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FLAMM ASSOCIATES
Consulting in lo&ology and Food B Dm. %&ations
622 Beachland Blvd. Vero Beach FL 32963
P.O. Box 3028 Vero Beach FL 32964
Phone: (561 ) 234-0096 Fax: (561 ) 234-0026
E-mail: wgflamm@attglobal.net
February 8,2001
Alan Rulis, Ph.D.
Office of Premarket Approval
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
Food and Drug Administration
200 C Street SW
Washington, DC 20204
(HFF-200)
Dear Dr. Rulis:
e
In accordance with proposed 21 CFR 5 170.36 (Notice of a claim for exemption based on
a GRAS determination) published in the Federal Register (62 FR 18939-1 8964), I am
submitting in triplicate, as the agent to the notifier, Thixo Limited, 2 Hashaked Street,
Ness Ziona, 74 104 Israel, a GRAS notification of behenic acid for use as a texturizer in
certain, specified fats and oils, a GRAS panel report setting forth the basis for the GRAS
determination and CVs of the members of the GRAS panel for review by the agency.
OF WE OF
BEHENIC ACID NOTIFICATION
I. GRAS Exemption Claim
A. Claim of Exemption From the Requirement for Premarket Approval Pursuant to
Proposed 21 CFR 3 170.36 (c)(l)
Behenic acid has been determined to be generally recognized as safe, and therefore, exempt
from the requirement of premarket approval, under the conditions of its intended use as
described, below. The basis for this finding is described in the following sections.
Signed,,
W. Gary Flamm, Ph.D., F.A.C.T., F.A.T.S.
Agent for:
Thixo Limited
2 Hashaked Street
Ness Ziona, 741 04 Israel
e
BEHENIC ACID NOTIFICATION
B. Name and Address of Notifier
W. Gary Flamm, Ph.D., F.A.C.T., F.A.T.S.
Flamm Associates
622 Beachland Blvd.
Vero Beach, Florida 32963
Telephone: 561 -234-0096
Facsimile: 561 -234-0026
C. Common Name of the Notified Substance
Behenic acid.
D. Conditions of Use
Behenic acid is intended to be used as an oil structuring and solidifying agent (texturizer as
defined in CFR $j 170.3(0)(32)) in margarine, shortening and-foods typically requiring the use of
semi-solid and solid fats at levels of up to 8% of the oil mass of the food item. The estimated
mean and 90 percentile intake of behenic acid by the total population from all proposed food
uses of behenic acid in the United States was determined to be 0.68 and 1.36 glpersonlday.
0
Background exposure to behenic acid has been estimated at ,0.3 g behenic acidlpersonlday on
the basis of 1987 per capita consumption data for behenic acid-containing foods (peanuts,
peanut butter, peanut oil, hydrogenated and superglycerinated hydrogenated rapeseed oil, and
hydrogenated, and partially hydrogenated menhaden oil) (FASEB, 1991). In addition, bohenin, a
behenic acid-containing triglyceride, is GRAS for use as a tempering aid and as an anti-bloom
agent in the manufacture of chocolate and chocolate coatings and has an estimated 90th
percentile exposure of 396 mglpersonlday for the all-ages group and 644 mglpersonlday for
the, 2 to 5 year old group (GRN 000050).
E. Basis for the GRAS Determination
Pursuant to 21 CFR $j 170.30, behenic acid has been determined GRAS by scientific
procedures for its intended conditions of use. This determination is based on the views of
experts who are qualified by scientific training and experience to evaluate the safety of
substance used as ingredients in food. The safety of behenic acid is supported by a number of
published studies on behenic acid-containing triglycerides including metabolic studies, acute,
subchronic and chronic toxicity studies in experimental animals and clinical studies investigating
the nutritional effects of behenic acid. This determination is further supported by the GRAS
Notice No. GRN 000050 for bohenin and the published expert panel evaluation of the health
aspects of caprenin,, a behenic acid rich triglyceride. (See attached - EXPERT PANEL
REPORT CONCERNING THE GENERALLY RECOGNIZED AS SAFE STATUS OF BEHENIC
e .
2
000004
BEHENIC ACID NOTIFICATION
ACID FOR USE IN SHORTENING, MARGARINE, AND FOODS TYPICALLY CONTAINING
SEMI-SOLID AND SOLID FATS).
F.. Availability of Information
The data and information that serve as a basis for this GRAS determination are available for the
Food and Drug, Administration's (FDA) review and copying at a reasonable time at the offices of:
W. Gary Flamm, Ph.D.
Flamm Associates
622 Beachland Blvd.
Vero Beach, Florida 32963
Telephone: 561 -234-0096
Facsimile: 561 -234-0026
Alternatively, copies of data and information can be provided to FDA upon request, by
contacting Dr. Flamm.
II. Detailed Information About the Identity of the Substance
A. Identity
Behenic acid, a long-chain fatty acid, is a clear solid with a light odour. It has a melting point of
801 to' 82 OC, a boiling point of 306 OC (at 60 mm Hg) and is soluble in both ethanol and ether.
Common or Usual Name: Behenic acid
Chemical Name: n-docosanoic acid
Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Number: 1 12-85-6
Empirical1 Formula and Formula Weight: C22H4402 Molecular weight 340.5884
Structural Formula: CH3(CH2)20COOH
B. Method of Manufacture
Behenic acid is manufactured by hydrolysis of high erucic acid rapeseed oil at a high
temperature (at least 20OoC) under steam pressure, and subsequent hydrogenation of erucic
acid to'behenic acid in the presence of a nickel catalyst (See Figure 1). Nickel is a commonly
used catalyst for hydrogenation reactions in the production of food (21 CFR 184.1537). The
materials involved are appropriate for food use, and the manufacturing procedures are
commonly used in the edible fat industry.
3
0
BEHENIC ACID NOTIFICATION
Figure 11. Manufacturing Scheme for Behenic Acid
1
High Erucic Acid Rapeseed Oil
I
+
HydrogenationlFractionation
FillinglPacking
BEHENIC ACID NOTIFICATION
C. Specifications for Food Grade Material
Specification and Analytical Methods for Behenic Acid
Specification Parameter Analysis Method
Specification
Acid value 163-1 68
~~~ ~
Iodine value [wijs]
Not more than 2
Titer ("C)
163-1 69 Saponification value
0.8 red
3.5 red Colour, Lovibond 5%''
75-78
Water content (%)
Unsaponifiable matter (%)
Residue on ignition (sulphated ash)
Heavy metals (as Pb)
Lead
Chain'distribution (%)
c19
c 20
Not more than 0.2
Not more than 2
Not more than 0.01 %
Not more than 10 ppm
Not more than 1 ppm
Not more than 5
Not more than 12
I S0 660 [International Organization
for Standardization; Animal and
vegetable fats and oils - determination
of acid value and acidity]
IS0 3961 [Animal and vegetable oils
and fats - determination of iodine
value]
IS0 935 [Animal and vegetable oils
and fats - determination of titre]
BSI BS 684 [British Standard Institute;
British standard method of analysis of
fats and oils - determination of colour]
I S0 3657 [Animal and vegetable fats
and oils - determination of
saponification value]
I S0 760 [Determination ofmwater - Karl
Fischer method]
I S0 3596-1 [Animal and vegetable
fats and oils - determination of
unsaponifiable matter]
Limit tests; Section 2.4.14 of the
European Pharmacopoeia
Limit Tests; Section 2.4.8 of the
European Pharmacopoeia (Method D)
Limit tests; Section 2.4.10 of the
European Pharmacopoeia
I S0 5508 [Animal and vegetable fats
and oils - analysis by gas-liquid
chromatography of methyl esters of
fatty acids]
c 22 I Not less than 85
I I
> c 2 2 I Not more than 4
BEHENIC ACID NOTIFICATION
c
111. Self-Limiting Levels of Use
At varying levels exceeding 8% of the oil 'mass of certain food items, the characteristics of the
food item would likely be altered. For example, some foods may become too hard at use levels
higher than 8% and the texture, mouth feel, melting point, etc. of the product may be altered.
N. Basis for G,RAS Determination
The, determination that behenic acid is GRAS is on the basis of scientific procedures. See
attached'- EXPERT PANEL REPORT CONCERNING THE GENERALLY RECOGNIZED AS
SAFE STATUS OF BEH,ENlC ACID FOR USE IN SHORTENING, MARGARINE, AND FOODS
TYPICALLY CONTAINING SEMI-SOLID AND SOLID FATS).
6
EXPERT PANEL REPORT CONCERNING THE GENERALLY RECOGNIZED AS SAFE
(GRAS) STATUS OF BEHENIC ACID FOR USE IN SHORTENING, MARGARINEy AND
FOODS TYPICALLY CONTAINING SEMI-SOLID AND SOLID FATS
January 26,2001
'Introduction
The undersigned, an independent panel of recognized experts (hereinafter referred to as the
Panel), qualified by their scientific training and relevant national and international experience in
evaluating the safety of food and food ingredients, were requested by Thixo Limited to conduct
a com,prehensive 'review of the pertinent data and information to determine whether specified
uses of behenic acid: in food would be Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) in accordance
with 21 CFRl70.30,21 CFRs170.35 and proposed 21 CFRs170.36. Attachment 1 contains the
curriculum vitae documenting the expertise of the Panel.
The Panel critically evaluated a comprehensive package of publicly available scientific
information and data compiled from the literature and other published sources. In addition, the
Panel eval,uatedm other information deemed appropriate or necessary including data and
information provided by Thixo Limited. This included information pertaining to the method of
manufacture and product specifications, analytical data, intended use levels in specified food
products, and exposure estimates.
Following 'independent, critical evaluation of the data and information, the Panel concluded that
#behenic acid,, meeting appropriate food grade specifications and manufactured in compliance
with current Good Manufacturing Practices, is "Generally Recognized As Safe" (GRAS) based
on scientific procedures for the conditions of intended use described herein. A summary of the
basis for this conclusion is provided below.
Background
Semi-solid. and solid fats are typically produced through hydrogenation of vegetable oils, which
results in the formation of saturated fats and trans fatty acids, both of which are associated with
elevated serum LDL cholesterol levels and increased risk of heart disease. These fats are also
present in certain animal and plant-derived fats. Behenic acid (CH3(CH2)20COOH) is a clear
solid with' a melting point of approximately 80-82 'C. Given the physical properties of the acid, a
limited' addition of behenic acid to oil permits the production of semi-solid and solid fats without
the need for hydrogenation.
000009,
Page 1 of 14
Manufacturing and Specifications
Behenic acid is manufactured by hydrolysis of high erucic acid rapeseed oil at a high
temperature (at 'least 20OoC) under steam pressure, and subsequent hydrogenation of erucic
acid to behenic acid in the presence of a nickel catalyst. Nickel is a commonly used catalyst for
hydrogenation reactions in the production of food (FCC, 1996). The manufacturing process for
behenic acid complies with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), the procedures are
commonly used in the edible fat industry, and the materials involved are all appropriate for food
use., Specifications are provided in attached Table 1.
Current and Proposed' Uses
Behenic is a component of a number of GRAS affirmed products including hydrogenated and
partially hydrogenated menhaden oil (21CFR184.1472), hydrogenated and superglycerinated
hydrogenated rapeseed oil' (21 CFRl84.1555), peanut oil and hydrogenated soybean oil
migrating, from cotton packaging to dry foods (21CFR182.70) and glyceryl behenate
(21CFRl84.1328). Behenic acid is also a component of the tempering aid and anti-bloom
agent bohenin (GRN 000050, August 31,2000). Based on 1987 per capita consumption data,
ex,posure to behenic acid from the consumption of peanuts, peanut butter, peanut oil,
'hydrogenated, and superglycerinated hydrogenated rapeseed oil, and hydrogenated and
#partially hydrogenated menhaden oil has been estimated at 0.3 g behenic acid/person/day.
Behenic acid 'is intended for use as an oil structuring and solidifying agent (texturizer) in
margarine, shortening, and foods typically requiring the use of semi-solid and solid fats, at
levels of up to 8% of the oil mass of the food item.
Estimated Exposure
The consumption of behenic acid from the intended uses was estimated using published
information on I-day nutrient (total fat) intake data, and published survey data indicating that (1)
the consumption of add'ed fats and oils constitutes up to 47.6% of total fat consumption, and (2)
that the intake of margarine and baking and frying fats contributes 47.8% of total added fats and
'oils consumption. The use of behenic acid will compete with technologies that have already
been developed to lower the trans fat content of foods and; therefore, will not capture 100% of
the replacement market for hydrogenated fats. For example, TransEND@ trans-free solid
shortenings have been developed for use in baked goods, muffins, spreads, cakes, doughnuts,
granolas, crackers, pies, etc., and low or trans-free margarines and spreads such as Promise,
Smart Beat, Fleischmann's lower fat margarine, and Spectrum Naturals spread are also widely
available in the market. Furthermore, future industry initiatives to continually reduce the trans
fat content of the diet are highly likely given the known adverse health effects associated with a
high trans fat diet. In addition, many hydrogenated products will remain on the market. An
over-estimated market share of 50% of the replacement market for hydrogenated fats in these
uses was used in estimating exposure to behenic acid. The estimated mean and 90th percentile
intake of behenic acid by the total population from all proposed food uses of behenic acid in the
oogb814b Page 2 of 14
United States was determined to be 0.68 and 1.36 glpersonlday. A summary of behenic acid
consumption under the intended uses in food is provided in attached Table 2.
Safety
The Expert Panel critically evaluated the existing metabolic, toxicological and nutritional studies
relating to the' safety of behenic acid.
Metabolism
In a fat-balance study, behenic acid absorption was reported to be 7% in male rats (Carroll,
18957). Behenic acid has also been reported to be poorly absorbed (3-19% absorption) in
animal studies using behenic-acid containing fats such' as superglycerinated hydrogenated
rapeseed oil and caprenin (Nolen, 1981; Webb and Sanders, 1691; Webb et a/., 1991) while
absorptions from peanut oils is reported to be as high as 59% (Bezard and Sawadago, 1983; Tso
et a/., 1984). Absorption in a 5-day fat-balance study in 2O'healthy adult humans with caprenin
was reported, to be 29% (Peters et a/., 1991).
w
Absorbed behenic acid can either undergo -oxidation for use as an energy source or follow an
anabolic path to be incorporated into wax esters, sphingolipids, glycolipids or acylglycerols
(Bernhard and Vischer, 1946; Nicolaides, 1974; Max et a/., 1978; Alexson and Cannon, 1984).
Alexson and 'Cannon (1 984) reported very low -oxidation rates for behenic acid and other very
long: (C20422) chain acids. In contrast, Bernhard and Vischer (1946) reported that rats fed a
diet containing either 5% deuterated ethyl behenate and 5% olive oil or 10% deuterated ethyl
behenate alone absorbed 40% of the behenate and attributed the labeled C18, C16 and C14
fatty acids present in the lipids of the rat carcasses to -oxidation of the behenic acid..
Toxicoloaical Studies
Datal on the subchronic and chronic toxicity of behenic acid are lacking; however, numerous
toxicity studies on behenic acid-containing fats, including 4 pivotal toxicological studies in which
'behenic acid' was present in the test diet at concentrations ranging from 6 to 13% (Webb et a/.,
19911,, 1993) have been conducted. A summary of these pivotal studies is provided in the table
below.
8006blSL
Page 3 of 14
SUMMARY OF THE PIVOTAL RAT AND HAMSTER TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES ON BEHENIC
ACID-RICH TRIGLYCERIDES, AS COMPARED TO THE ESTIMATED INTAKE OF BEHENIC ACID IN
HUMANS
Number of Exposure No-Observed-Adverse- Ratio of Reference
Animals Period Effect Level for Behenic Experimental
Acid Dose/Human
(g/kg body weighffday) Intake
hamster ~ 28-days 4.36 145 Webb et a/., 1991
rat 23-days 7.13 238 Webb et a/., 1991
rat 28-days 4.0414.86 1.62 Webb ef a/., 1991
rat 91 -days 5.9416.57 21 9 Webb et a/., 1993
A based'on 90th percentile consumption of 0.03 g/kg body weightlday'.
ratio of experimental dose/estimated daily human intake
highest dose used in all calculations
Three groups of 30 male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets containing 25.8% fat as either ,/
'corn oil, a, medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) or behenic medium-chain triglyceride (BMCT; 51% 0
behenkacid) for 23 days (Webb et a/., 1991). Significant decreases in growth in rats fed the
MCT and' BMCT diets, were attributed to lower feed intake and decreased fat absorption,
respectively. Carcass fat analysis demonstrated that only 0.78 g-of the absorbed behenic acid
was stored in the rat [14.7% of the total amount absorbed (5.3 g)].
\
Three groups of 9 adult male 'golden Syrian hamsters were fed diets containing 84.8% pelleted
rodent chow, 0.2% cholesterol, and 15% of BMCT or MCT oil for 28 days (Webb et a/., 1991 ). A
control^ group received 'chow without, added fat (5.6% total fat and 0.02% cholesterol).
Significant, increases in, body weight gain and gross feed efficiency were reported in rats fed the
BMCT di,et in comparison to controls due to the lower caloric density of the control diet.
Behenic acid'was poorly absorbed in this study (3 to 4% absorption).
'Four groups of 308 Crl':CD@BR rats (1 5 male and 15 female) were fed semi-purified diets
containing' 0, 5, I O, or 15% BMCT for 28 days (Webb et a/ . , 1991). Corn oil was added to
maintain total fat content at 18% and to provide a source of essential fatty acids. All diets
containing1 BM,CT resulted in significantly lower male body weights attributed to lower fat and
energy absorption. Similarly, a significant increase in relative testes-to-terminal body weight
ratios resulted, from reduced growth.
Sporadic differences in 'hematology and serum chemistry parameters were not dose related or
consistent across sexes and were within the normal range of historical reference values, with
' E s t i r n a t e _ d ~ g . ~ ~ . p e . ~ ~ e ~ t i l e ~ i ~ t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ h e n i c acid on a per kilogram basis assuming an average
body v&$i~g~ofite~&p~pul&x&This body weight was determined using mean children and
adult :body weights (EPAyli97) and assumed equal contribution of all age groups to the population body
weight.
