Improvement Methods of Outlet Works of Existing Dams in Japan To Adapt For Climate Change

International Symposium on Climate Change, Future Challenge of Dams
The 6
th
East Asian Area Dam Conference in Korea, Oct. 25-31, 2009
141
Improvement Methods of Outlet Works of Existing Dams
in Japan to Adapt for Climate Change

Tsuneo Uesaka
[1]
, Nobuteru Sato
[2]
, Tomoya Iwashita
[3]
, Noboru Sakamoto
[4]

[1]
CTI Engineering Co., Ltd., Japan, uesaka@ctie.co.jp
[2]
Japan Water Agency, Japan, nobuteru_sato@water.go.jp

[3]
Public Works Research Institute, Japan, iwashita@pwri.go.jp
[4]
Electric Power Development Co.,Ltd, Japan, Noboru_Sakamoto@jpower.co.jp

1. Introduction
Capabilities required for flood control and water supply have been changed due to regional and
temporal changes of precipitation distribution influenced by climate change. In addition, it is
becoming difficult to construct a new dam in Japan due to natural environment preservation and
hardness of consensus building of related parties for dam construction. For these reasons, efforts have
been made for effectively utilizing existing dams
1)
. As one of these efforts, reinforcement and
improvement of intake and outlet works of existing dams are being made. Through the efforts, some
technical issues are becoming obvious.

This paper picks out technical issues on the design and construction methods related to effective use
of existing dams. Then, it clarifies the cases of reinforcement and improvement of intake and outlet
works in Japan and summarizes technical issues on the design procedures and construction methods at
each step in order to examine those issues
2)
.

Japan Commission on Large Dams organized Subcommittee for the Research on Dam Refreshment
2)
for the purpose of examining technical issues related to effective use of dams then examinations
were conducted in 2005 and 2006. This paper has prepared to delineate addition and modification of
intake and outlet works, which are the part of the examination results of subcommittee.

2. Classification of Outlet Works of Existing Dams and Technical Issues
The modification and addition methods of outlet works of existing dams are indispensable for
improving the quality of reservoir water, increasing in flood discharge, water use discharge and
hydropower generation and modifying the facility related to dam height raising.

In this paper, outlet works are classified under three type groups. The first one is dam body outlet
works, the second one is dam crest outlet works and third one is selective intake works. The dam body
outlet works are those to be built in the dam body and the dam crest outlet works are those to be built
on the dam crest to discharge water from the dam crest.

Characteristics of the modification and addition works of dam body outlet works are the construction
work that is often conducted while operational functions of the dam are maintained. In this case, it is
necessary to construct a temporary closure upstream side of the dam body. Its structure, water cutoff
method and construction costs have become important issues. When it is possible to conduct
construction work remaining to low reservoir water level, no temporary closure will be necessary. For
either case, the dam body drilling method will be a severe technical issue.

As the modification and expansion of dam crest outlet works do not largely affect the reservoir
operation, the modification and improvement work is normally conducted under normal reservoir
The 6
th
142
operating condition. As part of a dam body concrete has to be crushed and cut for expansion and
modification of the dam crest outlet works, it is pointed out issues related to the prevention of
possible vibrations and shocks that may give adverse effects on the existing dam body.

As the same as the modification and addition of dam body outlet works, modification and addition of
a selective intake work should be conducted inside the reservoir. Thus, important issues are
minimization of effects on reservoir operation as much as possible and the connection method to
existing water supply discharge facility.

In view of above, this paper delineates technical elements related to the methods of drilling a dam
body and of constructing temporary closure for dam body outlet works, technical element related to
concrete crushing and cutting method for dam crest outlet works, technical element related to the
alleviation method for reservoir operation regulation for selective intake facilities, and the connection
methods to existing dam body outlet works in the following sections.

3. Dam Body Outlet Works
Enhancement of dam body outlet works is made by installing the additional outlet pipes by drilling
holes in the dam body for the purposes to a) add power generation outlets for effectively using
abundant water resources, b) add water intake pipes to suite the change of reservoir operation, c) add
outlet pipes for environmental preservation purposes, such as increase in maintenance flow in the
downstream reaches, countermeasures for cold and turbid water and installation of fish ladders, and d)
add discharge pipes to improve flood control functions. Various cases of the researched dams are
listed in Table 1.

