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c]
w1
=
dcmund
ccil-i
ccil
AC/DC configurations.
AC WIND FARM CONFIGURATION
The offshore wind farm in AC configuration studied with a
three wind turbines with
Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). Each
generator presents a rated power 5MW with an AC voltage of
The wind farm is connected to the grid at a voltage of
230 kV through a power transformer (offshore station) as
The wind farm controller is the "brain center" of the wind
role is to control the total amount of power that is
required and authorized to inject the wind farm energy to the
The overall objective of such a controller is to allow the
wind farm to behave as active element, which can be
4 illustrates the structure
wind farm behaves as one
the requirements of the
measurements at the point of common
coupling (PCC) and the power available in the wind farm.
Depending on the state of the grid, the operator requires some
of the wind farm, i.e. the wind farm in
In the block dispatch control presented in Fig. 5, the
active and the reactive power references for each wind
turbine of the farm is calculated using the proportional
distribution algorithm method [6], [7]. Equation (1)
demand
and Q
demand
are
respectively the active and the reactive power demanded by
are the available active
wind turbine.
(1)
Fig.3: Offshore wind farm based on an AC
Fig.4: Wind farm control method.
Fig.5: Control strategy of the
The active and the reactive power
are calculated in (2).
_
P
uuI
= P
uuI-
3
=1
uuI
=
uuI-
3
=1
B. AC configuration Control Results
An important element in the study of wind farm is the
wind model. Many models with greater accuracy and
complexity have been develop
behavior of the wind. In our case,
wind speed are different for
Fig.6.
Offshore wind farm based on an AC-AC configuration.
: Wind farm control method.
Control strategy of the wind turbine.
active and the reactive powers available in the wind farm
(2)
AC configuration Control Results
An important element in the study of wind farm is the
wind model. Many models with greater accuracy and
complexity have been developed in order to obtain the real
In our case, the used profiles of the
fferent for each turbine as illustrated in
Fig.6: Wind Speed profiles for the three turbines.
a)
b)
c)
Fig.7: Contribution of the each wind turbine: a)
turbine, c) third turbine.
s for the three turbines.
wind turbine: a) first turbine, b) second
Fig.8: Global Active Power for wind farm.
Fig.7 presents the contribution of the wind turbines which
shows the performances of the control.
power of the wind farms for different
as the world balance control, delta control and absolute
control) required by the grid manager
IV. DC WIND F
The structure of the offshore wind farm in
configuration is given in Fig.
controllable AC/DC Converter (
converter also controllable. The rated power and
voltage for each converter are
Converter A: Controllable
(rectifier), P = 5MW,
Converter B: Full bridge converter,
= 5 kV, V
dc-D
= 50 kV
Converter C: Full bridge converter,
=50 kV, V
dc-HVDC
=300 kV
Converter D: DC/AC Converter (
MW, V
dc-HVDC
= 300 kV,
The converters A, B and C
machine, the V
dc-Tr
voltage, the
V
dc-D
. Finally, the converter
voltage V
dc-HVDC
, and the reactive power exchange
grid.
Fig.9: Offshore wind farm based on a DC
Active Power for wind farm.
Fig.7 presents the contribution of the wind turbines which
shows the performances of the control. Fig.8 shows the global
of the wind farms for different operation modes (such
as the world balance control, delta control and absolute
control) required by the grid manager.
FARM CONFIGURATION
The structure of the offshore wind farm in DC
onfiguration is given in Fig.9. Each wind turbine includes a
AC/DC Converter (rectifier), and DC/DC
lable. The rated power and the rated
for each converter are presented in next paragraph:
ontrollable AC/DC Converter
P = 5MW, V
dc-Tr
= 5 kV.
: Full bridge converter, P = 5MW, V
dc-Tr
= 50 kV.
Full bridge converter, P=15MW, V
dc-D
=300 kV.
: DC/AC Converter (inverter), P=15
300 kV, V
PCC
= 230 kV.
control respectively the PMSG
voltage, the offshore platform voltage
the converter D at the grid side controls the
reactive power exchanged with the
farm based on a DC configuration.
