Fossil Tracks from the Green River Formation (Eocene) near Soldier Summit, Utah

Author(s): Mounir T. Moussa

Source: Journal of Paleontology, Vol. 42, No. 6 (Nov., 1968), pp. 1433-1438
Published by: SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology
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JOURNAL
OF
PALEONTOLOGY,
V.
42,
NO.
6,
P.
1433-1438,
PLS.
177, 178,
1
TEXT-FIG.,
NOVEMBER 1968
FOSSIL TRACKS FROM THE GREEN RIVER FORMATION
(EOCENE)
NEAR SOLDIER
SUMMIT,
UTAH
MOUNIR T. MOUSSA
University
of Puerto
Rico, Mayagiiez
ABsTRAcT-Numerous well-preserved bird, mammal,
and insect-larva? tracks were dis-
covered in the lowermost
part
of the delta facies of the Green River Formation
(middle
Eocene)
in the Soldier Summit
area,
Utah. The beds
containing
the fossil tracks occur about
900 feet above the base of the Green River. This fossil-track horizon is an excellent marker
horizon that can be
easily recognized, traced,
and
mapped.
It lies about 55 feet above the base
of the delta facies of the Green River. The association of the tracks of
many organisms
permits
a better
understanding
of the
physical
environment that
prevailed
in the area at the
time of
deposition
of the
track-bearing
sediments. The area was
probably
a near-shore shelf
area of the Eocene Uinta Lake that
frequently
became an
emergent
mudflat.
Paleontologi-
cally,
the
preservation
of the tracks
provides
a record of an
organic community
that is not
known from the conventional skeletal remains in this area. The level to which animal tracks
may
be classified
taxonomically depends upon
the
group represented,
the
geologic age
of the
tracks,
the
tracking conditions,
and the variations
resulting
from differences
among
the indi-
viduals of a
particular species.
Ichnites are of limited usefulness in animal identification.
They usually
are identifiable
only
at the
higher
taxonomic levels of class or
order; however,
they
can be a
potential
means of identification at the
generic
or even at the
specific
level.
Study
and
comparison
of both Recent and fossil tracks
may provide criteria
whereby specific
or
generic
differences
may
be
recognized.
INTRODUCTION
THE
PURPOSE of this
paper
is to
report
the
discovery
of a fossil-track horizon in the
Green River Formation
(middle Eocene)
near
Soldier
Summit, Utah,
and to discuss its strati-
graphic, environmental,
and
paleontologic sig-
nificance. The first recorded
discovery
of fossil
tracks in the Green River Formation was made
in 1956 when numerous bird tracks were found
in a dolomitic limestone bed in
upper
Timber
Creek in the SEi sec.
19,
T. 5
S.,
R. 9
W.,
Uinta Basin
Special Meridian,
Utah
(Curry,
1957, p. 43). Curry reported
the
discovery
and
discussed the
significance
of fossil tracks in the
lower Cenozoic rocks of the Uinta Basin.
Many
other
exceptionally well-preserved
fossil tracks
-bird, mammal,
and insect-larva tracks-simi-
lar to those described
by Curry
but
belonging
to
a different
stratigraphic
horizon were discov-
ered
by
the writer in 1962 in the Green River
Formation
during
the course of a detailed
geo-
logic mapping
of the Soldier Summit
Quadran-
gle,
Utah. This horizon was first observed in
sec.
17,
T. 10
S.,
R. 8
E.,
Salt Lake Meridian.
Later this horizon
proved
to be a
readily recog-
nizable and
persistent
marker. This fossil-track
horizon is here referred to as the "Soldier Sum-
mit fossil-track horizon."
STRATIGRAPHY
Most of the
map
area
(Text-fig. 1)
is under-
lain
by
the Green River Formation. The forma-
tion is more than
5,800
feet
thick,
and it in-
cludes a
diversity
of
lithologic types including
claystone, limestone, dolomite, marlstone,
sand-
stone, siltstone,
and oil shale. The Green River
is
conformably
underlain
by
the
variegated
silt-
stones and sandstones of the Colton Formation
(lower Eocene).
