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Tissues
aggregates of cells of a particular kind together with their associated intercellular materials.
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
form
cellular membrane surfaces by
covering other tissues.
• Locations
– form cellular membrane surfaces by covering other tissues.
– Epithelia are found:
1. lining the body (the skin)
2. lining cavities and tubes of the body
3. form some glands (glandular epithelium).
• Functions
– directly related to their locations:
(1) Protection (2) absorption (3) secretion
(4) diffusion (5) filtration (6) movement of materials
at their surface.
2) Cilia function in the movement of materials (such as mucus) over the surface of the cells.
Characteristics of Epithelia
Cellularity
– refers to the existence of cells. Epithelia have a high degree of cellularity with very little
extracellular material between the cells.
Cell Junctions
– The cells are joined closely together by membrane junctions such as desmosomes and tight
junctions.
Membrane Organization
– The cells are organized into membranes (or sheets).
Polarity
– refers to the epithelial tissue (or cells) having opposite properties in opposite parts. An
epithelium always has at least two different structural and functional surfaces. Thus, epithelia
structurally exhibit polarity due to the different opposing surfaces.
Basement Membrane
– are always attached to an underlying connective tissue layer at a thin region called the
basement membrane.
- Is noncellular and consists of extracellular materials produced by both the epithelial cells
and the adjacent connective tissue.
Avascular
– The membranes do not have blood vessels (avascular) within their structure. The cells depend
upon the vascular supply in the underlying connective tissues.
Regeneration
– Most epithelial cells are rapidly replaced when they are abraded or die.
CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIA
according to:
1. structure :
based upon:
a) shape of the cells at the free surface
b) number of cell layers of the epithelial membrane
2. their location: based upon the specific location of the epithelial membranes (covering and
lining).
3. organization into glands (glandular epithelia.): Glandular epithelium forms the secretory
portion of many glands.
STRUCTURE OF EPITHELIA
Shape of the Cells at the Free Surface
(1) squamous: flat and thin
(2) cuboidal: same height & width
(3) columnar: taller than wide
SIMPLE EPITHELIA
Simple Squamous Epithelium:
- formed by a single layer of flat, thin cells
Locations: stratum corneum, inner cheek, peritoneum
(1) lining (endothelium) of the cardiovascular system (inner lining of the heart and blood vessels)
(2) capillaries
(3) lining of the air sacs (called alveoli) of the lungs
(4) surface lining called mesothelium of body cavities that do not open to the body’s exterior (the
serosae)
(5) outer lining of the filtration unit of the kidney, the glomerulus
Functions: filtration, diffusion, and secretion
Connective Tissues
LOCATIONS: widely distributed tissues of the body.
Examples: bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, blood, and the abundant
loose connective tissues (such as adipose) located in and around other
tissues.
FUNCTIONS:
(1) framework(2) support (3) binding (4) protection
(5) insulation (6) transportation (specifically for blood).
CHARACTERISTICS: having extracellular material called matrix, relatively few cells, and varying
degrees of vascularity.
- Tissue vascularity ranges from:
1) avascular (no blood vessels): in cartilage
2) high vascularity: in the loose connective tissue (such as areolar tissue and adipose).
Components:
1. Matrix: constitute the non-living extracellular material; responsible for the nature of the specific
connective tissue:
a. ground substance
b. fibers
2. Cells
Components:
1. Matrix: constitute the non-living extracellular material; responsible for the nature of the specific
connective tissue:
a. ground substance: homogenous material consisting largely of complex mixture of
proteins produced by connective tissue cells
b. fibers: distinctive protein threads embedded in the ground substance
2. Cells: commonly named after the tissue type (used as a prefix) & its activity (used as suffix)
Example: osteo (bone), blast (cell) = osteoblast (actively dividing &/or
building cell of the bone)
cyte (nondividing suffix)
Classification
based upon three structural characteristics of the matrix:
– (1) the types of fibers,
– (2) the type of ground substance, and
– (3) the structural arrangement.
According to the characteristics of the matrix, connective tissues are classified into four types:
(1) connective tissue proper
(2) cartilage
(3) bone
(4) blood
(c) elastic: special type of dense regular; densely arranged elastic fibers with scattered
collagenous fibers in small spaces & fibroblast
- vocal cords, large arteries, walls of bronchi, trachea, ligamentum nuchae
- for strength, stretch, & recoil
Cartilage
- The matrix of cartilage is characterized
(1) by being semisolid and flexible
(2) by having abundant collagenous fibers.
- Elastic cartilage also has elastic fibers.
- The structural cells are named according to their activity are chondroblasts or chondrocytes.
- According to the characteristics of the matrix, cartilage is divided into three types:
(1) hyaline
(2) elastic
(3) fibrocartilage
• thickness is limited because it is avascular.
• The matrix is semisolid and slightly flexible and consists mostly of collagen fibers embedded
in a protein ground substance.
• The structural cells of mature cartilage are chondroblasts.
• A membrane of dense irregular connective tissue, called the perichondrium, forms the
surface of most cartilage.
Cartilage
(1) hyaline: matrix is firm & resilient, with abundant
collagenous fibers embedded in ground substance;
appears to have no form (amorphous), with chondroblast
- ribs, ends of long bones (articular cartilage), tip of the
nose, framework of large respiratory air way
- for support, structural framework, & cushioning
(2) fibrocartilage: dense, compact, collagenous fiber bundles
with little ground substance
- intervertebral discs, knee joint, symphysis pubis
- provide strength & resists compressions
Bone
• The matrix of bone is characterized by being
(1) rigid
(2) strong
(3) calcium salts: make bone tissue hard
(4) collagen fibers: give strenth
- consists of 1/3 collagenous fibers, 2/3 calcium salts
- osteocyte: mature bone cell
- osteoblast: bone forming cell
- central (haversian) canal: surrounded by lamellae (concentric rings of matrix
separated by osteocytes)
- canaliculi: small canals piercing the matrix
• The structural cells are named according to their activity, osteoblasts or osteocytes.
• According to the characteristics of the matrix, bone is divided into two types:
(1) compact:
(2) spongy (cancellous) organized into trabeculae (plates)
Function:
(1) providing protection
(2) serving as attachment sites for muscles and connective tissues
(3) providing reserves for minerals
(4) blood cell production (marrow)
(5) providing a site for fat deposit (yellow marrow)