A. Generator-Side Converter Control
The generator is controlled in the Park
the control. The electric torque is controlled to regulate the
wind power extracted to its maximum. The reference current
I
sd-ref
for I
sd
is chosen to 0 in order to simplify the control
because the torque became a linear function depending on the
I
sq
current. The I
sd
and I
sq
currents control strategy is shown in
Fig.10, where V
dc-Tr
is obtained from the converter B
B. DC bus voltage Control Strategy
Currently, the DC / DC converters for
application are available. Many topologies
Converter are presented in the literature, [2].
topologies, the full bridge converter is more
offshore wind energy applications. For this reason
studies the full bridge converter has been used
The DC/DC converter is used to maintain the
voltage management. The converter control
in Fig.11, which adopts a double loops control
first control loop is based on the V
dc-Tr
voltage
which estimates the I
dc-D1-ref
for I
dc-D1
current management
The same strategy is applied to the converter
The control signals (PWM1-PWM4
are obtained by comparing the U
mod
signal
carrier wave form with a frequency of 10 kHz.
between 0 and 1, [11]. The converter D is used to control
V
dc-HVDC
voltage and the reactive power exchanged with the
grid as illustrated in Fig.12, [12], [13].
The reference for the active power is same in the DC and
AC Configuration. Moreover, the reactive power is supplied
by the DC/AC converter in grid side. The active and reactive
powers references are given in (3).
_
P
c]
w1
= P
dcmund
P
ccil-i
P
ccil
c]
w1
=
dcmund
Fig.10: Control strategy of the AC/DC Converter and PMSG.
The generator is controlled in the Park dq plan to simplify
the control. The electric torque is controlled to regulate the
wind power extracted to its maximum. The reference current
is chosen to 0 in order to simplify the control
because the torque became a linear function depending on the
currents control strategy is shown in
converter B, [8], [9].
converters for high-power wind
topologies of the DC/DC
Converter are presented in the literature, [2]. Among these
ter is more appropriate for
this reason [2], in our
has been used.
is used to maintain the V
dc-Tr
control strategy is shown
s control [2], [10]. The
voltage management,
current management.
converter C.
and PWM2-PWM3)
signal
to a triangular
frequency of 10 kHz. U
mod
must be
is used to control
the reactive power exchanged with the
he reference for the active power is same in the DC and
AC Configuration. Moreover, the reactive power is supplied
by the DC/AC converter in grid side. The active and reactive
(3)
strategy of the AC/DC Converter and PMSG.
Fig.11: Full bridge converter
Fig.12 : Control Strategy of
C. DC configuration Results
The Dynamic behavior of
the case of wind farm DC configuration is shown Fig.13 to
Fig.17.
Fig.13: DC bus voltage control result
converter control strategy.
of DC/AC Converter in grid-side.
Results
The Dynamic behavior of the different converters used in
configuration is shown Fig.13 to
Fig.13: DC bus voltage control result for the first turbine.
Fig.14: Vdc-D and Vdc-HVDC voltages control results.
a)
b)
c)
Fig.15: Wind turbines contribution: a) first turbine, b) second turbine, c)
third turbine.
voltages control results.
Wind turbines contribution: a) first turbine, b) second turbine, c)
Fig.16: Global Active Power for wind farm.
Fig.17: Contribution of the each wind turbine: a) first turbine, b) second
turbine, c) third turbine.
Global Active Power for wind farm.
a)
b)
c)
Contribution of the each wind turbine: a) first turbine, b) second
turbine, c) third turbine.
Fig.13 presents the rectifier output voltage V
dc-Tr
for the first
wind turbine, which is same to its reference value. The V
dc-D
voltage and the V
dc-HVDC
voltage are illustrated in Fig.14. The
contribution of the each wind turbine is plotted in Fig.15.
These currents have the same wave form to their
corresponding power due to constant behavior of the DC-bus
voltage (V
dc-D
).
Fig.16 shows, the total active power in connection
coupling point for different operating mode (balance, delta
and absolute controls). This power is always equal to its
reference, and the same for each wind turbine as presented in
Fig.17.
V. CONCLUSION
Two configurations of the offshore wind farm are studied
and analyzed in this paper. The first configuration is based on
AC/DC converters with the power transformer in order to
increase the voltage. The second configuration is focused on
DC/DC converters in order to increase and control the voltage
level. The obtained results from DC configuration are
compared to that of the AC configuration. In the case of DC
configuration, the obtained results such as active power
control result and the voltage management agree the proposed
control strategy.
Finally, the DC configuration enables to transport a high
power for greater distance with same performances to that of
AC configuration for reduced power.
References
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