Cross-sectional area to be drilled in a dam body greatly varies depending upon the necessary size of
Shape Width Height Length Pipe Dia.
m m (m) (m) (m)
Fujiigawa Ibaraki Pref G 37.5 1956 1975 Rect. 8.00 7.50 19.7
B 3.7
H 3.7
Concrete Crushing Method (Cracker for
Concrete and Rock

Akiha J Power G 89.0 1958 1988 Circular 6.50 6.50 21.0 5.30 Rock Drill Method SD Method
Sarutani
Kinki Const.
Bureaus,MLIT
G 74.0 1957 1989 Wagon Cover 2.65 2.65 5.8
B 1.65
H 1.65
Rock Drill Method Core
Boring/Hydraulic Breaker

Okiura Aomori Pref G 40.0 1944 1987 Circular 4.40 4.40 4.2
Full-face Cutting Method Tunnel
Boring Machine
Yoroihata
Tofuku Const.
Bureaus, MLIT
G 58.5 1957 1989 Circular 4.40 4.40 28.9 3.20 10.5
Partial Tunnel Face Excavation Method
Road Header
Type (Large) Steel cantilever support
Kakkomi Japan Power G 34.0 1955 1991 Wagon Cover 1.80 2.00 4.5 0.75 Rock Drill Method AWJ Method
Naiba Kagawa Pref G 50.0 1952 1993 Wagon Cover 2.50 2.50 30.5 1.30
Road Header

Mitani Tottori City G 27.0 1922 1995 Rect. 3.00 2.80 12.6 Rock Drill Method SD Method
Nishiyama Nagawaki Pref G 40.0 1904 1996 Wagon Cover 3.40 3.40
14.7
+ 12.7
B 3.0
H 3.0
Rock Drill Method Core
Boring/Hydraulic Breaker

Sugano Yamaguchi Pref G 87.0 1965 1996 Horseshoe 4.20 4.20 25.4 3.00 11.0
Rock Drill Method Drill
Jumbo/Hydraulic Drill Machine)
Gakkougawa Yamagata Pref G 48.0 1978 1996 Horseshoe 2.60 2.60 21.0 1.40 6.5
Partial Tunnel Face Excavation Road
Header
Tase
Tofuku Const.
Bureaus, MLIT
G 81.5 1954 1997 Horseshoe 5.00 5.00 40.9 3.60 23.0
Road Header
Samani Hokkaido G 44.0 1974 1997 Circular 1.45 1.45 12.5 0.45 1.7
Small Diameter Horizontal Drilling
Method Big Man
Type (Small) Concrete Base
Futakawa Wakayama Pref G 67.4 1966 1998 Circular 1.45 1.45 25.0 0.40 5.0
Small Diameter Horizontal Drilling
Method Big Man
Type (Small)
Permanent Facility
Anchor Method
Aono Hyogo Pref G 29.0 1987 1999 Wagon Cover 1.80 1.80 4.1 0.60 1.0 Rock Drill Method (SD method) Type (Small) Concrete Base
Ikari
Kanto Const.
Bureaus, MLIT
G 112.0 1956 2001 Horseshoe 5.00 5.00
50.0
2
3.82 7.0
Road Header
Type (Large) Concrete Base
Mitaka Hiroshima Pref G 44.0 1944 2000 Wagon Cover
2.00
2.40
3.00
2.40
12.5
+ 9.5
0.80 0.5
Power Header
Type (Small) Concrete Base
Okutadami Japan Power G 157.0 1960 2001 Rect. 6.20 6.20 32.3 5.00 35.0 Rock Drill Method SD method Steel & Con (Large) Concrete Base
Haginari Akita Pref G 61.0 1966 2001 Wagon Cover 2.50 2.50 26.6 1.10 12.0
Power Header
Miyakouchi Tokushima Pref G 36.0 1964 2002 Wagon Cover 2.70 2.70 17.0 1.10 9.2
Road Header
Yuzuruha Hyogo Pref G 42.0 1974 2003 Wagon Cover 2.75 2.95 10.2
B 1.76
H 2.15
Rock Drill Method Wire Saw/Hydraulic
Jack