In the western
part
of the
area the Colton
intertongues extensively
with
the Green River
Formation,
and
immediately
west of the
map
area the Colton becomes indis-
tinguishable
from the Green River Formation.
The Green River Formation is conformably
overlain
by flakly
and
platy
brown
shale, shaly
marlstone,
and marlstone of the saline facies of
the Uinta Formation
(middle
and
upper
Eo-
cene).
The Soldier Summit area is
part
of the south-
western
edge
of the Uinta Basin. In the western
part
of the basin no formal
stratigraphic
subdi-
visions of the Green River Formation
have,
so
far,
been
proposed
for the entire thickness of
the
formation,
and the formation also has been
much less studied than in other
parts
of the
basin. In
addition,
the
terminology
in current
usage
is not
uniform,
and there is a wide varia-
tion in the
stratigraphic meaning
of the names
assigned
to the subdivisions of the formation
due to considerable
divergence
in the manner of
selecting
the
stratigraphic
boundaries of the
various units.
In the Soldier Summit
area,
the Green River
Formation is divided from
top
to bottom into
the
following
units: Evacuation Creek and Par-
achute Creek Members
(undifferentiated),
delta
facies,
second lacustrine
facies,
fluviatile
facies,
and basal lacustrine facies. The three basal
units are
grouped
under the informal name
"basal member of the Green River Formation"
(Moussa, 1965).
1433
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MOUNIR T. MOUSSA
TEXT-FIG.
1-Geologic map
of the Soldier Summit area of
Utah, showing
the
outcrop
of the Soldier Summit fossil-track horizon.
Stratigraphically,
the Soldier Summit fossil-
track horizon is about 900 feet above the base
of the Green River
Formation,
and it lies in the
lowermost
part
of the delta facies. In the Sol-
dier Summit
Quadrangle,
the
track-bearing
hori-
zon has been traced from the eastern
boundary
of the
quadrangle
westward over an
outcrop
distance of more than 25 miles
(Text-fig. 1).
The Timber Creek track
horizon, according
to
Curry (1957),
is
4,150
feet above the base of
the Green River
Formation,
and it lies in the
upper part
of the Parachute Creek Member or
in the lower
part
of the Evacuation Creek
Member.
Curry (1957, p. 43)
indicated that the
Timber Creek track horizon was traced as far
as sec.
9,
T. 10
S.,
R. 7
E.,
Salt Lake Meridian
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 177
Fossil tracks in the Green River Formation.
FIr. 1-Bird tracks of at least two
species, X0.34.
2-Trackways
of more than one
bird, XO.11.
All tracks were
probably
made by
one species.
3-Bird tracks
showing
a well-defined hind
toe, X0.60. Some tracks do not show the hind toe; they
probably belong
to a different
species,
or
they may belong
to the same
species
as the one having
the
hind toe
except
that the
tracking
conditions were different. In the latter possibility
the hind toe
did
not
register
because the mud was drier. The numerous
zigzag-shaped
tracks were probably made by
insect larvae.
4-A
very
rare example
of a bird track on a
ripple-marked surface, X0.57. Figure is of reverse impres-
sions of track and
ripple
marks.
1434
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JOURNAL
OF
PALEONTOLOGY,
V. 42 PLATE 177 Mounir T. Moussa
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JOURNAL
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PALEONTOLOGY,
V. 42
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GREEN RIVER FORMATION, UTAH
in the Soldier Summit area.
During
the
present
work, however,
the writer failed to detect
any
track-bearing
rocks in the above-mentioned lo-
cality.
In a few
places
in the Soldier Summit
Quadrangle, however,
the weathered rubble of
the
upper part
of the Green River Formation
contains
sparse, badly preserved
bird
tracks,
but
none was detected in
outcrop.
The fossil tracks of the Soldier Summit track
horizon occur in
thin-bedded, greenish-gray
to
gray
limestone that weathers to a distinctive
buff or cream color. The limestone breaks down
into thin slabs
having characteristically
smooth
bedding planes.
The slabs form a
conspicuous
rubble on the
underlying greenish-gray
marl-
stone. This
track-bearing
limestone is a distinc-
tive
lithologic type
in the Green River Forma-
tion;
in
fact,
it is
unique
in
appearance
of out-
crop.
Once the
eye
is familiarized with the
ap-
pearance
of the
outcrop,
the
track-bearing
hori-
zon is
easy
to
recognize
even from a distance
and is difficult to confuse with other beds.
The Soldier Summit track horizon contains
three
track-bearing
limestone beds which are in-
terbedded with
light-brown
to
gray
and brown-
ish-gray
marlstone. The lowermost track-bear-
ing
bed lies 55 feet above a
conspicuous,
bench-
forming
oil-shale bed. This oil-shale bed is con-
sidered as the
top
of the basal member of the
Green River Formation. It is worth
noting
that
the
description
of the
lithologic
association of
the Soldier Summit track
horizon, particularly
with
respect
to the
presence
of the oil-shale
bed,
is almost identical to that
given by Curry
(1957)
for the Timber Creek track horizon.
The alternation of limestone and
marlstone,
Curry (1957, p. 46) believed, may
be a result of
rhythmic deposition. Curry
also believed that
the occurrence of an oil-shale below the track-
bearing
beds
may
indicate that "oil-shale and
track beds are the terminal members of a
deep-
to shallow-water
cycle
of
deposition,
and that
they represent
a
cyclothem
of tens of thousands
of
years
duration."
DESCRIPTION OF FOSSIL TRACKS
Bird tracks.-Bird tracks
(P1. 177, figs. 1-4;
P1. 178, figs. 1, 3, 5)
are one of the common
types
of tracks in the Soldier Summit fossil-
track
horizon,
and
they
occur in
large
numbers.
The bird tracks are
probably
those of
wading
and
swimming birds,
are of different
types,
and
they
show a considerable
range
in size. Some
tracks show a
partly developed web,
and most
of them show a hind toe.
According
to R. L.
Zusi of the U.S. National Museum
(written
communication, 1965),
the bird tracks shown in
Plate
177, figure 3,
and Plate
178, figures
3 and
5, "are almost
certainly sandpipers,
and
perhaps
plovers,
of at least three
species.
One could thus
assign
them to the order
Charadriiformes,
sub-
order
Charadrii,
and
probably
to the
family
Scolopacidae (plus
Charadriidae
?)."
Mammal tracks.-The Soldier Summit fossil-
track horizon also contains mammal tracks
(P1.
178, fig. 2)
which
appear
to have been made
by
three-toed
mammals; however,
these are ex-
tremely
rare and have been found at three lo-
calities
only.
One
locality
in the western wall of
the
canyon
of White River in the NEiNEI sec.
16,
T. 10
S.,
R. 8
E.,
has
yielded many well-pre-
served mammal tracks
(John
F.
Shroder, per-
sonal
communication, 1965). According
to
Clay-
ton
Ray
of the U.S. National Museum
(written
communication, 1965),
"It
appears
that the tracks
were made either
by
a
small,
three-toed
horse,
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 178
Fossil tracks in the Green River Formation.
FIG.
1-Largest
bird track so far known from the Soldier Summit fossil-track
horizon, X0.57.
2-Mammal
tracks,
those of a three-toed horse or
tapiroid mammal, X0.26.
3-A bird track that shows a
partially developed web, X0.33. The lower left corner shows
probable
rain-
drop impressions.
4-Tracks
probably
made
by
insect
larvae,
which
vary
in form from an
irregular
line to a remarkable
regular zigzag pattern, X0.67. At least five varieties can be
recognized,
and the
figure
shows other
identifiable
impressions.
5-Numerous tracks of
sandpiper-like
birds on one slab of
rock,
all of them
probably belonging
to one
species only, X0.23.
1435
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MO UNIR T. MO USSA
or
perhaps
a
tapiroid, although
it would be dif-
ficult to
identify
them with a
specific genus.
However,
on the
assumption
that one or the
other of the above
categories
is
correct,
the
genera Orohippus
and
Helaletes, respectively,
are
suggested."
Insect-larva ?
tracks.-Perhaps
the most inter-
esting
tracks are those of some invertebrate,
most
probably
insect larvae
(PI. 178, fig. 4).
These
trails, commonly
associated with bird
tracks,
occur in
great profusion although they
may escape notice,
and in most
examples
close
inspection
is needed to see them.
They
are of
different
shapes
and
they vary
in form from an
irregular
line to a
remarkably regular zigzag
(PI. 178, fig. 4).
The identification of these
trails as larva tracks is based on the
similarity
between the
zigzag-shaped
trails and those
shown
by
Tarr
(1935,
P1. 136, fig. 2)
from the
Champlain
Formation of late Pleistocene
age
in
the Connecticut River
valley.
The trails from the
Champlain
Formation were described earlier
by
Emerson
(1899, p. 720),
who identified them as
the trails of the larvae of the
dipterous
insect
Chironomus motilator. Emerson's identification
in turn was based on
similarity
with tracks de-
scribed from Sweden and Finland.
The nature of the
tracks, however,
could not
be
regarded
as certain.
Opinions
of
many
ento-
mologists
were
requested,
and a
query
as to the
probable organism
involved was
published
(Moussa, 1966).
It seems
unlikely
that the
tracks were made
by
chironomid larvae
(W.
W.
Wirth, J.
E.
Sublette,
L. L.
Curry,
R. H. Whit-
sel,
and
J.
H.
Mundie,
written
communications).
According
to
Sublette, Whitsel,
and
Mundie,
it
might
be that the
zigzag-shaped
tracks were
made
by ceratopogonid
larvae. Mundie ex-
plained
that
"Ceratopogonid
larvae make
vigor-
ous
figure-of-8
movements when
free-swimming
and when
moving
over wet substrates,"
and he
concluded that
possibly,
when the
track-bearing
sediments were
drying out, ceratopogonid
larvae
wriggled through
the mud
leaving
tracks which
persisted. Mundie, however,
"would not insist
that
ceratopogonids
are
necessarily
the correct
explanation."
Mundie further asked if it is
pos-
sible that the tracks were made
by
the trail of
an animal whose
footprints
are not
showing,
and whether
tadpoles
or even lizards would
make such tracks. That at least some of the
tracks
may
have been made
by
another animal
is not
unlikely;
the
zigsag-shaped
and related
tracks are almost
always
associated with some
impression (P1. 178, fig. 4)
that
may possibly
be
the claws of an animal.
STRATIGRAPHIC SIGNIFICANCE
The Soldier Summit fossil-track horizon was
traced without
interruption
from the eastern
boundary
of the
map
area
(Text-fig. 1)
west-
ward to the mouth of the
canyon
in the SEi
sec.
24,
T. 10
S.,
R. 6 E.
(The
horizon has not
been traced
eastward,
but most
likely
it extends
several miles to the east
also.)
The oil-shale bed
below the
track-bearing
horizon
crops
out on
the eastern side of U.S.
Highway
6-50
opposite
the mouth of Starvation Creek.
Westward,
the
track-bearing
beds could not be located. How-
ever,
few scattered tracks were found on the
ridge
between Starvation Creek and Clear
Creek in secs. 24 and
23,
T. 10
S.,
R. 6 E. At
one
locality
at the mouth of Tie
Fork,
a lime-
stone bed that has all the characteristics of the
track-bearing
beds
crops
out near the bottom of
the
canyon;
this
bed, however,
does not bear
any
tracks.
As a marker
horizon,
the track horizon is cer-
tainly
invaluable. The
facility
with which the
track horizon could be
recognized, traced,
and
mapped
stands in evidence for this conclusion.
It is doubtful that
any
other bed in the Green
River Formation in the Soldier Summit area
could be so
easily
traced and
mapped. This,
to-
gether
with its
position
above the
assigned top
of the basal member of the Green River Forma-
tion,
has
proved
to be invaluable in
correlating
the lower
part
of the Green River.
ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE
The association of the tracks of a number of
organisms
is
significant,
as several conclusions
can be derived
regarding
the
physical
environ-
ment that existed at the time when the tracks
were made. The tracks are
probably
more
sig-
nificant in
reconstructing
the
paleogeographical
conditions than are the conventional skeletal re-
mains. Mud cracks and
probable rain-drop
impressions
are common features in the track-
bearing horizon,
and
very rarely
the rocks are
ripple
marked
(P1. 177, fig. 4).
The
ripple
marks are of the oscillation
type.
The area was
probably
a
part
of a near-shore
shelf area of the Eocene Uinta
Lake,
and at
that time the lake was
apparently
characterized
by
a
rapidly vacillating
water level. Whether
the fluctuation of the water level in Uinta Lake
was
periodic,
for
example, seasonal,
can not be
inferred. It is
certain, however,
that from time
to time
during
the
period
of
deposition
of the
sediments of the
track-bearing beds,
the area
became a mudflat. The beds
carrying
the fossil
tracks are
thinly
laminated
(P1.
177, fig. 2),
and
1436
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GREEN RIVER
FORMATION,
UTAH
most of the laminae bear fossil tracks. Each
lamina
represents
a
period
of
submergence
fol-
lowed
by
a
period
of
emergence.
The sediment
forming
a lamina was
deposited
when the area
was
submerged.
The
following
recession of the
lake left the area as a mudflat. The tracks were
formed on this
emergent
mudflat which
probably
was
partially dry
and firm
enough
to walk
upon
without
miring.
The
presence
of mud cracks sub-
stantiates this conclusion. If the mud were soft
the details of the feet would have been lost.
Tracks on a
ripple-marked
surface would have
been obliterated if the surface were
submerged.
It must be remembered that the texture of the
sediment was also an
important
factor in the
preservation
of the tracks. A
fine-grained
sur-
face was needed for
recording
the details of the
tracks; coarse-grained
material
certainly
would
have blurred the
impressions.
Tracks are there-
fore
extremely
rare on
sandy surfaces,
and
where found
they
were blurred
by
the coarse-
ness of the
recording
sediments.
PALEONTOLOGIC SIGNIFICANCE
The
preservation
of the bird
tracks, together
with the mammal and insect-larva?
tracks, pro-
vides a
fascinating
record of an extinct
organic
community
that once thrived
along
the south-
western
edge
of the Eocene Uinta Lake. In this
part
of the
stratigraphic section,
at least in the
area where the tracks are
found,
this
community
is so far unknown and will most
likely
remain
unknown from skeletal remains. Here is an in-
teresting
and unusual record of several
species
of at least three classes of animals that would
have been a remarkable contribution to our un-
derstanding
of Eocene life in the Uinta Basin.
Unfortunately,
none of the animals
represented
could be identified with a
particular species
or
even with a
genus.
The
preservation
of tracks of animals whose
skeletal remains are unknown raises the
impor-
tant
question:
What is the level of taxonomic
information obtainable from animal tracks? In
some
examples
it is even difficult to ascertain
whether the animal that made the tracks is a
vertebrate or an invertebrate. Such is true for
the tracks here
tentatively designated
as insect-
larva? tracks. As far as this writer has
learned,
there is no record of similar tracks that
may
be
attributed to a Recent
organism
with
certainty.
Their association with other animal tracks and
their occurrence in
great profusion
leave no
doubt
regarding
their
organic origin.
In the
event that the tracks in
question
could be as-
signed
to a
given
class of
animals,
the
geologic
age
of the tracks and the
group
that is
repre-
sented are
important
factors in
determining
the
level of taxonomic classification. The level of
taxonomic classification is also
dependent
on the
tracking
conditions and on the variations result-
ing
from individual differences. We should ex-
pect
that some tracks will be
virtually impossi-
ble to
identify
even with a
given
order. Others
may possess
distinctive characteristics that
may
be identified with a
given species.
For Recent
birds,
for
example,
Urner (as referred to
by
Hickey, 1943, p. 179-189)
has shown that some
shore birds can be identified from their tracks.
And as Zusi
(written communication, 1965)
in-
dicated "in late Pleistocene material one
might
attempt specific
identification of a distinctive
print
with more confidence than from a
single
broken bone." Zusi further wrote that "the fact
is that
diagrams
of bird tracks such as those re-
produced
in
Hickey
are
practically non-existent,
and we are thus
badly hampered
in this
type
of
identification."
Perhaps
the limited usefulness of ichnites for
taxonomic classification
may
account for their
neglect.
It
seems, however,
that their limited
usefulness is in
part
due to their
neglect.
Ich-
nites are
undoubtedly
excellent tools in recon-
structing paleogeographical
conditions. A
great
deal more can be learned about the life of the
past
if we advance our
understanding
of the an-
imals that made the tracks. Ichnites
may prove
to be a tool for identification at the
generic
or
even at the
specific
level. A collective endeavor
on the
part
of both the
biologist
and the
paleon-
tologist
to
report
the tracks of both Recent and
fossil
organisms
is
certainly
needed.
Studying
and
comparing
of both recent and fossil tracks
may provide
criteria
whereby specific
or
generic
differences
may
be
recognized.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I wish to
express my deep appreciation
to
Drs.
Harry
D. Goode and William Lee
Stokes,
both of the
Department
of
Geology, University
of
Utah,
for their criticism of an
early
version
of the
present manuscript.
I am also
grateful
to
the
many
individuals who
provided
information
regarding
the identification of the fossil
tracks;
they
are Richard L.
Zusi,
U.S. National
Museum;
Willis W.
Wirth,
U.S.
Department
of
Agriculture; James
E.
Sublette, Department
of
Biological Sciences,
Eastern New Mexico Uni-
versity;
L. L.
Curry, Department
of
Biology,
Central
Michigan University;
Richard H. Whit-
sel of
Belmont, California; J.
H.
Mundie,
Fish-
eries Research Board of
Canada;
and
Clayton
E.
Ray,
U.S. National Museum. Thanks are also
due Dr. W.
Wiilker, University
of
Freiburg,
1437
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MOUNIR T. MOUSSA
Germany,
and William
Olkowski,
Division of
Parasitology, University
of California
(Berke-
ley).
The
photographs reproduced
in the Plates
were taken
by
Dr. Peter B.
Stifel;
he also
brought
to
my
attention the
paper by
W. A. Tarr
(1935).
The
University
of Puerto Rico at
Mayagiiez
contributed
$55
toward the cost of
publication
of this article.
REFERENCES
CURRY,
H.
D., 1957,
Fossil tracks of Eocene verte-
brates,
southwestern Uinta
Basin, Utah,
in Inter-
mtn. Assoc. Petroleum
Geologists,
Guidebook 8th
Ann. Field
Conf.,
Guidebook to the
geology
of the
Uinta
Basin, p. 42-47,
12
figs.
EMERSON,
B.
K., 1899, Geology
of old
Hampshire
County,
Mass.: U.S. Geol.
Survey,
Mon.
29,790 p.
HICKEY, J. J., 1943,
A Guide to bird
watching:
New
York,
Oxford Univ.
Press,
243
p. (reprinted 1963,
New
York, Doubleday,
295
p.)
MOUSSA,
M.
T., 1965, Geology
of the Soldier Sum-
mit
quadrangle,
Utah
(Ph.D. dissertation):
Salt
Lake
City,
Utah
Univ.,
129 + A63
p.,
32
figs.
, 1966,
Insect tracks: Entom. Soc.
America, Bull.,
v.
12, p.
377.
TARR,
W.
A., 1935,
Concretions from the
Champlain
Formation of the Connecticut River
Valley: Geol.
Soc.
America, Bull.,
v.
46, p. 1493-1534,
Pls. 135-
145,
2
figs.
MANUSCRIPT RECEIVED SEPTEMBER
25,
1967
1438
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