00003.2
Page 4 of 14
the exception of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALAT). ALAT was elevated in mid- and high-
dose caprenin female groups, and in the high-dose males, with only the high-dose female
values falling outside of the normal historical range for this sex and species. Given the lack of
alteration in' serum aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin levels and
the absence of any histopathological findings in the liver, the increase in serum ALAT is not
considered to be treatment related but rather an adaptation to the diet. Behenic acid was poorly
retained: by both sexes in this study with concentrations of BMCT at 1.7% in any depot site for
either'sex, at any level of BMCT intake. ALAT values in rats have previously been correlated
with dietary protein 'intake, particularly in female rats (Knox and Greengard, 1965), and to
weight-restrictive diets (Clapp, 1980), high sucrose diets (Porikos and Van Itallie, 1983) and
'high' fat, diets (Krajcouicova-Kudlackova and Dibak, 1985). In a subsequent 91-day rat feeding
stud'y with, caprenin, test diets were prepared to provide 4,000 kcal/kg and the same number of
calories from fat, protein and carbohydrate. In this study, no statistically significant increase in
AWT was reported in males and although significant increases were reported in mid- and high-
dose females, all values were reported to be within'historical control ranges. The panel
concluded'that the increase in serum ALAT is a consequence of a physiological adaptation to
the diet. F'urthermore, the increases reported here occurred only at very high doses of caprenin
(approximately 10-1 l g caprenin/kg body weighffday). These intake levels correspond to
approximately 4-5 g behenic acid/kg body weighffday; levels which are 130 to 160 times that of
the 90m' percentile exposure for behenic acid from its intended uses.
The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) is >15% in the diet (approximately 9.60 and
1,11.5 g caprenin/kg body weighffday, for male and female rats, respectively); the highest dose
tested. This equates to a NOAEL of approximately 4.04 and 4.86 g behenic acid/kg body
weightlday for 'male and female rats, respectively.
. I
Twenty-five weanling 'Spraque-Dawley ratslsexlgroup were administered a semi-purified diet
containing caprenin [behenic acid (45%)] at dietary concentrations of 5.23, 10:23 or 15.00%, for
91. days '(Webb et a/., 1993). Corn oil (12.5%) and a blend of medium chain triglyceride oil plus
corn oil (1 1.21 and 3.13%, respectively; MCT group) were used as controls. Each of the diets
was' prepared to provide 4,000 kcal/kg and the same percentage of calories from fat, protein,
'and'carbohydrate. An additional 5 ratslsexlgroup were added to the study to investigate the
potential' storage of behenic acid in the heart, liver or perirenal fat at the end of the study.
No treatment-related. deaths, clinical signs or ocular abnormalities were reported nor any
sig,nificant differences in 'body weights gains. Significantly lower feed efficiency values occurred
in' high-dose males due to a significant increase in food consumption attributed to the decreased
caloric value; of the caprenin in the high-dose diet (less than 5 kcal/g) and to incomplete
absorption of behenic acid.
Significant differences between the caprenin and control groups in relative kidney and spleen
weights were considered to be unrelated to treatment because they were slight, limited only to
relative' organ weights, and not dose related.
000013
Page 5 of 14
Rats fed caprenin had a tendency to have a lower liver weight in comparison to controls. The
significance of this finding is not known given the inconsistency of the effect across sexes and
with respect to both absolute and relative measurements of liver weight and due to the inverse
relationship it displayed with respect to the caprenin doses. The decreased,fat deposition in the
caprenin-treated'sgroups may have contributed to this finding. Absolute and relative colon
weights were significantly higher in the mid- and high-dose male caprenin groups and relative
colon weights were significantly increased in all caprenin fed female groups. The increased
colon weight is considered to be an adaptive, reversible response to a diet causing an
increased fecal' mass due to the presence of unabsorbed behenic acid in the colon.
Although8dose-related changes occurred in alkaline phosphatase in treated males, ALT in
males and females, and total protein, albumin and globulin in females, the values for each
parameter were still reported to be within historical control ranges and were not accompanied
by adverse histopathological changes.
Results of this study support those of the 23- and 28-day rat feeding studies reported by the
sa'me g r o q in which behenic acid was present in the diet at concentrations ranging from 5 to
26% and of the dietary studies where behenic acid was present at lower concentrations (0.3 to
4.59% of the diet; Gopalan et a/., 1974; Mattson and Streck, 1974; Svaar et a/., 1980; Nolen,
1!981)., The NOAEL for this study is >15% (w/w in the diet) or >13.2 g caprenin/kg body
weighffday for male rats and >14.6 g capreninlkg body weighvday for females rats. This
equates toma NOAEL of 5.94 g behenic acid/kg body weighffday for males and 6.57 g behenic
acid/kg body weightlday for females.
Niutritional Studies
The Panel is aware that saturated fatty acids such as palmitic, lauric and myristic acid have long
been1 associated' with, 'increased serum cholesterol levels and considered studies relating the
intake of behenic acid to serum total, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol levels. Variable results have
been: reported i n these studies; however, collectively they provide evidence that behenic acid is
not strongly or definitively associated' with an increase in cholesterol levels. Given that the poor
absorption, of behenic acid could possibly lead to interactions with cationic minerals to form
insoluble soaps that would be excreted in the feces, consideration also was given to the
'possible effects of 'behenic acid on the absorption of minerals and fat-soluble vitamins.
Ten men were fed, 'liquid-formulated diets containing a mixture of behenic acid-substituted
medium-chain triacylglycerol' (BMCT) and soybean oil (80:20) as 40% of total energy, for 6 days
(Swift et a/., 1,991)'. Participants received the diet in a quantity determined to meet their normal
,maintenance energy 'requirements as determined from measured metabolic rates using an
'indirect calorimetry system (these quantities were not reported). Plasma HDL cholesterol in the
BM~CT and soybean oil group was reported to decrease significantly from 1.06 mmollL to 0.91
'mmol/L.
Page 6 of 14
In 2 randomized', double-blind studies, 7-17 hypercholesterolemic men consumed baseline diets
enriched~ with either palm oillpalm kernel oil or butter for 3 weeks and then consumed either a
capsenin- rich^ diet (31 % behenic acid and 13% capric and 13% caprylic acid) or continued to
consume the baseline diet for 6 weeks (Wardlaw et a/., 1995). The first study sought to
compare the effects of a total substitution of caprenin for the palm/kernel oil fatty acids in 17
men (average caprenin intake of 71 g/day). The second study compared the effects of a gram
for gram' substitution of caprenin for the 120 to 16:O fatty acids in the butter in 7 men (average
caprenin intake of 56 g/day).
Five out of 17 men in' study 1 and 2 out of 7 men in study 2 consuming the caprenin diet
,reported: gastrointestinal effects (stomach aches, flatulence and/or loose stool) that were mild to
,moderate inl nature. None of these individuals discontinued their participation in the study. In
the first study, tota'l HDL cholesterol and HDL2 and HDL3 cholesterol were significantly lower
'(16, 33, and 16% reductions, respectively) at the end of the study compared to baseline values
'in'the caprenin-fed group and the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol increased by 19%.
The absence of a decrease in total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol or apo B-100 at the end of the
study in the caprenin-fed' group compared to baseline values may be due to one or more of the
38 primary fatty acids present in caprenin (capric, caprylic and behenic acid) contributing to
'hypercholesterolemia. However, very high doses of caprenin (average intake of 71 g/day) were
used' in'this, study. In addition, findings from experimental hamster studies indicate that the
cholesterolemic potential suggested for caprenin may be due to the presence of fatty acids
other than behenic acid (Jandacek et a/., 1993). In an experimental hamster study using
behenic acid-substituted medium chain triacylglycerol oil (BMCT; 40.8% behenic acid) and a
triglyceride synthesized from behenic acid and long chain fatty acids (BLCT; 26.8% behenic
acid'), total and LDL plasma cholesterol were reported to be comparable to those resulting from
'consumption of an oleic acid-rich triglyceride and lower than those resulting from consumption
of; triglycerides rich in linoleic and palmitic acid (Jandacek et a/., 1993). In an additional study,
'hamsters consuming BLCT in their diet were reported to excrete 75% of the cholesterol
'ingested over a IO-day faecal' collection period suggesting that behenic acid-rich triglycerides
significantl'y reduce plasma total and L'DL cholesterol in comparison to linoleate and palmitate-
containing triglycerides by altering cholesterol absorption (Jandacek et a/., 1993). Furthermore,
the 'level of behenic acid consumed in this study (approximately 22 g behenic acid/person/day)
is 1'6 times that of the 90th percentile exposure estimates for behenic acid from its intended use
in, food.-
Fifteen men from each group of 17 men in the Wardlaw et a/. (1995) study participated in a
postprandial study (Snook et a/., 1996). Following 3 weeks of a baseline diet and 4 weeks on
the test diets (caprenin and baseline diets) the men fasted overnight, had their blood sampled,
and: then 'consumed a breakfast high in their respective test fat. Four hours after the meal, the
chylomicron fatty acid concentrations of 8:0, 1 O:O, 22:O and 24:O were significantly higher, and
the 12:0, 1:4:0 andl 20:0 concentrations were significantly lower, in the caprenin group compared
to'the palm1 oil/palm kernel oil group. However, the behenic acid.concentration in the test meal
OOOOl S
Page 7 of 14
was 5 times greater than that detected in the chylomicrons. No difference was reported
between, the 2 groups in total serum cholesterol. Based on these findings, a low uptake of the
fatty aci,ds C8:0, 1:0:0, and, in particular, 22:O into chylomicrons was concluded.
Studies in which rats were fed'a behenic acid-rich flour did not report interference between
'behenic acid and the absorption of either zinc or iron (Hettiarachchy and Erdman, 1984). The
low prospected consumption level of behenic acid also reduces any possible adverse effect that
behenic acid could hane on the absorption of minerals.
Three groups of 6 male rats received an emulsion of either capric, palmitic or behenic acid
containing 3 mg' of dissolved vitamin A by oral gavage (Blaskovits et a/., 1987). A fourth group
sewed as the control group. Blood samples were collected prior to introducing the emulsion
and then 3,2,3,4 and 6 hours after. I'n a second experiment, the rats were grouped and
treated as 'above and then bled for determination of the liver vitamin A concentration. Vitamin A
absorption occurred rapidly with peak absorption levels occurring within the first hour,
particularly in the behenic acid emulsion group. Liver vitamin A content was increased by
approximately 45% in the behenic acid group compared to the control group. These findings
indicate a negligible effect of behenic acid on fat-soluble vitamins. Furthermore, given that
behenic acid, is not capable of serving as a solvent for fat-soluble vitamins, it is less likely to
prevent their absorption by carrying them into the feces.
Ass indicated in' the study summaries above, the results of studies investigating the effect of
behenic acid intake' on cholesterol levels have indicated somewhat variable findings. However,
the weight of evidence from the available studies on behenic acid-containing fats indicates that
behenic acid is not strongly or definitively associated with higher blood cholesterolzels.
Furthermore,, the intended level of use of behenic acid is a~mal l - . f r act i ~~h&sed in
the studies showing moderate effects on cholesterol levels. With the reduced level of
Consumption at the intended: use levels of behenic acid, increases in plasma cholesterol are not
anticipated. Thus, the presence of low levels of behenic acid in the diet in replacement of
hydrogenation, and the consumption of trans and saturated fat, which has demonstrable effects
on cholesterol levels, 'is favorable. Behenic acid is also unlikely to adversely affect the
absorption of minerals or fat-soluble vitamins.
-000016
Page 8 of 14
Conclusion
e
Basedon critical, independent, and collective evaluation of the available data and information,
we, as members of an Expert Scientific Panel, conclude that behenic acid, meeting appropriate
food grade specif,ications and manufactured in accordance with current Good Manufacturing
Practices, is Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) based on scientific procedures for its
intended use in food.
Date
l an,..C,&l nwnro, Ph.;D., F.A.T.S., FRCPath Date
0000l7,
Page 9 of I 1
Table' 1 S,pecification and Analytical Methods for Behenic Acid
Specification Parameter Specification Analysis Method
Acid' value
~~ ~
163-1 68 I S0 660 [International Organization
for Standardization; Animal and
vegetable fats and oils - determination
of acid value and acidity]
and fats - determination of iodine
value]
and fats - determination of titre]
Iodine value [wijs] Not more than 2 IS0 3961 [Animal and vegetable oils
Titer ("C) 75-78 I S0 935 [Animal and vegetable oils
Colour, Lovibond 5%'' 3.5 red BSI 'BS 684 [British Standard Institute;
0.8 red British standard method of analysis of
fats and oils - determination of colour]
Saponification value 163-1 69 I S0 3657 [Animal and vegetable fats
and oils - determination of
saponification value]
Fischer method] '
fats and oils - determination of
unsaponifiable matter]
European Pharmacopoeia
European Pharmacopoeia (Method D)
European Pharmacopoeia
and oils - analysis by gas-liquid
chromatography of methyl esters of
fatty acids]
Water content #(%') Not more than 0.2 I S0 760 [Determination of water - Karl
'Unsaponifiable matter (%)
Not more than 2 IS0 3596-1 [Animal and vegetable
Residue on ignition (sulphated ash)
Not more than 0.01% Limit tests; Section 2.4.14 of the
Heavy metals (as Pb)
Not more than 10 ppm Limit Tests; Section 2.4.8 of the
'Leads
Not more than 1 ppm Limit tests; Section 2.4.10 of the
Chain' distribution (%)
I S0 5508 [Animal and vegetable fats
c19 Not more than 5
C' 20 Not more than 12
c 22 Not less than 85
> c 22 Not more than 4
Page 10 of 14
Table 2 Summary of Estimated Daily Per Person Consumption of Behenic Acid
from Proposed Uses, in the US by Population Group
(Years)'
Margarine and
Group
Behenic Acid Consumption Consumption of Age Group
BakinglFrying Fats
Mean Mean
(dday) (dday)
Infant
0.53 13.2 3 - 5 Children', male and
0.44 11 .o 1 - 2
female
Children, female 6- 11 15.2
17.1 6- 11 Children, male
0.61
0.68 17.1 <1 and older All: individuals ~
0.85 21.3 20 and older Adults, male
0.56 13.9 20 and older Adults, female
0.94 23.6 12 - 19 Teenagers, male
0.64 15.9 12 - 19 Teenagers, female
0.68
000019
Page 11 of 14
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Bezard~,, J'.,, and Sawadogo, K.A. 1983. Structure glyceridique du tissu adipeux perirenal de rats
soumis a un regime a base d'huile d'arachide = The glyceride structure of perorenal fatty
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Blaskovits,, A,, Gampe, L., Ruby, M., and Borvendeg, J. 1987. Absorption of vitamin A
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Food Chemicals Codex (4th Ed.) National Academy Press (NAP), Washington, DC, pp.
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080022
Page 14 of 14
CANTOX
HEALTH SCIENCES INTERNATIONAL
2233 Argentia Road, Suite 308
Mississauga, ON L5N 2x7
Phone: 905-542-2900
Fax: 905-542-1011
C UR R I C UL UM VI T AE
IAN CRAIG MUNRO
Telephone: (905) 542-2900 E-mail: imunro@cantox.com Fax: (905) 542-1 01 1
EDUCATION
1970 ph.D., Toxicology and Pharmacology, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
1967 M.Sc., Nutrition, McGill.University, Montreal, Canada
1962 B.Sc., McGill University, Montreal, Canada
ACCREDITATION
1999 Fellow of The Academy of Toxicological Sciences
Fellow of Royal College of Pathologists, London, England
0 lgs8
EMPLOYMENT HISTORY
1999-Present University of Toronto, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine.
1999-Present CANTOX HEALTH SCIENCES INTERNATIONAL, Mississauga, Ontario.
Toronto, Ontario. Professor.
1985 999
1983-1992
1981-1983
1976-1981
19751976
1,974-1976
1963-1974
President.
CanTox Inc., Mississauga, Ontario, Consultants in Health and Environmental Sciences.
Consultant Toxicologist & Principal.
Canadian Centre for Toxicology, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
Director.
Health and Welfare, Canada, Food Directorate, Health Protection Branch. Ottawa,
Canada. Director General. f
Health and Welfare, Canada, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Fooh. Directorate, Health
Protection Branch, Ottawa, Canada. Director.
Health and Welfare, Canada, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Protection Branch,
Ottawa, Canada. Chief, The Division of Toxicology.
Health and Welfare, Canada, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Protection Branch.
Ottawa, Canada. Section Head, The Division of Toxicology.
Health and Welfare, Canada, Health Protection Branch, Ottawa, Canada. Research
Scientist.
VANCOUVER 0 CALGARY 0 MI SSI SSAUGA 0 HALI FAX 0 NEW JERSEY
COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIPS
2000-
2000-
1999
1998
1996
1996
1993-
1989
1989-1991
1985-2000
1985
1985
1984
1983-1984
1983
1981-1983
1981-1982
1981
1981
1980-1983
1980-1983
1980
1980
1980
1980
1978-1980
1978-1980
1978-1979
1978
1977-1981
1977-1979
1976-1984
1976-1980
1976-1979
1976-1979
1976-1978
1975-1976
1975-1976
Member, Georgetown Dialogue Science Council, Georgetown University Center for Food e
and Nutrition Policy (CFNP)
Consultant, FEMA Expert Panel
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) Research Program Committee,
Food and Drug Administration
Member, Ministers Advisory Board, Canadian Food Inspection Agency
Chairman, Institute of Medicine, Subcommittee on Upper Safe Reference Levels of
Nutrients
Member, Ad Hoc Expert Panel, Life Sciences Research Office, Federation of American
Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB)
Member F A O M 0 Expert Committee on Food Additives
Chairman, Expert Group to Develop a Threshold of Regulation for Indirect Food Additives
Member, Scientific Committee, International Food Biotechnology Council
Member, FEMA Expert Panel
Member ILSI-NF, Nutrition and Safety Committee (FNSC)
Member, NAS, Committee on Carcinogenicity of Cyclamates.
Member, Committee on Food Chemicals Codex.
Member, Panel of Chemical Carcinogenesis Testing and Evaluation (National Toxicology
Program)
Member, The Nutrition Foundation Project on the Use of Mouse Hepatoma Data.
Expert Committee on the Relevance of Mouse Liver as a Model for Assessing Carcinogenic
Risk, The Nutrition Foundation, Inc.
Expert Advisory Committee to The Nutrition Foundation, Inc., on the Assessment of the
Safety of Lead and Lead Salts in Foods.
Chairman, International Committee on Hazards Associated with Dioxin in the Great Lakes.
