Lecture 5

B. The Animal Organ Systems

A. Animal Form, Function & Organization
Animal Form, Function & Organization
Types of Animal Tissues
1. Epithelial Tissue
Covers the outside of the body and lines organs
and cavities within the body
Occurs in sheets of tightly packed cells
Functions as a barrier protecting against
mechanical injury, invasive microorganisms, and
fluid loss
Animal Form, Function & Organization
Types of Animal Tissues
1. Epithelial Tissue
Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Types of epithelial cells:
Cuboidal like dice
Squamous like tiles
Columnar like bricks
on end
Animal Form, Function & Organization
Types of Animal Tissues
1. Epithelial Tissue
Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Types:
simple epithelium
stratified epithelium
Animal Form, Function & Organization
Types of Animal Tissues
2. Connective Tissue
Functions mainly to bind and support other
tissues
Animal Form, Function & Organization
Types of Animal Tissues
2. Connective Tissue
Types:
Bone
a mineralized
connective tissue
supporting most
vertebrates
Animal Form, Function & Organization
Types of Animal Tissues
2. Connective Tissue
Types:
Loose connective
tissue
functions as
packing materials,
holding organs in
place
Animal Form, Function & Organization
Types of Animal Tissues
2. Connective Tissue
Types:
Fibrous connective
tissue
dense, due to its
large number of
collagenous fibers
e.g. tendons &
ligaments
Animal Form, Function & Organization
Types of Animal Tissues
2. Connective Tissue
Types:
Cartilage
an abundance of
collagenous fibers
embedded in a
rubbery matrix
Animal Form, Function & Organization
Types of Animal Tissues
2. Connective Tissue
Types:
Blood
functions
differently from
other connective
tissues but has an
extensive
extracellular matrix
called the plasma
Animal Form, Function & Organization
Types of Animal Tissues
2. Connective Tissue
Types:
Adipose tissue
stores fat in adipose
cells distributed
throughout the
matrix
pads and insulates
the body and stores
fuel as fat
molecules
Animal Form, Function & Organization
Types of Animal Tissues
3. Muscle Tissue
Composed of long cells called muscle fibers that
are capable of contracting when stimulated by
nerve impulses
Muscle is the most abundant tissue in most
animals, and muscle contraction accounts for most
of the energy-consuming cellular work in active
animals
Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Animal Form, Function & Organization
Types of Animal Tissues
3. Muscle Tissue
Types:
Skeletal
responsible for
voluntary
movements
Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Animal Form, Function & Organization
Types of Animal Tissues
3. Muscle Tissue
Types:
Smooth
responsible for
involuntary
movements
found in the walls
of the digestive
tract, urinary
bladder, arteries,
and other internal
organs
Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Animal Form, Function & Organization
Types of Animal Tissues
3. Muscle Tissue
Types:
Cardiac
forms the
contractile wall of
the heart
Animal Form, Function & Organization
Types of Animal Tissues
4. Nerve Tissue
Senses stimuli and transmits signals from one
part of the animal to another
Neuron functional unit of nervous tissue
Neuron
Animal Form, Function & Organization
Types of Animal Tissues
4. Nerve Tissue
Neurons consists of a cell
body, dendrites and axons
Dendrite transmits
nerve impulses from their
tips toward the rest of the
neuron
Axon transmits impulses
toward another neuron or
toward an effector, such as
a muscle cell
http://img.sparknotes.com/figures/9/98199ddbe43ff513afd2a78840bb5cc5/neuron.gif
The Animal Organ Systems
Introduction
Organ systems carry out the major body functions of
most animals.
Each organ system consists of several organs and
has specific functions.
Any organism, whether single-celled or an assembly
of organ systems, is a coordinated living whole
greater than the sum of its parts.
The Animal Organ Systems
1. Integumentary System
The outermost layer
Protection against mechanical injury, infection
and drying out
Skin and its derivatives (e.g. hair, claws, feathers,
etc.)
The Animal Organ Systems
1. Integumentary System
Human skin
The Animal Organ Systems
2. Digestive System
Food processing (ingestion, digestion, absorption,
elimination)
All animals eat other organisms - dead or alive,
whole or by the piece (including parasites).
In general, animals fit into one of three dietary
categories.
Herbivores, such as gorillas, cows, hares, and many
snails, eat mainly autotrophs (plants, algae).
Carnivores, such as sharks, hawks, spiders, and
snakes, eat other animals.
Omnivores, such as cockroaches, bears, raccoons,
and humans, consume animal and plant or algal
matter.
The Animal Organ Systems
2. Digestive System
The Animal Organ Systems
2. Digestive System
Types of Digestive Systems:
Paramecium Hydra
Incomplete there is only one opening; no anus
The Animal Organ Systems
2. Digestive System
Types of Digestive Systems:
Complete there is a mouth opening and an anus
The Animal Organ Systems
2. Digestive System
The Animal Organ Systems
3. Skeletal System
Body support and protection of internal organs
e.g. internal skeleton (cartilage, bone, ligaments)
e.g. external skeleton (shell)
The Animal Organ Systems
3. Skeletal System
Types of skeleton:
Exoskeleton
Endoskeleton
The Animal Organ Systems
3. Skeletal System
Types of skeleton:
Exoskeleton external skeleton
Mollusks made up of calcium carbonate
Arthropods made up of chitin
restricts growth of internal organs
The Animal Organ Systems
3. Skeletal System
Types of skeleton:
Endoskeleton internal skeleton
grows as the animal grows
does not limit growth of internal
organs
supports greater weight
e.g. Echinoderms and vertebrates
The Animal Organ Systems
3. Skeletal System
The human skeleton:
Axial skeleton lies along the midline of the body
(in blue)
Appendicular skeleton the girdles and the
attached limbs
The Animal Organ Systems
4. Muscular System
For movement and locomotion
The skeleton and muscles interact in movement
The Animal Organ Systems
4. Muscular System
http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/f/f3/250px-Muscles_biceps_triceps.jpg
Antagonistic action of the biceps and triceps in the human arm
The Animal Organ Systems
4. Muscular System
Tendon
connective tissue
that connects muscle to
bone
Source: Mader, 2010