Energy For Life (Educación Secundaria - School of Stars - Pamplonetario)

ENERGY FOR LIFE
SCHOOL OF STARS
didactic guide
ENERGY FOR LIFE
2 Ciclo ESO / Bachillerato
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Tab le of contents
Activ ity 1 - Th e concept of energy
Activ ity 2 - Limited resources: Fossil f uels
Activ ity 3 - Nuclear power
Activ ity 4 - Renewab le energy and sustainab ility
Activ ity 5 - Energy in Spain
Activ ity 6 - Energy and th e Env ironment
Activ ity 7 - Th e origins of th e dif f erent Energy sources
Ex tras: Find out more...
U sef ul link s
3
6
1 1
1 4
1 7
2 1
2 2
2 3
2 4
2 /2 5 www.escuela.pamplonetario.org
Energy for life is a planetarium sh ow wh ich ex plores th e relationsh ip b etween our civ ilisation
and th e energy th at we use. We h av e decided to tak e a b roader perspectiv e on th is in order
to h elp us to analy se th e current situation and th e options th at are av ailab le to us at present
and in th e f uture.
Our ancestors used the natural resources that were within their
grasp, devising ways of controlling them for their own benefit.
The control of fire gave them a great advantage over the other
competing species within their ecosystem.
Th rough out h istory , th e progress of our civ ilisation h as b een link ed to an increase in its need
f or energy , b ut now th at th e production, distrib ution and sale of energy h as b ecome one of
th e largest and most important b usinesses worldwide, more energy consumption doesn't
alway s mean th at th ere is more dev elopment. Th e f act th at th e more adv anced countries
possess th e most ef f icient tech nology is proof of th at. Th ese countries are ab le to produce
more output wh ile consuming less energy (v eh icles, h ouseh old appliances, b uildings, industrial
processes, etc). On th e oth er h and, th e dev eloped countries use more serv ices wh ich demand
more energy th eref ore, alth ough th ey are more ef f icient (generally ), th ey are also th e b iggest
consumers of energy .
If we look at th e origins of th e energy wh ich is currently consumed b y h umanity we realise
th at th e majority of it comes f rom th e b urning of f ossil f uels such as oil, coal and natural gas.
Stored with in th e molecules of th ese so- called f ossil f uels is energy f rom th e Sun wh ich was
used millions of y ears ago b y liv ing organisms in th eir b iological processes. Th e large scale
comb ustion of th ese compounds is upsetting th e current ecological b alance and th e
consequences f or th e env ironment are already b eing f elt.
For h uman civ ilisation to continue progressing, so th at f uture generations can h av e a b etter
lif e and b e ab le to f urth er dev elop th e tech nological society wh ich we h av e already b egun
to b uild, in order th at th is marv ellous planet wh ich h as giv en us lif e can continue b eing h ome
to our species, it will b e necessary to ch ange th e f orms of energy and th e way in wh ich we
use th em. Fossil f uels urgently need to b e done away with and replaced with renewab le
energy sources. We need to use energy in a sustainab le way and b e aware th at we inh ab it
a planet wh ere ev ery th ing is connected, in wh ich th e b iosph ere we are part of is made up
of all th e dif f erent species th at all depend on it to surv iv e.
www.escuela.pamplonetario.org 3 /2 5
NOTE: We will now present the collection of activities related to energy, the main subject of this teaching
material. These activities are not designed to be carried out in any particular order, so you can choose which
ones are best suited to your subject matter, the interest of your students or current concerns.
We hope you will find it useful for your teaching work and helps to reflect upon the origins of energy and the
way our society uses it.
For the future of our civilisation there
will need to be a return to our origins:
by using the wind, the power of the
Sun, bio-mass..., all of the renewable
energy sources that were used by our
ancestors before us.
ENERGY FOR LIFE - 3 y 4 de ESO / Bach illerato
Activ ity 1 The concept of energy
www.escuela.pamplonetario.org
1 ) Try to def ine th e word energy with out look ing it up in a dictionary . Th en put th e def initions
of each memb er of th e class togeth er: are th ey similar in any way ?