Chairman, WHO Ad Hoc Meeting on the Future of Joint Expert Committees in the Context
of the International Program on Chemical Safety, Geneva.
Chairman, Health Protection Branchmood Industry Liaison Committee.
Chairman, Interdepartmental Committee on Canning Regulations.
Member, Federal Interdepartmental Salmonella Committee.
Member, Senior Level Committee (U.S., U.K., Canada).
Member, International Life Sciences Institute Experts in Pathology and Toxicology.
Member, Technical Committee: WHO International Program on Chemical Safety.
Expert Committee on Food Safety - Agriculture Canada
Food Safety Council, Social and Economic Committee.
U.S. National Academy of Sciences, Subcommittee on Risk Assessment - Safe Drinking
Water Committee.
Chairman, Tripartite Toxicology Committee (U.S., U.K., Canada).
International Commission for Protection Against Environmentalhutagens and Carcinogens
(ICPEMC), subcommittee 3.
U.S. National Cancer Institute, Cause and Prevention Scientific Review Committee.
WHOEAO Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives.
Food Safety Council, Toxicology Committee.
Canadian Council on Animal Care.
Interdepartmental Committee on Toxicology Needs in Canada.
National Research Council Task Force on Mercury and Captan.
U.S. National Academy of Sciences Committee on Toxicology
WHO/FAO Committee on Criterion Documents on the Toxicology of Envi
Chemicals.
2
EDITORIAL RESPONSIBILITIES
0 1982-1996 Editorial Board Journal of the American College of Toxicology
1979-1991 Advisory Board
Neurotoxicology
1978-1989 Editorial Board
Journal of Environmental Pathology and Toxicology
PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS
Professional Society Memberships:
Member, Society of Toxicology
Member, Toxicology FoFm
Member, Society of Toxicology of Canada
Member, American College of Toxicology
Member, Institute for Risk Research
Member, International Society of Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
Contributions to Professional Societies:
1981 Professional Standards Evaluation Board in General Toxicology, Academy of Toxicological
197S-1979 Society of Toxicology, Nominating Committee
1978-1979 Society of Toxicology, Finance Committee
1976- Toxicology Forum, Inc., Board of Directors
Sciences
AWARDS
1998 International Society of Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology "International
Achievement Award" for his guiding role as Chairman of the Expert Panel of Members -
"Interpretive Review of the Effects of Chlorinated Organic Chemicals":
toxicology by an individual 35 years of age or younger.
1975 Society of Toxicology "Achievement Award" for outstanding contributions to the science of
SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS AND MONOGRAPHS
Hoover, D., Chassy, B.M., Hall, R.L., Klee, H.J., Luchansky, J.B., Miller, H. I., Munro, I.C., Weiss, R.,
Hefle, S.L., and Qualset, C.O. 2000. Human Food Safety Evaluation of rDNA Biotechnology-Derived
Foods. Institute of Food Technologists Expert Report on,Biotechnology and Foods. Reprinted from Food
Techno1 54(9), September. I' .
Munro, I.C. et af. 2000. Safety Aspects of Genetically Modified Foods of Plant Origin. Report of a Joint
FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Foods Derived from Biotechnology. WHO Headquarters, Geneva,
I Switzerland, May 29-June 2,2000.
I Munro, LC., and Kennepohl, E. Comparison of Estimated Daily Per Capita Intakes of Flavouring
P Substanceswith No-Observed-Effect Levels from Animal Studies. Submitted to Food and Chemical
I
Toxicology for publication.
. .
3
Wilson, R.M., Sigal, E.A., Bacigalupo, C.M., Willes, R.F., and Munro, LC. 2000. Derivation of Risk
Management Criteria for Chemicals of Unknown Toxic Potency at Contaminated Sites, Hum Ecol Risk
Assessment 6( 1): 13 1-1 39.
Newberne, P., Smith, R.L., Doull, J., Feron, V.J., Goodman, J.I., Munro, LC., Portoghese, P.S.,
Waddell, W.J., Wagner, B.M., Weil, C.S., Adams, T.B., and Hallagan, J.B. 2000. GRAS Flavoring
Substances 19. Food Techno1 54(6):66-84.
Williams, G.M., Kroes, R., and Munro, I.C. 2000. Safety Evaluation and Risk Assessment of the
Herbicide Roundup and Its Active Ingredient, Glyphosate, for Humans. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol3 1 : 1 17-
165.
Davies, T.S., Lynch, B.S., Monro. A.M., Munro, LC., and Nestmann, E.R. 2000. Rodent
Carcinogenicity Tests Need to Be No Longer Than 18 Months: An Analysis Based on 21 0 Chemicals in the
IARC Monographs. Food Chem Toxicol38(2-3):2 19-23 5 .
Wilson. R.M., Sigal, E.A., Bacigalupo, C.M., Willes, R.F., and Munro, I.C. 1999. Derivation of Risk
Management Criteria for Chemicals of Unknown Toxic Potency at Contaminated Sites. I n press.
Newberne, P., Smith,R.L., Doull, J., Goodman, J.I., Munro, LC., Portoghese, P.S., Wagner, B.M.,
Weil, C.S., Woods, L.A., Adams, T.B., Lucas, C.D., and Ford, R.A. 1999. The FEMA GRAS
Assessment of trans-Anethole Used as a Flavouring Substance. Food Chem Toxicol 37:789-8 I 1.
Munro, LC., Delzell, E.S., Nestmann, E.R., and Lynch, B.S. 1999. Viadent Usage and Oral Leukoplakia:
A Spurious Association. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol30: 182-196.
Institute of Medicine*. 1999. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin
D, and Fluoride. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. *(Dr. Ian Munro, Chair, Subcommittee on
Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients).
Bechtel, D.H. (Introduction by Munro, I.C.) 1999. Carcinogenicity Assessment of Allylisothiocyanate
with Regard to IARC Classification Criteria. (Abstract) Intl J Toxicol 18( 1):84.
Munro, LC., Kennepohl, E., and Kroes, R. 1999. A Procedure for the Safety Evaluation of Flavouring
Substances. Food Chem Toxicol37(2/3):207-232.
Munro, LC., Bernt, W.O., Bonell'eca, J.F., Flamm, G., Lynch, B.S., Kennepohl, E., Bar, E.A., and
Modderman, J. 1998. Erythritol: An Interpretive Summary of Biochemical, Metabolic, Toxicological and
Clinical Data. Food Chem Toxicol36: 1139-1 174.
Newberne, P., Smith, R.L., Doull, J., Goodman, J.I., Munro, I.C., Portoghese: P.S., Wagner, B.M.,
Weil, C.S., Woods, L.A., Adams, T.B., Hallagan, J.B., and Ford, R.A. 1998. GRAS Flavoring
Substances 18. FoodTechnol52(9):65-92.
Munro, I.C., Shubik, P., and Hall, R. 1998. Principles for the Safety Evaluation of Flavoring Substances.
Food Chem Toxicol36( 1998):529-540.
Adams, T.B., Greer, D.B., Doull, J., Munro, I.C., Newberne, P., Portoghese, P.S., Smith, R.L., Wagner,
B.M., Weil, C.S., Woods, L.A., and Ford, R.A. 1998. The FEMA GRAS Assessment of Lactones Used as
Flavour Ingredients. Food Chem Toxicol36(4):249-278.
ahOOrB2~
4
_ . -
c, + '
Lynch, B.L., Bryant, D.W., Hook, H.J., Nestmann, E.R., and Munro, LC. 1998. Carcinogenicity of
Monochloro-l,2-Propanediol (a-Chlorohydrin, 3, MCPD). Int J Toxicol 17( 1):47-76.
Munro, LC, and Kennepohl, E. 1997. A Procedure for the Safety Evaluation of Flavoring Substances.
- In: Colombo, E. (Ed.), Proceedings from the International Symposium on Flavours and Sensory Related
Aspects - March 6 & 7, 1997, Cernobbio (Como), Italy. Rivista Italiana EPPOS, pp 81-85.
Adams, T.B., Doull, J., Goodman, J.I., Munro, LC., Newberne, P., Portoghese, P.S., Smith, R.L.,
Wagner, B.M., Weil, C.S., Woods, L.A., and Ford, RA. 1997. The FEMA GRAS Assessment of
Furfural Used as a Flavour Ingredient. Food Chem Toxicol35(8):739-75 1.
Miller, S.A., and Munro, LC. 1997. Upper Safe Reference Levels for Nutrients. Proceedings of the 16th
International Congress of Nutrition, Montreal, Quebec, July 28-August 3 1 , 1997. In press.
Munm, LC. and Kroes, R. 1997. Application of a Threshold Of Regulation Concept in the Safety
Evaluation of Certain Flavoring Substances. Prepared for the Forty-ninth Joint FAO/WHO Expert
Committee on Food Additives. In review.
Adams, T.B.,Hallagan, J.B., Putman, J.M., Gierke, T.L., Doull, J., Munro, I.C., Newberne, P.,
Portoghese, P.S., Smith, R.L., Wagner, B.M., Weil, C.S., Woods, L.A.,-and Ford, R.A. 1996. The
FEMA GRAS Assessment of Alicyclic Substances Used as Flavour Ingredients. Food Chem Toxicol
34(9):763-828.
Bernt, W.O., Borzelleca, J.F., Flamm, G., and Munro, I.C. 1996. Erythritol: A Review of Biological
and Toxicological Studies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol24(2)Part 2:s 19 1 -S 197.
Lynch, B.S., Tischler, A.S., Capen, C., Munro, I.C., McGirr, L.G., McClain, R.M. 1996. Low
Digestible Carbohydrates (Polyols and Lactose): Significance of Adrenal Medullary Proliferative Lesions
in' the' Rat. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol23:256-297.
Munro, LC., Ford, R.A., Kennepohl, E., and Sprenger, J.G. 1996. Correlation of Structural Class With
No-Observed Effect Levels: A Proposal for Establishing a Threshold of Concern. Food Chem Toxicol
34(9):829-867.
Munro, I.C., McGirr, L.G., Nestmann, E.R, and Kille, J.W. 1996. Alternative Approaches to the Safety
Assessment of Macronutrient Substitutes. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol23( ])Part 2:S6-S14.
Munro, LC. 1996. A Procedure For the Safety Evaluation of Flavoring Substances. Toxicological
Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants. Prepared for the Joint FAO/WHO Expert
Committee on Food Additives, WHO Technical Report Series #35, Annex 5. ,
Munro, LC., Ford, RA., Kennepohl, E., and Sprenger, J.G. 1996. Thresholds of Toxicological Concern
Based on Structure-Activity Relationships. Drug Metab Rev 28( 1 &2):209-2 17.
Kraus, A.L, Munro, LC., Orr, J.C., Binder, R.L., LeBeouf, RA., and Williams, G.M. 1995. Benzoyl '. .
I .
,_".
Peroxide: An Integrated Human Safety Assessment for Carcinogenicity. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 21 :87- .
107.
Munro, LC., Lynch, B.S., Kittur, A., and Nestmann, E.R. 1995. Modulators of Carcinogenesis. Regul
Toxicol Pharmacol 2 1 :60-70.
" "_
5
Kroes, R., Munro, I., and Poulsen. E. 1993. Workshop on the Scientific Evaluation of the Safety Factor
r . for the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI): Editorial Summary. 'Food Addit Contam 10(3):269-273. .
Willes, R.F., Nestmann, E.R., Miller, P.A., Orr, J.C., and Munro, I.C. 1993. Scientific Principles for
Evaluating the Potential for Adverse Effects from Chlorinated Organic Chemicals in the Environment.
Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 18:3 13-356.
Munro, I.C., Kennepohl, E., Erickson, R.E., Portoghese, P.S., Wagner, B.M., Easterday, O.D., and
Manley, C.H. 1993. Safety Assessment of Ingested Heterocyclic Amines: Initial Report. Regul Toxicol
Pharmacol 17(2):S 1 -S 1 09.
Munro, I.C., Carlo, G.L., Orr, J.C., Sund, K.G., Wilson, R.M., Kennepohl, E., Lynch, B.S., Jablinske,
M., and Lee, N.L. 1992. A Comprehensive, Integrated Review and Evaluation of the Scientific Evidence
Relating to the Safety of the Herbicide 2,4-D. J Amer Coll Toxicol 1 l(5).
Munro, I.C. 1992. Ecological Risk Estimation. &: Bartell, S. , Gardner, R., and OWeill, R. (Eds.)
Toxicology and Environmental Health Series. Editorial Board. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, Maine.
Carlo, G.L., Cole, P., Miller, A.B., Munro, I.C., Solomon, K.R., and Squire, RA. 1992. Review of a
Study Reporting an Association Between 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid and Canine Malignant
Lymphoma: Report of an Expert Panel. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 16:245-252.
Nestmann, E.R., Munro, I.C., Willes, R.F., and Orr, J. 1992. Risk Assessment: An Overview. In:
Canadian Environmental Directory. Second Edition. Canadian Almanac and Directory Publishing
Company Ltd. pp 13-1 6.
Munro, I.C., Pariza, M.W., and Stewart, K.K. 1991. Scientific Information and Methodologies for
Assessing the Safety of Genetically Engineered Foods and Feeds. Prepared for the assessment "A New
Technological Era for American Agriculture: Issues and Choices for the 1990s", Office of Technology
Assessment, U.S. Congress.
Burdock, G.A., Wagner, B.M., Smith, R.L., Munro, LC., and Newberne, P.M. 1990. 15. GRAS
Substances: A List of Flavoring Ingredient Substances Considered Generally Recognized as Safe by the
Flavor & Extract Manufacturers' Association Expert Panel. Recent Progress in the Consideration of
Flavoring Ingredients Under the Food Additives Amendment. Reprinted from Food Technology 44 (2) 78,
80, 82, 84, & 86.
Munro, I.C. 1990. Safety Assessment Procedures for Indirect Food Additives: An Overview. Regul
Toxicol Pharmacol 12( 1):2-13.
Munro, I.C., et al. 1990. Biotechnologies and food: Assuring the safety of foads produced by genetic
modification. International Food Biotechnology Council. Washington, D.C. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol
12(3)Part 2:Sl-S190.-
Munro, I.C. 1990. Natural Versus Man-made. b: Pest Control Canada, A Reference Manual.
Burlington, Ontario, PACS.
Clayson, D.B., Munro, I.C., Shubik, P., and Swenberg, J.A. (Eds) 1990. Progress in Predictive
Toxicology. Elsevier Science Publishers.
6
Zimmerman, R. Bonelleca, J., Crump, IC, Doull, J., Gardner, D., Gardner, H., Hughes, D., Munro,
I.C.,,Parke, D.M., Roderick, J., Tardiff, RG., and Travis, C. (Eds) 1990. Governmental Management
0 ofChemical Risk. Lewis Publishers, Inc.
Munro, I.C. 1990. Sweeteners: Health Effects-Neoplasm Promotion. In: Williams, G.M. (Ed.)
Sweeteners: Health Effects.
Munro, I.C. 1988. General Principles of Regulation of Nutrients. In: Middlekauf, R., and Shubik, P.
(Eds.) Food Regulations: An International Handbook.
Munro, LC. 1988. Risk Assessment of Carcinogens: Current Status and Future Prospects. Biomedical and
Environmental Sciences..
Munro, I.C., Morrison, A.B. 1988. Pesticides. Nut Pharm Toxicol pp 187-1 96.
Munro, I.C. 1988. Qualitative Factors in Carcinogen Classification. In: Carcinogen Risk Assessment:
New Directions in the Qualitative and Quantitative Aspects. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Banbury
Report 3 1.
Munro, I.C. 1987. Expert Panel Report on Carcinogenicity of 2,4-D. Canadian Centre for Toxicology,
Guelphs, Ontario, Canada.
Munro, LC. 1987. International Perspectives on Animal Selection and Extrapolation. b: Roloff, M.V
(Ed.) Human Risk Assessment - The Role of Animal Section and Extrapolation.
Munro, I.C. 1986. The ingredients of foods: How they are tested and why they are selected. J Allerg Clin
@ Immunol 78(1):133-139:
Munro, I.C. 1986. Overview of Recent Problems in Chemical Carcinogenesis. In: Chambers, P.L.,
Gehring, P., and Sakai, F. (Eds.) New Concepts and Developments in Toxicology. Elsevier Science
Publishers, Amsterdam.
Clayson, D., Krewski, D:, and Munro, I.C. (Eds.) 1985. Toxicological Risk Assessment. Volume I.
CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
Clayson, D., Krewski, D., and Munro, I.C. (Eds.) 1985. Toxicological Risk Assessment. Volume 11.
CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
Arnold, D.L., Moodie, C.A., Charbonneau, S.M., Grice, H.C., McGuire, P.F., Bryce, F.R., Collins,
B.T., Zawidzka, Z.Z., Krewski, D.R. Nera, E.A., and Munro, LC. 1985. Long-term toxicity of
hexachlorobenzene in the rat and the effect of dietary Vitamin A. Food and C h h . Toxicol., 9:779-793.
Munro, I.C., Goldberg, L., and Farber, E. 1985. Formaldehyde Risk Assessment. Report to Ontario
Ministry of Labour.
Tryphonas, H., and Munro, I.C. 1984. Risk-Benefit Assessment in Immunotoxicology. In: Mullen, P.W.
(Ed.) NATO AS1 Series, Vol. G2 Immunotoxicology.
Clayson, D., Krewski, D., and Munro, I.C. 1984. The power and interpretation of the carcinogenicity
0 bioassay. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 3:329-348.
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Munro, I.C. 1984. Risk Assessment and Environmental Regulation. Prepared for the ILSI Symposium on
Safety Assessment, Tokyo.
Munro, I.C. 1984. Report to the Royal Commission to Inquire into the Use and Effects of Chemical
Agents on Australian Personnel in Vietnam.
Arnold, D.L., Krewski, D.R., and Munro, I.C. 1983. Saccharin: A toxicologically and historically
interesting sweetener. Toxicology 27: 179-256.
Munro, I.C., Miller, C.T., Krewski, D. 1983. Regulatory control of environmental chemicals: A
Canadian viewpoint. J Amer Coll Toxicol 2(1).
Miller, C.T., Krewski, D., and Munro, I.C. 1983. Conventional Approaches to Safety Evaluation. In:
Homburger, F. (Ed.), Proceedings of First International Conference on Safety Evaluation and Regulation of
Chemicals. Publisher Krager, S., Basel.