Miyagawa Mie Pref G 88.5 1957 2004 Wagon Cover 2.10 2.10 36.0 0.90 11.5
(Power Header)
Type (Small)
Permanent Facility
Concrete Base
Haji
Chugoku Const.
Bureaus, MLIT
G 50.0 1973 2006 Horseshoe 3.92 3.92 23.0 2.70 17.7
(Road Header)
GConcrete Gravity Dam; RRock-fill Dam; EEarth Dam; AArch Dam; Rect.: Rectangular
* Maximum water depth at pipe center during construction
** Temporary Closure Method; Steel Type;Steel channel type, Steel & Con; Steel & Concrete arch type
Temporary Closure
Support Method
Water
Depth *
Dimensions of Drilled Hole in Dam Body Temporary Closure
Type**
Hole-Drilling Method in Dam Body
Year
Com-
pleted
Modifi-
cation
Name of
Dam
Responsible
Agency
Dam
Type
Dam
Height
(m)
Table 1 Researched Dams having Improved Dam Body Outlet Works
The 6
th
143
the outlet pipes so as the drilling method varies
depending upon the sizes and lengths of holes to be
drilled. If reservoir level cannot be lowered up to
the drill-hole elevation for the dam in the period of
the drilling the hole and installing the pipe, a
temporary closure with the steel channel have to be
installed upstream side of the dam body.

Construction work for addition of dam body outlet works is generally conducted by installing a
temporary closure on the upstream face of the dam body and setting up a work platform on the
downstream slope of the dam body then drilling a hole from the downstream side of the dam body as
shown in Fig. 1. After drilling a hole, an outlet pipe and gates are to be installed then concrete is to be
filled in the between the outlet pipe and the inside of the drilled hole. This paper has examined by
selecting the dam body drilling methods and temporary closure installation methods as main
remarkable technologies for construction works of additional dam body outlet works.

Important items for the dam body drilling work are a) outlet pipe installation elevation and selection
of drill-hole diameter and shape, and b) selection of the drilling method. The outlet pipe installation
elevation and the approximate dimensions of the drill-hole cross section are decided upon based on
increased discharge capability, hydraulic characteristics, and stress condition around the drilled hole.
Specifically dimensions of the drill-hole cross section are decided upon based on the outlet pipe
diameter, necessity of distribution reinforcing bars, concrete placing method, and the size of the
available space for reinforcing bar work. The shape of the cross section of the drilled hole is often
decided upon based on the type of construction equipment to be used and workability. Horseshoe
shape and wagon-cover shape are often adopted.

The excavation methods are largely classified into the full-face excavation method, such as the Big
Man Rock-Mole Method, and the partial tunnel face excavation method, such as Slot Drill Method
and Road-header Excavation Method shown in Fig. 2. Relationships between the cross sectional areas
and drilling lengths and the hole-drilling method of researched dams are shown in Fig. 3. According
to the past records, the small-diameter full-face excavation method (Big-Man Rock Mole Method) has
achieved the widths of drilled holes less than 1.5m and the drilled lengths up to 25m. As the
excavation machines for the Road-Header Excavation Method and the Power-Header Excavation
Method have the equipment lengths of more than 10m, they are adopted for drilling holes having the
Truck Crane
Dam Axis
EL.272.0m
EL.264.0m
EL.254.0m
Temporary Closure
with Steel Channel
Foundation
Pedestal
Top Cover of Temporary
Closure
Work Barge
Tunnel Drilling Machine
Pedestal
EL.241.0m
Fig. 1 Improvement Work of Dam Body
Outlet Works (Sugano Dam)

a) Big-Man Rock Mole Method
4)

b) Slot Drill Method
5)

c) Road Header Excavation Method
6)

Fig. 2 Dam Body Drilling Method
The 6
th
144
length of more than 15m and the width of 2 to 5m. The Slot Drill (SD) Method is adopted for the
drilling hole with a width of 1.8 to 6.5m. This method has been often adopted for a comparatively
wide range of drilling conditions. When selecting a drilling method, it is necessary to take into
consideration construction site conditions for carrying machine, workability and cost balance.

The percentage of construction costs of the temporary closure in the entire costs of additional dam
body outlet works is relatively large. Thus, effective and economical construction of a temporary
closure is important. Commonly adopted temporary closures in present days are largely classified into
the follow three types; a) the use of whole or part of existing dam facilities as a temporary closure, b)
installing a new temporary closure upstream of the existing dam body (see Fig. 1), and c) the use of a
selective intake facility to be installed as a temporary closure (Photo 1). The type of the temporary
closure should be selected by evaluating the depth of a drilling hole from the reservoir surface, the
shape and size of a bell-mouth on the upstream face time for completion (whether or not construction
work in the flood season is necessary) and other aspects (for example, whether or not other existing
dam facilities are usable alternatively during construction). The construction cost of the closure is a
temporary works are a large element to increase entire construction costs. As standard designs for
temporary closures have not been set up yet at present, selection of the structure type depends on a
designers discretion. For these reasons, it is necessary to standardize design procedures of temporary
closures for additional dam body outlet works as a future theme. In addition, as it is unavoidable to
conduct underwater work for the installation and works of temporary closure, it is important to
develop construction method using underwater machines and to make under water works more
efficiently. Furthermore, there are issues of the development of technologies for making an intake
facility, which is permanent structure, as temporary closure and the development of a low-cost
temporary closure in deep water.

4. Dam Crest Outlet Works
Modification of dam crest outlet works is conducted for the reasons of a) the measurement for
deterioration of gates, b) increase discharge capacity, c) reduction of maintenance costs, and d)
prevention of human error gate operation by modifying or installing gates or converting them to
gateless outlet facility. Researched outlet works are listed in Table 2. Photo 2 shows Bibai Dam as an
example of modification to make gateless outlet works. The outlet works of the dam were modified to
the uncontrolled spillway by removing gates for normal discharge purpose as well as emergency flood
discharge purpose. The emergency spillway was modified to a free-discharge type by cutting off the
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Drilling Hole Length (
D
r
i
l
l
i
n
g

H
o
l
e

W
i
d
t
h

(
)
Small-Diameter Full-Face Excavation Machine
Road Header; Power Header
Slot Drill Method
Concrete Crushing Machine
Others
Dam Body Drilling Machines
Fig. 3 Relationship between Dam Body
Drilling Machine adopted and Width and
Length of a Drilling Hole

Photo. 1 Use of Intake Facility as a
Temporary Closure (Miyagawa Dam)
7)

The 6
th
145
right-side of dam body.

Modification of dam crest outlet works is to improve the outlet works to a gateless type or improve
the flood-discharge capability. The concrete crushing and cutting methods for the modification works
were selected as important techniques for this study.

Blasting, large-scale breaker, static crushing and hydraulic wedge methods are representative
techniques of the crushing method. Rock cutting machine (surface miner), wire sawing, and water jet
methods are representative ones of the cutting method. The large-scale breaker method is often
adopted as the crushing method. Depending upon site conditions, several methods are normally
combined. As an example of the selection, the static crushing method and the hydraulic wedge
method are used by taking into consideration possible construction noise and vibration problems. The
construction method is also selected by taking account of conditions for carrying large equipment into
the construction site. An environmental measures, such as for noise and vibration measurements
should be major issues in the near future. It is desired to develop a method that can reduce
environmental impacts so that the static crushing method, that causes little noise, can be efficiently
Iidegawa No. 1 Tohoku Electric 34.8 1915 19992000
Oomatazawa Tokyo Electric 18.7 1917 19841985
Yoshinodani Hokuriku Electric 20.4 1926 19992001
Magatani Kansai Electric 16.4 1940 20012002
Koromogawa
No.1
Tohoku Agri.
Bureau, MAFF
35.4 1963 1997
Bibai Hokkaido 35.5 1982 20002004
Sugou Hyogo Prefecture 55.7 1978 2008
Yuzuruha Hyogo Prefecture 43.9 1974 2005
Kurobe Tokyo Electric 33.9 1912 19871989
Changed the number of
spillway gates and
modified gate type
(roller gate)
Taisyakugawa Chugoku Electric 62.4 1924 20032006
Reinforced dam body
and modified radial
gates on the dam crest
Kamogawa
Kinki Agri.
Bureau, MAFF
42.4 1951 19871996
Lowered the crest gate
sill
Kasabori Niigata Prefecture 74.5 1965 19731979
Added radial gate(10m
(W)10.9m (H)) on
spillway crest
Fujiigawa Ibaraki Prefecture 37.5 1976 19912005 Lowered crest gate sill
Nashiki Kansai Electric 1.7 19901991
Removed gates and
installed a rubber weir
Mikatagawa Kansai Electric 2 19791980
Removed gates and
installed a rubber weir
GConcrete Gravity Dam; RRockfill Dam; EEarth Dam; AArch Dam
Conversion to
Gateless
Outlet Works
Outlet Gate
Modification
Modified
Period
Contents of
Modification
Item Name of Dam
Responsible
Agency
Height
(m)
Dam
Type
Year
Completed
Table 2 Researched Dams having Modified Dam Crest
Outlet Works
Filling of Static
Crush Agent
Concrete
Drilled Hole
Photo. 3 Static Crushing
Method
Before Modification
After Modification
Emergency Spillway
Removed Crest Gates
Emergency Spillway
Free Overflow Type
Photo. 2 Conversion to Gateless Outlet Works (Bibai Dam)
8)

The 6
th
146
used as shown in Photo. 3.

The modification works of a dam body is normally conducted during Non-flood seasons, i.e., winter
seasons in Japan. Thus, it is necessary to sufficiently prepare for curing of cold-weather concreting.
On the other hand, for large scale modification works, construction work may be necessary to
continue throughout a year in view of shortening a total construction period. An appropriate
construction plan should be prepared so that construction work can be continued even during the
flood season. Moreover, there are many cases that cannot avoid a long construction period. Thus, the
development of low-noise and low-vibration cutting and drilling methods is highly desired for
environmental measures to prepare for day-and-night construction works.

5. Selective Intake Works
Improvement of selective intake
works has been implemented since
1970s for the purposes a) to
prevent prolongation of turbid
water period, b) avoid cold water
discharge, and c) prevent reservoir
eutrophycation, as shown in Table
3.

As technological elements for a
selective intake work, the
technical methods for alleviating
restriction of reservoir operation
and the technical methods for
connecting a new facility to
existing dam body outlet works
were selected.

When a selective intake work is
added, reservoir water level has to
be lowered then a selective water
intake facility has to be added
upstream side of the dam body.
For this reason, construction work
has to be often conducted while
reservoir operation is restricted.
On the other hand, a float-type
selective intake facility sets up a
float with impervious membrane
in the reservoir and intakes surface
water by operating a winch as
shown in Photo. 4. This method
has merits of requiring a short
installation period, relatively
minor restriction for reservoir operation during the construction period, and small effects to dam
water user. However, as this method is a system to intake surface water, it is necessary to pay
Name of Dam
Responsible
Agency
Dam
Type
Height
(m)
Year
Completed
Year
Modified
Purpose of
Modification
Intake Gate Type
Use of
Existing
Intake
Tower
New
Intake
Tower
Installation
Asahi Chubu Electric 87 1954
1973
2002
Shortening of Turbid
Water Period
Straight-line
Multistage

Hitotsuse Kyushu Electric 130 1963
1974
2002
Water Period
Straight-line
Multistage
Steel Float Type
Shimokubo
Japan Water
Agency
129 1968 1976
Countermeasure for
Cold Water
Semicircle-shape
Multistage

Ogouchi
Tokyo Municipal
Government
149 1957
1977
1992
Countermeasure for
Cold Water
Straight-ine
Multistage

Nagasawa Shikoku Electric 71.5 1949 1978
Water Period
Circle-shape
Multistage
Oohashi Shikoku Electric 73.5 1939 1981
Water Period
Circle-shape
Multistage
Oodomari Chugoku Electric 74 1959 1981
Avoiding of Turbid
Water Intake
Semicircle-shape
Multistage

Asahikawa
Okayama
Prefecture
45 1954 1983
Unspecified Supply
and Development of
Municipal Water
Semicircle-shape
Multistage

Takane No. 1 Chubu Electric 133 1969 1983
Water Period
Semicircle-shape
Multistage

Matsubara
Kyushu Const.
Bureau, MLIT
83 1972 1984
Alleviation of Turbid
Water Discharge
Circle-shape
Multistage

Ikehara Japan Power 111 1963 1991
Water Period
Semicircle-shape
Multistage

Futagawa Wakayama Pref 67.4 1967 1998
Water Discharge
Multiple Holes
Sameura
Japan Water
Agency
106 1977 1998
Water Discharge
Semicircle-shape
Multistage

Ayakita Miyazaki Pref 75.3 1960 1999
Water Period
Straight-ine
Multistage

Sugano Yamaguchi Pref 87 1966 2000
Water Period
Semicircle-shape
Multistage

Haginari Akita Pref 61 1966 2001
Improvement of
Water Quality and
Discharge for
Maintenance Flow
Circle-shape
Multistage

Hanayama Miyagi Pref 48.5 1958 2002
Use of Available
Storage Capacity
Straight-ine
Multistage

Midorikawa
Kyushu Const.
Bureau, MLIT
76.5 1970 2002
Water Discharge
Multiple-stage
Float Type

Miyakouchi Tokushima Pref 36 1963 2004
Countermeasure for
Cold Water
Multiple Holes
Kawaji
Kanto Const.
Bureau, MLIT
140 1983 2005
Water Period
Semicircle-shape
Multistage

Miyagawa Mie Pref 88.5 1957 2006
Countermeasures for
Cold and Turbid
Water
Circle-shape
Multistage

Uokiri Hiroshima Pref 79.8 1981 2006
Countermeasures for
Turbid Water and
Eutrophication
Straight-ine
Multistage

Sugesawa
Chugoku Const.
Bureau, MLIT
73.5 1967 2007
Countermeasure for
Cold Water
Straight-ine
Multistage

Oosako
Kinki Agri
Bureau, MAFF
70.5 1973 2007
Countermeasure for
Cold and Turbid
Water
Straight-ine
Multistage

GConcrete Gravity Dam; RRockfill Dam; EEarth Dam; AArch Dam
Table 3 Researched Dams having Modified Selective Intake
Works
The 6
th
147
attention to that this method cannot be adopted for such reservoir
that has turbid water in the surface water layer for a long period of
time. It is desired to develop techniques that can intake water at
any depths for a float-type intake facility.

As technical methods connecting selective intake works to dam
body outlet works, there are some cases that the lower intake
chamber (bottom chamber) of the circular-shaped multistage intake
gates are used as temporary closure, which is necessary for drilling
a headrace pipe in the dam body, and the temporary closure is
permanently used as a part of intake facility after finishing hole
drilling work as shown in Fig. 4. Figure 4 shows the added intake
tower of Futagawa Dam. This method can cut down construction
costs because the temporary closure can be used as part of the
intake facility. On other hand, construction work of the lower
chamber has to be conducted underwater. Thus, the technique
combined by adjusting unevenness using mortar concrete and
expansion rubber is adopted for some dams in order to secure
water tightness at sill between the chamber and the dam body. In
addition, connection work between the bottom chamber and the
temporary connection pipe is generally conducted
underwater. Thus, the technique combined by
welding on land and bolt connection underwater
is adopted for some dams in order to secure
quality of underwater connection work.

Underwater work is unavoidable for the technical
methods for connecting a new facility to existing
dam body outlet works. Therefore, in addition to
the development of reliable underwater welding
method, it is necessary to elaborate to reduce
underwater work as much as possible by
developing a weld-less fabrication method for
connecting existing structure with a new facility.

6. Concluding Remarks
1) Dam Body Outlet Works

The small-diameter full-face excavation method
(Big-Man Rock Mole Method), one of the dam body drilling methods, is possible to drill a hole with a
width less than 1.5m and a length up to approximately 25m. The Road Header Method, one of the
Partial Tunnel Face Excavation Methods, can drill a hole with a width of 2 to 5m and the Slot Drill
Method can be applied to drill a hole with a width of 1.8 to 6.5m. Selection of a drilling method
should be made by taking into consideration the site condition for carrying machine and workability
as well as cost of construction.

Percentage of construction costs for temporary closure among the entire construction costs for the
dam body outlet works is quite high and is a large element to increase the entire construction costs. In
Photo. 4 Multistage Float
Type Gate (Midorikawa
Dam)
9)

Intake Gate
Headrace Pipe
Upper Pedestal
N.W.L
L.W.L
Intake Pipe
Lower Intake
Chamber
Fig. 4 Additional Installation of a Selective
Intake Facility, which is the case that the
lower intake chamber was used as
temporary closure (Futagawa Dam)
10)
The 6
th
148
addition, as the design standards for temporary closures are not provided at present, it is necessary to
standardize the design procedures of temporary closures. Furthermore, underwater construction work
is unavoidable for partial bulkhead construction. Thus, it is an important issue to develop effective
underwater construction methods.

2) Dam Crest Outlet Works

For the concrete crushing and cutting work, it is important to adapt the static crushing method and the
hydraulic wedge method by taking into consideration possible noise and vibration problems. It is
desired to develop methods to effectively use the static crushing method in order to eliminate
construction noise and vibration problems and reduce environmental impact.

Outlet modification work is generally conducted during Non-flood seasons. For large scale
modification work, construction work may be carried out through a whole year including the flood
season. For this reason, it is necessary to make an appropriate construction schedule so that
construction work may be appropriately conducted even during the flood season.

3) Selective Intake Works

When installing a selective intake work, a float-type selective intake facility was adopted to some
dams in order to alleviate restrictions for reservoir operation. This type of intake facility is for surface
water intake. It is desired to develop methods that allow water intake at any reservoir depths.

As for methods to connect upstream side intake facility to dam body outlet works, it is important to
secure watertightness between the bottom chamber of the intake gates, outlet pipes and dam body
concrete. Construction work of the connection part has to be conducted underwater. Thus, it is desired
to develop a reliable underwater welding method and construction method that require no underwater
welding.

It is expected that further research and technical development will be continued for the dam refresh
techniques described introduced in this paper.

References:

1) Japan Commission on Large Dams (JCOLD), Subcommittee for the Research on Effective Utilization of
Existing Dams: Report on the Effective Use of Existing Dams, Large Dams, No. 195, 2006.4.
2) Japan Commission on Large Dams (JCOLD), Subcommittee for the Research on Dam Refreshment: Report
on Refreshment Techniques for Dams in Japan, Large Dams, No. 202, 2008.1
3) Sugano Dam Management Office, Yamaguchi Prefecture: Construction Plan for the Transportation and
Installation of Selective Water Intake Facility of Sugano Dam, 1995.5
4) Rock Mole Association: Catalog of Big-Man Rock Mole, 2007.
5) Slot Drill Construction Association: Low Pollution Rock Drilling Method, Booklet on SD Method, 1993.4
6) Higuchi, A., Takahashi, S., Abo, K., and Nakamura, M.: Dam Body Excavation of Yoroihata Dam,
Engineering for Dams, No. 55, 1991.
7) JFE Engineering: Photographs of the Construction of Selective Intake Facility of Miyagawa Dam.
8) Bibai Dam Management Office, Hokkaido: Booklet on Bibai Dam
9) River Planning Division, River Department, Kyushu Regional Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure,
Transportation and Tourism: Intake Facilities of Midorikawa Dam.
10) Futagawa Dam Management Office, Wakayama Prefecture: Booklet on Futagawa Dam

Improvement Methods of Outlet Works of Existing Dams in Japan To Adapt For Climate Change

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Descrição original:

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Improvement Methods of Outlet Works of Existing Dams in Japan To Adapt For Climate Change

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

International Symposium on Climate Change, Future Challenge of Dams

Você também pode gostar