Thermodynamics 2

Refrigeration and
Liquefaction


Engr. JOSEPH ORTENERO
REFRIGERATION AND LIQUEFACTION

APPLICATIONS

Air Conditioning
Treatment, transportation and preservation of
food and beverages
Manufacture of ICE
Dehydration of gases
for Petroleum Industry
o Lubricating oil purification
o low temperature reactions
o separation of volatile HC
REFRIGERATION
-implies maintenance of a temperature below that
of the surroundings
THE CARNOT REFRIGERATOR
W = |Q
H
| - |Q
C
|

= COP= Coefficient of Performance

= (Heat absorbed @ lower temperature)/ (Net Work)

= |Q
C
|/W

( |Q
H
|/ |Q
C
|) = (|T
H
| / |T
C
|)

COP = |T
C
| / (|T
H
|-|T
C
|)

The Vapor Compression Cycle










|Q
C
| = H
2
- H
1
(Heat Absorbed)
|Q
H
|= H
3
- H
4
(Heat rejected)
Work of Compression = W = H
3
- H
2

COP = (H
2
- H
1
)/ (H
3
-H
2
)
Rate of circulation of refrigerant: m = (|Q
C
|)/(H
2
- H
1
)
T
S
1
2
3
4
Condenser
Evaporator
comp
1
2
3 4
PROBLEM
1. A Refrigerated space is maintained at 10F and cooling water is
available at 70F. Refrigeration capacity is 120 Btu/hr. The
evaporator and condenser are of sufficient size that a 10F
minimum temperature difference for heat transfer can be
realized in each. The refrigerant is tetraflouroethane (HFC-
134a).
a. what is the value of COP for a carnot refrigerator?
b. Calculate the COP and m for the vapor compression cycle
if the compressor efficiency is 0.80.
2. A refrigeration system requires 1.5 kW of power for a
refrigeration rate of 4 kJ/s
a. what is the COP?
b. how much heat is rejected in the condenser?
c. if heat rejection is at 40C, what is the lowest temperature
the system can possibly maintain?
ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION

-In vapor compression refrigeration , the work of compression is
usually supplied by an electic motor.
- but the source of the electric energy for the motor is probably the
heat engine.
- the work for refrigeration comes from heat at high temperature.
- this suggest that the direct use of heat as the energy source for
refrigeration.
- ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION machine is based on this idea.

work required by the CARNOT REFRIGERATOR
W =[(Ts-Tc)/Tc]*|Qc|

The heat required for the production of work:

n = (|W|/|Qh) = 1 (Ts/Th) and |Qh| = |W| * [Th/(Th-Ts)]

After manipulation: |Qh|=|Qc|*[Th/(Th-Ts)]*[(Ts-Tc)/Tc]

THE HEAT PUMP

-The heat pump, a reverse engine, is a device for heating houses
and commercial buildings during the winter and cooling them
during the summer.
- it operates so as to absorb heat from the surroundings and reject
heat into the building.
- refrigerant evaporates in coils placed underground or in the
outside air
- vapor compression is followed by condensation, heat being
transferred to air or water, which is used to heat the building
- compression must be to a pressure such that the condensation
temperature of the refrigerant is higher than the required
temperature of the building.
- The heat pump also serves for air conditioning.
- the flow of refrigerant is simply reversed.
LIQUEFACTION PROCESSES

-Liquefaction results when a gas is cooled to a
temperature in the two-phase region. Can be
accomplished with:
1. By heat exchange at a constant pressure
2. By an expansion process from which work is
obtained
3. By a throttling process

(1) THE CONSTANT PRESSURE PROCESS
- Approaches the two phase region most closely for
a given drop in temperature

(2) Liquefaction by isentropic expansion along process(2)
occurs from lower pressures than by throttling.
(3) The throttling process does not result in liquefaction
unless the initial state is at low enough temperature and
high enough pressure for the constant enthalpy process
to cut into the two phase region


LINDE LIQUEFACTION PROCESS
-Depends solely on throttling expansion
- after compression, the gas is pre-cooled to ambient
temperature
- the lower the temperature of the gas entering the
throttle valve, the greater the fraction of gas that is
liquefied.


EXAMPLE:
Natural gas, assumed here to be pure methane, is
liquefied in a Claude process. Compression is to 60 bar
and precooling is to 300K. The expander and the throttle
exhaust to a pressure of 1 bar. Recycle methane at this
pressure leaves the exchanger system at 295K. Assume
no heat leaks into the system from the surroundings, an
expander efficiency of 75% and an expander exhaust of
saturated vapor. For a draw of to the expander of 25% of
the methane entering the exchanger system (x=0.25),
what fraction of z of the methane is liquefied, and what is
the temperature of the high pressure steam entering the
throttle valve?