Arnold, D.L., Krewski, D.R., Junkins, D.B., McGuire, P.F., Moodie, C.A., and Munro, I.C. 1983.
Reversibility of ethylenethiourea-induced thyroid lesions. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 67:264-273.
Arnold, D.L., Bickis, M.G., Nera, E.A., McGuire, P.F., and Munro, I.C. 1982. Assessing the
reversibility of thyroid lesions that result from feeding ETU. (Abstract) The Toxicologist, 2( 1).
Miller, C.T., Krewski, D., and Munro, LC. 1982. Conventional Approaches to Safety Evaluation.
Proceedings of the International Conference on Safety Evaluation and Regulation of Chemicals, February
24-26, Boston, Mass., sponsored by the American College of Toxicology.
Munro, LC., and Krewski, D. 1982. Regulatory Consideration in Risk Management. In: Stich, H. (Ed.)
Carcinogens and Mutagens in the Environment. Volume 11. Naturally Occurring Compounds. CRC Press,
Boca Raton, Florida.
Krewski, D., Clayson, D., Collins, B., and Munro, I.C. 1982. Toxicological Procedures for Assessing the
Carcinogenic Potential of Agricultural Chemicals. In: Fleck, R. (Ed.) Genetic Toxicology: An Agricultural
Perspective. Plenum Publishing, New York, New York.
Munro, I.C., and Krewski. 1981. The Role of Risk Assessment in Regulatory Decision Making. In:
Walsh, P.J., Richmond, C.R., and Copenhaver, E.D. (Eds.) Health Risk Analysis. Franklin Institute Press,
Philadelphia.
Munro, I.C., and Krewski, D.R. 1981. Risk assessment and regulatory decision making. Food and
Cosmetics Toxicology, 19:5:549-560.
Grice, H.C., Munro, I.C., Krewski, D.R, and Blumenthal, H. 1981. In utsrdkxposure in chronic
toxicity/carcinogenicity studies. Food and Cosmetics Toxicology, 19:373-379.
Munro, I.C. 1980. Environmental Contaminants. In: Santes, W., Lopres, N., Barbosa, J.J., and Chaves, D.
(Eds.) Nutrition and Food Science. Volume 2. Plenum Publishing Corporation.
Arnold, D L , Moodie, C.A., Grice, H.C., Charbonneau, S.M., Stavric, B., Collins, B.T., McGuire, P.F.,
Zawidzka, Z.Z., and Munro, I.C. 1980. Long-term toxicity of ortho-toluenesulfonamide and sodium
saccharin in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 52: 1 13- 153.
8
Arnold, D.L., Moodie, C.A., Grice, H.C., Charbonneau, S.M., Stavric, B., Collins, B.T., McGuire, P.F.,
Zawidzka, Z.Z., and Munro, I.C. 1980. Long term toxicity of ortho-toluenesulphonamide and sodium
saccharin in the rat. Tox Appl Pharmacol 52:113-I 52.
Munro, LC., Nera, E.A., Charbonneau, S.M., Junkins, B., and Zawizka, Z. 1980. Chronic toxicity of .
methylmercury in the rat. J. Environ Pathol Toxicol 3:437-447.
Munro, I.C. 1979. Assessment of Food Safety Testing. Food Technology, November, pp 43-60.
Arnold, D.L., Munro, LC., and Grice, H.C. 1979. A look at saccharin. IRPTC, 2( I ) January.
Arnold, D.L., Moodie, C.A., McGuire, P.F., Collins, B.T., Charbonneau,'S.M., and Munro, I.C. 1979.
The effect of orthotoluenesulphonaide and sodium saccharin on the urinary tract of neonatal rats. Toxicol
Appl Pharmacol5~1:455-463.
Khera, K.S., and Munro, I.C. 1979. A review of the specifications and toxicity of synthetic food colors
permitted in Canada. Crit Rev Toxicol6(2).
Stoltz, DX., Bendall, R., Stavric, B., and Munro, LC. 1978. Selection of species for cancer bioassay of
naphthylamine-containing food colours on the basis of tissue-mediated mutagenicity. (Abstract) Mutat Res
53(2):267-268.
Munm, I.C. 1978. Proposed system for food safety assessment. Scientific Committee, Food Safety
Council. Food Cosmet Toxicol 16(2).
Munro, LC. 1978. Introductory Remarks. Proceedings of the First International Congress on Toxicology.
Academic Press, Inc., pp 165- 167.
Munro, I.C. WHO Working Group. 1978. Nitrates, Nitrites and N-nitroso Compounds. Environmental
Health Criteria, 5.
Munro, I.C., Charbonneau, S.M., and Zawidzka, Z.Z. 1978. Acute, Subacute and Chronic Toxicity
Tests. Environmental Health Criteria 5 .
Munro, I.C., and Arnold, D.L. 1978. Chronic Bioassay Review. International Symposium on Health and
Sugar Substitutes. Karger, S. pg 76-81, Editor: Guggenheim.
Munro, I.C., and, Willes, R.F. 1978. Reproductive Toxicity and the Problems of In Utero Exposure. In:
Galti, G.L., Paoletti, R., and Vettorazzi, G. (Eds.) International Symposium on Chemical Toxicology of '
Food. ElsevierNorth-Holland, pp 133-145. I
1'.
Munro, LC., and Charbonneau, S.M. 1978. Environmental contaminants. Federation Proceedings,
3'7:2582-2586. . *
Phillips, W.E., Mills, J.H.L., Charbonneau, S.M., Tryphonas, L., Hatina, G.V., Zawidzka, Z.Z., Bryce,
F.R., and Munro, LC. 1978. Sub-acute toxicity of pryidoxine hydroxychlorine in the beagle dog. Toxicol
Appl. Phmacol 44:323-333.
Munro, I.C., Charbonneau, S.M., and Zawidzka, Z.Z. 1978. Acute, Subacute and Chronic Toxicity
Te.*. World: Health Organization Environmental Health Criteria 6, pp 95-1 15.
9
. .
Munro, I.C., and Willes, R.F. 1978. Reproductive Toxicity and the Problems of In Utero Exposure. h:
Galli, C.L., Paoletti, R., and Vettorazzi, G. (Eds.) International Symposium on Chemical Toxicology of
Food. ElsevierlNorth-Holland, pp 133-145.
Munro, I.C. 1977. Considerations in chronic toxicity testing: The dose, the design. J Environ Pathol
Toxicol 1 : 1 83-1 97.
e
' Kuiper-Goodman, T., Grant, D.L., Moodie, C.A., Korsrud, G.O., and Munro, LC. 1977. Sub-acute
toxicity of hexachlorobenzene in the rat. Tox Appl Pharmacol 40529-549.
Munro, I.C. 1976. Naturally occurring toxicants in foods and their significance. Clinical Toxicology,
9(5):647-663.
Charbonneau, S.M., Munro, I.C., Nera, E.A., Armstrong, F.A.J., Willes, R.F., Bryce, F., and Nelson,
F.R. 1976. Chronic toxicity of methylmercury in the adult cat. Toxicology, 5:337-349.
Munro, LC. 1976. Chronic Toxicity Testing Methods. Contribution to'Publication No. 1 138, NAS,
Washington.
. Munro, I.C. 1975. Frequently Used Toxicity Tests. Prepared for the World Health Organization.
Monograph entitled Principles and methods for Evaluating the Toxicity of Chemicals, Part 1.
Munro, LC., Stavric, B., and Lacombe, R. 1975. The Current Status of Saccharin. Toxicology Annual,
p 71.
Charbonneau, S.M., Munro, LC., Mera, E.A., Willes, R.F., Kuiper-Goodman, T., Iverson, F., Moodie,
C.A., Stoltz, D.R, Armstrong, F.A.J., and Grice, H.C. 1974. Sub-acute toxicity of methylmercury in
the adult cat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 27569.
0
Harwig, J., and Munro, I.C. 1975. Mycotoxins of possible importance in diseases of Canadian farm
animals. Can Vet Journal 16: 125- 141.
Munro, I.C., Moodie, C.A., and Grice, H.C. 1975. A carcinogenicity study of commercial saccharin in
the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 325 13-526.
Hollins, J.G., Willes, R.F., Bryce, F.R., Charbonneau, S.M., and Munro, LC. 1975. The whole body
retention and tissue distribution of [203HG] methylmercury in the adult cat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol
331438-449.
Stavric, B., Lacombe, R., Watson, J.R., and Munro, I.C. 1974. Isolation, ideptification and quantitation
of 0-toluenesulfonamide, a major impurity in commercial saccharins. J AOAC,l57:678.
Munro, I.C., Middleton, E.J., Kemeny, T., Scott, P.M., Charbonneau, S.M., Moodie, C.A., and Grice,
H.C. 1974 Toxicological changes in rats fed graded dietary levels of Ochratoxin A. Toxicol Appl
Pharmacol 28: 180.
Munro, LC., Scott, P.M., Moodie, C.A., and Willes, R.F. 1973. Ochratoxin A - Occurrence and toxicity.
Am Vet Med Assoc 163: 1269.
Munro, I.C., Charbonneau, S.M., and Willes, R.F. 1972. An automated data acquisition and computer-
based computation system for application to toxicological studies in laboratory animals. Lab Anim Scicb +ah. - * 2'
22:753.
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Munro, I.C., Salem, F.A., Heggtveit, H.A., and Goodman, T. 1972. Cardiotoxicity of Brominated
588.
0 Vegetable Oils. Mvocardiology, Volume 1. Recent advances in studies on cardiac structure and function, p
Munro, I.C., Hand, B., Middleton, E.J., Heggtveit, H.A., and Grice, H.C. 1972. Toxic effects of
brominated vegetables oils in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 22:432.
Munro,,I.C., Hand, B., Middleton, EJ., Heggtveit, H.A., and Grice, H.C. 1971, Biochemical and
pathological changes in rats fed low dietary levels of brominated cottonseed oil. Food Cosrnet Toxicol
953 1.
Munro, I.C., Salem, F.A., Goodman, T., and Hasnain, S.H. 1971. Biochemical and pathological changes
in the heart and liver of rats given brominated cottonseed oil. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1962.
Munro, LC., and Momson,,A.B. 1970. Anelgue problems ricents relics B la securitk des additifs
alimentaires. Annals de I'ACFAS, 37:42.
Munro, LC., and Morrison, A.B. 1970. Drug residues in foods of animal origin: Their significance to
man: Assoc OfGc Anal Chem 53:2 1 1.
Munro, I.C., Middleton, E.J., and Grice, H.C. 1969. Biochemical and pathological changes in rats fed
brominated cottonseed oil for 80 days. Food Cosmetics Tox., 7:25.
e
Munro, LC., Morrison, A.B., and Meyer, M. 1969. Fish protein concentrate as a supplement to cereal
dmiets. J Am Dietetic Assoc 54:398.
Morrison, A.M., and Munro, I.C. 1969 Appraisal of the significance to man of drug residues in edible
animal products. Nat Acad Sci Pub No 1679.
Grice, KC., Heggtveit, H.A., Munro, LC., and Wiberg, G.S. 1969. The pathology of experimentally
induced cobalt cardiomyopathies. A comparison with beer drinkers cardiomyopathy. Clin Toxicol 2: 278.
, Wiberg,.G.S., Munro, LC., Meranger, J.C., Morrison, A.B., Heggtveit, H.A., and Grice, H.C. 1969.
Factors affecting the cardiotoxic potential of cobalt. Clin Toxicol 2:257.
Grice, E.C., Goodman, T., Munro, LC., Wiberg, G.S., and Morrison, A.B. 1969. Myocardial toxicity .
of cobalt in the' rat. Ann NY Acad Sci 156- 189.
Wiberg, G.S., Munro, I.C., Meranger, J.C., and Grice, H.C. 1968. Factors affecting the cardiotoxicity
of cobalt. Proc Can Fed' Biol Sci 1 1 : 134. 1'.
Wiberg, G.S., Munio, I.C., and Morrison, A.B. 1967. Effects of cobalt ions on myocardial metabolism.
Can J Biochem 45:1219.
Munro, I.C., and Morrison, A.B. 1967. Toxicity of 1,2 dichloroethane-extracted fish protein concentrate.
Can. J Biochem 45: 1779.
Munro, I.C., and, Morrison, A.B. 1967. Factors influencing the nutritional value of fish flour. V.
Chlorocholine chloride, a toxic material in samples extracted with 1,2 dichloroethane. Can J Bioc$ys_ji :c?,9 .,
45: 1049. j _ c li L 4
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Munro, I.C., and Morrison, A.B. 1965. Effects of salting and smoking on the protein quality of cod. J
Fish Res Bd Can 22: 1.
Morrison, A.B., and Munro, I.C. 1964. Factors influencing the nutritional value of fish flour. IV.
Reaction between lY2-dichloroethane and protein. Can J Biochem 43:33.
PRESENTATIONS
Munro, I.C. 2000. Safety Evaluation of Foods Derived from Genetically Modified Crops. Presented at the
Brazilian Association of Food Industries' "Safety Assessment of Biotechnology Derived Foods" seminar,
December 5, 6 & 7, S2o Paulo, Brazil.
Munro, I.C. 2000. Risk Assessment of Packaging Materials. Presented at the 2nd International
Symposium on Food Packaging. Ensuring Safety and Quality of Foods, November 8-1 0, Vienna, Austria.
Munro, I.C. 2000. EUROTOWSOT Debate. "An evaluation demonstrating that foods derived from GM
crops are as safe as their traditional counterparts is an appropriate paradigm for assessing the safety of
genetically modified foods." For the motion: Ian C. Munro (SOT). EUROTOX 2000, XXXVIII European
Congress of Toxicology, September 17-20, London, England.
Munro, I.C. 2000. Safety of Foods Produced by rDNA Technology. Presented at the Institute of
MedicineRood and Nutrition Board Meeting, July 20, Woods Hole, MA.
Munro, LC. 2000. Society of Toxicology/EUROTOX Debate Presentation. 2000 Society of Toxicology
Annual Meeting, March 2 1 , Philadelphia, PA.
Munro, I.C. 2000. Developing Integrated Scientific & Regulatory Strategies, Resolving Complex
Scientific Issues, and Facilitating Timely Regulatory Approvals. TNO Nutrition and Food Research
Institute, February 29, Zeist, The Netherlands.
Munro, LC. 2000. Applying a Threshold of Regulation Concept to the Safety Evaluation of Packaging
Materials. Nutripack Food & Beverage Packaging Congress, January 26-27, Paris, France.
Munro, I.C. 1999. Key Safety Issues in Bringing a' Functional Food or Nutraceutical to Market.
Nutraceutical Opportunities Summit, December 8-9, Toronto, Ontario.
Munro, I.C. 1999. The Concept of Thresholds in Safety Assessment. ILSI Europe Workshop on
Threshold of Toxicological Concern for Chemical Substances Present in the Diet, October 5-6, Paris France.
I .
Munro, I.C., Bechtel, D., Scbinkel, H., and McColl, D. 1999. Functional Foods: International
Comparisons of the Scientific and Regulatory Attributes Affecting Product Devklopment and Market
Access.
Munro, I.C., McColl, D., Bailey, R., Coutrelis, N., and Schinkel, H. 1999. Special Forum: International
Regulatory Issues in Marketing Functional Foods: Barriers and Opportunities. Institute of Food
Technologist's Annual Meeting, July 24-28, Chicago, IL.
Munro, I.C. 1999. 1) Safety Assessment of Process Flavors. 2) Perspective of the Food and Nutrition
Board's Subcommittee on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients. 1999 Annual Summer Meeting of The
Toxicology Forum, July 12 - 16, Aspen, Colorado.
000034
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Munro, LC. 1999. The Crucial Role of Safety and Efficacy Principles for Nutraceuticals, Functional and
Medical Foods - Nutraceutical, Functional & Medical Foods Conference, May 6-7, Toronto, Ontario.
Mun~o, LC. 1999. Assessing the Safety of Flavoring Substances. Flavor and Extract Manufacturers'
Association of the United States - 90th Annual Convention, May 2-5, Palm Beach, Florida.
0'
Munro, LC. 1999. Concepts in Safety Evaluation of HPV Food Substances. Vision 20/20 Workshop -
Testsmart - A Humane and, Efficient Approach to SIDS Data, April 26-27, Fairfax, Virginia.
Munro, LC. 1999. Effect of Intake Level on the Safety Evaluation of Flavoring Substances. Scientific
Committee on Food - DGIII - DGXXIV Joint Workshop on Chemically Defined Flavouring Substances,
'March 25, Brussels, Belgium.
Mmro, LC., Berndt,W., Bonelleca, J., Flamm, G., Lynch, B., Kennepohl, E., Bar, A., and
Modderman, J. 1999. Erythritol: An Interpretive Summary of the Biochemical, Metabolic, Toxicological
and1 Clinical Data. Poster presentation at the Society of Toxicology Annual Meeting, March 14-18, New
Orleans, Louisiana.
Munro, LC. 1998. I) A Global Perspective on Regulatory Approval for Food Ingredients, Nutraceuticals,
and! Dietary Supplements. 2) Gaining Product Approval in Canada. 3) Key Elements in Formulating a
G;Iobal, Regulhtory Plan. International Food Technologist's 1998 Pre-Annual Meeting Continuing Education
Program #5, June 19 &'20, Atlanta, GA.
Munro, LC. 1998. FNB Model for Development of Tolerable Upper Intake Levels. Presented at the
European Toxicology Forum Meeting, May 13, Brussels, Belgium.
Munro, LC. 1998. International Perspectives for Ensuring Safe Food. Presented at the Institute of
Medicine, April 29, Washington, D.C.
Munro, LC. 1997. The Development of Tolerable Upper Intake Levels for Nutrients. Presented at the
Insight Information Inc. Conference - New Nutrition Recommendations - Capitalizing on New
Opportunities, December 1 1, Toronto, Ontario.
Munro, LC. 1997. A Model for the Development of Upper Levels. Presented at the Dietary Reference
Intakes Conference - New Vision, New Challenges, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, November
24, Toronto, Ontario.
Munro, LC. 1997. A Model for the Development of Tolerable Upper Intake Levels for Nutrients.
Presented at the Calcium Workshop, Program in Food Safety, University of Toronto, October 30, Toronto,
Ontario., t '
Munro, I.C. 1997. A Model for the Development of Tolerable Upper Intake Levels for Nutrients.
Presented at Dietary Reference Intakes: Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride
Workshop, Institute of Medicine, September 23, Washington, D.C..
Munro, LC., Daniels, J.M., and Lynch, B.S. 1997. A Review of the Safety of Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine):
Implications for Determining the Safe Upper Intake from Dietary Supplements. Presented at Vitamin B6:
N,eT &aLNsw Perspectives, Council for Responsible Nutrition, September 8, London, England.
I .
* ' ,
0 Munro, LC., and Kroes, R. 1997. Application of a Threshold of Regulation Concept in the Safety
Evaluation of Certain Flavoring Substances. Presented at the Forty-ninth Meeting of the Joint FAO\WHO I
Expert Committee on Food Additives, June 17-26; Rome, Italy. "" e-, $3 -* I , !.s {' .&I h P,
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.. Bechtel, D., Locke, L., and Munro, I.C. 1997. Need for Scientific Substantiation for Function'ality of
. ' . .
Food Components for Health Promotion. Presented at the ILSI N.A: Workshop - The Future of Functional
Foods for Health Promotion: A Public Health Opportunity?, June 4-5, Washington, D.C. 0
Munro, I.C. 1997. 2,4-D - Safety and Exposure. Presented to Poisons Centre staff, academic
pharmacology staff and postgraduate students at the University of Dunedin, March 13, Dunedin, New
Zealand.
Munro, I.C. 1997. 2,4-D - Safety and Exposure. Presented to toxicologists and occupational health ,
specialists from the New 2ealand.Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Environment, March 12,
Wellington, New Zealand.
Munro, I.C. 1997. Development of a Procedure for the Safety Evaluation of Flavouring Substances.
Presented at the International Symposium on Flavours and Sensory Related Aspects, March 6-7, Cernobbio
(Como), Italy.
Munro, I.C. 1996. 1) Current Issues in the Evaluation of the Safety of Food and Food Ingredients. 2)
Issues in the Safety Assessment of CarbohydrateEat Substitutes. Presented at the ASCEPT Toxicology
Workshop, June 17-1 8, Canberra, Australia.
Munro, I.C. 1995. Interpretive Review of the Potential Adverse Effects of Chlorinated Organic Chemicals
on Human Health and the Environment. Report of an Expert Panel. Presented at Dioxin '95, 15th
International Symposium on Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds, August 21-25, Edmonton,
Alberta.
Munro, I.C. 1995. The Safety Evaluation of Flavoring Substances: The GRAS Process. Presented at the
Second Workshop - Harmonization and Food Safety, April 20-21 , Hong Kong.
Munro, I.C., McGirr, L.G., Nestmann, E.R., and Kille, J.W. 1994. Macronutrient Substitutes: Safety
Factor Alternatives And Human Mimetic Models. Thirty-third Annual Meeting of Society of Toxicology,
Dallas, Texas.
Munro, I.C., McGirr, L.G., Nestmann, E.R., and Kille, J.W. 1994. Macronutrient Substitutes:
Alternatives To Traditional Safety Testing. Annual Meeting of Institute of Food Technologists, Atlanta,
Georgia.
Munro, I.C. 1993. Harmonization of Conventional Toxicology Studies - A Commentary. Presented at
ILSI Conference on RedBook 11, December 16, Washington, DC.
Munro, I.C. 1993. The Exposure and Toxicity of 2,4-D. Presented at The Toxfcology Forum, Aspen, CO.
(July).
Munro, I.C. 1992. Novel Foods, Workshop on Novel Foods and Novel Food Processes. Presented at the
Program in Food Safety, Nutrition and Regulatory Affairs, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of
Medicine, University of Toronto. Toronto, Ontario. (November).
Munro, I.C. 1992. Toxicology and Drug Development: Managing the Issues. Presented to Ciba-Geigy
Canada Ltd., Mississauga, Ontario. (October).
Munro, LC. 1992. Adverse Effects and Indoor Air Pollution. Presented at the Thirteenth Annual Meeting
~~
., ,r;r '"I
of the American College of Toxicology, San Francisco, CA. (October).
14
Munro, LC., Bonelleca, J.F., and Squire, R.A. 1991. The Safety of Xylitol for Use in Food. Report of
an Expert Panel.
I Munro, I.C. 1991. Food Safety. Presented at a Food Safety Seminar Embassy of the United States,
! Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
I
Munro, LC., and Orr, J. 1991. Dioxins in Paper Products. Canadian Paediatric Society Workshop on
~ Infant Diapers.
I Mun'ro, LC., and Orr,'J. 1991. The Saccharin Lesson. Presented at the Symposium on Chemical '
~ CmCinogenesis: The Relevance of Mechanistic Understanding in Toxicological Evaluation. Berlin,
Germany.
Munro, I.C. 1991. Impact of Agricultural Activities on Health Risks From Drinking Water. Presented at
the, Interdisciplinary Symposium on Agriculture and Water Quality Centre for Soil and Water Conservation.
University of Guelph, Ontario.
Munro, LC. 1990. Scientific Aspects of the IFBC Report. Presented to the Toxicology Forum.
Washington, DC.
Munro, I.C., and Hall, R.L. 1990. Food Safety and Quality - Impact of Biotechnology. Presented at the
Agricultural Biotechnology, Food, Safety and Nutritional Quality for the Consumer Second Annual
0 Meeting. Ithaca, New York.
Munto, LC. 1990. Food Safety and Environmental Issues in the year 20 10. Presented to the Western
Canadian Wheat Growers' Association, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada.
Munro, LC. 1990 & 1989. Issues in Food Safety, "Later in Life Learning Series", Toronto Ontario and
The Environmental Forum, Belleville, Ontario.
Munro, LC. 1989. Issues to be Considered in the Safety Evaluation of Fat Substitutes. Presented at the ' ' +
Workshop on Re-evaluation of Toxicity Methodology including Gross Nutrients. Limelette, Belgium.
Munro, LC. 1989. Natural Versus Man-Made. Presented to the Ontario Institute of Agrologists, Toronto,
Ontario.
Munro, LC. Neoplasm Promotion. Prepared for Environmental Health and Saflity Council of The
American Health Foundation.
Munro, LC. 1986. Governmental Approach to Regulatory Priorities.and Risk Management of Flavors and '
Fragrances. Presented at The Tenth International Congress of Essential Oils, Fragrances and Flavors.
Washington, DC.
0:
Munro, LC. 1985. The Role of Toxicology in Strategies for Cancer Prevention. Presented at the American
Society of Preventive oncology. Eighth Annual Meeting, Toronto, Canada.
The Ingredients of Foods: How They are Tested and Why They are Selectecf: * y ' ";" c': >-.$
I Workshop on Adverse Reactions to Foods and Food Additives, Orlando, Florida: " "
," -, r ,i ' A 5, ?I 1P b;
i
15
Munro, I.C., Goldberg, L., and Farber, E. 1985. Formaldehyde Risk Assessment. Report to Ontario
Ministry of Labour.
Munro, I.C. 1984. Risk Assessment and Environmental Regulation. Prepared for the ILSI Symposium on
Safety Assessment. Tokyo, Japan.
Munro, I.C. 1984. Report to the Royal Commission to Inquire into the Use and Effects of Chemical
Agents on Australian Personnel in Vietnam.
Munro, LC. 1983. Artificial Sweeteners (Saccharin) - General Review of Carcinogenicity Data. Presented
at the Third European Toxicology Forum. Geneva, Switzerland.
Clayson, D.B., and Munro, I.C. 1983. Safety Evaluation of Low Levels of Toxic Agents in Food with
Emphasis on Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis. Presented at the International Symposium on the Safety
Evaluation of Animal Drug Residues. Berlin, Germany.
Munro, I.C., and Bradshaw, L.R.A. 1983. Government Decision-Making with Incomplete Epidemiologic
Evidence. Presented at the Canadian Society for Clinical Investigations Symposium in Clinical
Epidemiology. Calgary, Alberta.
Munro, I.C. 1983. Overview of Factors that Influence Food Safety Decisions. Presented at the
International Life Sciences Institute Symposium, Safety Assessment: Interface Between Science, Law and
Regulation. Washington, DC.
1983. The Relevance of Mouse Liver Hepatoma to Human Carcinogenic Risk. Report of a Panel to the
International Expert Advisory Committee to the Nutrition Foundation.
Munro, LC. 1983. Introductory Remarks. Presented at the Toxicology Forum Meeting. Arlington,
Virginia.
Charbonneau, S.M., and Munro, LC. 1982. Dietary Factors Affecting Pesticide and Xenobiotic Toxicity.
Presented as a Poster at the Fifth International Congress on Pesticide Chemistry. Kyoto, Japan.
Tryphonas, H., and Munro, I.C. 1982. Risk-Benefit Assessment in Immunotoxicology. Presented by
Mrs. Tryphonas at NATO Advanced Study Institute on Immunotoxicology. Acadia University, Wolfville,
Nova Scotia.
Munro, I.C., Miller, C.T., and Krewski, D. 1982. Regulatory Control of Environmental Chemicals: A
Canadian Viewpoint. Presented at the First World Congress on Toxicology and Environmental Health.
Washington, DC. 1'.
Munro, LC. 1982. The Necessity for Compatible Standards. Presented at the 1982 Annual Winter
Toxicology Forum Meeting, February 15-17, Arlington, Virginia.
Munro, I.C. 1981. Regulatory Concerns - Overview. Presented at the Fourteenth Annual Symposium of
the Society of Toxicology of Canada. Montreal, Quebec.
Munro, I.C., and Krewski. 1981. Risk Assessment and Regulatory Decision Making. Presented at the
Toxicology Forum Meeting, August 9-13, Vancouver, British Columbia.
16
Mun,ro, I.C. 1981. Risk Assessment and Regulatory Decision Making. -Presented at the 64th Chemical
Conference and Exhibition, Chemical Institute of Canada, May 3 1-June 3, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
Munro, I.C. 1981. Science and Issues of Food Additive Use. Presented at Food Additives Symposium.
University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine and Program in Human Nutrition.
Munro, LC., and Krewski, D.R 1980. The Role of Risk Assessment in Regulatory Decision Making.
Presented at the Thirteenth Annual Symposium of the Society of Toxicology of Canada, December 2-3,
Montreal, Quebec.
Muuro, I.C., and Krewski, D. 1980. The Role of Risk Assessment in Regulatory Decision Making.
Presented at Symposium on Health Risk Analysis, October 27-30, Gatlinburg, Tennessee.
Munro, LC. 1980. Scientific Evaluation of Benefit Risk Assessments in Food Safety. Presented at the
Gordon Research Conference on the Microbiological Safety of Foods, June 16-20, Plymouth, New
Hampshire.
Munro, LC. 1980. Regulatory Control of Carcinogens. Presented at the Toxicology Forum Meeting,
February 28-March' 1, Arlington, Virginia.
Munro, LC. 1979. Reproductive Toxicity. Presented at the International Course on the Principles and
Methods in Modern Toxicology, October 22-24, Belgirate, Italy.
Munro, LC. 1,979. Scientific Evaluation of Benefimisk Assessments in Food Safety. Presented at the
29th'Annual~ Meeting of the Institute of Food Technologists, June 10- 13, St. Louis, Missouri. .
Munso, I.C. 1978. Compilation of United States and Canadian Legislation Pertaining to Environmental
Safety., Prepared for the International Commission for Protection Against Environmental Mutagens and
Carcinogens.
Munro, LC. 1978. Chapter on AD1 Concept. Prepared for the Safe Drinking Water Committee, National
Academy of Sciences.
Munro,, I.C. 1978. Detecting and Measuring Carcinogens. Presented at the Law and Public Affairs.
Seminar on Government Regulation of Cancer-Causing Chemicals, December, Washington, DC.
Munro, I.C. 1978. Environmental Contaminants and Food Safety. Presented at the XI International
Congress' of Nutrition Conference, September, Rio de Janiero, Brazil.
Munro, I.C. 1978. Reproductive Toxicity and the Problems of In Utero Exposu,re. Presented at the
International Symposium on Chemical Toxicology of Food, June, Milan, Italy. 11:
Munro, LC. 1978. Environmental Contaminants. Presented at the Symposium on Principal Hazards in
Food, Safety and Their Assessment, FASEB Annual Meeting, April, Atlantic City, New. Jersey.
Munro, I.C., 1977. Regulatory Applications of Short-Term Tests for Carcinogenicity. Presented at the
Gocdon, Research Conference, August, Meriden, New Hampshire.
Munro, I.C. 1977. Overview - Dose Selection. Presented at the Toxicology Forum Meeting, July, Aspen,
Colorado.
17
Munro, LC. 1977. The Importance of Specifications for Substances in Their Safety Evaluation in Foods.
Prepared for the Scientific Committee of the Food Safety Council.
Munro, LC. 1977. Working Papers for 34 Food Colors. Prepared for Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee,
Geneva.
Charbonneau, S.M., Munro, LC., and Nera, E. 1977. Chronic Toxicity of Methylmercury in the Adult
Cat. Proc. X Symposium-on Trace Substances in Environmental Health, Columbia, Missouri.
0
Munro, LC. 1976. Considerations in Chronic Toxicity Testing: The Chemical, The Dose, The Design.
>Presented at the Status of Predictive Tools in Application to Safety Evaluation Conference, November,
Little Rock, Arkansas.
Munro, LC. 1975. Working Paper on Nitrates, Nitrites and Nitrosamines. Prepared for the World Health
Organization.
Grice, H.C., DaSilva, Stolk, D.R., Munro, LC., Clegg, D.J., and Abbatt, J.D. Testing of Chemicals for
Carcinogenicity, Mutagenicity, Teratogenicity.
Munro, I.C. 1974. Chemicals that Cause Food Poisoning. Proc. of Symposium on Food Poisoning and its
Significance in the Food Service Industry. Department of National Health and Welfare.
Stavric, B, Lacombe, R., Munro, I.C., and Grice, H.C. 1973. Studies on Chemical Impurities in
Commercial Saccharin (Interim Report). Submitted to NRC Committee on Artificial Sweeteners of the
. National Academy of Sciences of the United States.
Munro, LC., Moodie, C.A., and Grice, H.C. 1973. An Evaluation of the Carcinogenicity of Commercial
Saccharin. Submitted to NRC Committee on Artificial Sweeteners of the national Academy of Sciences of
the United States.
Munro, LC., Charbonneau, S.M., and McKinley, W.P. 1973. Studies on the Toxicity of Methylmercury.
Commission of the European Communities, Luxembourg.
Grice, H.C., DaSilva, T.,Stoltz, D.R., Munro, I.C., Clegg, D.J., and Abatt, J.D. 1973. Testing of
Chemicals, Mutagenicity and Teratogenicity. Department of National Health and Welfare.
Munro, I.C., Hasnain, S., Salem, F.A., Goodman, T., Grice, H.C., and Heggtveit, H.A. 1972.
Cardiotoxicity of Brominated Vegetable Oils. Myocardiology Volume I. Recent Advances in Studies on
Cardiac Structure and Function. p 588.
18
CURRICULUM VITAE
W. GARY FLAMM, Ph.D., F.A.C.T., F.A.T.S.
Former Director, Office of Toxicological Sciences
U. Si Food and Drug Administration
FLAMM ASSOCIATES
P.O. Box 3028
Vero Beach, FL 32964
Tel: (561 ) 234-0096 FAX: (56 1 ) 234-0026
E-MAIL: wgflamm@attglobal.net
EDUCATION:
Doctor of Philosophy (Biological Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio,
1 959- 1 962.
0 Master of Science (Pharmaceutical Chemistry), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati,
Ohio, 1 957-1 959.
PROFESSIONAL POSITIONS:
Consultant, Flamm Associates, 1988-present.
Director, Office of Toxicological Sciences, Center for Food Safety and Applied
Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), 1984-1988.
Associate Director for Toxicological Sciences, Bureau of Foods, US FDA, 9/82 - 3/84.
Acting Associate Director for Regulatory Evaluation, Division of- Toxicology, ,Bureau Of
Foods, US FDA, 1 0/8l - 5/82.
I.
Deputy Associate Commissioner for Health Affairs, US FDA, 5/81 - 10/81.
i I
0
Acting Deputy Associate Commission for Health Affairs, US FDA, 7/80 - 7/81.
Associate Director for Regulatory Evaluation, Division of Toxicology, Bureau of Foods,
US FDA , 1 1 /78 - 7/80.
Assistant Director for Division of Cancer Cause and Prevention, National Cancer
Institute, NCI, 9/74 - 10/77.
Chief, Genetic Toxicology Branch, Bureau of Foods, US FDA, 9/72 - 9/74.
Head,, Somatic Cell Genetics Section, National Institute of Environmental Health
Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 1 /72- 9/72.
Research Chemist, Cell Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health
Sciences, National Institute of Health 6/68 - 1 /72.
Sr. Research Fellow, Dept. of Zoology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland,
9/66 - 7/68.
Research Chemist, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, 7/64 - 9/66.
Research Fellow, California Institute of Technology, 6/62 - 7/64.
0 Predoctoral Fellow, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cincinnati, 9/59 - 6/62.
PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES AND HONORS:
Fellow, Academy of Toxicological Sciences, 1999 -present
American College of Toxicology (Charter Member) 1977-present
President, 1 984-1 985
Fellow of the American College of Toxicology, since 1986
Chairman, Program Committee 1983, 1984
Membership Committee, 1979,1981
Program Committee, 1984-1 985
Nominee Committee, 1982-1 983
Council, 1982-1 984
Publications Committee, 1983-1 984
Environmental Mutagen Society (EMS) (Charter Member) 1969-present
Treasurer, 1973-1 974
Council, 1974-1 976, 1978-1 981
0
2
\a
Executive Board, 1975-1 976
Chairman, Program Committee, 1974
Chairman, Nomination Committee, 1978-979
Finance Committee, 1979-1 980
Long-Range Planning Committee, 1979-1 980
Society for Risk Analysis (Charter Member & Co-Founder) 1980-present
Secretary 1 992- 1 997
Council 1 988- 1 990
Program Committee, 1981 -1 982
President's Advisory Committee, 1981 -1 982
Membership Committee, 1988-1 990
International Society for Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 1985-present
President, 1990-1 992
Vice President, 1988-1 990
The Toxicology forum
Member 1992-present
Program Planning Committee - 1980-1 994
Sigma Xi
0 Member, Federal Executive Institute Alumni Association, 1982
Former Member, American Chemical Society, Genetics Society of America,
Former Biophysical Society, American Pharmaceutical Association, Biochemical
Society,
Former American Association for the Advancement of Science, New York Academy of
Science, American Forestry Association
George Scott Memorial Award, Toxicology Forum, 1988
U.S. FDA Senior Executive Performance Award- for Outstanding Performance during
fiscal years 1980, 1982,1983, 1984
Environmental Mutagen Society's Recognition Award, 1981. "For his accomplishments
both in research and the administration of toxicology programs, especially
for his untiring efforts to establish genetic toxicology a s an essential
component of chemical safety evaluation."
3
0 U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare Superior Service Award, 1977. "For
vigorous leadership in reshaping the philosophy and methods for assessing
environmental carcinogenic hazard to humans on a national and international scale.
Elected Class Representative to Senior Executive Training Program, 1980
U.S. Public Health Service Predoctoral Fellowships, 1962, 1963, 1964
Sigma Xi - honorary graduate
U.S. Public Health Service Predoctoral Fellowships, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962
Rho Chi - honorary Pharmaceutical Society, 1958
Otto Mooseburger Award in Pharmacy, 1957
ADDITIONAL TRAINING:
Radiation Biology, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1971
a
Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, 1966-1 968
Biochemical Genetics, National Institutes of Health, 1965-1 966
Molecular Biology, Biophysics, California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, California, 1 962- 1 964
Senior Executive Training Program, Federal Executive Institute, 1980
COMMITTEES, CHAIRMANSHIPS AND RESPONSIBILITIES:
Special Foreign Assignment to the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland,
1967-1 968
Testimony before US Senate on "Chemicals and the Future of Man," 92nd Congress,
Subcommittee on Executive Reorganization and Government Research,
Washington, D.C., 1971
Organizer and Chairman "Methods for the Detection of Somatic Mutations in Man,"
N,lEHS/NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 1972
4
0 Executive Secretary - Subcommittee on Carcinogen Laboratory Standards, DHEW,
1973-1 975
Chairman - Subcommittee on Carcinogenicity of NTA, Committee to Coordinate
Toxicology and Related Programs, DHEW, Bethesda, Maryland, 1974-1 975
Executive Secretary - National Cancer,Advisory Board Subcommittee on
Environmental Carcinogenesis, Bethesda, Maryland, 1975-1 977
Chairman - Working group to develop document on "Approach to Determining the
Mutagenic Properties of Chemical Substances," CCTRP, DHEW,, 1975-1 977
Preparation of testimony and hearing statements before NIH appropriation
subcommittees of the Congress on cancer prevention for the National Cancer
Institute, 1975, 1976
Preparation of testimony and appearance before U.S. Senate Health Subcommittee
on Diethylstilbestrol Hearings, 1975
Member, DHEW Subcommittee on polychlorinated biphenyls, Bethesda, Maryland,
1975 Coordinated and participated in the interdepartmental HEW study on the
toxicology and health effects of polybrominated biphenyl, 1975-1 977
Chairman, Carcinogenesis Coordinating Committee, National Cancer Institute,
Bethesda, Maryland, 1976-1 977
0
Member of the FDA interagency committee to evaluate carcinogenicity of FD&C Red
No. 40, Washington, D.C., 1976-1 978
Testimony before a U.S. Congress on saccharin, House Health Subcommittee, 1977
commissioner's Task Force on the 1977 National Academy, of Sciences report on the
National' Center for Toxicologic Research, Rockville, Maryland, 1977-1 978
Chairman, Cancer Assessment Committee, FDA/Bureau of Foods, Washington, D.C.,
1978-1 988
Chairman, Mutagenicity Working Group on Risk Evaluation, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 1978-1 980
Chairman, Health Effects of Diesel Fuel Emission, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
1978
5
0 Testimony before U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Science and
Technology on Use of Animals in Medical Research and Testing, 1981
Member of Working Group on methods for the integrated evaluation of risks for
progeny associated with prenatal exposure to chemicals - WHO/International
Program for Chemical Safety 1 98 1
Working Group on Carcinogen Principles, White House Office of Science Technology
Policy, 1982
Testimony' before a U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Science and
Technology, hearing on Hazards of Chemicals to Human Reproduction, 1982
Member, Risk Management Working Group, Interagency Risk Management Council,
1984, 18985
Co-chairman, U.S. FDA, Health Hazard Evaluation Board,l982-1988
Chair, Session on Mutagenesis, Annual Meeting of the American College of
Toxicology, 1 980
Chairman, food and Risk Assessment, Mechanisms of DNA Damage and Repair:
@ Implications for Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, 1985
Chair, Session on DeMinimus Risk, International Society of Regulatory Toxicology and
Pharmacology, 1987
Chairman, Approaches to Validation, In Vitro Toxicology, sponsored by the Johns
Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, 1986
Chair, Risk Analysis and the Food and Drug Administration, Society for Risk Analysis,
Annual Meeting, 1988
Chair, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process, Toxicology
Forum, 1983
Chair, Program Committee, Annual Meeting of the International Society of Regulatory
Toxicology and Pharmacology, 1987,1988,1989
Chair, Risk Assessment, Toxicology Forum, 1990
6
Ad Hoc Chair of Expert Panels on Generally Recognized as Safe Substances from
a 1990-present
FACULTY APPOINTMENTS:
Adjunct Associate Professor, Department of Zoology, University of North Carolina,
Chapel' Hill, North Carolina, 1968-1 972
Visiting Professor of Biochemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1970 and 1971
Adjunct Professor of Genetics, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., 1972-
1974
Visiting Professor, European Molecular Biology Organization, University of Zurich, Zurich,
Switzerland, 1973
Visiting Professor, University of Conception, Chile, 1979
EDITORIAL AND ADVISORY ACTIVITIES:
Manuscript review for numerous journals, e.g., Biochem. Biophys. Acta, Science, Proc.
80 Natl. Acad,. Sci., J. Mol. Biology, J. Biochem, Genetics, Biochemical Journal, Expt. Cell
Research, Cancer Research, J. Natl. Cancer Institute, Mutation Research, Radiation
Research, Food and Chemical Toxicology, J. Toxicology and Environ, Health, Genetic
Toxicology, CRC Reviews in Toxicology
Associate Editor, Journal of Environmental Health and Toxicology, 1974-1 978
Section Editor, Journal of Environmental Pathology and Toxicology, 1978-1 982
North American Field Editor, Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis,
1'994-present
Editorial Board, Genetic Toxicology, 1975-1 978
Editorial Board, Food and Chemical Toxicology, 1977-1 988
Editorial Board, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 1988-present
Sec. Ed., Journal of the American College of Toxicology, 1982-1 996
7
Member of Editorial Board, Journal for Risk Analysis, 1982- 1986
Member of Editorial Board, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology,
1986-present
Co-editor, Ad'vances in Modern Toxicology: Mutagenesis, 1976-1 978
Co-editor, Carcinogenesis & Mutagenesis, Princeton Scientific Publishers,
1 979- 1198 1
Member, Genetics Program Committee, George Washington University, Washington,
D.C., 1972-1 975
Member, Joint Subcommittee on Mutagenicity, Pharmaceutical Manufacturers
Association - Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C., 1972-1 974
Member, Faculty Group, European Molecular Biology Organization, Geneva,
Switzerland, 1973
Member, US/USSR Delegation to Moscow, Environmental Health Agreement, DHEW,
1974
Member, Scientific Advisory Board, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR),
Jefferson, Arkansas, 1975-1 978
Chairman, Subcommittee on Mutagenesis, Science Advisory Board, National Center
for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, 1975-1 978
Chairman, Subcommittee on Genetic and Environmental Influences on
Carcinogenesis (matrix) Sci. Adv. Board, National Center for Toxicological Research,
Jefferson, Arkansas, 1975-1 978
Member, Toxicology Advisory Committee, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville,
Maryland', 1975-1 978
Member, National Academy of Sciences, Committee to Develop Principles for
Evaluating Chemicals in the Environment, Washington, D.C., 1975
Chairman, Subcommittee on Tissue Culture Resources, Sci. Adv. Board, National
Center for Toxicologic Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, 1976-1 978
Member, National Academy of Sciences Committee to Revise Publication No. 1 138,
Toxicologic 'Evaluation of Household Products, Washington, D.C., 1976-1 977
8
0 Chairman, Subcommittee on Mutagenesis of 'NAS committee to revise Publication No.
18138, Washington, D.C., 1976-1 977 I
Member, National Academy of Sciences Visiting Committee to Review the Food and
Nutrition Board, Washington, D.C., 1976-1 977
Consultant, Organization of American States, Office of Scientific Affairs, Sao Paulo,
Brazil,, 1,97 1.
Consultant, National Science Foundation, Structure and Function of Human
Chromosome, Washington, D.C., 1971.
Advisor, National Science Foundation, Developmental Biology - Cell Biology,
Washington, D.C., 1971 -1 972, 1978.-
Consultant, World Health Organization, consultant group on anti-schistosomal agents,
Geneva, Switzerland, 1972
Consultant, National Cancer Institute, Carcinogenesis Program, Bethesda, Maryland,
1,972-1 974
Consultant, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1972-1 973, 1976-1 977
@ Consultant, Bureau of Drugs, Safety Evaluation, Rockville, Maryland, 1972-1 974
Consultant, Consumer Product Safety Commission, 1973-1 975, 1977
Consulltant, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville, Maryland, 1976-1 977
Member, Faculty Grou'p - International Course on Methods for the Detection of
Environmental, Mutagens, Concepcion, Chile, 1979
Chairman of the FDA's Recombinant DNA Coordinating Committee, 1980-1 981
'Co-Chairman Joint Committee on Agency-Wide Quality Assurance Criteria (FDA),
1980-1981
Chairman, Scientific Advisory Research Associates Program (FDA), 1980-1 981
Chairman, International Visiting Scientific Program (FDA), 1980-1 981
Chairman, Agency-Wide Research Review and Planning Group (,FDA), 1981
9
0 Ex-Officio Member National Cancer Advisory Board, 1 980-1 981
Member, Interagency Regulatory Liaison Group on 1 -Mutagenesis; 2-Cancer Risk,
1979-1 981
Organizing Committee for First World Congress on Toxicology and Environmental
Health, 1983
Organizing Committee for "Symposium on Health Risk Analysis", 1981
Chairman, Toxicology Committee, National Conference for Food Protection,
1985 1 986'
Member, N'AS Committee on Biomedical Models, 1983-1 985
INVITED PRESENTATIONS:
"Kinetics of Homogentisate Oxidase", federation of American Societies of Experimental
Biology, Atlantic City, New Jersey, 1961
a
"HisPone Synthesis", invited speaker, First International Conference on Histone Chemistry
and Biology, Santa fe, California, 1963
"Free and Bou'nd Ribosomes", FASEB, Chicago, Illinois, 1963
"Histone Synthesis" Seminar, California institute of Technology, Pasadena,
California, 1963.
"Association and Dissociation of RNP particles" Seminar, University of Cincinnati,
Cincinnati, Ohio, 1963.
"Ribosome Synthesis", California institute of Technology, Pasadena California,
1" 964.
"Protein and Nucleic Acid Biosynthesis", University of California, Santa Barbara,
California, 1964.
Biosynthesis and Assembly of Ribosomes", Dupont Laboratories, Wilrnington, Delaware,
1964.
10
"isopycnic Density Gradient Centrifugation", University of Pennsylvania, Institute for
'"Use of fiiedangle rotors" Seminar, Carnegie Institution of .Washington, Washington,
D.C., 1965.
0 Cancer Research, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1965.
'Turn-Over of Mitochondrial DNA" Seminar, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda,
Maryland., 1966.
*'#Isolation and, Fractionation of DNA", invited speaker, Symposium on Subcellular
Fractionation, London, England, 1967.
"Isolation and Properties of Satellite DNA", University of Edinburgh, Scotland, 1967.
Properties of Mouse Satellite DNA", University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, 1967.
"Isolation of Complementary Strands from Mouse Satellite", Oxford University, Oxford,
0
lEngland, 1967.
"Repetitive Sequences in Rodents", Department of Molecular Biology, university of
Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, 1968.
'Satellite DNA from the Guinea Pig", Newcastle University, Newcastle, England, 1968.
"Isolation, Preparation, and Fractionation of DNA", Imperial Cancer Research Fund,
London', England, 1968.
"Properties and Possible Role of Satellite DNAs", Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak
Ridge, Tennessee, 1968.
"Highly Repetitive DNA", Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 1968.
11
'Structure and Function of Repetitive DNA", invited speaker at Coriference on Satellite
DNA, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Chicago, Illinois, 1968.
"Properties of Guinea Pig DNA', Symposium on Hybridization of Nucleic Acids,
Biochemical Society, Newcastle, England, 1968.
"Complementary Strands of Satellite DNAs", Biophysical Society Meeting, LOS Angeles,
California, 1969.
Participant at Gordon Conference on Cell Structure and Function, Hanover, New
Ha,mpshire,, 1969.
"Ciasses of DNA in Mammals", University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,
1969.
'Structure and Function of Repetitive DNA", Duke University, Durham, North Carolina,
1969.
'Satellite DNAs in Rodent Species", University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 1969.
'Synthesis of DNA Following Alkylation", Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
1970.
0
"Repetitive 'DNA', Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 1970. (
"Re,petitive Sequences of Higher Organisms", University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska,
1 '970.
"Alkylation of DNA", Biophysical Society Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland, 1970.
"Repair of Human DNA', National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, 1971.
"Alkylation and Repair of DNA", Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee,
1: 97 I' .
"Repetitive Sequences of DNA", Brooklyn College, New York, New York, 1971.
"A Gene Mutational Assay in Mouse Cells", North Carolina State University, Raleigh,
North Carolina, 1971.
"lectures on Chemical Mutagenesis", University of Sao Paulo, Saa Paulo, Brazil, 197-1.
12
"Lectures and Demonstrations on Ultracentrifugation", University of Sao Paulo,
0 Sao Paulo, Brazil, 197'1.
"'Chemical' Mufagens in the Biosphere", Environmental Mutagen Society, Washington,
D.C., 1971.
"Malecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis", invited participant in Workshop on Chemical
'Mutagens: as Environmental Contaminants, sponsored by the Fogarty International
Center, Bethesda, Maryland, 1971.
''Lectures on Chemical and Radiation Biology", Winter Biochemistry Course, sponsored
by Organization of American States, 1971.
"Structure and Function of Human Chromosomes", National Science Foundation,
Boulder, Colorado, 1 97 1 .
Chairman of Workshop on "Somatic Cell Mutagenesis", sponsored by National Institute
of Env,ironrnental Health Sciences, 1972.
"Repetitive DNA, Chromosome Defects and Neoplasia", sponsored by National
Science Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1972.
"Mutagenesis in Mammalian Cells", Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 1972.
"Mutagenicity of Hycanthone", 'University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1972.
0
"Gene Mutations at the Thymidine Kinase Locus", John Hopkins University, Baltimore,
Maryland, 1972.
"Repet,itive Sequences and Neoplasia", University of Minnesota, Minneapolis,
Minnesota, 1972.
"Mutagenicity of Chemical Substances", George Washington University, Washington,
'D.C., 1973.
'Test Systems f or Measuring Mutagenicity", Howard University, Washington, D.C., 1973.
"Lectures on Molecular Biology", University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, 1973.
"Mutagenesis and Repair", Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Lucerne,
Swikedand, 1'973.
"Mutagenic Test Systems", Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C., 1973.
0
"Relat,ionship of DNA Repair to Mutagenesis", invited participant to Workshop on
Mutagenic Test Methods, sponsored by National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle
Park,. 'North Carolina, 1973.
"A Tier System Approach to Mutagen Testing", invited speaker at International
Conference on Chemical Mutagens, Asilomar, California, 1973.
''Lectures on' Molecular Genetics", Symposium on Molecular Hybridization, Zurich,
Switzerland, 1973.
"A 'New a;pproach to Mutagen Testing", invited speaker at Symposium on Chemical
Mutagenesis, Moscow, USSR, 1974.
"Introduction to Toxicology", Chairman of Symposium on Collaborative Studies in
Toxicology,, sponsored by Society of Toxicology and the Association of Official
Analytical' Chemists, Washington, D.C., 1974.
"Relevance of Mutagenicity Tests in Toxicology", Saratoga Conference on Molecular
Biology and 'Pathology, Saratoga Springs, New Yak, 1974.
"lest Systems for Assessing Mutagenic Potential", invited speaker at Symposium on
Collaborative Studies in Toxicology, sponsored by SOT and AOAC, Washington, D.C.,
.!
1974.
"Use of Gene Mutational Assays as a Model for Risk Assessment", Symposium on Risk
Assessment, sponsored by NIH, Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina, 1974.
'Tier System, Approach to Mutagen Testing", National Institute of. Health, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina, 1974.
'%arcinogenesis and Mutagenesis", Procter and Gamble Co., Cincinnati, Ohio, 1975.
"The Need to Quantify Risk", National Cancer Advisory Board, Bethesda, Maryland,
1975.
"Mechanisms of Mutagenesis", General Foods Corporation, New York, New York, 1975.
"Problems in, Carcinogenesis", Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology,
Worcester, Massach'usetts, 1975.
14
0
'Chairman of Workshop for Developing a Document on "Mutagenic Test Procedures",
Ocean, City, Maryland, 1975.
"Mutagenesis as a Toxicologic Problem", Chairman of Gordon Conference Session on
Mutagenesis, Meriden, New Hampshire, 1975.
"Ope,n Meeting on Mutagenesis", sponsored by National Institutes of Health, Bethesda,
Maryland:, "1 975.
"Mutagenic Test Systems", Chairman of Session on Short-Term Test, Symposium entitled,
'Toxicology and the Food Industry," Aspen, Colorado, 1975.-
Session Chairman, Symposium on In Vitro Mutagenicity Tests, Environmental Mutagen
Society, Miami, Florida, 1975.
Workshop on "Principals for Evaluating Chemicals in the Environment", sponsored by
the National Academy of Sciences, San Antonio, Texas, 1975.
Opan Meeting on Mutagenesis, sponsored by DHEW, Bethesda, Maryland, 1976.
"Carcinogenicity Assays, Problems, and Progress", Gordon Conference on Toxicology
and; Safety Evaluation, Meriden, New Hampshire, 1976.
"Presumptive Tests", Symposium on Risk Assessment entitled, "Extrapolation II", sponsored
'by DH'EW, Pinehurst, North Carolina, 1976.
"Programs of the National Cancer Institute", invited speaker on cancer, sponsored by
th,e: American Associat,ion of Science, Boston, Massachusetts, 1976.
Chairman of Session on Short-Term Tests, Symposium on "Status of Predictive Tools in
Application to Safety Evaluation", Little Rock, Arkansas, 1976. .
Xelevance of Carcinogenicity Testing to Humans", invited speaker at Origins of Human
Cancer Cold Spring Harbor Symposium, 1976.
15
"Hrurnan Genetic Disease Versus Mutagenicity Assays", Symposium'sponsored by
0, Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association, Sea Island, Georgia, 1.976.
Open Meeting on Mutagenesis, sponsored by DHEW, Bethesda, Maryland, 1976
'1Rolel of the NCI in1 the National Cancer Program on Environmental Carcinogenesis",
invited speaker at Conference on Aquatic Pollutants and Biological Effects with
'Emphasis onl Neoplasia, New York Academy of Sciences, New York, New York, 1976.
"Ge,netic Disease in Human and Mutagenic Test Systems", Albany Medical School,
Albany, New York, 1976.
'Statistical Problems in Carcinogenesis", University of California, Berkeley, California,
1976.
"Carcinogenesis and Animal Bioassay", Grocery Manufacturers of America,
Washington,, D.C., 1976.
"Problems and Needs in Assessing Carcinogenicity Data", National Clearinghouse for
Environrne'ntal Carcinogens, 1976.
'Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention", University of Eastern Virginia Medical
College, Norfolk, Virginia, 1977.
0 "Overview of Mutagenesis", Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C., 1977.
Workshop on Carcinogenicity of Aromatic Amines and Hair Dyes, International Agency
for Research in Cancer, Lyon, France, 1977.
'Strengths and Weaknesses of Current Approaches in Carcinogenesis", session
Chairman. and speaker on "Federal Regulation of Environmental Carcinogens," Center
for Continuing Education, Washington, D.C. 1977.
"Program in Carcinogenesis", Cancer Research Safety, NIH, Dulles Airport, Virginia,
1- 977.
Open, Meeaing on Mutagenesis, sponsored by DHEW, Bethesda, Maryland, 1977.
"Risk Evaluation", in the Federal Regulation of Environmental Carcinogens, sponsored
by 'Cent,er for Continuing Education, Washington, D.C., 1977.
16
'"Sta8tisticall Considerations of the Dominant Lethal and Heritable Trilnslocation Test", The
Washington Statistical Society, 1978.
'Testing: Short-Term", 3rd Toxic Substances Control Conference, Government Institutes,
Inc., Washington, D.C., 1978.
'The degree of Concern as Defined by Short-Term Carcinogenicity Assays",
Pharmaceutical, Manufacturers Association, Point Clear, Alabama, 1978.
"'Short-Term Predictive Tests", Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association, Lincolnshire,
'Illinois,, 1978.
Chairman of Scientific Review Meeting on the U.S. Environmentdl Protection Agency
Diesel Emission Heah Effects Research Program, U.S., EPA, Washington, D.C., 1978.
'Strengths and Weaknesses of Tests for Mutagenesis", Banbury Center of the Cold
Spring Harbor 'Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, 1 978.
"Detect,ing and Measuring Carcinogens", Seminar on Government Regulation of
Cancer Causing Chemicals, National Center for Administrative Justice, Washington,
D.C., 1978.
Workshop on "Chemical Scoring Systems", Interagency Testing Committee (TSCA), San
al
Antonio,.Texas, 1978.
"Needs' for Regulatory Utility of Short-Term Test Data", International Update on Short-
Term Tests, The Toxicology Forum, Washington, D.C., 1979.
"Pro,posed, Application of Short-Term Tests", International Update on Short-Term Tests,
The Toxicology Forum, Washington, D.C., 1979.
"'Current and, Proposed Use of Short-Term Tests", Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance
Association, Washington, 'D.C., 1979.
""Application of Mutagenicity Testing on SOM Food Animal Drugs", Subcommittee on
Environmental Mutagenesis, DHEW/CCTRP, 1979.
'"Application of Mutagenicity Testing in Cyclic Review of Food Additives",
Subcommittee on Environmental Mutagenesis, DHEWKCTRP, 1979.
"Recen,t Developments on Sorbate/Nitrite", Tripartite (U.S., Canada, U.K.), Annapolis,
Maryland:, 1979.
17
T
"What: is Risk?", hternational Course on the Detection of Environmental Mutagens,
'0 Concepcion, Chile, 1979.
"'Food; Safety Guidelines", Tripartite (U.S., Canada, U.K.), Ottawa, Canada, 1980.
"History and Progress in Carcinogenesis", Society of Cosmetic Chemists, 1978.
'*Introduction and: History of Mutagenicity Testing", Annual Meeting of the American
College OB Toxicology, 1980.
Mutagenicity and 'Neoplastic Transformation Assays, Course on "Identification and
Quantificaiion of Environmental and Occupational Carcinogenic Risks", sponsored by
the: American College of Toxicology, 1980.
Lectured on.Molecular Mechanisms at the American College of Toxicology's course
on: "Identification of EnvironmenPal and Occupational Carcinogenic Risks."
"lntrod,uction' and History of Environmental Mutagenesis", Second Annual Meeting of
the American College of Toxicology.
ai "R6k-Ben,efit Considerations in Toxicology", The Toxicology Forum, 1981 Winter Meeting.
'7rends"in Biosassay Methodology", 75th Anniversary of the Food and Drug Act,
Sponsored by the Animal Health Institute.
"Relationship Between Science & Regulation", Food and Drug Administration Risk
Assessment for Carcinogenic Food Ingredients - EPA, 1982.
FDA Experience with Risk Assessment for Carcinogens in Foods, Food and Drug Law
Institute, 1982.
Jhe 'Future of Carcinogen Testing: Implications for Food Safety, A Symposium on Food
Salfety Laws: Delaney and Other Dilemmas, sponsored by Boston University, 1982.
:Regulatory Use of Genetic Toxicity, Tests, Society of Toxicology - Mid Atlantic Chapter
Meeting, on Genetic Toxicology/Predictive or Not, 1983.
18
Aerosol Spray Adhesives, A Workshop on Principles and Applications of Cytogenetic,
by the American College of Toxicology, 1982.
0 Sister Chromatid Exchange, Gene Damage to Problems of Human Health, sponsored
Food a.nd Drug Adminstration Viewpoint on Problem Tumor, Toxicology Forum, Winter
Meefing, 1983.
Food-Borne Carcinogens, Second International Conference on Safety Evaluations
and Regulations of Chemicals, sponsored by Boston University, 1983.
Carcinogenicity of Hair Dyes, Formaldehyde, Nitrates and Berylliu, Symposium on
:Interpretation' 'of Epidemiological Evidence, sponsored by International Agency for
'Research, on Cancer, 1983.
'Use' of Acute Toxicity Studies in the Bureau of Foods, Acute Toxicity Workshop,
sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration, 1983.
Critical Issues on Science, Technology and Future, The Brookings Institution, 1983.
Challenge to Animal Testing, Chemical Manufacturers Association, 1983.
'Regmulatory Significance of Workshop Recommendation on Alternatives to Animal
Testing, Workshop on Acute Toxicity Testing - Alternative Approaches, sponsored by
0 Johns 'Hopkins University, 1983.
Role of Mathematical Models in Assessment of Risk and in Attempts to Define
Management Strategy, Safety Assessment: The Interface Between Law and
Regulation, sponsored by International Life Science Institute, 1983.
Impact of Short-Term Tests on Regulatory Actions, Conference on Cellular Systems for
Toxicity Testing,, sponsored by New York Academy of Sciences, 1984.
Requirements of Pre-Market Evaluation, Toxicology Forum, April Meeting, 1984.
Use of Short-Term Tests in Risk Assessment, Workshop on RA/RM: Carcinogenesis,
sponsored by Society for Risk Analysis, 1986.
A, Reg'ulator's Viewpoint, Workshop on Risk Assessment, sponsored by The Procter and
Ga'mble Co., 1986.
Risk Assessment, Se,nsitivity Analysis, GMA Technical Committee Food Protection
Meeting, Grocery Manufacturers of America, 1986.
19
.
Update on Current Approaches in Addressing Threshold of Regulations and DeMinimus
0' Risk, Toxicology Forum, Winter Meeting, 1986.
Toxicity Update on BHA/BHT, Toxicology Forum, Aspen Meeting, 1985.
Food :Regulatory Issues, Washington Chemical Society, 1984.
'Issues i n Decision Making, 1,nterdisciplinary Discussion Group in Carcinogenicity Studies,
sponsored by ILS1, 1986.
Recent 'Developments in' Risk Assessment, Medical Issues in Toxic Tort Cases: Risk
Assessment, Cancer, and immunological Injuries, sponsored by the American Bar
Associa'tion, 1'987.
Repla,cernent of the LDso Tests at the Food and Drug Administration, Workshop on
Alternative' Tests, sponsored by Mobil Oil, 1987.
Risk Assessment/Oncology and Regulatory Issues, The American College of Toxicology,
Annual Meeting, 1987.
The Need' for Situational Analysis and Scientific Judgment in Assessing the Risk from
C:hemical Carcinogens, New York Academy of Sciences, 1987.
0 Summary of "Workshop on the Role of Liver Enzyme Induction in Carcinogenesis and
Drug Interaction", sponsored by Merk, Sharp and Dohme Laboratories, 1988.
Issues and Directions for the Future, Society for Risk Analysis, Annual Meeting, 1988.
Pros and Cons of Quantitative Risk Analysis, Institute for Food Technology, Basic
Symposium, 1988.
Threshold of Regulation for Indirect Food Additives, Workshop on DeMinimus Risk, 1985.
Possible Mechanisms of BHA Carcinogenicity in the Rat, Food Antioxidants:
International Perspectives, sponsored by ILSI, 1986.
'I:n Vitro Toxicology, General Principles and Concepts in Toxicology and Toxicologic
Pathology, Course sponsored by University of Cincinnati, 1987.
Risk- Assessment in Prod'uct Regulation, Prevention 85, sponsored by the American
'College of Preventive Medicine, 1985.
20
~Establishrnemnt of Acceptable Limits of Intake, Second National Cdnference for Food
@ Protection, 1984.
Use of Short-Term Test Data in Cancer Risk Assessment, Society of Toxicology Annual
Meeting (Course), 1 988.
Cn'ticall Assessment of Carcinogen Risk Policy, International Society of Regulatory
Toxicology and Pharmacology, 1988.
The Food and Drug Administration Procedures and Policies to Estimate Risks of Injury to
the Male Reproductive System, Sperm Measures and Reproductive Success,
sponsored by Georgetown University, 1988.
'Risk Assessment of Food and Color Additives, United States-Japan Workshop on Risk
Assessment;/Risk Management sponsored by The Environmenta'l Protection Agency
and! 'Osaka Miversity, 1 988.
How~Molec,ular Data is Used in Risk Assessment, Banbury Conference on New
Ditections in the Quantitative and Qualitative Aspects of Carcinogen Risk Assessment,
118' 9881.
How!has the Delaney Clause Impacted on The Food and Drug Administration and
lPu'blic Health,, food and Drug Law Institute Symposium on The Delaney Clause, 1988.
&resen,tations at the Toxicology Forum 1 989-1 994.
0;
American College of Toxicology - Annual Meeting - "Does the Term Carcinogen
Send the Wrong Message", Dec. 1998.
PUBLICATIONS:
Shirkey, H.C,., Schmidt, G.C., Miller, R.G., and Flamm W.G., "Animal Sera and Specific
Enzymes in, the Treatment of Poisoning", Journal of Pesticides, 60:711, 1962.
Fla,mm, W.G., and, Cranda'll, D.I., "Evidence for the Existence of Ferrous Mercaptans in
the Active Center of Homogentisate Oxidase", Federation Proc., 21 :250, 1962.
Flamm', W.G., and Crandall, D.I., "Purification of Mammalian Homogentisate Oxidase
and Evidence for the 'Existence of Ferrous Mercaptans in the Active Center", J. Bioi.
Chem., 238:389,1963.
21
Flarnm, W.G., "Purification of Homogentisate Oxidase and an Investigation of its
a' Properties, and Active Center", Dissertation Abstracts, 23:1503, 1962.
~Flamlm, W.G., Birnstiel, M.L., and Filner, P., "Protein Synthesis in Isolated Nuclei of
Exponentiafly Dividing Cells", Biochem. Biophys. Acta., 76:1 10, 1963.
lFlamm, W.G., and Birnstiel, M.L., "Studies on the Metabolism of Nuclear Basic Proteins in
Nucl~eohistones," In: Bonner, J., and Ts'o, P. (Ed.): The Nucleohistones, San Francisco,
Holden-Day, Inc., 1964, pp. 230-41.
Flarnm, W.G., and Birnstiel, M.L., "Nuclear Synthesis of Ribosomes in Cell Cultures",
Biochern., Biophys. Acta., 87: 10 1 , 1 964.
Flalmm,,, W.G., and Birnstiel, M.L., "Inhibition of DNA Replication and its Effect on Histone
Synthesis'',, Experimental' Cell Research, 33:6 1 6, 1964.
Bimstiel, ML., Chipchase, M.I.H., Flarnrn, W.G., 'The Chemical Composition and
Organization of Nucleolar Proteins", Biochem. Biophys. Acta., 87:111, 1964.
Nicholsonl, M., and Flamm, W.G., 'The Fate of Functional Ribosomes in Tobacco Cell
C.wItures", Federation Proc., 23:316, 1964.
0
Biinstiel, M.L., and Flamm, W.G., "On the Intranuclear Site of Histone Synthesis", Science,
145:1'435, 18964.
Flarnrn', W.G., and Nicholson, M., "Synthesis of RNA in Cultured Tobacco cells", Biology,
Pasadena, California 'institute of Technology, 1964, pp. 136-41.
Nicholson, M., and Flamm,, W.G., "Properties and Significance of Free and Bound
Wibosomes from: Cultured Tobacco Cells", Biochem. Biophys. Acta., 108:266, 1965.
'Flarnm, W.G., Counts, W.B., and Banerjee, M.R., "Inhibition of RNA Synthesis in Mouse
Skin by actinomycin D and 7,12-dirnethylbenz(a)anthracene", Nature, 210541, 1966.
Ftamrn, W.G., Banejee, M.R., and Counts, W.B., 'Topical Application of Actinomycin 0
on Mouse Skin: Effect, on the Synthesis of RNA and Protein", Cancer Research, 26:1349,
1966.
Counts, W.B., and Flamm', W.G., "An Artifact Associated with the Incorporation of
%)mine :into DN'A Preparations", Biochem. Biophys. Acta., 1 14:628, 1966.
Flamm, W.G., Counts, W.B., and Bond, E., "Conversion of 23s to 16s RNA: Evidence of
Heterogeneity within the 23s Fraction", Abstracts Biophysical Society, 10:7, 1966.
22
fl
0 Banerjee, M.R., Flamm, W.G., and Counts, W.B., "Effect of Actinomycin D on RNA and
Protein1 Synthesis in Mouse Skin", Proc. of the Amer. Assn. for Cancer Research, 75,
1' 966.
Bond, E., Flamm, W.G., and' Burr, H.E., "Intracellular Location and Metabolism of
Satellite DN'A 'in Mouse Liver", American Zoologist, 6:308, 1966.
'Flarnm, W.G., Bond, E., and Burr, H.E., "Density Gradient Centrifugation of DNA in a
Fiied-Angle' Rotor: A Higher Order of Resolution", Biochem. Biophys. Acta., 129:310,
1: 966.
Flamm, W.G., Bond, E., Burr, H.E., and Bond S., 'Satellite DNA Isolated from Mouse Liver:
Som,e 'Physical; and Metabolic Properties", Biochem. Biophys. Acta., 123:652, 1966.
'Bond;, E., Fiamm, W.G., Bur, H.E., and Bond, S., "Mouse. Satellite DNA: Further Studies on
iits Biological and Physical; Characteristics and its Intracellular Localization",
J:. Mol:. Biol~., 27:289, 1967.
F41nmm, W.G., McCallum, M., and Walker, P.M.B., 'The Isolation of Complementary
Strands froml a Mouse DNA Fraction", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 57:1729, 1967.
0
Flam,m, W.G., McCa'llum, M., and Walker, P.M.B., "Isolation of Complementary Strands
from Mouse Satellite DNA", Biochemical J., 104:38-9, 1967.
Ftamm, W.G., "Use of Fixed-Angle Rotors for the Banding of DNA in CSCI Density
Gradients", Measuring & Scienfific Equipment Ltd., Newsletters (London):A2, 1967.
Flarnrn, W.G., Birnstiel, M.L., and Walker, P.M.B., "Pre8paration, Fractionation and
Isol'a'tion of Single Stra'nds of D:NA by Isopycnic Ultracentrifugation in Fiied-Angle
~Rofors", In: Birnie, G.D. (Ed'.), Subcellular Components. London, England, Butteworth
8Pu.blishing: Co., 1968, p. 125.
Walker, 'P.M.B., Flamm, W.G., and Mclaren, A. 'The Problem of Highly Repetitive DNA in
Higher 'Organisms'', In: Lima-De-Faria, A. (Ed.), Handbook of Molecular Cytology.
Amsterdam, 'North Holland Publishing Co., 1969.
Flamm, W.G., McCallum, M., and Wal'ker, P.M.B., "Guinea Pig Satellite DNA:
Renaturation, Characteristics' and Strand Se'paration", Biochemical J., 108:42, 1968.
Flamm,, W.G., Walker, P.M.B., and McCallum, M., "Some Properties of the Single Strands
I:solated ftom the DNA of the Nuclear Satellite of the Mouse (mus musculus)", J. Mol.
Biol., 40:423, 1969. . .
23
e 'Flamm, W.G., McCallum,, M., and Walker, P.M.B., "On the Properties and the Isolation of
lndilvidual Complementary Strands of the Nuclear Satellite of Guinea Pig DNA", J. Mol.
Biol~., 42144 1~, 1 969.
Adaml, K.M.G., Blewett, D.A., and Flamm, W.G., 'The DNA of Acanthamoeba: A
Method for; Exfraction' and Its Characterization", J. Protoz, 16:6, 1969.
Flamm, W.G., Walker, P.M.B., and McCallum, M., 'Satellites from Nuclear DNA: Large
Var;iat,ion in Properties Among the Genera of Rodentin", Biophysical Journal, 13:219,
1!969.
'Fishbein, L., Flamm, W.G., and Falk, H.L., Chemical Mutagens in Man's Environment.
New York, Academic Press, 1970, p. 360.
Flamrn, W.G., Bernheim, N.J., and Spalding, J., 'Selective Inhibition of the
Semiconservative Replication of Mouse Satellite DNA", Biochem. Biophys. Acta.,
195273, 1'969.
Bwbaker, RE., Flamrn, W.G., and Bernheim, N.J., "Effect of Y Chlordane on
Synchronized Lymphoma Cells: Inhibition of Cell Division", Nature 226548, 1970.
0
Flarnm, W.G., Bernheim, N.J., and Fishbein, L., "On the Existence of lntrastrand Crosslinks
in, DNA Alkylated with Sulfur Mustard", Biochem. Biophys. Acta., 223:657, 1970.
'Flarnm, W.G., Bernheim, N.J'., and Brubaker, P.E., "Density Gradient Analysis of Newly
Replicated DNA from' Synchronized Mouse Lymphoma Cells", Experimental Cell
Research, 64~97, 1971.
;Flarnrn, W.G., lBirnstiel, M.L., and Walker, P.M.B., "Isopycnic Centrifugation of DNA:
Methods and Applications", In: Birnie, G.D. (Ed.), Subcellular Components. London,
Engla,nd', ,Butteworth Publishing Co., 1968, pp. 279-31 0.
Flamrn, W.G., "Chemical Mutagenesis", In Chemical and the Future of Man, Hearings
'before the Subcommittee on Executive Reorganization and Government Research.
US. Senate. U.S. Government Printing Office, April, 1971, pp. 27-31.
flarnrn, W.G., "Highly Repetitive Sequences of DNA in Chromosomes", International
Review of Cytology, 32: 1 -55,1972.
Cmlive,, D., Flarnm, W.G., and Machesko, M., "Mutagenicity of Hycanthone in
Mammaliam Cells", Mutation Research, 14:262, 1972.
~Flarnm8, W.G., and Drake, J., 'The Molecular Basis of Mutation", In: Sutton, H.E., and
Academic Press, 1'972, pp. 1 5-26.
0' "arris, M., (Ed.), Mutagenic Effects of Environmental Contaminants. New York,
Clive Ds. , 'Flamm8, W.G., Macesko, M.R., and Bernheim, N.J., "A Mutational Assay System
Using, the Thymidine Kinase Locus in Mouse Lymphoma Cells", Mutation Research,
1'6~77-87, 1972.
Clive, D., Flamm, W.G., Machesko, M.R., and Bernheim, N.J., "An In Vitro System for
Quantitating Mutations at the Thymidine Kinase Locus in L5178Y Mouse Lymphoma
Cells'', Mutation Research, 21 :7-8, 1973.
Cliwe, D., Flalmm, W.G., and Patterson, J., "Specific Locus Mutational Assay Systems for
Mouse Lymphoma Cells", In: Hollaender, A. (Ed.) Chemical Mutagens, Volume 111.
Mew Yo&, Plenum Press, 1973, 790.
Fishbein, L., and Flamm, W.G., "Potential Environmental Chemical Hazards, Part I.
Drugs'', The Science of the Total Environment, 1 :15-30, 1972.
'Fihbeh, L., and Flarnm, W.G., "Potential Environmental Chemical Hazards, Part It.
feed Ad'ditives and Pesticides", The Science of the Total Environment, 1 :31-64, 1972.
a
Fishbein, L., and; Flamm, W.G., "Potential Environmental Chemical Hazards, Part 111.
Industrial and Miscllaneous Agen,ts", The Science of the Total Environment,
1' 1' 1:7- 1;40, 1,972.
Brandt, W., Flamm, W.G., and Bernheim, N.J., 'The Value of HU in assessing Repair
Re'p1ica;tion of 'DNA in' HeLa Cells", Chemic-Biological Interactions, 3327-339, 1972.
Flamm, W.G., and Fishbein, L., "Mutagenic Agents", Science, 175:980, 1972.
mlieg,ator, MS.,, and Flamm, W.G., "Chemical Mutagenesis and Repair", In Snell, E.E. (Ed.),
Annual Rev'iew of Biochemistry. Palo Alto, California, Annual Reviews, Inc., 1973,
pp. 683-708.
Flamrn, W.G.,, "A Tier System Approach to Mutagen Testing", Mutation Research, 26,329-
333, 18974.
Hamm', W.G., 'Test Syste8m for Assessing Mutagenic Potential", J. Amer. Assn. of
Analytical Chemists, 58:668-671 , 1975.
25
?' , 'I'
0 Flamrn, W.G., "Introduction: Need for Collaborative Studies", J. Amer. Assn. of Analytical
Chemists, 58, 1975.
Drake, J.W., and Flamm, W.G., "Environmental Mutagenic Hazards", Science, 187:503-
51: d', 11975.
Wilson, J., Brent, R., Fiamm, W.G., Rice, J., Salhanick, H.A., Spyker, J., and deSerres, F.J.,
"Environmental Chemicals as Potential Hazards to Reproduction", Principles for
Evaluating' Chemicals in the E'nvironment. Washington, D.C., National Academy of
Sciences, 1975, pp., 156-1 97.
Mayer, V., and Flamm, W.G., "Legislative and Technical Aspects of Mutagenicity
Testing", Mutation Research, 29:295-300.
Ffamrn, W.G., Guest Editorial, "The Need for Quantifying Risk from Exposure to Chemical
Carcinog,ens", Preventive Medicine, 54-6, 1 976.
'Dybas, RA., Hite, M., and Flamm, W.G., Chapter, "Detecting Mutagens - Correlation
Between the Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity of Chemicals'', In: 1977 Annual
Resports in' Medicinal Chemistry, 12:234-248, 1977.
9
Green, S., Moreland, F.M., and Flamm, W.G., "A New Approach to Dominant Lethal
Testing", Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 39549-552, 1977.
lFlamrn, W.G., "Role of the National Cancer Institute in the National Cancer Program of
Environmental' Carcinogens", Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 298593, 1977.
Green, S., Sauro, F., and Flamm, W.G., "A Modified Dominant Lethal Test", 6th Annual
,Meeting, Environmental Mutagen Society, 1975.
Rauscher, F.J., and Flamm, W.G., "Etiology of Cancer. Introduction", In: Holland, J.F.,
and Frei, E. ('Ed.), Cancer Medicine. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.
Sheu, C.W., Moreland', F.M., Oswald, E.J., Green, S., a,nd Flamm, W.G., "Heritable
Translocat,ion Test on Random-Bred Mice with Prolonged Triethylenemelamine
Treatment", Mutationl Research, 50:241, 1978.
Mayer, V.M., and Flamm, W.G., book chapter in PrinciDles and Practice of Industrial
Toxicoloav, A.L. Reeves [Ed.), Wiley-interscience, 1975.
26
0' Ffarnrn, W.G., deSerres, F., Fishbein, L., Green, S., Malling, H., Pertel, R., Prival, M., Roy,
V., Rodricks, T., Wolff, G., Valcovic, .L., and Zeiger, E., "Approaches to Determining
t'he Miwtagenic Properties of Chemicals", Journal of Pathology and Toxicology, 1, No.
23302-352, 1978.
Flarnm W.G., Brusick, D.J., Drake, J.W., and Green, S., "Mutagenicity Test, Principles and
Procedures for Evaluating the Toxicity of Household Substances", National Academy of
Science.'Re,port, Washington, 'D.C., 1978, pp. 134-1 54.
Flarnm;, WG., and Mehlman, M., editors, Advance in Modem Toxicology, Mutagenesis.
~HIemis,phere Publishing Corporation, Washington, D.C., 1978.
flamm, W.G., Preface, In: Flamm, W.G., and Mehlman, M. (Ed.), Advances in Modern
Toxicology:, Mutagenesis. Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, Washington, D.C., 1978.
Flarnrn, W.G., "Ge,netic Diseases in Humans versus Mutagenicity Test Systems",
Advances in Modern Toxicology, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, Washington,
D.C., 1978.
Flumlm,, W.G., In: ;Mart, R.W., A Rational Evaluation of Pesticidal vs.
MutageniclCarcinogenic Action, DHEW Publication No. 78-1 306, pp. 1 19, Washington,
'DL., 1976.
Kirnbrovgh, R., Buckley, J, , Fishbein, L., Flamm, W.G., Kasza, L., Marcus, W., Shibko, S.,
and1 Teske, 6., Animal Toxicology, Environmental Health Perspective, 24:173, 1978.
Oi
Sontag, J.M., and Flamm, W.G., Safety Considerations and Carcinogen Bioassay,
Workshop'on C'ancer Research Safety Proceedings, National Institutes of Health, pp.
35-47, 1i977.
Aiamm, W.G., "Strengths and Weaknesses of Tests for Mutagenesis", In: McElheny, V.,
and Abraham,, S., Ba:nbury Re,port 1, Assessing Chemical Mutagens: The Risk to
tll'u:m,a:ns, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 27-46, 1979.
Nig'h'tingale, S., 'and Flamm, W.G., "Caffeine and Health: Current Status," Nutrition
Update, (Weininger, Bnggs, Ed.), Wiley Pub., New York, 3-19, 1982.
:Flamm, W.G., U.S. Approaches to Regulating Carcinogens and Mutagens in Food, In:
Skh, H.F., (Ed.), Carcinogens and Mutagens in the Environment. CRC Press, pp. 275-
282, 1; 982.
27
'Tardiff, R., Flamm, W.G., Rodricks, J., (Ed.), Actual Versus Perceived Risks, Plenum
@ Publishers, 1982.
Flarnm, W.G., "Food-Borne Carcinogens," in: Homburger, Marquis, (Eds.), Chemical
Safety Regu'lation and Compliance. Karger Publishers, Basel Seitzerland, 3-1 0, 1985.
,Harnm, W.G., and Dunkel, V.C., "Impact of Short-Term Test on Regulatory Action,'' Ann.
lMl.,Y. Acad; of Sci., 407:395, 1983.
Scheuplein, R.J:., Blurnenthal, H., and Flamm, W.G., "New Approaches to the
,Regulaition of Carcinogens in Food," J. Am. Oil Ch. 61 (4):643, 1984.
Flarnrn, W.G., and Winbush, J.S., "Role of Mathematical Models in Assessment of Risk
and ,inl Attempts to Define Management Strategy," Fundamental and Applied
Toxicolog;y, 4:S395-S4OlI 1 984.
,Miller, S.A.,' Flamm, W.G., Krewski, D., "Risk Assessment and Risk Management Panel
Discussion,'' Fundamental a;nd Applied Toxicology, 4S402-S407, 1 984.
~Flomrn, W.G.,' "R'eg8ulatory Implications of Acute Toxicity Testing," in: Goldberg, A.M.
[,Ed.), Acute Toxicity Testing: Alternative Approaches, pp. 283-292, 1984.
a
Kokoski,, C.J., and Flamm, W.G., "Establishment of Acceptable Limits of Intake," Proc. of
Second' Mafional' Conf. for Food Protection, pp. 6 1-72, 1 984.
Flornmi W.G'.,"Hair Dyes: ,Lamboratory Evidence,'' In: Wald, N.J. and Doll, R. (Eds.).
Interpre8tation of Negative Epidemiological Evidence for Carcinogenicity, IARC
Scientific Publications No. 65,53-56, Lyon, France, 1985.
Flar;n,m, W.G., and Frankos, V., "Formaldehyde: Laboratory Evidence," In Wald, N.J.,
and: Doll, R., (Eds.), Interpretation of Negative Epidemiological Evidence for
Carcinogenicity, flARC Scientific Publications No. 65,85-90, Lyon, France, 1985.
Flalmm, W.G., "Nitraltes: Laboratory Evidence," In: Wald, N.J., and Doll, R., (Eds.),
kderpretationl'of Negative Epidemiological Evidence of Carcinogenicity, IARC
Scientific Publications No. 65, 181-182, Lyon, France, 1985.
'Fla,mm, W.G., "Benylliurn: Laboratory Evidence," In: Wald, N.J., and Doll, R., (Eds.),
'I:nterpretat,ion, of Negative Epidemiological Evidence for Carcinogenicity, IARC
Scientific Publications No. 65, 199-201 , Lyon, France, 1985.
Flamrn, W.G., and Lore'ntzen, R. (Eds.), Mechanisms and Toxicities of Chemical
Carcinogens and Mutagens, 1985.
28
Flarnm, W.G., and; Lorentzen R., (Eds.), "Mechanisms and Toxicities of Chemical
Carcinogens and Mutagens," Introduction VII-XI1 Princeton Scientific Publishing Co.,
Inc., 1i985.
Flamm, W.G., Lorentzen, R., 'The Use of In Vitro Methods in Safety Evaluation," In Vitro
TOxicoiogy8 1 : 1 -4, 1 986.
'Fiarnm', W.G., "Risk Assessment Policy in'the United States", Risk and Reason: Risk
Assessment ,in Rehtion to Environmental Mutagen and Carcinogens, Alan R. Liss, Inc.,
141'-1,498 1986.
Flamm', W.G.0 and Scheu'piein, R.J., "Use of Short-Term Test Data ih Risk Analysis of
Chemical, Carcinogens," In: Curtis Travis (Ed.), Carcinogen Risk Assessment,
Contemporary Issues #in Risk Analysis, Plenum Publishing. New York, N.Y. pp. 37-48, 1988.
Flammi, W.G., Lake, L.R., Lorentzen, R.J., Rulis, A.M., Schwarb P.S., and Troxell, T.C.,
"Carcinoge,nic Potencies and Establishment of a Threshold of Regulation for Food
Contact Substances", 'Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York, New York, 87-92, 1988.
'Flamrn, W.G., Editorial on Carcinogenesis, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology,
1988.
*
Ft'arnm,, W.G., Lorenken, R.L., "Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA): A Special 'Problem
in Alpproval of New Products", In: Mehlman, M. (Ed.}, Risk Assessment and Risk
Manag,emen,t. Princeton Scientific Pu,blishing Co., Inc., Princeton, New Jersey, p. 91 -
1'08, 18988.
Flarnmk W.G., "Regulatory I'mplications," In: Alan Goldberg (Ed.) Acute Toxicity Testing:
Alternative Approaches, Volume 2, Mary Ann Liebert Publishers, New York, 1984.
Flarnrn, W.G., "Issues in' Decision Making in Carcinogenesis" (IUI Monograph Series)
Springer. Verlag Publishers, pp. 241 -247,1988.
'Flarnm, W.G., "Pros and Cons of Risk Assessment "In J. Taylor and R. Scanlan (Eds.) Food
Toxicology: A Perspective on the Relative Risks," Marcel Dekker Publ. pg. 429-446, 1989.
Scheuplein, R.J., and Flamm, W.G., "An Historical Perspective on FDA's Use of Risk
Assessment." In: Philip Shubi'k and Roger Middlekauf (Eds). International Food
Regulation Handbook, Marcel Dekker, Inc. pg. 27-51 8 1989.
Flarnm, W.G., "Quant,itive Risk Analysis of Chemical Carcinogens: Prospects for the 90's
and^ Beyond', Risk Analysis, in press. . .
29
'0 'Flamrn, G.,, and Dunkel, V.C., "FDA Procedures and Policies to Estimate Risks of Injury to
the' Mate 'Reproductive System." In: E. Burger and R. Tardiff. (Eds.1, Sperm
Measures and^ Reproductive Success, Alan R. Liss Publ. pg. 21-32,1989.
Flamml, W.G;, "Crit,ical Assessment of Carcinogen Risk Policy", Regulatory Toxicology
and; :Pharmacology, 9,216-224 (1 989).
Flamm,, W.G., "Cornrmntary on Risk Assessment" In: Banbury Report 31 : Carcinogen
Risk Assessment: New Directions in the Qua'litative and Quantitative Aspects, Cold
Spring, Harbor Laboratory, pg.171-174,1990.
8Flamrn,, W.G'., and Lehman-McKeeman, 'The Human Relevance'of the Renal Tumor-
Inducing Pafentiai of d-Limonene in Male Rats: implications for Risk Assessment" Reg.
Tax., and Pharmacol. 13,70-86, 1991.
Gori, G., 'and Flarmm, W.G., "How Sick A Patient? Report on Workshop on Cancer Risk
Assessment" Reg,ulatory Tox. and Pharmacol. 14, 1-8, 1991.
Ashby,' Ji., Doerrer, M.G., Flamm, W.G., et ai. "A Scheme for Classifying Carcinogens''
'Regulatory Tox. and Pharmacol. 12,270-295, 1990.
c
Flarnrn, W.,G., "lntroductlion' to Safety Testing of Transesterified Fat" J. Am. College of
Toxi~ology. 1'3,51-52, 1994.
Shimoda, I., Mandella, R.C., Izumi, T., Kitagawa, M., and Flamm, W.G. 'Twenty-Eight-
Day Toxicity Study of a 'Lipase Protease Enzyme From Rhizopus Niveus Fed to Rats" J.
Am'. College of Toxicol. 13, 53-59, 1994.
:Flarnrn, W.G., Kotsonis, F.N., and Hjelle, J.J. "Threshold of Regulation: A Unifying
'Concept in Food' Safety Assessmeny' In: F. Kotsonis, M. Mackey and J. Hjelle (Eds.)
:Nutritional Toxicology, Raven Press, pg. 223-234, 1994.
Kotsonis, F.N'., Burdock, G.A. and Flamm, W.G. "Food Toxicolog)/' In: C.D. Klaassen
Casarett and Doull's Toxicology, 5th Edition, McGraw Hill Publisher, pg. 909-949, 1996.
iFlamrn, W.G., and Hughes, D.H., "Does the Term Carcinogen Send the Wrong
Message?", Cancer Letters, 1 1 7, 189-1 94, 1997.
Munro, 'LC., Bernt, W.O., Borzelleca, J.F., Flamm, W.G., et 'at. "Erythritol: An
hterpretaiive Summary of 'Biochemical, Meta'bolic, Toxicological and
'Clinical Data" Food and Chemical Toxicol. 36, 1,139-1 174, 1998.
. .
30
Burdbck,, G.A., and Flamm, W.G. "A Review of the Studies of the Safety of
e Polydextrose in Food'' Food and Chemical Toxicol. 37,233-264, 1999.
31
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