UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING



MESB333
ENGINEERING MEASUREMENT LAB
SEMESTER 1, 2014/2015


TITLE : DETERMINING FLUID VELOCITY AND DISCHARGE
COEFFICIENT

NAME : TUNKU ATIQAH BINTI TENGKU HAMNET
SECTION : 3A GROUP : B

GROUP MEMBERS:
SOFEA BALQIS BINTI JUB,LI ME090241
FAIQAH BINTI MOHD FADZIL ME089856
RUCGNES A/L APPARAO ME090233
MOHAMAD AIMAN B. TALIT ME088598


INSTRUCTOR :

DATE PERFORMED : 23 JUNE 2014
DATE SUBMITTED : 30 JUNE 2014


TABLE OF CONTENT

Summary / Abstract
Objective
Theory
Equipment
Procedure
Data, Observation and Results
Analysis and Discussion
Conclusion


SUMMARY/ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE
Experiment I:
This experiment allows student to learn the method of measuring airflow velocity using
pitot tube. The student will understand the working principle of pitot tube as well as the
importance of Bernoulli equation in deriving and calculating the velocity.

Experiment II:
This experiment will ask student to determine the discharge coefficients, CD for orifice
plate and the small nozzle.

THEORY
Experiment I:
A pitot tube is used to explore the developing boundary layer in the entry length of a
pipe which has air drawn through it. With pitot tube, the velocity distribution profiles
can be determined at a number of cross-sections at different locations along a pipe. With
pitot tube, air flow velocities in the pipe can be obtained by first measuring the pressure
difference of the moving air in the pipe at two points, where one of the points is at static
velocity. The Bernoulli equation is then applied to calculate the velocity from the
pressure difference.

v
2p

or

2gh' (1)


p The pressure difference between the pitot tube and the wall pressure tapping
measured using manometer bank provided (

g

x where x is the level of fluid used in
the manometer).
h the pressure difference expressed as a 'head' of the fluid being measured (air)
The air density at the atmospheric pressure and temperture of that day.(kg/m3)
g gravitational acceleration constant (9.81 m/s2)
When fluid flows past a stationary solid wall, the shear stress set up close to this
boundary due to the relative motion between the fluid and the wall leads to the
development of a flow boundary layer. The boundary layer may be either laminar or
turbulent in nature depending on the flow Reynolds number.
The growth of this boundary layer can be revealed by studying the velocity profiles at
selected cross-sections, the core region still outside the boundary layer showing up as an
area of more or less uniform velocity.
If velocity profiles for cross-sections different distances from the pipe entrance are
compared, the rate of growth of the boundary layer along the pipe length can be
determined. Once the boundary layer has grown to the point where it fills the whole pipe
cross-section this is termed "fully developed pipe flow".

Reynolds Number
The Reynolds number is a measure of the way in which a moving fluid encounters an
obstacle. It's proportional to the fluid's density, the size of the obstacle, and the fluid's
speed, and inversely proportional to the fluid's viscosity (viscosity is the measure of a
fluid's "thickness"--for example, honey has a much larger viscosity than water does).

Re
vd

: fluid density
v : fluid velocity
d : obstacle size

: coefficient of fluid dynamic viscosity

A small Reynolds number refers to a flow in which the fluid has a low density so that it
responds easily to forces, encounters a small obstacle, moves slowly, or has a large
viscosity to keep it organized. In such a situation, the fluid is able to get around the
obstacle smoothly in what is known as "laminar flow." You can describe such laminar
flow as dominated by the fluid's viscosity--it's tendency to move smoothly together as a
cohesive material.
A large Reynolds number refers to a flow in which the fluid has a large density so that it
doesn't respond easily to forces, encounters a large obstacle, moves rapidly, or has too
small a viscosity to keep it organized. In such a situation, the fluid can't get around the
obstacle without breaking up into turbulent swirls and eddies. You can describe such
turbulent flow as dominated by the fluid's inertia--the tendency of each portion of fluid
to follow a path determined by its own momentum.
The transition from laminar to turbulent flow, critcal flow, occurs at a particular range of
Reynolds number (usually around 2500). Below this range, the flow is normally laminar;
above it, the flow is normally turbulent.

Calculation of Airflow Velocity
The manometer tube liquid levels must be used to calculate pressure differences, Dh and
pressure heads in all these experiments. Starting with the basic equation of hydrostatics:
p =

gh (2)
we can follow this procedure through using the following definitions:
Example:

Manometer tubes 1(static pressure*) 2(stagnation pressure)
Liquid surface readings
(mm)
X1 X2
Angle of inclination,

=0

equivalent vertical separation of liquid levels in manometer tubes,

h = (x1 - x2)cos

(3)

If rk is the density of the kerosene in the manometer, the equivalent pressure difference

p is:

p =

k g

h =

k g(x1 - x2) cos

(4)

The value for kerosene is rk = 787 kg/m3 and g = 9.81 m/s2. If x1 and x2 are read in
mm, then:

p = 7.72(x1 - x2)cos

[N/m2] (5)

The

p obtained is then used in second equation (1) to obtain the velocity.
To use the first equation (1), convert this into a 'head' of air, h. Assuming a value of 1.2
kg/m3 for this gives:

h'
k
air
(x1 x2)
1000
cos [N/m
2
] (6)

Experiment II:
The orifice plate meter forms a jet, which expands to fill the whole pipe, some diameter
distance downstream. The pressure difference between the two sides of the plate is
related to the jet velocity, and therefore the discharge, by the energy equation:
Q = A
j
v
j
= A
o
C
c
v
j
= A
o
C
c
C
v

2gh

where,
Q discharge (volume/time) _
Aj jet cross-section area at minimum contraction (vena contracta)
Ao orifice cross-2/4: d = orifice size)
vj jet velocity at minimum contraction (vena contracta)
Cc coefficient of contraction of jet
Cv coefficient of velocity of jet
g gravitational acceleration (9.81 ms -2)
h pressure difference 'head' of air across orifice (refer to equation (6) of Exp. I)

These two coefficients are normally combined to give a single coefficient of discharge:
C
D
= C
c
.C
v
Equation (1) now becomes
Q = C
D
A
O

2gh
(2)

If Q can be determined independently, then the discharge coefficient can be determined
as follows:-
C
D
=

Q
Ao 2gh
(3)

Values of Qi can be determined if the standard nozzle is fitted at the pipe inlet.
Qi = C
D
Ai

2gh i
(4)
If hi = the drop in pressure head across the inlet, the discharge = (

k/

air )* (x
before

nozzle

x
after

nozzle
):
in which Ai = standard nozzle cross-section area (= pi*d2 /4) and C
D
assumed to be
0.97. Values of
h
I
are obtained from the manometer tube levels connected to the pipe inlet pressure
tapping and open to the atmosphere.

Calculating the CD of orifice plate:
From equation (4), with the Qi obtained from standard nozzle where CD of standard
nozzle is assumed to be 0.97, we can calculate the CD of orifice plate. Assuming that Qi
across standard nozzle and Qo across orifice plate is the same, apply equation (3)
C
D
=

Qo
Ao 2gho
(5)
where ho (

k/

air)*(

x across orifice)
Ao cross section area of orifice plate hole

APPARATUS
Experiment I:

Figure 1: Experiment Apparatus

Experiment II:


PROCEDURE
Experiment I:
a) Five mounting positions are provided for the pitot tube assembly. These are: 54 mm,
294 mm, 774 mm, 1574 mm and 2534 mm from the pipe inlet
b) Ensure that the standard inlet nozzle is fitted for this experiment and that the orifice
plate is removed from the pipe break line.
c) Set the manometer such that the inclined position is at 00.
d) Mount the pitot tube assembly at position 1 (at 54mm, nearest to the pipe inlet). Note
that the connecting tube, the pressure tapping at the outer end of the assembly, is
connected to a convenient manometer tube. Make sure that the tip, the L-shape metal
tube of the pitot tube is facing the incoming flow.
e) Note that there is a pipe wall static pressure tapping near to the position where the
pitot tube assembly is placed. The static pressure tapping is connected to a manometer
tube.
f) Position the pitot tube with the traverse poisition of 0mm. Start the fan with the outlet
throttle opened.
g) Starting with the traverse position at 0mm, where the tip is touching the bottom of the
pipe, read and record both manometer tube levels of the wall static and the pitot tube
until the traveverse position touching the top of the pipe.
h) Repeat the velocity traverse for the same air flow value at the next positon with the
pitot tube assembly. Make sure that the blanking plugs is placed at the holes that are not
in use.

Experiment II:
(a) Insert the orifice plate in position (taking care to observe the instructions as to) in
which the surface should face the approaching airflow.
(b) Connect all the static pressure tapping points to the manometer tubes ensuring that
one manometer tube remains unconnected to record room air pressure and that one is
attached to the first tapping point adjacent to the standard inlet nozzle which should be
fitted.
(c) Turn on fan with low airflow (damper plate closed) and read all manometer tubes,
including any open to the air (reading should be taken after the fan is on).
(d) Gradually increase air flow by increasing the damper opening to 100%, and take read
at all opening.
Measure the diameter of the orifice plate, and the pipe for computing the cross
sectional area and Reynolds number.
DATA, OBSERVATION AND RESULTS
Experiment I:
Data Sheet for Velocity Measurement Using Pitot Tube

Traverse
Position
(mm)
Pitot Tube at 54 mm
Static Pressure Reading
117 mm
Pitot Tube at 294 mm
Static Pressure Reading
120 mm
Stagnation
Pressure
Reading
(mm)

x
(mm)

p
(N/m
2
)
Velocity
(m/s)
Stagnation
Pressure
Reading
(mm)

x
(mm)

p
(N/m
2
)
Velocity
(m/s)
0 100 17 131.24 14.79 100 20 154.4 16.05
10 98 19 146.68 15.64 99 21 162.12 16.45
20 97 20 154.4 16.05 98 22 169.84 16.83
30 96 21 162.12 16.45 97 23 177.56 17.21
40 95 22 169.84 16.83 96 24 185.28 17.58
50 95 22 169.84 16.83 96 24 185.28 17.58
60 95 22 169.84 16.83 97.5 22.5 173.7 17.02
70 95 22 169.84 16.83 102 18 138.96 15.23


Traverse
Position
(mm)
Pitot Tube at 54 mm
Static Pressure Reading
126 mm
Pitot Tube at 294 mm
Static Pressure Reading
130 mm
Stagnation
Pressure
Reading
(mm)

x
(mm)

p
(N/m
2
)
Velocity
(m/s)
Stagnation
Pressure
Reading
(mm)

x
(mm)

p
(N/m
2
)
Velocity
(m/s)
0 102 24 185.28 17.58 116 14 108.08 13.43
10 104 22 169.84 16.83 114 16 123.52 14.36
20 98 28 216.16 18.99 112 18 138.96 15.23
30 97 29 223.88 19.33 110 20 154.4 16.05
40 96 30 231.6 19.66 100 30 231.6 19.66
50 98 28 216.16 18.99 99 31 239.32 19.98
60 100 26 200.72 18.29 98 32 247.64 20.30
70 106 20 154.4 16.05 110 20 154.4 16.05


Pitot Tube at 2534 mm

Static Pressure Reading 136 mm
Traverse
Position
(mm)
Stagnation
Pressure
Reading
(mm)

x
(mm)

p
(N/m
2
)
Velocity
(m/s)
0 121 15 115.8 13.89
10 112 24 185.28 17.58
20 110 26 200.72 18.29
30 108 28 216.16 18.99
40 110 26 200.72 18.29
50 106 30 231.6 19.66
60 108 28 216.16 18.99
70 116 20 154.4 16.05

ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION