combine discrete and smeared concepts.
3
:: Example
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
4
Strain decomposition concept
cr co
= +
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
5
Stress and strain in the crack
x
2

t
Crack
n
cr
n

cr
t
s

( =

l ll l
T
cr cr cr
n t
=
l ll l
cr cr
T
[ ]
1 2 12
T
=
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
x
1
Crack

cr
t

cr
n
w
( =

l ll l
T
cr cr cr
n t 1 2 12
( =

T
cr cr cr cr
( =

l ll l
T
cr cr cr
T
2 2
2 2
cos sin 2sin cos
sin cos sin cos cos sin
cr
T


(
=
(


6
Concrete model for concrete in between cracks
co co
D =
( )
2
1 0
1 0
1
0 0 1 2
c
co
c
c
c
c
E
D

(
(
=
(

Constitutive matrix for the
concrete between cracks
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
Model for the cracks
=
l l l l l l l l
cr cr cr
D
0
0
cr
cr I
cr
II
D
D
D
(
=
(

Constitutive matrix for the crack
7
Model (I) fracture parameter
- Tangent stiffness corresponding to the fracture mode I
0
0
cr
cr I
cr
II
D
D
D
(
=
(

cr
I
D
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
- Tangent stiffness corresponding to fracture mode II
The opening-sliding mutual effect is not simulated.
I
cr
II
D
8
Mode (II) fracture parameters
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
Softening laws: (a) tri-linear diagram; (b) exponencial diagram
9

cr
n n

cr
f
ct
f
ct
Discrete approach
h
Smeared approach
w
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
Softening diagrams for discrete crack models (a) and distributed cracks (b).
n
cr

G /h
f f
G
w
(a) (b)
10
To assure mesh objectivity (independence of the results from the
mesh refinement), the crack band width should be dependent of
the finite element geometry. Several researchers have
recommended the following proposal:
Area of the finite element = h
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
Contudo, para evitar a instabilidade por snap-back:
2
f c
ct
G E
h
b f

Area of the integration point = h

Constant value = h
11
cr co
= +
1 1 1
cr
c II c
G D G
= +
1
cr
II c
D G

p
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
1
,
1

| |
=
|
|
\
p
cr
n
cr
n ult
Shear retention factor
12
crco
D =
( )
1
T T
crco co co cr cr cr co cr cr co
D D D T D T D T T D

( (
= +

Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering

crco
D Evaluation of the stiffness matrix
Evaluation of the nodal forces
T
V
K B DBdV =

T
V
F B dV

13
Failure surface

II

f
ct
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
Rankine failure criteria
I

f
ct
14
Extention to several cracks
( ) ( )
( )
1 1 2 2

(
=

cr cr
T
cr cr cr cr
n n
T T T T
0 0
(

cr
D
Transformation matrix for
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
1
2
0 0
0 0
0 0
(
(
(
=
(
(
(

cr
cr
cr
cr
cr
n
D
D
D
D
Transformation matrix for
tne crack n. n
cr
Crack constitutive
law for the n
cr
15
Criteria for the crack opening
1. The maximum principal stress,
I
, should exceed f
ct
2. The angle between existing cracks and the direction of
I
,
should exceed the threshold angle
3. Both 1. and 2. conditions (recommended criteria)
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
Teh values recommended for the threshold angle verie in the
interval 30 to 60.
16
Crack history
n

cr,1
ct
f
f
c
t
c
r
,2

n
(1)
(2)
( )
2
| |
= +
|
p
next
G G G G
, ,
prev
f a f f c
G G G =
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
f,c
G
cr,1
cr,1
n

n
c
r
,2
c
r
,2
G

f

(2)
/
h

/h
f,a
cr,1
G /h
( )
, ,
2
= +
|
\
next
f f f a f a
G G G G
17
Stress updated
,
=
l ll l
cr cr
m m m
T
( )
, 1 , 1


+ = +
l l l l l l l l
cr cr cr
m m m m m
T
( ) ( )

(
+ = +

T
cr cr cr co cr cr
T D T
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
( ) ( )
, 1 , 1 ,


(
+ = +

l l l l l l l l l l l l
cr cr cr co cr cr
m m m m m m m
T D T
( )
, 1 , , , 1
0

(
+ + =

l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l
T
cr cr cr cr co cr cr cr cr co
m m m m m m m m m m
T D T T T D
( )
( )
,
, 1 , , , 1
cr
m
T
cr cr cr cr co cr cr cr cr co
m m m m m m m m m m
f
T D T T T D

=
(
+ +

l ll l
l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l
18
Stress updated (cont.)
Zero the iteration counter:
Calculate the initial solution:
( )
0
,

l ll l
cr
m
0 q
?
( )
( ) ,

<
l ll l
q
cr
m
f Toler
Yes
No
(1)
(2)
(3)
Zero the iteration counter:
Calculate the initial solution:
( )
0
,

l ll l
cr
m
0 q
Yes
No
?
( )
( ) ,

<
l ll l
q
cr
m
f Toler
(1)
(2)
(3)
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
Update the counter: 1 + q q
Calculate the variation of the unknowns as the solution of the
following system of linear equations:
Update the current solution:
( ) ( ) ( )
1
, , ,

+
l l l l l l l l l l l l
q q q
cr cr cr
m m m
END
No
( )
1
1
,
,
0

| |
+ = |
|

\
l ll l
l ll l
q
q
q cr
m m cr
m
f
f
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
Update the counter: 1 + q q
Calculate the unknowns as the solution of
the following system of linear equations:
( )
( )
1
, 1 , ,
,
1
0

+ +
(

=
l l l l l l l l l l l l
l ll l
q
cr cr cr
m m m
q T
cr co cr cr
m m m
cr cr co
m m m m
T D T
T T D
END
No
(4)
(5)
(6)
19
Crack status

cr
n
1
2
1 - INITIATION
2 - OPENING
3 - CLOSING
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
n
cr

2
5
3
4
6
2
3 - CLOSING
4 - CLOSED
5 - REOPENING
6 - FULLY OPEN
20
Decomposition of the vector with the increment strains
Zero the counter of critical crack status changes:
Calculate the number of active cracks
0 m
Extract the information related to the active
cracks from the historical data
(1)
(2)
(3)
Calculate the transition point corresponding to:
a new crack initiation (if applicable):
a closed crack reopening (if applicable):
an open crack closure (if applicable):
, new m
k
, reopen m
k
, close m
k
Update the counter of critical crack status changes: 1 + m m
Yes
(7)
(6)
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
Calculate the new stress vector using the
current incremental strain vector:
m
New crack initiates
or a closed crack reopens or
an open crack closes
?
No
Yes
(4)
(5)
Calculate the transition point corresponding to the first
crack status change:
{ }
, , ,
min ; ;
m new m reopen m close m
k k k k
Calculate the new stress vector using the
current incremental strain vector:
1 m m
k

Update the historical data

Update the incremental strain vector: ( )
1
1
m m m
k


Update the historical
data
END
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
21
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
22
Singularities
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
Deformations in orthogonal cracks: (a) normal; (b) tangential.
23
Example 1
+
+
+
+
Thickness = 100 mm
F/2 F/2
Integration rule
1
0
.
0
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
1016.75
+
+
510.0
35.0
510.0 1016.75
Integration rule
1
0

1
0
.
0
24
Exemple 2
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
25
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering