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+
2 7he Praletariat m tm
than the supp|y, so that the worker was safeguarded
agnst serious economic cr|ses.
However, a|| that was changed w|thin a vej few yers
after moden macmne product|on had began to p|ay its
part, as |t was dependent |n advance on mass demand,
d hence on de conguest of fore|gn markets. Ead
new |nvention ra|sed the capac|ty for producon |n cer
increas|ng measure and made |ndustr|a| capital the
und|sputed master of cap|ta||st |ndustj, dom|nating
trade and 5nance. And s|nce ftee compet|t|on, wh|ch
was he|d by the theorsts to b an |ron econom|c law,
put any p|anned contro| of |ndustr|a| product|on out of
the guest|on, at |onger or shorter |nterva|s there must
occur per|ods when, owing to var|ous causes, the supply
of |ndustr|a| products outstr|pped the demand. Th|s
brought on abrupt cesations of product|on, so-ca||ed
cr|ses, wh|ch were n|nous to the ptoletar|an popu|at|on
of the c|tie because they condemned the workers to
enforced |mciv|q and so deprived them of the means of
||v|ng. It |s ]ust th|s phenomenon of so-ca|led '' over-
product|on," whid |s so 1nd|cat|ve of the rea| nature of
modem cp|ta||sm~th|s cond|uon |n wh|ch, wh||e
factores and wehouses are crammed w|th wares, the
actua| producers are |angu|sh|ng |n b|tteret msery.
I t |s this wh|ch revea|s most p|a|n|y the horror of a system
for whid man |s nothing and dead possess|ons are
cveryth|ng.
But the deve|op|ng pro|etariat was comp|etely exposed
to the econom|c uctuatons of th|s system, since |ts
memben had noth|ng to d|spose of except the |abour of
the|r hands. The natura| human ties wh|ch ex|sted
betwcn the o|d master-workman and h|s ]oumeymen
had no meanmg for de modem pro|etanan. He was
mere|y the object of exp|o|tation by a class w|th wh|ch
m-
m0dtrn u0ur 0UOtnI
1J
hc nO IOngcr had any sOOtaI rcIattOnshtQ. 1Or thc tacOty
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thc grcat ndustrtaI tcVOIuttOn Ot that ttmc had swcQt
uQ tn hcaQs tn thc Otttcs, attcr hc had IOst alI sOOtaI
standtng. oOOtaIIy uQrOOtcd, hc had bcOOmc ust a
OOmQOncnt Ot a grcat mass Ot shtQwrcOkcd bctg, whO
had aII bccn smtttcn by thc samc tatc. hc mOdcm
QrOIctartan, hc w8s thc man Ot thc maOhtnc, 8 maOhtnc
Ot dcsh and bIOOd whO sct thc mactnc Ot stccI m mOttOn,
tO Orcatc wcaIth tOr Othcts, whtIc thc aOtuaI QrOduOcr
Ot thts wcaIth must Qcrtsh n mtscry.
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++
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8g81u8t thc CQlt8ll8t 8y8tm 88 8uCh 8t 8l, but m0t0y
8t thc 8bOll8hm0ut u lt8 mO8t Q0DClOu8 0XCt08C0uC08
8ud 8t th0 08t8bll8hm0ut O 8 d08C0ut hum8u 8t8ud8td O
llVlug Ot th0 QtOl0t8tl8t. 8lt d8y8 wg Ot 8
8tt d8y8 WOtk
W88 th0 8lOg8 O th080 Dt8t uuOu8,
8ud Wh0u thc 0mQlOy0t8 t08l8t0d thI8 mOd08t 8ud C0t-
t8luy ully u8tID0d dmd O th0 WOtk0t8 Wlth th0
" u70 g7u0 6I a 8Ou0g 8gDgaIDg ut ID6 u00\1c, 18 SuW0
Dg u06 u m_0D8, ID6 t8I 8IaDZa u WBCD tu08 `
8 ID6 1DtIg a08 u6t ID6 80
OugDI IB61t tmuD, a00 CD6a_g, W1D Duu,
bW6 Dg, W6
06 gDI0g, u7 V6 t66,
D0 0uWD W1B a K0g8 DuI YDg u00 l ''
0dcO Lu0m 0UcmOI
1
UtmO8t btut8ty, th0 8tt0t W0t0 OOIg0d U t08OtI tO
Wh8tcV0t m0thOd8 W0t0 8V88O0 IO thCmUnd0t th0 0XI8t-
Ing COndtIOn8.
h0 gt08t hI8tOtC8 8gnIhC8nC0 O th0 mOV0m0nt
8y 8t ht8t 088 In It8 8CIu8 8OCI8 OO0CIV08 th8n In It8
8ImQ0 cXI8t0nC0. t g8V0 8 OOtIng OnC0 mOt0 tO th0
uQtOOt0d m88808 WhICh th0 Qt088ut0 O 00OnOmIC COn-
dItIOn8 h8d dtIV0n IntO th0 gt08t IndU8ttI8 C0ntt08.
t t0VIV0d th0It 8oI8 80n80. h0 C888 8ttugg0 8g8n8t
th0 0XQOIt0t8 8W8K0n0d th0 8OId8tty O th0 WOtK0t8
8nd g8V0 n0W m08nIng tO th0It IV08. t bt08th0d n0W
hOQ0 IntO th0 VICtIm8 O 8n 0COnOmy O unt08ttICt0d
0XQOIt8tIOn 8nd 8hOW0d th0m 8 COUt80 WhICh O0t0d
th0 QO88IbIIty O 880gu8tdIng th0t IV08 8nd d00ndIn_
th0It Outt8g0d hum8n dIgnIty. t 8tt0ngth0n0d th0
WOtK0t8 80-t0lI8nC0 8nd g8V0 th0m COmd0nC0 In th0
utut0OnC0mOt0. ttt8n0dth0WOtK0t8In80l-dI8CIQIn0
8nd Otg8nIZ0d t08I8t8nC0, 8nd d0V0OQ0d ln U0m U0
COn8CIOu8n088 Oth0It 8tt0ngth 8nd th0t ImQOtt8nC0 88 8
8OCI8 8CtOt Inth0 I0 Oth0It tIm0. hI8 W88 th0 gt08t
mOt8 80tVIC0 O th8t mOV0m0nt WhICh W88 bOH O th0
n0C088ItI08 Oth0 8Itu8tIOn, 8nd WhICh Ony h0 C Und0t-
V8u0 WhO I8 bInd tO 8OCI8 QtOb0m8 8nd WIthOut 8ym-
Q8thy Ot th0 8U0tIng8 O hI8 0lOW m0n.
Yh0n, th0n, In 2q, th0 8W8 8g8In8t th0 COmbIn8tIOn
OWOtK0t8 W0t0 t0Q080d, Wh0n t\0gOV0Hm0nt 8nd th8t
80CtIOn O th0 mIdd0 C888 QO880880d O In8Ight h8d 8t
88t b0COm0 COnVInC0d th8t 0V0n th0 h8nh08t QtO80Cu-
UOnWOudn0V0tbt08KuQth0mOV0m0nt,th0tt8d0 unIOn
Otg8nIZ8tIOnOth0WOtK0t8 8Qt08dOV0tU0 0ntIt0COuntQ
8t undt08m0d-O t8t0. h0 08tI0t OC8l _ouQ8
COmbIn0d IntO 8tg0t unIOn8 8nd thu8 g8V0 tO th0 mOV0-
m0nt It8 t08 ImQOtt8nC0. LV0n U0 t08CtIOn8Q tuD
In th0 gOV0Om0nt W0t0 nO Ong0t 8b0 tO COnttO thI8
_O 1m Prohtarat and the
dcVcOQmcut. Dcj mctcj uCtc88cd tDc uumDct O
VCt1m8 8mOug t8 8dDctcut8, Dut tDcj COud uOt tuD D8Ck
tDc mOVcmcut t8c.
Dc ucW uQ8utgc O QOtC8 t8dC88m u ug8ud
8tct thc Oug tcuCD W8t8 u8tut8!j D8d 8 8ttOug
uhucuCc Ou tDc ug8D WOtkug C8 8!8O. cu kc
utdctt, 1cmj 1uut, 8Ot L8ttWtgDt, 8ud 8DOVc 8
8m LODDctt, WDO8c Q8Qct tDc 0lt0 6_l6r,
8Wt tDc QtCc D8d Dccu tcduCcd tO tWOQcuCc, 8U8ucd
8 CtCu8tOu O 8XQ tDOu88ud, Wctc tDc utccCtu8 Dc8d8
O tDc ucW tcOD mOVcmcut. D8 W dtcCtug t8
8tt8Ck8 CDcj 8g8u8t tDc COD 8W8, tDc LOmDu8tOu
C O 1yQQ-1OO, 8ud, mO8t O 8!, 8g81u8t tDc COttuQt
ccCtOt8 8j8tcm uudct WDCD cVcu 8 8tgc Q8tt O tDc
mdd!c C888 W88 cXCudcd tOm tDc t8uCD8c. 1ugc
m888 mcctug8 u cVctj 8cOu O tDc COuutQ, 8ud g8t-
tCu8tj u tDc uOttDcO udu8tt8 d8ttCt8, 8ct tDc QOQu-
8Cc u mOtOu. ut tDc tc8CtOu8tj gOVcDmcut uudct
L88tctc8gD OQQO8cd 8uj tcOtm, 8ud W dctctmu0d
tOm tDc ht8t tO Qut 8u cud tO tDc tcOtm mOVcmcut Dj
OtCc. Dcu u Dugu8t, 11Q, 8Xtj tDOu88ud QcOQc
QOutcd utO tDc ctct8hcd u W8uCDc8tct tO ODu8tc
8 R QctItOu tO tDc gOVcOmcut, tDc 888cmDj W
d8Qct8cd Dj tDc mtI8, 8ud Out Duudtcd QcDOu8 Wctc
WOuudcd Ot kcd.
O tDc 8tOtmj OutDut8t u tDc COuuttj 8g8u8t tDc
u8tg8tOt8 O tDc m8888Ctc O ctctOO tDc gOVcOcut
tcQcd WtD tDc uOtOtOu8 8X g8g 8W8, Dj WDCD tDc
tgDt O 888cmDj 8ud tccdOm O tDc Qtc88 Wctc u ccCt
8u8Qcudcd 8ud tDc tcOtmct8 mdc 8Dc tO tDc D8t8Dc8t
QtO8cCutOu. j tDc 8O-C8cd L8tO ttcct LOu8QDCj,
u WDCD DDut D8tcWOOd 8ud D8 888OC8tc8 Q8uucd
tDc 888888u8tOu O tDc mcmDct8 O thc tt8D L8Duct,
tDc gOVcDmcut W88 gVcu tDc W8Dcd Ot OQQOttuuQ
Mooo laoos Moveeot
to QtoCccd Wtth dt8CoutC 8cVcttQ 8g8Iu8t thc tcoO
moVcmcut. Lu W8 I, I 2O, ht8tlcWood 8ud out o
ht8 Comt8dc8 Q8td ot tDctt 8ttcmQt ou thc g8lloW8 .
thc hu0cut cm]m 8Ct W88 8u8Qcudcd ot tWo c8t8, 8ud
Lugl8ud W88 dcltVctcd to 8 tc8Cttou8tj tcgtmc WhtCh
tccCtcd uouc o thc ttght8 o tt8 CtttZcu8.
ht8 Qut 8 8toQ to thc moVcmcut ot thc ttmc Dctug.
hcu thc ]ul tcVoluttou o I _U tu t8uCc lcd to 8
tcVtV8l o thc Lug\t8h tcotm moVcmcut, WhtCh, th8
ttmc, took ou 8u cut:tcl dtctcut Ch8t8Ctct. hc 0ght
ot Q8tlt8mcut8tj tcotm 8tcd uQ 8ucW. ut 8tct thc
Doutgcot8tc 88W thc gtc8tct Q8tt o thcIt dcm8ud8 88tI8D.cd
D thc Hcotm Ill o I_2, 8 VtCtot WhtCh thc oWcd
oul to thc cuctgctC 8uQQott o thc Wotkct8, thc oQQo8cd
8ll utthct 8ttcmQt8 8t tcotm, lookIug toW8td8 uutVct88l
8ut8gc, 8ud lct thc Wotkc to dcQ8tt cmQQ-h8udcd.
ot oul th8t . thc ucW Q8tlt8mcut cu8Ctcd 8 uumDct o
tc8Cttou8Q l8W8 D WhCh thc Wotkct8 ttght to ot_8uZc
Wa8 8g8tu 8ctIou8l thtc8tcucd. hc 8htuu_ cX8mQlc8
8moug thc8c ucW l8W8 Wctc thc uotottou8 Qoot l8W8 o
I _q, to WhtCh tcctcuCc h8d 8ltc8d Dccu m8dc. hc
Wotkc clt th8t thc h8d Dccu 8old 8ud Dctt8cd, 8ud
thI8 ccltug lcd to 8 ComQlctc Dtc8k Wtth thc tuIddc Cl8.
hc ucW tcotm moVcmcut tom uoW ou ouud Vgotou8
cXQtc8tou tu thc dcVcloQug Lh8tt8m, WhtCh, tt t8 ttuc,
W88 8uQQottcd D 8 Comtdct8Dlc Q8D o thc Qctt Dout-
gOI8tc, Dut tu Wh:Ch thc Qtolct8tt8u clcmcut cVcQWhctc
t0k 8u cuctgcttC Q8tt. Lh8tt8m, o Cout8c, h8d u8CttDcd
ou tt8 D8uuct thc CclcDt8tcd 8tX Qotut8 o thc Ch8ttct,
WhCh 8mcd 8t t8dC8l Q8tlt8mcut8tj tcotm, Dut t h8d
8l8o 8QQtoQD8tcd 8ll thc 8oCt8l dcm8ud8 o thc Wotkct8
8ud W88 tt_ug D cVct otm o dttcCt 8tt8Ckto tt8u8otm
thc8c tuto tc8ltttc8. hu8 ]. R. tcQhcu8, ouc o thc
mo8t mucutt8l c8dct8 o thc LD8D8I m0Vcmcut,
_2 7m Pratanat td the
dcCarcd bctOrc a grcat mass mcctng n WanChcstcr
that Lhar|sm Was nOt a QOtCa QucstOn WhCh WOud
bc scHcd by thc ntrOduCtOn Ot unVcrsa sumgc,
but Was nstd` tO bc rcgardcd as a ' brcad and buttcr
QucstOn, snCc thc Chartcr WOud mcan gOOd hOmcs,
abundant tOOd, human sOCatOns, and shOrt hOurs
Ot abOur tOr thc WOrkcrs. 1t W tOr ths rcasOn that
QrOQaganda tOr thc Cccbratcd cn-hOur U Qaycd
such an mQOrtant Qart n thc mOVcmcnt.
th thc Lhartst mOVcmcnt Lngand had cntcrcd uQOn
a rcVOutOnaQ QcrOd, and Wtdc CrCcs Ot bOth thc bOur-
gcOsc and thc WOrkng cass Wcrc COnVnCcd that a CV
War was COsc at hand. Mugc mass mcctngs n cVcry
SCtOn Ot thc COuntry tcsthcd tO thc raQd sQrcad Ot
thc mOVmct, and numcrOus strtkcs and COnstant unrcst
amOp thc =OrkcrS n thc ctcs gaVc t a thrcatcnng
asQcct. hc trghtcncd cmQOycn OganZcd numcrOus
8c gucs '' tOr thc QrOtcctOn Ot QcrsOns and QrO-
Qc ' n thc ndustra Ccntrcs. s cd tO thc WOrkcrs
asO bcgnnng tO Uy a rcsOutOn Ot thc LharUst
COnVcnuOn, WhCh COnVcncd n LOndOn n NarCh Ot
t Q, and Was atcr mOVcd tO Urmngham, httccn Ot
thcr bcst OratOr8 Wcrc scnt Out tO cVcry scCtOn Ot thc
COuntry tO makc thc QcOQc aCQuantcd Wth thc ams Ot
thc mOVcmcnt and tO COcCt saturcs tO thc Lhartst
QctttOn. hcr mcctngs Wcrc attcndcd by hundrcds Ot
thOusands, and shOWcd What a rcsQOnsc thc mOVcmcnt
had arOuscd amOng thc masscs Ot thc QcOQc.
Lhartsm had a argc numbcr Ot ntcgcnt and sct-
saCrhCng sQOkcsmrn, suCh as am LOVc, cargus
LLOmOr, Urantcrrc L'Urcn, ]. R. otcQhcns, Mcnry
McthcrngtOn, ]amcs YatsOn, Mcnry NnCcnt, ]Ohn
ayOr, P. M. UcaumOnt, Lmcst ]Oncs, tO mcntOn Ony
a tm Ot thc bst knOWn. 1t COmmandcd, n addtOn, a
Modem Laboar Motement
5J
8Itlj WIdO8QtO8d QtO88, O WhICh Q8QOt8 lIKO 1hc 00r
u': mJu 8udIhO^0rlm lm OXOtIOdIhOgtO8IO8I
IuuOuCO. Lh8tlI8m W88, 88 8 m8llOt O 8CI, uOl 8
mOVOmOuI Wlh dOhuIIO 8m8, bult8IhOt 8 C8IChb88u Ot
lhO 8OCI8l d8COuIOuI O lhO lImO, bul I dd OhOCl 8
8h8ug - uQ, O8QOCI8llj O lhOWOtKIug Cl888,WhOm Il m8dO
tOCOQlIVO lO 8t-tO8Chug 8OCI8l 8Im8. COCI8lI8m 8l8O
OtgOd VIgOtOu8lj 8hO8d dutIug lhO Lh8tl8I QOtIOd, Md
lhOIdO88OYIll8mhOmQ8Ou,]OhuLt8j, 8udO8QOCI8llj
OVObOtl LWOu, bOg8u lO 8QtO8d mOtO WIdOlj 8mOug lhO
LuglI8h WOtKOD.
u t8uCO, OlgIum, 8ud IhO VhIuO CuulQ 8l8O, WhOtO
Iudu8III8l C8QIl8lI8m ht8I O8I8blI8hOd Il8Ol Ou lhO
LOulIuOul, Il W88 OVOtjWhOtO 8CCOmQOd bj lhO 88mO
QhOuOmOu8 8ud lOd,O uOCO88lj,lO lhO IuIlI8l8l8gO8 O 8
l8bOut mOVOmOuI. Dud lhI8 mOVOmOul m8uIcIOd IUO
8lht8l IuOVOQ COuuItjIu lhO 88mOQIImIIIVOOtm, WhICh
Oulj gt8du8llj jOldOd lO 8 bOllOt uudOt8I8udug, uull
8l l88I II8 QOImO8lOu bj COCI8lI8l IdO88 OudOWOd Il WIlh
lOIOt COuCOQlOu8 8ud OQOuOd Ot Il uOW 8OCI8l OullOOK8.
hO 8llI8uCO O lhO l8bOut mOVOmOul WIIh COCI8l8m W88
O dOCI8IVO ImQOtl8uCO Ot bOlh. ul IhO QOlIIC8 IdO
WhICh IuuOuCOd lhI8, lh8I, Ot lhO OlhOt COCI8lI8I 8OOOl
dOlOtmIuOd lhO Ch8t8CIOt O IhO mOVOmOuI u O8Ch
Iu8I8uCO, 8ud I8OullOOK Ot lhc uIutO 88 WOll.
YhIlO COtI8Iu 8ChOOl8 O COCI8I8m tOm8uOd guIO
IudIhOtOul Ot uu8_mQ8lhOIC IO IhO jOuug l8DOut mOVO-
mOuI, OIhOt8 O IhOmguCKlj tOCO_ZOd IhO tO8l ImQOtI-
8uCO O Ih8 mOVOm0ul 88 IhO uOCO888Q QtOlmu8tj lO
lhO tO8lD8IOu O COC8lI8m. hOj uudOi8IOOd lh8l l
mu8I bO IhOt I88K IO I8KO 8u 8CIVO Q8tl u IhO OVOtj d8j
8ltugglO8 O IhO WOiKOi8, 8O 88 lO m8KO ClO8i IO IhO lOlIug
D888O8 lhO uIIm8IO COuuOClIOu bOlWOOu IhOt ImmOd8IO
dOm8ud88udIhOCOC88lOb]OClVO8. OtIhO8O8ItugglO8,
+
The Pohtaat am the
grOWng Out Ot thc nccds Ot thc mOmcnt, scrVc tO brng
abOut a COrrcCt undcntandng Ot Uc QrOtOund mQOrtanCc
Ot thc bcratOn Ot thc QrOctarat tOr thc COmQctc
suQQnssOn Ot Wagc saVcty. PthOugh sQrung trOm thc
mmcdatc ncCcsstcs Ot tc, thc mOVcmcnt, ncVcrthccss,
bOrc Wthn t thc gcrm Ot Ungs tO COmc, and thcsc Wcrc
tO sct ncW gOas tOr tc. LVctythng ncW arscs trOm thc
rcaltcs Ot Vta bcug. IcW WOrds arc nOt bOm n thc
VaOum Ot abstraCt dcas, but m thc hght tOr day brcad,
n that hard and Ccasccss strugglc WhCh thc nccds and
WOrrcs Ot thc hOur dcmand just tO takc Carc Ot thc n-
dsQcnsabc rcQurcmcnts Ot ltc. 1n thc COnstant War-
tarc aganst thc arcady cXstng, Uc ncW shaQcs tsct
and COmcs tO trutOn. Mc WhO dOcs nOt knOW hOW tO
Vauc thc aCh:cVcmcnts Ot thc hOur W ncVcr bc abc tO
COnQucr a bcttcr tuturc tOr hmsct and hs tcOWs.
m thcr day battcs aganst thc cmQOycrs and thcr
acs, thc WOrkcrs graduay c thc dccQcr mcanng
Ot ths struggc. Pt hrst thcy Qursuc OnIy thc mmcdatc
QurQOsc Ot mQrOVng thc status Ot thc QrOduCcrs Wthn
thc cXsttng sOCa Ordcr, but graduaIy thcy ay barc thc
rOOt Ot thc cVmOnOQOy cCOnOmy and ts QOtCa and
s0a aCCOmQaumcnts. Or thc attanmcnt Ot suCh an
undcrstandng thc cVcry day struggcs arc bcttcr cduCatVc
matcrta U thc hncst thcOrctCa dsCussOns. IOthng
Can sO mQrcss thc mnd and sOu Ot thc WOrkcr as ths
cndurng battc tOr day brcad, nOthng m8cs hm sO
rcCcQtVc tO thc tcaChngs Ot oOCasm 8 thc nCcssant
struggc tOr thc ncCcsstcs Ot tc.
]ust as n thc tmc Ot tcuda dOmnOn thc bOndsmcn
Qcasants by thcr trcQucnt uQrsngsWhCh had at hrst
Ony thc QurQOsc Ot Wrcstng trOm thc tcuda Ords
Ccrt8tn COnCcssOns WhCh WOud mc sOmc bcttcrmcnt
Ot thcr drcary standard Ot VtngQrcQarcd thc Way tOr
0drn u0r mcml
lhO LtO8l bOVOlulIOu by WhCh thc 8bOlIlIOn O cud8l
QtVIlOgO8 W88 Qt8ClC8lly btOughl 8bOut , 8O lhO Iu-
uumOt8blO l8bOut W8I8 WtlhIu C8Qt8I8t 8OCOly COn-
8lIlulO, ORO mIghl 8ay, lhO IultOduCtOn IO th8l gtO8l
8OCI8l tOVOlulIOu O lhO uluIO WhICh 8h8ll m8kO COCI8l8m
8 lIVng tO8lIly. NIlhOut thO InCO88ant tOVOt8 O thO
QO888uU~8IuO tOQOtt8 lh8l bOlWOOn J}oJ 8nd thO
8lOImug O lhO 88lIlO uO8Ily hVO hundIOd O lhO8O
tOVOll8OCCutIOdIu 8lmO8l OVOQ Q8tt O 1I8uCOlhO IdO8
O lhOQOOCOu8uO88 O lhO WhOlO 8y8lOm O 8OIdOm 8ud
Oud8I8m WOuld uOVOt h8VO OulOtOd lhO hO8d8 O lhO
m888O8.
h8l I8ju8l hOW Il 8uud8 Wlh lhO OCOnOmIC 8nd 8OCI8l
8ltugglO8 O lhO mOdOD WOtkIug Cl888. l WOuld bO
ullOtly WtOug lO O8lIm8lO lhO8O mOIOly Ou lhO b88I8 O
lhOIt m8lOtI8l Otgu Ot lhOt Qt8ClIC8l tO8ult8 8ud lO
OVOtlOOk lhOIt dOOQOt Q8yChOlOgIC 8IguIhC8uCO. Luly
1tOm lhO OVOty d8y COuICl8 bOlWOOu l8bOut 8ud C8QII8l
COud lhO dOCltIuO8 O bOC8lI8m, WhICh h8d 8tI8Ou Iu lhO
mIud8 O IudVIdu8l lhIukOt8, l8kO Ou O8h 8nd blOOd
md 8CgutO lh8l QOCulI8t Ch8t8ClOt WhICh m8kO O thOm
8 m888 mOVOmOul, lhO OmbOdImOul O 8 uOW Culut8
IdO8l Ot lhO Dlu.
L bLb\Lbo oLLP1oN
006rl Lu6 00 lh6 _u1h m00ur m00rmrl 1h6
Lr00 T0lk0 L010h00lr0 1r006 U Hm0m
600u 0Jlh6 0u 0 lh6 L66r0 lrR6 1h6]O00 0
r60tl0 D0ul0 0lh6 m00ur 0r_0z0lk1 r0tr
1h6 1lO0l00 H0rk_m61 110C0lw 1h6 0u
t0t6]l0 0 lr00 w0m 1h6 060 0 lhr 000ur
t0uth u00m t0umh D6r1u1 0tl0l0r1h_1 10ku
0 lh6 6t00mu 0r_0z0l0 0 lhr u0rk6r1 1h6 lr0-
0utlk 0 ]0rhdl0[ _0hlu1 0j 0rX 00g6h 00
lh6 600lh6 1lO0l00.
L QcDuc8tOn Ol Uc 8bOut mOVcmcnt by oOC818t
dc88 c8ty cd tO tcndcnCc8 whCh h8d 8n uum8t8K8bc
tc8tOn8hIQ tO thc tcVOutOn8ty oyndIC88m Ol Out d8y.
hc8c tcudcnCc8 dcVcOQcd ht8t n Lng8Ud, thc mOthct
COuntQ Ol C8Qt88t bg ndu8Uy, 8nd lOt 8 tmc 8ttOngy
nucnCcd Uc 8dV8nCcd 8cCUOn8 Ol thc Lng8h wOtkIng
C888. Pltct thc tcQc8 Ol thc LOUbn8tOn PCt8, thC
cOtt Ol thc wOtkct8 w88 dtcCtcd ChIcy tO gVng 8
btO8dct Ch8t8Ctct tO thct tt8dc unOn Otg8nz8tOn8, 88
Qt8CtC8 cXQctcnCc h8d 8hOwn thcm th8t Qutcy OC8
Otg8uz8tOn8 COud nOt QtOVdc thc nccdcd 8uQQOtt n
Uct 8ttuggc8 lOt d8y btc8d. ot thc8c cO:t8 wctc
nOt 8t ht8t b88cd On 8ny VcQ QtOlOund 8OC8 COnCcQt8.
hc wOtkct8, cXCcQt n 8O l8t 88 thcy wctc nucnCcd by
1hc 0rcruuncrr c} ndtcu|trm
5
7
thc QOltC8l tclOtm mOVcmcut Ol th8t tmc, h8d uO gO8
Wh8tcVct Iu VcW Out8dc thc mmcdl8tc Dcttctmcut Ol
thct cCOu0mC 8t8tu8. Ot uutIl thc Dcg0Iug Ol thc
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l8DOut mOVcmcut DcCOmc Ql8Iulj 8QQ8tcut, 8ud t8
8QQc8t8uCc thcu 8 tO Dc 88CtIDcd Chcj tO thc 8tttug
QtOQ8g8ud8 O bODctt LWcu 8ud h8 lOllOWct8.
^ lcW jc8t8 DclOtc thc COuVcuug Ol thc 8O-C8llcd
bclOtm 8tl8mcut thc aIm Cnlon o] Im Bormq
LJtct W88 lOuudcd, t8 mO8t DQOt8ut COmQOucut Q8tt
Dcug thc WOtkct8 u thc tcXtlc udu8ttlc8. hl8 COm-
Du8tlOu h8d 8ummcd uQ t8 dcm8ud8 u thc lOllOWug
lOut QOut8 . I. O cVctj WOtKct thc ull V8luc Ol h8
l8DOut. 2. tOtcCtOu Ol thc WOtkct8 8g8u8t thc cm-
QOjct8 D cVctj 8QQtOQtI8tc Dc8u8, WhCh mc8u8 Wlll
dcVClOQ 8utOm8tC8llj Out Ol thc Cuttcut COudtlOu8.
. hc tclOtm Ol Q8tl8mcut 8ud UulVct88l 8ut8gc lOt
DOth mcu 8ud WOmcu. q. LduC8UOu Ol WOtkcO u
cCOuOmC QtODlcm8. Luc tcCOgmc8 u thc8c dcm8ud8
thc 8ttOug uucuCc Ol thc QOltC8l tclOtm mOVcmcut
WhCh ]u8t 8t th8t tlmc hCld thc cuttc COuuttj uudct t8
8Qcl Dut 8t thc 88mc tImc Ouc uOtCc8 cXQtc88Ou8 WhCh
8tc DOttOWcd ltOm thc dOCttuc8 0l bODctt LWcu.
hc jc8t 12 DtOught thc bclOm ll, Dj WhCh thc
l88t QOltlC8l llu8Ou8 lOt l8tgc CtClc Ol thc Lugl8h
WOtklug Cl888 Wctc dc8tOjcd. hcu thc Dll h8d DcCOmc
l8W t W88 8ccu th8t thc mddc Cl888 h8d, udccd, WOu 8
gtc8t VCtOtj OVct thc 8t8tOCt8tlC l8udOWuct8, Dut thc
WOtkct8 tcCOguZcd th8t thcj h8d Dccu Dctt8jcd 8g8u,
8ud th8t thcj h8d mctclj Dccu u8cd Dj thc DOu@c8c tO
Qull t8 Chc8tuut8 Out Ol thc Dtc. hc tc8ult W88 8
gcuct8l dl8llu8Oumcut 8ud thc 8tc8Ulj 8Qtc8dug COu-
VCtOu th8t thc WOtkug Cl888 COuld Dud uO hclQ u 8u
8l8uCc Wth thc DOutgcO8c. 1l, DclOtc thcu, thc C888
j Tm Fmmnnet
8Uuggc h8d Dccu 8u 8Ctu8Ity WhICh 8to8c 8Qout8ucou8y
out othc CouICtIug cCoDomC Iutctc8t8 othcQo88c88Iug
md uou-Qo8c88Iug C888c8, It h8d uoW t8kcu 8h8Qc 88 8
dcDtcCouVICtIouIuUc mIud8 othcWotkct8 8udg8Vc 8
dctcDD8tc CouDc to thcIt 8OIVItIc8. tuO m Uc
thDkDg o thc Wotkmg C888 I8 Cc8ty tcVc8cd Iu
uumctou8 uttct8uCc8 Iu thc 8Dout Qtc8s duDug tho8c
yc8t8. c Wotkct8 Wctc DcgIDDIug to uudct8t8ud th8t
thcIt tc8 8ttcugU 8y Iu thcIt O8t8Ctct 88 QtoduCcD.
hc motc kccuy 8W8tcthcyDcC8mcothc D88Co othcIt
Q8ttICIQ8tIou m thc QoItI tcotm moVcmcut, thc motc
Dtmy totcd DcC8mc thcItDcWy 8CguItcd uudct8wudIug
o thcIt oWu cCouomIC ImQott8DCc Iu 8oCIcty.
hcy Wctc 8ttcugthcucd Iu thI8 CouVCtIoD m hIgh
dcgtcc Dy thc QtoQ8g8ud8 o VoDctt LWcu, Who 8t th8t
tImc W88 gg Cou8t8uty 8ttougct IuHucuCc u thc
t8DX8 o otg8mZcd Dout. LWcu tcCoguIZcd th8t tDc
8t=dy gtoWth o U8dc uuIou otgtIou8 D8hcd 8
mD88I8othI8cHott8 8t 8ud8mcut8 8tct8tIou othc
C8QIt8I8t cCouomIC otdct, 0ud tU8 Dcd m Wth hIgb
DoQc8. c 8hoWcd thc Wotkct8 th8t thc cXI8Uug Cou-
HICt DcWccu C8QIt8 8ud 8DoutCoud ucVct Dc 8cttcd Dy
ot0 D8ttc8 oVct W8g8, though, Iu 8Ct, hc Dy uo
mc8D8 oVctooXcd thc gtc8t ImQott8DCc o thc8c U thc
WotXct8. Lu thc othct hmd hc 8ttoVc to CouVuCc thc
WotXct8 th8t thcy Coud cXQcCt uothIDg Wh8tcVct tom
QI88tVc Dodtm, 8ud mu8t t8kc thcIt m 8It8 IDto thcIt
oW h8ud8. mc Idc88 ouud WIIug c8t8 8moug thc
8dV8uCcd 8cCtIou8 othc LugI8hWotkIug C888, 8ud Dt8t
m8uIc8tcd thcm8cVc8 8ttougy 8moug Uc DuIdIug
tt8dc8. c Bmdt' 0ai, Iu WhIO Wctc ComDIucd
8 Cou8Idct8DcuumDct ooC8 8Dout uDou8, W88 8t th8t
tImc ouc othc mo8t 8dV8uCcd 8Dd mo8t 8CtIVc o 8Dout
o@M8tou8,0udW888thoDIuthcHc8hothcm8u8gct8.
o/ Sy
>
|u thc c8t 1_1 , LWcu h8d gtc8cutcd hI8 g8u8 ot thc
tcCou8UuCtIou o 8oCIcty Dcotc 8 mcctIug o dccg8tc8
o thI8 uuIou Iu W8uChc8tct. hc g8u8 8mouutcd to 8
kIud o LuId oCI8I8m 8ud C8cd ot thc c8t8DI8hmcut
o gtoduCct8 Co-ogct8tIVc8 uudct thc Coutto o c
tt8dc uDIou8. hc gtogo888 Wctc 8dogtcd, Dut 8hott
Mtct thI8 thc uIdcD uIou W88 IuVoVcd m 8 oug
8ctIc8 o 8cVctc CoDCt8, thc uuh8gg outComc o WhICh
8ctIou8 thtc8tcuc thc cXI8tcuCc o thc otg8mZ8tIou
8ud gut 8 gtcm8tutc cud to 8 cott8 Iu thc dItcCUou
m8tKcd out D LWcu.
LWcu dId uot ct hIm8c Dc dI8Cout8gcd D thI8, Dut
C8tDcd ou hI8 8CtIVUc8 WIth tcucWcd z. u 1__
thctc CouVcucd Iu oudou 8 CouctcDc o tt8dc uuIou
8ud Co-ogct8tIVc otg8uIZ8tIou8, 8t WhICh LWcu cXg8Iucd
cXh8u8tIVc h18 g8u ot 8oCI8 tcCou8ttuCtIou D thc
WotKct8 thcm8clVc8. tom thc tcgott8 o thc dccg8!c8
ouc C8u 8cc g8Iu Wh8t 8u IuHucuc thc8c Idc h8d
8tc8d g8Iucd 8ud Wh8t 8 Ctc8tIVc 8gItIt thcu 8Dm8tcd
thc 8dV8uCcd CItCc o c ugI8h WotKIug C888. Th
0 maa's mmm Vct ]u8t 8ummc ug I!8 tcgott
o thc CouctcuCc Iu thc8c Wotd8 .
` ut t dIctcut tom thc g8tt oD]cCt8 o
otmct ComDIu8tIou8 u th8t uoW 8Imcd 8t D thc
Cougtc88 o dccg8tc8. cIt tcgott8 8hoW th8t 8u
cutItc Ch8ugc Iu 8oCIcty-8 Ch8ugc 8mouutIug to 8
Comgctc 8uDVct8Iou o thc cXI8tIug otdct o thc Wotd
Coutcmg8tcd D thc WotkIug C888c8. Jhc
88gItc to Dc 8t thc tog Iu8tc8d o thc Dottom o 8oCIct
~t t8thct th8t thctc 8houd Dc uo Dottom ot tog 8t
m.
c ImmcdI8tc tcut o th8 CouctcuCc W88 thc ouud-
ug o c Gaad Aatw Coasohdated Trad Um o]
O 7he orerunners
Great Britaia and !rekad 8t thO DO_uuu_ o I_q.
ho8O WOtO 8ttIIu_ tmO8. hO WholO Couuttj W88
8h8kOu Dj uuumOt8DlO 8ttkO8 8ud loCk-out8, 8ud thO
uumDct o WotkOt8 ot_8uZOd u tt8dO uuou8 t8gdlj
8o8tOd to 00,00. hO ouudu_ o thO L.I.L. 8to8O
tom thO Oott to _8thOt thO 8C8ttOtOd ot_auZ8tou8 uto
ouO _8t OdOt8tIou, WhCh Would _VO _tO8tOt OOCtVO
otCO to thO 8Ctou8 o thO WotkcD. ut Wh8t d8tu-
_u8hOd tD8 8llMCO tom 8ll thO OoIt8 u th8 dtOCtou
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ot gutO tt8dO8 UDouI8m, uot ot Col8Dot8tou o thO
WotkOt8 WIth tDO goltC8l tOotmOt8. hO L.I. L. W88
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8d to thO WotkOt8 u thOt d8lj 8ttu__lO ot thO uOdOd
D6ttOtmOut o thOt Oudtlou, Dut t h8d 8t thO 88mO tmO
8Ot t8O thO _o8l o oVOttDtoWu_ C8gt88t OCouomj 88 8
WhoO 8ud tOgl8CIu_ t WIth thO Co-ogOt8tVO l8Dout o 8
gtoduCOt8, WhCh 8houd uo lou_Ot h8VO u VOW gtoDt8
ot udlVdu8l8, Dut thO 88t88Oou o thO uOOd8 o 8ll.
hO L.I.L. W88, thOu, to DO thO t8mOWotk Wthu WDCh
thO8O 88gt8tlou8 W0uld Dd OXgtC88ou 8ud DO tt8u8-
otmOd uto tO8ltj.
O o@8uZOD W8utOd to ComDuO u thO8O OdOt8tloD8
thO WotkOt8 Iu 8l udu8tt8l 8ud 8_tCultut8l gUt8ut8 8ud
_toug tDOm 8CC0tdu_ to thOt 8gOC8l Dt8uChO8 o gto-
duCtou. 8Ch udu8tQ Would Cou8tItutO 8 8gOC8l
dV8ou WhCh Would CouCOO t8Ol Wth thO 8gOC8
Coudtou8 o thOt gtoduCtVO 8CtVtj 8ud thO tOl8tOd
8dmu8tt8tVO uDCtoD8. OtOVOt th8 W88 go88DlO
thO WotkOt8 u thO Vou8 bwuChO8 o gtoduCtou WOtO
to gtoCOOd to thO c8t8Dl8hmOut o Co-ogOt8tIVO gl8ut8,
WhCh 8hould 8Oll thOt gtoduCt8 to Cou8umOt8 8t 8Ctu8
Co8t, IuCludIu_ thO OXgOu8O o 8dmIu8tt8tou. 1ulVOt88l
ot_8DZ8tou Would 8OOO to Dud thO 8Og8t8tO udu8ttO8
0} Ojndtcuum l
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tO bC CCCtCd thtOugh 8O-C8Cd 8DOut D8Z88t8 8ud thC
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8 COmQCtC tCOt_8uZ8tOu O 8OCCty.
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h8 8 8hOWD Q8ttlCu8ty u thtCC O thC 8CVCu QOut8
u WhCh thC L... h8d DHCd t8 dCm8ud8
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8ud 88, WthOut thC QO88C88Ou O t, thC QtOduCug
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WhCh 8tt8u_CmCuL WOud uOt h8VC thC CCCt O
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dI8ttICt Ot Dt8uCh 8hOud c8t8DI8h Ouc Ot mOtc dcQOt8
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WhICh mc8u8 thc VOtkIug D m8j Dc 8uQQIcd WIth
thc Dc8t COmmOdItIc8 8t lIUlc 8DOVc WhOlc88lc QtICc8.
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8u 8llI8uCc Ott8dc uuIOu8 8ud CO-OQctatVc8. j hI8
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thc OCI8lI8t8cu8c WOud tcudct thc Ou8c O LOmmOu8
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d0tIV0d tOm th0m. h0 Ou80 O LOmmOn8 WOud In
th0 utut0 b0m0t0y8 House o/ Trades.
h0 L..L. m0t WIth 8n 0Xtt8OtdIn8Q t08QOn80 tOm
th0 WOtK0t8. n 8 0W mOnth8 It 0mbt8C0d muCh OV0t 8
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8 It8 0n0tgy tO 0nOtC0 thI8 d0m8nd. lW0n hIm80,
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th0m80V08. hI8 W88 th0It 8Og8n.
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th0undIVId0d8ymQ8thyOth0Otg8nIZ0dLngI8hWOtK0D.
t th0 b0gIBnIng O 1_2, YII8m 0nbOW, On0 O th0
mO8t 8CtIV0 Ch8mQIOu8 O th0 n0W mOV0m0nt, h8d
QubI8h0d 8 Q8mQh0t 0ntIt0d Graad Aauoaal Hohda
aad Coagress o[ the Prodmce Classes, WhICh h8d 8
tt0m0ndOu8 CtCu8tIOn, 8nd Iu WhICh th0 Id08 O th0
g0n0t8l 8tt!K0 8nd It8 ImQOtt8nC0 tO th0 WOtKIng Cl888
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1 Fcrerunners
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tcu88l to WotK mu8t bc thc mc8u8 ot Uct lbct8tou.
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thc hc8ttct tc8Qou8c tom thc WotKct8.
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8Qtt th8t cm8u8tcd tom t, Dllcd thc cmQoct8 W
8cCtct c8t 8ud blDd h8ttcd o thc ucW CombuatIou.
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Q8ttCul8t 8g8u8t thc Coll8bot8tou o WotKct8 u dctcut
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uuou8 ot bcug thtoWu ou thc 8tDct b 8 oCK-out.
8t8mcut dd uot, t 8 ttuc, tc-cu8Ct thc od Lom-
bu8lou PC, but thc goVcOcut cuCout8gcd thc _udgc8
to dc8l Wth thc cXCc88c8 o thc WotKct8 88 8cVctcl
88 thc Coud Wthu thc t8mcWotK o cX8tug 8W8.
Pud tnc dd 8o u gcuctou8 mc88utc, bcug ocu 8blc to
o[ Sicalm
u8O 88 8 h8udlO thO l8Cl lh8l m8uy uulOu8 h8d tOl8luOd
ltOm lhO d8y8 Ol lhOlt uudOtgtOuud 8C!lVlly bOlOtO lhO
tOQO8l Ol lhO LOmblu8UOu PCl8 lhO lOtmul8 Ol lhO O8lh
8ud OlhOt COtOmOul8l lOtm8, 8ud l8l lhI8 W88 COult8ty
lO lhO lOllOt Ol lhO l8W. uudtd8 Ol WOtkOt8 WOtO
8OulOuCOd lO hOttblO Quul8hmOul8 lOt lhO mO8l ltlVl8l
OOuCO8. PmOug lhO lOttOtl8l 8OulOnCO8 Ol l8l llmC
lh8l lmQO8Od Ou 8l DOld h8ud8 lu 1OtChO8lOt 8tOu8Od lhO
blll0tO8l ludlgu8llOu. htOugh thO lulll8llVO Ol lhO
L..L. lhO DOld WOtkOt8 lu OlQuddlO, 8 lllllO Vlll8gO
uO8t 1OtChO8lOt, h8d lOtmOd 8 uulOu 8ud dOm8udOd 8u
luCtO88O Ol W8gO8 ltOm 8OVOu 8DlIug8 lO Olghl 8hlllmg8
8 WOOk. bhOtlly 8llOtw8td 8lX Old h8ud8 WOtO 8ttc8lOd
8ud 8OulOuCOd lO lhO ltlghUl QOu8lty Ol lwu8QOtl8llOu
lOt 8OVOu yO8t8 lO thO QOu8l COlOuO8 lu Pu8lt8ll8. hOlt
8OlO CtlmO COu8l8lOd m bOlOuglug lO 8 uuOu.
hu8 ltOm lhO VOty bOguDug lhO L..L. W88 luVOlVOd
m 8 lOug 8OtlO8 Ol lmQOtl8ul W8gO W8t8 8ud W88 8ub_OClOd
bO8ldO8 lO COu8l8ul 8ud blllOt QtO8OCu!lOu8, 8O !h8l ll
h8tdly lOuud tlmO lO bOglu lu O8OO8l lU gtO8l WOtk Ol
OduC8tlug lhO m888O8. 1Oth8Q8, lu 8uy C, thO tlmO
lOt lh8l W88 uOl yOl tlQO. W8uy Ol ll8 mOmbOt8 luOOd
lO lhO 8W8kODug Lh8tl8m, WhlCh 8COQlc m8uy Ol ll8
lmmOdl8lO dOm8ud8, 8ud 8lOug Wllh OlhOt m8llOt8 kOQl
uQ lhO QtOQ8g8ud lOt lhO gOuOt8l 8ltlkO, Culmlu8Uug lu
1q2 lu lh8l gtO8l mOVOmOul WhICh UOd uQ 8l lhO
ludu8ltlO8 Ol 8uC88hltO, OtkhltO, O!8UOtd8hltO, lhO
1O!lOtlO8, Y8lO8, 8ud lhO CO8l dl8ltlCU Ol bCOll8ud.
ul lhO Otlglu8l 8lgulDCMC Ol thO mOVOmOul h8d WOtu
O, 8ud lWOu h8d bOOu tlghl WhOu hO 8CCu8Od Lh8tll8m
Ol l8ylug lu muCh WOlghl Ou QOllllC8l tOlOtm 8ud 8hOWlug
lOO lllllO uudOt8t8udlug Ol lhO gtO8l OCOuOmlC QtOblOm8.
hO uuh8QQy tOVOlutlOu8 Ol 1q-q Ou lhO LOulluOul
lOd 8l8O lO lhO dOCluO Ol thO Lh8tU8l mOVOmOul, 8ud
66 7hc Or0runn0r
gutc tt8dc uuiOui8m Cmc OuCc mOtc tO dOm:u8tc thc
hcld lOt yc8t8 iu thc ugli8h l8bOut mOVcmcut.
u t8uCc 8l8O thc 8lliauCcOlbOCi8li8mWith thc l8bOut
mOVcmcut QuiCKly lcd tO 8ttcmQt8 Ou thc Q8tt Ol thc
WOtKct8 tO OVctthtOW thc C8Qiuli8t cCOuOmiC Otdct 8ud
Q8Vc thc W8y lOt 8 ucW 8OCi8l dcVclOQmcut. hc auta-
gOui8m bctWccu thc WOtK:ug Cl888 8ud thc bOutgcOi8ic
th8t h8d _u8t 8CQuitcd m88tcty h8d 8ltc8dy 8hOW iucll
Clc8tly dutiug thc 8tOtm8 Ol thc Ltct bcVOlutiOu.
clOtcthc bcVOlutiOu Uc WOtKcn h8d bccu uuitcd iu thc
8O-C8llcd Lm]gnngct, WhO8c Otigiu C bc tt8Ccd
b8CK tO thc Dccuth Ccututy. hcc Wctc 888OCi8t:Ou8 Ol
_OuOcymcu Ct8lI8mcu WhiCh h8d thcit QcCuli8t Cctc-
mOui8l8 tt8u8mittcd ltOm thc Niddlc gc, WhO8c
mcmbct8 Wctc Qlcdgcd tO mutu8l 888i8t8uCc, 8ud WmCh
bu8icd Ucm8clVc8 With thc COuOO8 Ol thcit C8lliug, but
8l8O tc8Ottcd Ocu tO 8ttiKc8 aud bOyCOtt8 tO QtOtcCt thcit
mmcdi8tc cCOuOm:C iutctc8t8. ith thc 8bOlitiOu Ol
thc guild8 8ud thc dcVclOQmcut Ol mOdcO iudu8tty thcc
bOdic8 gt8du8lly lO8t thcit imQOtt8uCc 8ud g8Vc W8y tO
ucW lOtm8 Ol gtOlct8ti8u Og8uiZ8tiOu.
y thc l8W Ol Jugu8t Zt, tg, 8ll C:tiZcu8 Wctc COu-
Ccdcdthc tightOlltccCOmbiu8tiOuWithiu thc lt8mcWOtK
Ol thc cXi8tiug l8W8, 8ud thc WOtKct8 8V8ilcd thcm8clVc8
Olth:8 tight by Otg8uiZiug thcm8clVc8 iu tmdc uuiOu8 lOt
thc 88lQu8tdiug Ol thcit iutctct8 8g8iu8t thc cmQlOycn.
J lOt Ol lOC8l 8ttiKc mOVcmcut8 cu8ucd, c8QcCi8lly iu thc
buildiug udu8tty, 8ud C8u8cd thc cmQlOyct8 8 gtc8t dcm
Ol WOtty, 88 thc Otg8u:Z8tiOu8 Ol WOtKct8 gtcW COu8t8utly
8ttOugct, COuutiug O,OOO mcmbct8 iu 8ti8 8lOuc.
u 8 mcmOti8l tO thc gOVcOmcut thc cmglOycI8
dcuOuuCcd thc8c COmbiu8tiOu8 OlWOtKct8 8ud dcm8udcd
thc gtOtcCtiOu Ol thc 8t8tc 8giu8t Ui8 ucW Q y
WhiChQtc8umcdtOmtctlctc WiththctghtOl ltccCOutt8Ct
o] Sndumm
Dclwccu cmQOyct 8ud cmQlOycc. c gOVctmmt
tc8QOudcd gt8COu8ly tO th8 dcm8ud 8ud OtD8dc 8l
COmDu8tOu8 Ot thc QutQO8c O ccCtug 8tct8tOn8 u
thc cXI8tug COudUOu8 O l8DOut, 888guug 88 8 tc88Ou
tD8t t COud uOt Qctmt thc cX8tcuCc O 8 8t8tc Wthu thc
8t8tc. dh8 QtOhDtOu COutuucd u OtCc uutIl 1q.
ut hctc 8l8O t W88 c8ty 8hOWu th8t CtCum8t8uCc8 8tc
8ttOugct th8u thc 8W. ]u8t 88 h8d thc ug8h, 8O 88O
thc tcuCh WOtkct8 tc8Otlcd tO 8cCtct 888OC8tOn8, 8nCc
thc l8W dcucd thcm thc tght tO utgc thct dcm8ud8
OQculy.
c 8O-C8lcd Mull, h8tmlO8 mutu8 DcuCt
8OCctc, Otcu 8ctVcd u th8 COuucCtOu 88 8 COVct,
8Qtc8dug thc m8utc O cgMty OVct thc 8cCtct Otg8uZ8-
ttOn8 Ot tc88tCc (t0c0l de resstance). c8c h8d,
t 8 ttuc, Otcu tO cudutc h8t8h Qct8cCutOu 8ud V m8kc
m8uy 88CtDCc8, Dut uO l8W W88 8Dc tO Ctu8h thct
tc88t8uCc. Ludct thc tulc O Ou8 hQQc thc l8W8
8g8m8t thc COmDu8tOu O WOtkct8 Wctc 8ttcugthcucd
8tll utlhct Dut cVcu th8t COuld uOt QtcVcut thc 8tc8dy
gtOWth O thc t0cl d remtance, uOt thc dcVclOQmcut
O 8 lOug 8ctc8 O gtc8t 8ttkc mOVcmcut8 88 8 tc8ut O
thct uudctgtOuud 8CtYtc8. L thc8c thc Dght O thc
Wc8Vct8 u yOu8 u I_ I gtcW utO 8u cVcut O utOQc8u
mQOtuDCc. ttct uccd h8d 8Quttcd thc8c WOtkct8 tO
8 dOQct8tc tc88t8uCc tO thc t8Q8Cty O thc cmQlOyct8,
8ud OWug U thc utctctcuCc O thc mt8 th8 h8d
dcVcOQcd utO Outtght tcVOlt, utO WhCh thc WOtkct8
C8ttcd ct D8uuct u8CtDcd Wth thc 8_DC8ut WOtd8
Vc WOtkug Ot dc Dghlug
f8 c8ty 88 thc O
7he Forerunners
t W th8 88mc dc8 WhCh u8gtcd l8t_c 8cCou8 o
thc u888u Wotkct8 8ud gc888ut8 8t tDc outDtc8k o thc
tcVolutou, cVcu u thc dc8 h8d ucVct Dccu thought out
8o Clc8tl 8ud 88tcm8lC8ll u u888 88 u thc 8cCtou8
o thc t8t utcD8tou8l. udct t88t8m thc bU888u
Wotkct8 l8Ckcd thc tcQu8tc utcllcCtu8l gtcg8t8tou ot
th8. ut Dol8hcV8m gut 8u 8Dtugt cud to th8 Dtul
dc. ot thc dc8gol8m o dCt8tot8hg 8t8ud8 n
ttccouCl8Dlc Coutt8dCtou to thc cou8ttuCtVc dc8 o
thc CouuCl 88tcm, th8t 8, to 8 boC8l8t tcCou8tDCtou ot
80ct D thc gtoduCct8 thcm8clVc8. Dc 8ttcmgt tO
ComDuc thc tWo D otCc Could ou lc8d to th8t 8oullc88
Dutc8uCt8C WhCh h88 Dccu 8o d888ttou8 ot thc bu888u
cVolutou. hc CouuCl 88tcm Dtook8 uo dCt8tot8hg,
88 t gtoCccd8 tom tot8ll dctcut 888umgtou8. u t
8 cmDodcd thc Wll tom DcloW, thc Ctc8tVc cuctg o
thc tolug m888c8. u dCt8tot8hg, DoWcVct, lVc8 oul
D8ttcu Comgul8ou tom 8DoVc, WhCD Wll 8uct uo
Ctc8tVc 8CtVt 8ud gtoCl8m8 Dlud 8uDm88ou 88 thc
hghc8t l8W ot 8ll. Dc tWo C8uuot cX8t togcthct.
u u888 dCt8tot8hg gtoVcd Ctotou8. cuCc tDctc
8tc uo motc 8oVctS thctc. ll th8t 8 lct o thcm 8
thc u8mc 8ud 8 _tuc8omc C8tCtutc o t8 otgu8l
mc8uu_.
hc couuCl 88tcm ot l8Dout cmDt8Cc8 8 l8tgc g8tt
o thc cCouomC otm8 cmglocd D 8 Cou8ttuCtVc
boC8l8m WhCh o t8 oWu 8CCotd ogct8tc8 8ud gtoduCc8
to mcct 8ll u8tut8l tcgutcmcutS. t W88 tDc dtcCt
tc8ult o 8 DUl dcVclogmcut o dc88 gtoWu_ out o
thc boC8l8t l8Dout moVcmcut. h8 g8ttCul8t dc8
to8c tom thc coU to gtoVdc 8 CouCtctc D888 ot thc
tc8lz8tou o boc8l8m. h8 D888 W88 8ccu to lc u
thc Cou8ttuCtIVc cmglomcut o cVct cCcut hum8u
Dcu_. ut dCt8tot8hg 8 8u uhctt8uCc tom Dout-
o] a/uo
7J
_col8 8oCIctj, thc tt8dltlou8l gtcCIgIt8tc o tcuCh
]8CoDtu8m, WhtCh W dt8__cd luto thc gtolct8tl8u
moVcmcut D Uc 8o-C8llcd 8DouVl8t8 8ud 8tct t8kcu
oVct D W8IX 8ud Dt8 OloWct8. Dc ldc8 o thc CouuCll
88tcm l8 lDtlm8tc lutct_toWu Wlth oCl8l8m 8ud l8
uutDlD8bc WlthOUt lt , dlCt8tot8h1g, DoWcVct, h88
uoUlu_ Wh8tcVct lu Commou Wlth oCl8l8m, 8ud 8t Dc8t
C ou lc8d to thc mo8t D8ttcu o 8t8tc C8glt8ll8m.
tCt8tot8hlg l8 8 dchultc otm o 8t8tc goWct , thc
8t8tc lu 8t8tc o 8lc_c. lkc 8ll othct 8dVoC8tc8 o thc
8t8tc ldc8, 8o 8l8o thc 8dVoC8tc8 o dCt8tot8h1g gtoCccd
tom Uc 888umgtlou th8t 8u 8lc_cd 8dV8uCc 8ud cVct
tcmgot8l ucCc88tt mu8t Dc otCcd ugou Uc gcogc tom
8DoVc. hl8 8umgtlou 8louc m8kc8 dlCt8tot8h1g thc
_tc8tc8t oD8t8Cc to 8u 8oCl8l tcVolutou, thc gtogct
clcmcut o WhlCh l8 thc tcc lultl8tlVc 8ud Cou8tDCtlVc
8CtlVlt o thc gcogc. lCt8tot8h1g l8 Uc uc_8tlou o
ot_8ulC dcVcogmcut, o u8tut8l Dulldlu_ tom DcloW
ugW8td8, lt l8 thc gtoCl8m8tlou o thc W8td8h1g o thc
totllu_ gcOgc, 8 _U8tdl8u8hlg oICcd ugOu thc m8c8
D 8 tlu mlDotlt. ven g itt tupportot are ammated q
the U bett intentiont, thc ltou lo_lC o thc 8Ct8 Wll
8lW88 dtlVc thcm tDto thc C8mg o cXtIcmc8t dc8gotl8m.
bu88l8 h88 _lVcu u8 thc mo8t u8ttuCtlVc cX8mgc o thl8.
Dd thc gtctcuCc th8t Uc 8o-C8llcd dtatorthip o] tm
prohtariat 8 8omcthu_ dctcut, DcC8u8c Wc h8Vc hctc
to do Wlth Uc dlCt8tot8hg o 8 Cl888, uot thc dlCt8tot8hlg
o ludlVldu8l8, dcCclVc8 Do cc8t CtltlC , lt l8 oul 8
8ogh18tlC8tcd ttlCk to ool 8lmglctou8. bUCh 8 thlu_ 88
thc dlCt8tot8hlg o 8 Cl8 l8 uttct uuthluk8Dlc, 8luCc
thctc Wlll 8lW8j8 Dc luVolVcd mctcl_ thc dlCt8tot8h1g o 8
g8ttCul8t g8tI WhlCh t8kc8 lt ugou lt8cl to 8gc8k
in the name o]a clt, _u8t Uc Dout_col8lc _u8tlDcd 8u
dc8gotlC gtoCccdlu_ in the name o]the people.
7he Ioroo~rs
Thc idca of a counci| systcm for |abour was thc pmctica|
ovcrthrow of thc statc idca as a who|c , it stands, thcrcforc,
in fram antagonism to any form of dictatorship, which
must a|ways havc in Vc thc highcst dcvc|opmcnt of thc
powcr of thc statc. Tc pionccrs of this idca in thc
First ntcmationa| rccogmzcd that cconomic cquality
wthout po|iticm and soia| |ibcrq is unthinkablc , for
this rcason th wcrc 5m|y convinccd that thc |iquidation
of a|| insututions of po|iuca| powcr must bc thc 5rst
task m uc socia| rcvo|ution, so as to makc any ncw form
of xp|oitation imposib|c. Thcy bc|icvcd that thc
workcrs' Intcmationa| was dcstincd gradua||y to gathcr
a|| cdcctivc workcn into its tank, d at thc propcr umc
to ovctumw thc cconomic dcspotism of thc poscssing
c|asscs, and a|ong wth this a|| thc po|itica| cocrcivc
nstitutions of thc cpitahst statc, and to rcp|acc thcsc by
a ncw ordcr of thig. This conviction W hc|d by
a|| |ibcrtarian scctions of thc Intcmatonal. Bunin
cxprcsscd it m thc fo||owing words .
" 5incc thc oqtion of thc Intcmauona| m as
its goa|, not thc scttng up of ncw statcs or dcspots,
but thc radca| dcsuucuon of cvcry scparatc sovcrcignty,
i t must havc an csscntia||y didcrcnt charactcr from thc
oganization of thc statc. To ust thc dcgrcc that thc
|attcr is authoriu, ciaI, and vio|cnt, a|icn and
hostiIc to uc natura| dcvc|opmcnt of thc intcrcsts and
thc instincts of thc pcop|c, to that samc dcgrcc must
thc organization of thc Intcmationa| bc rcc, natura|,
and in cvcry rcspcct n accord with thosc intcrcsts and
nstincts. But what is thc natura| organization of thc
masscs ? It is onc bascd on thc didcrcnt occupations
of thcir actua| dai|y |ifc, on thcir various kinds of work,
orgation according to thcir occupations, tradc
orgtions. Whcn a|| industrics, inc|uding thc
vanous btanchcs of agricu|turc, arc rcprcscntcd n thc
o] Sicali
Tm Evalutm a/
cdtot o thc oCM o@ o thc L.L.., 0 m dv
Jk, E. cc88c, L. 3Vctot, Md mMj othct8. Luc
otcu cuCouutct8 u othct Couuttc8 thc Wdcj d8-
mu8tcd oguou, WhCh W o8tctcd Dj cDct
omD8D m g8tICu8t, th8t Voutou8Q judC88m u
wuC oWc8 t8 otgu to utccCtu88 kc L. otc,
. ctth, 8ud . 8g8tdcc, Who u thc gctodC8,
Um lSome, ouDdcd u 1g, c8Dot8tcd u thct
oWu W8j thc utccCtu8 tc8ut8 o thc ucW moVcmcut.
8 8 uttctj 88c. c8c mcu ucVct Dcougcd to thc
moVcmcut thcm8cVc8, uot h8d Ihcj 8uj mcutou8Dc
uucuCc ou t8 utcD8 dcVcogmcut. WotcoVct, thc
L.L.. W88 uot Comgo8cd cXCu8Vcj o tcVoutou8Q
ttadc uuou8 CcDj h o t8 mcmDcD Wctc o
tcoD8t tcudcuCj Md h8d oDj goucd thc L.L. .
DcCu8c cVcu thcj tcCoguzcd Ih8t thc dcgcudcuCc o thc
ttadc uuou8 ou gotC g8Dc8 W 8 m8oDuuc ot thc
moVcmcut. ut thc tcVouUouaQ Wug, WhCh h8d thc
mo8t cuc@ctC 8ud 8CtVc ccmcut8 u otg8uzcd 8Dout
ou t8 8dc 8ud h8d 8t t8 CoUd, motcoVct, thc Dc8t
utccCtu8 otCc8 u thc oQ8tou, g8Vc to thc L.L..
t8 Ch8t8Ctct8tC 8t8mg, 8ud t W thcj, cXCu8Vcj, Who
dctcOucd thc dcVcogmcut o thc dc o tcVoutou8Q
jDdC88m.
th t thc dc88 o Uc od utcD8tou8 W8kcucd to
ucW c, 8ud thctc W ut8tcd h8t 8totm-8ud-8ttc88
gcNod o thc tcuCh 8Dout moVcmcut, Who8c tcVoutou-
aQ uucuCc8 m8dc thcm8cVc8 ct 8t Dcjoud thc
Douud8Nc8 o t8uC. c _tc8t 8ttkc moVcmcut8 8ud
thc Couutc88 gto8cCutou8 o thc L.L.. Dj thc goVcD-
mcut mctcj 8ttcugthcucd thct tcVoutou8Q VcOc,
8ud Cu8cd thc ucW dc to ud thct W8j 88o uto
WQct8ud, LcIj, taj, oMd, cgum, ohcm8,
Md thc C8udu8VM Couuttc8. u ug8ud 88o thc
J
8jdaht Edmati Lege, WhCh h8d Dccu Dtou_ht
lut0 Dclu_u tgto, D om Wm8ud Lu OWm8u, 8ud
Whuc tc8Chu_8 cXctCl8cd 8 Vct 8ttou_ uucuCc,
c8gc0l8 8mou_ thc t8uk-8ud-hc o thc tt8u8goO 8ud
mlulB_ ludu8ttc8, W88 tcVc8cd lu thc _tc8t 8ttlkc
movcmcut8 o that gctlod, oWcd lt8 cXl8tcuOc to tcuOh
budll8m.
c uucuCc o tcDCh budIC8l8m ou thc lutct-
u8tlou8 8Dout moVcmcut W88 8ttcu_thcucd tu _tc8t
dc_tcc D thc tutcD8 Ctl8l8WhCh 8t th8t tlmc 8ld hod
o uc8t 8 thc boCl8u8t 8Dout g8ttlc8. hc D8ttc
DcDccu thc 8o-cd cV8lou8U 8ud thc t_ld W8Ol8t8,
8ud g8ttlOu8t Uc 8Ct that thclt Vct g8tt8mcu
8CtVltlc8 otOdthc mo8tVocDtoggoucut8otcV8loD8m
o u8tut8 ucOc88lt to tt8Vc m gt8CtlCc thc tcVl8ou8t
g8th, C8u8cd m8u o Uc moU thou_hU ccmcut to
tccCt 8ctlou8. JU t Cc 8Dout that mo8t o thc
g8ttlc8 ouud thcm8cVc dtVcu D thc otCc o Clt-
Cum8t8uCc8, ocu 8_8u8t thclt Wt, to m8kc Cct
CouCc88lou8 to thc_cuct88ttkc dc8 othc budlC88t8.
cotc th8 omc8 cuWcuhu8, thc goucct o thc
boCl8l8t 8Dout moVcmcut m o8ud, h8d Dto0_ht 0g
lu thc utcD8tou8 L0u_tc o boCl8l8t8 m tu88c8
(t8gt} 8 gtogo88 ot W8tdlu_ 0thc 8ggto8Chu_ d8u_ct
o 8 W8t D gtcg8tu_ ot_8mcd 8Dout ot thc _cuct8
8ttkc, 8 gtogo88 WhCh W mo8t Dlttct oggo8cd
lhcm lcDKucCt m g8tUCu8t. ut lu 8gltc o thl8
oggo8ltlou 8mo8t 8 D8tlou8 8ud lutcD8tlou8 boCl8l8t
Cou_tc88c8 Wctc 8uD8cg0cut oDl_cd to CouCctu thcm-
8cVc8 motc 8ud motc Wth tht8 g0c8Uou.
Pt thc boCl8l8t Cou_tc88 lD 8t8 lu t8gg, thc tutc
mlul8tct, Ptl8tdc tI8ud, 8t_ucd ot thc _cuct8 8ttlkc
Wlth 8 hl8 hct cogucuCc 8ud 8uCCccdcd m h8Vtu_ 8u
8ggtogt8tctc8outlou 8dogtcdDthcCOu_tc88. LVcu thc
1m Dul0 o)
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7he Etolution o/
dOWu Uc mOVcmcut. hc C0u8QucDCc W thc gtct
gcucWl8UkcOt__,WhIChlcdtO8uOQcDtcVOltm WhlCu
thc WOtkct8 lD8CtIDcd Ou tuclt D8uDct8 tuc 8lOg8u
Atoan mrlc [c tlgut tO Otg8uIZc Otdc8th ]
hc tcDclllOuW88DlOOdll8utc88cd, Dutthc mOVcmcDt
COutluucd uudctgtOuud uD!ll, l8!ct, thc gOVcDcDt
gt8utcd thc WOtkct8 tuc tlghtOlOtg8ulZ8tIOD.
D8 r8t mOVcmcut Ol thc bQMl8h WOtkct8 W88
8ttOugl luucuCcd Dthc ldc88 Oll W8tg8ll,lc8dct Ol
thc bQ8ul8h cdct8ll8!8 8ud dl8ClQlc O tOudhOu, l
W8tg8llW88 ODc Othc Out8.!8DCDg thIukct8Olhl8tlmc
8Dd h8d 8 QOWctul luucDCc OD thc dcVclOQmcDt O
llDct!8D8D ldc88 lu b8lD. l8 OlltlC8l ldc88 h8d muCu
luCOmmODWIth thO8c O VCh8td tlO,]O8cQhDc8tlc,
hOm888lPc, ]ccDOD, 8DdOthct wQtc8cDt8tIVc O thc
uglO-mctICMllDct8ll8mOthcDDtQctlOd. cW8utcd
tOllDltthcQOWctOthc8t8tctO8mlDlmum8Ddgmdu8ll
tcQl8Cc lt D 8<OCI8ll8tcCODOmIC Otdct. D Ib, 8Ut
thc 8DdlCUOu O g 8dcO , 8KuDlD wdtc88cd hl8
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8QcCl8dcl@8!IOD tO bQ8lDtOWlDtucWOtkct8tO thc lt8t
DtcD8UOu8l. cD8 O thOu88Dd8 OWOtkct8_Omcd thc
gtc8t WOtkct8 8llI8DCc 8Dd 8dOQtcd Uc u8tChO-
bOCl8ll8t8 ldc88 O 8kumD, tO WhICu thc h8Vc tcmDcd
lO8l tO thl8 d8. A 8 m8ttct O 8Ct, thc bQ8DlN
cdct8tlOu W88 thc 8ttODgc8t Otg8DlZ8UOu lD thc uUt~
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thc utcD8ttOD8l W88 8uQQtc88cd lD bQ8lu, Dut lt 0D~
ttuucd tO cXl8t 88 8u uudctgtOuDd mOVcmcut, l88ucd lM
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thc cXCcQttuu8l l8W 8g8lu8t tuc WOtkct8 W88 tcQccd,
Uctc lmmcdI8tcl 8Qt8Dg tO lIc tuc cdcrm dc
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4
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O Othct WOtXct8 Otg8ulZ8tOu lu thc WOtld h88 h8d
tO cudutc 8uCh ltghtlul Qct8cCutOu 88 thc Du8tCm8t
l8bOut mOVcmcut lu bQ8lu. Muudtcd8 Ol t8 8dhcwu18
Wctc cXcCutc0 Ot hOttlbl tOtUtcd b uDum8u lu-
Qul8ltOt8 u thc Qtl8Ous Ol ]ctcZ dc l8 tOum, Out-
]ulCh, bcll8, lC8la dcl 8llc, 8ud 8O Ou. c blud
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WhlCh 8Ctu8ll ucVct cXl8tcd, 8ud W88 8 guw uVculOu
Ol thc 8gcut8 Ol Uc gOVcOmcut tO ]u8l thc 8uQQtc88lOu
Ol thc Otg8ulZ8lOu8 Ol lhc Dcld WOtXct8 m ud8lu8l8 J
tUc gtuc8Omc tt8gcd Ol Out]ulCh, WhO u U d8
tOu8cd 8 8tOtm Ol QtOtc8t ltOm thc cuttc W0tld thc
8Cl8 Ol tcttOt8m Ol thc Camat Blm [Wmtc bm|,
8 gg8tct OQMZ8llOu WhlCh had bccu btOught utO
c8tcuCc b thc QOlCc 8ud thc cmQlOc m O 8W8
thc ldct8 Ol thc mOVcmcut b 8 u8tO d tO
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bcgu, lcll VCUm-thc8c 8tc ]u8t 8 c Chag u thc
lOug, tOOtc-Dllcd 8tOt Ol thc bQ8u8h l8bOut mOVcmcut.
muCl8CO cttct, lOuudct Ol thc OdcO ChOO u
8tCclOu8 8ud Qubl8hct Ol thc Q8Qct, Lc Hmgc mm
[hc Lcuct8l bUXc), W88 Ouc Ol l8 m. ut uO
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8dhctcut8. 8t mOVcmcut h88 QtOduCcd Duudtcd8 Ol
thc mO8t m8tVcllou8 Ch8t8Ctct8, WhO8c Qutj Ol hc8tt
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lhclt gtlmmc8t OQQOucuU. c bQ8u8h 8tChI8t
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Yh8t t h8d tO Oct N88 COu8t8ut d8ugct, mQtl8Oumcut,
8ud Oltcu dc8th. lul Whcu Ouc h88 bcCOmc 8Cgu8lutcd
Wlth thc ltghUul 8tOt Ol lhc m O U mOVcmcut
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gctOd8 8uCh 8 VOlcut C8t8Oct u dccuO O t8 hU
Oght8 @t thc Ou8l8ught8 O bl8CK tc8OOu8t.
Jcg8cut L...-.P.. cmbOd lhc OldUdtlOu8
O thc mOVcmmt. u COutt88t Wth U u8tCh8t8 O
m8u Othct COuuttc8, thct COmt8dc8 u bg8u tOm thc
bcg g b88cd thct 80tVltl Ou thc cCOuOmC bghtlng
OtguZ8tOu8 O thc WOtKct8. Jc L... tO-d8
cmbt8Cc88mcmbchlQ OtWO 8ud8 mbmllOu WOtKc
8ud gCt8. t COuttOl8tDtQ-8X d8l g8gct8, 8mOug
thcm 0hdmcddL0rcr0 u 8tCclOu8, Wth 8 CtCul8tOu
OO,OO, thc l8tgc8t O8ug8gct u bg8u, 8ud Cmtm
Lmrc,WhCh 8 thc mO8ttc8d g8gct u N8dtd. c8dc8
thc thc mOVcmcut8 gut Out 8 lOt OWccKl gublC8tlou8
8ud gOMm 8X O thc bt tcVcW8 u thc COuutt.
uOu_ thc 88t cM, u g8tUCul8t, t h88 gubl8hcd 8
8@c uumbct OcXCcllcut bOOK8 8ud gmghlcU 8ud m
COuttbutcdmOtctO lhccduOtlOu Othc m888Um
8u Othct mOVcmcut. hc L...-... 8, tO-d8,
thc b8CkbOuc O thc hctOC b8ttlc 8g8u8t 88C8m u
bg8u 8ud Uc 8Oul O thc C tcO@8uZ8UOu O Uc
COuuU.
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bcm 8UOugl uucuCcd b ucghbOutug bg8u, thctc
W88 ODcd D 1Q1I thc C]cdao Gcrald 1rmm ,
thc 8ttOugc8t WOtkct8 OtgmZ8tOu u thc COuutQ,
tcgtcutug tDc 88mc gtuCglc8 thc L... u bg8u.
t m 8W88 8h8tgl 8ttcMcd t8 DdcgcudcuCc O 8ll
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mOWmcut8. thc VCtOQ O thc 0Ct8tOt8hg u
Ottug8thc L.L.. W Ocd OutOgubC8CtVQ 8ud
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lu Ou 8cCtOu8 O thc COuntQ tcMucd 8 dcC8Vc
luucuCc OWt thc WOtkct8 8ud gcuu. u 1gZ Uc
bOCl8ll8t 8tt Oundcd thc C/edm d 0Um,
WhlCh W88 g8tlccd 8tct thc mOdcl O thc Lctm8u
tt8dc WlOu8 8ud h8d Ot lu gutgO8c thc 8ll8lOu O 8l
thc U8dc uOu OtgZ8tlOu8 O thc COuuU. ut lt
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8 l8@c gmt O lu mcmbcwhlg tOm bclug 8ttOugl
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c blg 8ud 8uCCc88Dl 8ttlkc8, c8gcCl8l U 8tm-
8bOu 8ttkc u 3 8ud ctt8t8, g8Vc 8 8ttOQ
lmQtu8 thc gtctgc Othc 8dVOC8tm O d 8OlOu.
u 1g12 thctc CoVcucd u Odcu8 8 COuctcuCc O
V8tlOu8O@ltOu8WhCh Wctc uOt8t 8l lu8CCOtd Wlth
thc mcthOd8 O thc LOucdct8lOu 8ud lt8 8ub8ctVcuCc tO
thc mucuCc O thc bOCl8ll8t 8tQ. h8 COuctcuCc
ODcd 8 ucW OtgZ8tlOu uudct Uc u8mc, Um
mm lm. hl8 bOd W thc 8Ou O8 Oug l8t
M8cVc8bOut8Ugglcug thcOutDtc8kOthcOtld
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O O O thc 8O-lcd Red m lD ]uuc, 1g1_.
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8 8ctOu8 CD8l8 8tO8c u thc 1.b.. c mO8t uucutl8
c8dct O thc mOVcmcut, Otc dc mbt8, WhO h8d 8ll
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D thc O@8uU8tlOu 8 8cutlmcut Ot thc W8t. t thc
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thc mOVcmcut. 1QOu t88 cutt8uCc lutO thc W8t 8
thc kwgtOgQ8u0ut8 O1thc 1... Wctc 8wc8tcd 8ud
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O cOunc, uOt bc Ocu, tOu8cd 8 VgOtOu8 tc8goc u
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80tOu8 l8bOut d8tUtbmOc8 8hOOk Uc OOuutty, tc8Ohug
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WhOh Wa8 tO tc]cOt 8uy dOt8tOt8hg md bud t8 ba88 u
thc cOOuOmO Otg8uZ8UOu8 O Ot_ l8bOut.
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Otgh, tO O8oW tO 8Qu8ut bb gcnOu8lly Wth
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d8llu8Oucd. u thc utctm thc LOmmm8t8 h8d bccu
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mthc 8ml8tOu O thc Otg8ttOu Wth thc .Y...
cmWhlc 88O8m m dcVclOgc utO 8u mmcd8tc
d8ugct. 8ttOug 8ud wtcd 8bOut mOVcmOt th8t W88
dctcDucd tO t8k cVcQg u dccuOc O t8 tccdOm
ould 8tul h8Vc gut 8 chcOK ugOu th8 d8ugct. ut thc
g0l cOuduOt O thc b08l8t 8 8ud thc LOucdct8-
tOu O 8bOut, WhOh 8ub]cOt tO t8 uucuOc,
WtcOkcd cVctythug. Odc8 thc .b.. thctc tcmuc
Ouly Uc m0r 0r0h00 l0 tO t8lly tOuud thc
uuVcn8lly tcVctcd Oh8mOu O t8l8u tOh8m,
ttOO m8tOt8. YhO u tgZZ thc gcuct8l 8ttkc
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dcmo h8d dug t8 OW gt8Vc. t thOught t OOuld
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bcmc t8 OWu gmVc-d@t. Yth thc VOry O
&mch-8ua!a
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8ud 8Oug Wth t thc .b.. 8ud 8 OQcuuc88 u 8OO8 c.
u t8uO 8tct thc W thc 8O-C8cd tcOD8t Wug
h8d g8ucd thc uQQct h8ud u thc L.L.J., WhctcuQOu
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utO thc L.L.J.. ut, 8uCc O8cW h8 8 Vm 8ttOug
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gtOuud 8CtVl u Cc8 8tct thc bu88au Q8ttcO, WhICh
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8hOt dmu D LOmmuu8t8 u thc 8t8 Jt8dc DOu
hOu8c. JbctcuQOu thc D8tChO-bDd08!8t8, Wth
cttc cu8td, WthdtcW tOm thc L.L.J.., 8ud Otmcd
thc L0]00 m dv 1r0c0 gmmh
Hm e, WhCh ]Omcd thc uuO8UOu Otkug-
mcu8 88OC8UOu. Jh8 O@tOu h08 8uCc thcu
Dccu VgOtOu8 8ClVc Md b COuttDuud gc8U 1O
kccQ 8V 8mOug thc WOtkcm thc Od Qtc-W8t dcM O
thc L.L.J. Jhc d8u8Oumcut OVct bu888 8ud, 8DOVc
8, thc tmOuudug cChO 8mOug thc tcuch WOtkcm O
thc bQ8u8h ught Ot tccdOm, cd tO 8 8tIODg tcVV8 O
VOuUOu8Q bDdC88m u t8uCc, 8O th8t Ouc C
88c cOuut Ou 8 tcDtth O thc mOVcmcut Wthu Qtc-
dcMDc Umc.
u LcM thctc h8d mtc Ot 8 O Umc DcO thc
W thc mOVcmcut O thc 8-Ccd c0mu, WhO8c
8ttOughOd W thc rm loo 4cm cOk-
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8 O@8UOu W88 Ot@u8 u8Qtcd D Qutc
bOO8 cmOCmtC dc8, Dut t cOmD8tc thc ccuUug
uudcuCc8 O Uc gcuct8 LcD tt8dc uuOu mOVcmcut.
Jhc tcVV8 O tcVOutOu8t bDdC88m u t8uCc h8d 8
8ttOug uucuCc Ou th8 mOVcmcut, aud th8 W88 uOt8Dj
8ttcu_hcucd WhO thc Otmct bOO8 cmOCwt 8ud 8tct
IjO
7m Evlution o/
D8tChI8t, t. H. tIcdcDctg, C8mc Out Ot thc gcuct8
8tDKc. 1u IQO thc .N. 1. L. DtOkc COmQ!ctc!j WIth
OCI8l cmOCt8Cj 8ud OQcu!j QtOc88cd judC8lI8m.
ct thc W8t th8 mOVcmcut tOOk 8 8h8tQ uQ8W1ug 8ud
m 8 8hON t;mc COuutcd I2O,OOO mcmDct8. ^t It8
COugtc88 Iu ctlu Iu IQIQ thc dc0!8t8tOu O QtIuCIQ!c8
WOtkcd Out Dj H. HOCkct W88 8dOQtcd , thI8 W88 Iu
c88cutI8l 8gtccmcut Wth thc ODcCtIVc8 O thc Q8uI8h
L... t thc COugtc88 u 188cdOt [IQ2O), thc Otg8u-
JZ8tIOu Ch8ugcd It8 u8mc tO Freie Arbeiter- Union Deatsch-
mm. hc mOVcmcut C8ttcd Ou 8u uuu8u8!!j 80tIVc
QtOQ8g8ud8 8ud tOOk 8u c8Qc0I8!!j cuctgctIC Q8N Iu thc
gtc8t 8CtIOu8 Dj Otg8uZcd l8DOut Iu thc HhcuI8h
Iudu8ttI8! Dc!d. hc .^.1.1. tcudctcd 8 gtc8t 8cDCc
tDtOugh thc tItclc88 l8DOut8 O It8 8CtIVc QuDI8hIug-hOu8c,
WD1Ch, m 8ddItIOu tO 8 VO!um1uOu8 Q8mQhlct lItct8tutc,
DtOught Out 8 l8tgc uumDct O !Ougct WOtk8 Dj btOQOtKIu,
8kuIu, ctt!8u, HO0kct 8ud Othct8, 8ud Dj th8 80tIVIQ
8Qtc8d thc lIDctt8tI8u Idc88 O thc8c mcu tO WIdct CIt0lc8.
Dc mOVcmcut, Iu 8ddtIOu tO It8 Wccklj Otg8u, Der
Sjihaht, 8ud thc thcOtctIC8 mOuthlj, Die 1nt-
mtnah, D8d 8t It8 COmm8ud 8 uumDct O lOC8l 8hcct8,
8mOug thcm thc d8!j Q8Qct, D Shp[ag, Iu U88cl-
dOt. Jtct 1It!ct8 8C0c88IOu tO QOWct thc mOVcmcut
o thc Lctm8u u8tChO-judIC8!I8t8 V8uI8hcd tOm thc
8Ouc. @c8t m8uj O It8 8uQQOttct8 l8uguI9hcd Iu
CouCcutt8tIOu C8mQ8 Ot h8d tO t8Kc tcugc 8DtO8d. 1u
8QItc O thI8 thc Otg8uIZ8tIOu 8tI! cXI8t8 Iu 8cCtct, 8ud
uudct mO8t dICu!t COudItIOu8 C8ttIc8 Ou It8 uudct-
@Ouud QtOQ8g8ud8.
1u Wcdcu thctc h88 cX8tcd Ot 8 !Oug tImc 8 Vcty 80tVc
judIC8!I8t mOVcmcut, thc Serges Arbetares Central-
oraniaation, WhICh I8 8l8O 8!I8tcd WIth thc 1...^.
D8 Og8mZ8tIOu uumDct8 OVct qO,OOO mcmDct8, WhICh
4aock-8icam
COn8ttutc8 a vcry hgh gcrCcntagc Othc bWcdsh abOur
mOVcmcnt. hc mtcna OrganZatOn O thc bWcdsh
byndCastssnvcQcXCccntCOndtOn. hcmOvcmcnt
h8s tWO day QaQcrs, Onc O thcm, rbcl0rm, managcd
by bcrt ]cnscn n btOCkhOm. t has at ts dsQOsa a
argc numbcr O dstngushcd QrOQagandsts, and has
asO nauguratcd a vcry aCtvc byndCast YOuth mOvc-
mcnt. hc bWcdsh bynd0sts taKc a strOng ntcst
n a thc WOrKcrs' struggcs n thc COuntry. Yhcn, On
thc OCCasOn O thc grcat str:Kc O Pd8cn, thc bWcdsh
gOvcmcnt Or thc hrst tmc scnt mta aganst thc
WOrKcrs, hvc mcn bcng shOt dOWn n thc ahr8y, and thc
bWcdsh Org8nZcd WOrKcrs rcQcd Wth a gcncra strKc,
thc byndC8sts Qaycd aQrOmncntQart, 8nd thcgOvcn-
mcnt W8s at ast COmQccd tO m8Kc COnCcssOns tO thc
QrOtcst mOvcmcnt Othc WOrKcrs.
n 1Oand 8s byndCast mOvcmcnt thcrc Was thc
^0l0n0k rbcclcr-ckrcl0rml [..b.|, WhCh COuntcd
qO,OO mcmbcrs. utWhcn ths Camc stcady mOrc 8nd
mOrc undcr LOmmunst nbucnCc, thc ^cmrmnmtch
jmkuch 0k0crb0ndsQtohrOm tand annOunCcd
ts amatOn Wth thc .Y..P. hc mOst mQOHant
unt n m ncW organZatOn s thc mcta WOrKc' unOn
undcr thc 1cadchg o P. HOusscau. hc mOvcmcnt
h8s cd on, csQcCay n rcCcnt ycat8, a vcry aCtvc
QrOQ@da, and gOs8c8scs n c jndk0ul, cdtcd bj
Pbcrt c ]Ong, an cxCccnt Orgn. nd thc mOnlhj
0nd-@m, WhCh aQQcarcd or acW yca undcr thc
cdtOrshg o P. ucr-hnng, dcsctc8 aso to bc
mcntOncdhcrc. MOandhbccn rOmOodthcCsC
8nd O ant-mtarsm. Omca cuWcnhus, Ormcr
grcst and atcr narChst, hghy tcsQcCtcd by cvcQOnc
Or hs gurc dcasm, m 1gOq oundcd thc nl-dl0nl
nlHl0n0, WhCh, hoWcvcr, had nbucnCc WOtth
Tm Etolutm o[
mmUong onlj n MollMd 8nd mCc. t thc tbtd
8nt-mlM8t CoDgtcM 8t hc M8guc [tQ2tj thc ntct-
n8ton8l lt-ml0Nl wc0ug0t:l Hm mdculw
W88 oundcd, WhCh otthc g88t 8xtccn jc8t8 h88 Cmcd
on 8n cxttcmclj8Ctvc ntcDton8 gtog@8nd8, 8nd m
ound 8blc 8nd Dk8h gtcntv n mcn :kc
. dc gl 8nd bctt dc ]ong. hc utc8u W88 tcgtc-
8cntcd 8t 8 numbct ontcDton8l gC CongO 8nd
gut out 8 8gcC8 g88-8ctvCc n vct8l l8ngu8gc8.
n tQ2_ t mlcd Ucl Wth Uc ..N.. thuugh Uc
1mw0 lt-m0 L0mc, 8nd n 888oO8uon
WU th8t otgZ8ton Otton8Utcl88ttugglc8g8n8t
tc8CUon 8nd thc gctl o ncW W.
n 8ddton to th= thctc cx8t ho-bydC88t
gtog@8nd8t gtoug8 n oW8j, ol8nd, 8nd ulg8t8,
WbCh c M mUd Wth thc ..N.. kcW thc
]8g8nc8c _ c@0 mlm Zckku 0g h8d cntctcd
nto otm8l 8ll8nC Wth thc ..N..
n bouth mctO, gcO8llj u tgcnUn8, thc mo8t
8dWnCcd CounU on thc 8ouUw OnUucnt, thc joung
8bout movcmcnt W tom tbc VcQ bgmng 8ttonglj
nhucnCcd bj thc lbcO 0c88 o bg8n8hnMCh8m.
n t Q to ucn0 8 tom Mlon8 Omc cllCt
8t8to, Who h8d lvcd thtougb thc mc o thc t
ntcD8Uon8 8ndW88 onc o thcO8mgom o lbcH8n
bo8l8m m bg8n. 1ndct h8 mucnCc 8 Cop8 o
tt8dc unon8 Convcncd n ucno8 tc8 n tQt, tom
WhCh 8to8c thc cdr0O
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L0rO0 @cltm, WhCh 8t
t8 outth Congtc88O8ngcd t8 n8mc to cdr0
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thcn Wthout ntcttugton, cvcn though t8 cmCcncj W88
otcn, 88 t 8 8g8u to-d8j, d8tutbcd bj gct08 o tc-
8CUon, 8nd t W88 dtvcn to undctgtound 8Cuvtj. t
8 8n n8tCh8t tt8dc unon otg8nZ8ton, 8nd t W tbc
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8oul o 8ll thc gtc8t l8Dout 8Ugglc8 WhICb h8Vc M ocn
8hNcn th8t Countt. c .L... Dcg8n IW 8CtIt
WIth qO,OOO mcmDcm, WhICh numct h88 gtoV w
thc otld 8t to OO,OO. u hI8toQ, WhICh . 1.
dc b8ntIll8n m 8kctChcd m m Wotk, .L..., I8
onc o thc mo8t D8Ulc-hlo C8QtcD In thc o
thc IntcDtIon8l l8Dout moVcmcnt. ot oVct Wcntj-
HVc jc8t8 thc moVcmcnt m 8 d8Ilj Q8Qct, Iomtu,
WbICh undct thc cdItot8hIQ o b8ntll8n 8nd , ot
jc8t8 guDlI8hcd 8 Wccklj 8uQQlcmcnt to WhIC thc Dc8t
mnd8 o IntcO8Uon8l lDctwt8n boCImI8m ConttIDutcd.
c g8Qct W88 8uQQtc88cd 8tct thc coq d`etat o Lcncm
tIDut8, Dut It Contnuc8 to 8QQc8t 1n 8n undctgtound
cdIton cVcn to-d8j, cVcn not guItc d8Ilj. WotcoVct,
8mo8t mc Con8Idct8Dlc Udc unIon h8d It8 oWn o@8n.
hc .L.b.. c8tlj ]oIncd tbc .W.., h8VIng Dccn
tcQtc8cntcd 8t It8 oundIng Congtc88 Dj tWo dclcg8tc.
n W8y, tgzg, thc .L... 8ummoncd 8 Congtc8 o
8l thc bouth mctC CounttIc8, to mcct In ucnm
Itc8. o It thc .W.. 8cnt tom ctlIn It8 Lottc-
QondIng bcCtc, . bouChj. t U8 Congtc88, Dc8Idc8
thc .L... o @OtIn8, thctc Wctc Qtc8cntcd
8t8gu8j Dj thc Cenno Ubroo dl Igaj , olIVI8
Dj thc m00 Locul d m Iu, Lu Antorchu, 8nd
Lm j Lwertud WcXICo Dj thc Con)edr Gul
d Trabaudret Lu8tcm8l8 Dj thc Comu pro Acd6n
8imcal tugu8j Dj Uc m0 Reul Urgma.
tom wZIl tt8dc unIon8 om 8cVcn o thc Con8tItucnt
Ntc8 Wctc tcQtccntcd, Lo8t8 VC W88 Qtc8cntcd Dj
thc o@8nIZ8tIon, 0 M Ldertm. LVcn thc Lm
.. 8cnt tcQtc8cnt8tIVc, 8lthough 8InCc thc dICt8tot-
80IQ o D8ncZ It h8d DOn 8Dlc to c on onlj undct-
gtound 8CtVItIc. t thI8 Cong8 thc Continentul
Ammcm orHQmen't Att W88 Dught mto
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