2 ) Ask th e teach ers of dif f erent sub jects wh at is energy : th e idea is th at th ey answer as
teach ers of th eir giv en sub ject, not as ph y sicists.
3 ) Look up th e def initions of energy in th e dictionary . Wh ich one would y ou ch oose? Wh y ?
4 ) Study th ese tex ts. Wh at k ind of energy do th ey ref er to? Do y ou th ink th at energy is
treated in th ese contex ts as someth ing sub jectiv e? Wh y ? Does it actually ex ist as such ?
Answer th e f ollowing questions
"...The next level is even more impressive
when we consider that for Kardashev, a
type 3 civilisation is one that can manage
an amount of energy similar to that found
within an entire galaxy. If we bear in mind
that a typi cal gal axy such as ours, the
Mi l ky Way contai ns around 200 bi l l i on
stars, we begin to grasp an idea of the
enormous capaci ty that a ci vi l i sati on
reaching this level of advancement would
have..."
"...It is no mystery to anyone that positive
thinking is an excellent way to help bring
better results to our lives. It is proven
that a positive thought is 100 times more
efficient than a negative one, however if
you put more energy into your negative
t hought s, t hen t he r esul t s woul d
obvi ousl y t end t o l ean t owar ds t he
negative side..."
" It is something of a paradox that the
most effective form of energy today, is
how to save it and use it efficiency. Its
not a case of reducing our quality of life
and commi tti ng oursel ves to a future
whi ch l i mi ts our use of energy. On the
contrary, i f we are abl e to use energy
more efficiently and only use the amount
needed, when and where it is necessary,
we would have more resources available
to us in order to maintain this quality of
l i fe for us and for the generati ons to
come."
"El siguiente salto es todava ms
impresionante ya que Kardashev llamaba
civilizaciones de tipo III a las que gestionan
energas comparables a las puestas en
juego por toda una galaxia. Teniendo en
cuenta que una galaxia tpica como la Va
Lctea, la nuestra, contiene unos 200 mil
millones de estrellas, podemos hacernos a
la idea de la enorme capacidad de accin
de una civilizacin que alcanzara este
estadio de desarrollo.."
"...The positive energy released by every
human being is the result of a motivated
mind and a healthy body. Imagine if we
combine this positive energy with a smile,
one which reflects our well being, then
we have the key to getting even further
and reachi ng the goal s and obj ecti ves
we have set oursel ves and i n thi s way
become a successful person. Our daily
l i ves requi re not onl y physi cal energy,
but also positive energy, considering that
our bodies reflect the way in which we
act and think, then it is only a question
of har mony; i f we t hi nk posi t i vel y,
maintain a healthy body and our attitudes
real l y are i n accordance wi th what we
think and say, then our organism should
function properly..."
In any case, th e def inition of energy th at we are interested in is th is:
The capacity to do Work.
4 /2 5
5 /2 5 www.escuela.pamplonetario.org
5 ) Wh at would y ou associate energy with , cold or h eat? Wh at is cold? Wh at is h eat? Wh at
is th e dif f erence b etween th ermal energy and h eat? Wh at is th e unit of measure f or h eat?
Wh at is th e unit of measure f or energy ?
6 ) Wh at were th e "b asic" sources of energy used b y our ancestors?
7 ) WORD SEARCH. Find 2 0 words (v ertically , h orizontally or diagonally ) wh ich h av e someth ing
in one way or anoth er to do with ENERGY.
Answer th e f ollowing questions
8) Th e main f orms of energy transf er are radiation, conduction and conv ection. Wh at do th ey
consist of ? Ex plain h ow energy is transported f rom one place or medium to anoth er.
RADIATION CONDUCTION CONVECTION
WORD SEARCH
COAL, OIL, NATU RAL GAS
INTRODU CTION. How was th e coal, oil and natural gas f ound on th is planet f ormed? Was
th ere a certain geological age in wh ich most of th ese compounds were f ormed? Wh ich one?
Wh at are th e main dif f erences b etween coal, oil and natural gas?
COAL.
Answer th e questions
1 ) Wh ere in th e world are th e most important coal deposits f ound?
2 ) How many ty pes of coal are th ere? Place th em in order of th eir h eat capacity .
3 ) During th e Industrial Rev olution carb on b ecame th e primary source of energy used. Wh at
was its most common use? Was it later replaced? How?
4 ) Do th e gases released th rough th e b urning of coal cause pollution? Wh at k inds of prob lems
can arise f rom th is widespread b urning of coal, wh ich is ex actly wh at we h av e b een doing
f or th e last 2 00 y ears? Is it h armf ul to our h ealth ?
5 ) Oth er th an b urning it, wh at oth er uses does coal h av e?
6 ) Is much coal consumed in th e world today ? Wh at percentage of th e total energy consumed
does it represent? Look up last y ear's statistics.
Energy th at comes f rom wh at we call f ossil
f uels is th e energy ob tained f rom th e
comb ustion of oil, natural gas, coal and th eir
deriv ativ es. Giv en th at th e f ormation of th ese
f ossil compounds requires an incredib le
amount of time and th e f act th at we consume
th em at a terrib le rate, means th at th ese energy
sources are non- renewab le. For th e last 2 00
y ears our civ ilisation's progress h as b een
b ased on th e use of f ossil f uels.
Let us ref lect upon and so understand th e
current glob al panorama.
Activ ity 2 Limited resources: Fossil fuels
6 /2 5
Example: petrol cars
kerosene aeroplanes
4 ) Mark th e oil deriv ativ es wh ich are used as f uel
to produce h eat f or b uildings or electricity in power
stations.
5 ) Mark wh ich of th e oil deriv ativ es are not used
as f uel. Write a list of products wh ich are
manuf actured using some of th em. Do y ou th ink
th at th e b est use f or oil is to b urn it? Look around
y ou: y our cloth es, th e b uilding y ou are in, y our
classroom equipment...look f or th e "oil f ootprint"
in all of th em.
OIL.
1 ) Wh at is oil? Is it a natural resource? Is it renewab le? Wh y ?
2 ) Th e process of separating th e dif f erent deriv ativ e products of oil is k nown as "ref ining" Write a list
of th e most important products wh ich are ob tained th rough th is process.
3 ) Some of th e deriv ativ es of oil are used as f uel in dif f erent v eh icles wh ich transport people or goods.
On y our prev ious list mark th e ones th at are used in each case.
6 ) A world with out oil: U se y our imagination to write a composition ab out wh at a day in y our lif e would
b e lik e if y ou were to use noth ing th at contained any deriv ativ es of oil. Read out th e dif f erent
compositions and discuss th e sub ject in class.
7 ) Diesel or petrol. Create a tab le using th e dif f erent ty pes of diesel and petrol wh ich y ou f ind in petrol
stations stating th e proportion of h y drocarb ons and th e price. Alth ough we don't use th ousandth s of
Euros in our ev ery day liv es, th ousandth s of Euros do appear in th e f uel prices sh own at th e petrol
stations. Wh y do y ou th ink th at is?
8) Write a list of th e oil ex porting countries and mark th em on th is b lank map.
Are th e ex porting countries also b ig consumers of oil? Are th ere countries th at only import oil?
Do th ese latter countries consume large amounts? How do th ey get th eir supply ? In general terms,
h ow does th is af f ect th eir economies? Wh at is th e situation in our country ?
7 /2 5
- Th e rise in th e consumption of oil h as alway s b een link ed to economic dev elopment. Wh at role
did oil play in th e First and Second World Wars?
- In th e 1 97 0's th ere were two important oil crises. Wh at h appened?
- Wh at is OPEC? Wh ich countries are memb ers? Wh at role did it play in th e so- called Oil Crises?
Wh at role does it carry out today ?
- Do any of th e current armed conf licts h av e interests in oil as th eir b asis? Name th e most important
ones of recent decades.
- Wh at is th e f unction of th e IEA (International Energy Agency )? Has it interv ened in any of th e
prev iously stated conf licts? In wh at way ?
9) THE U NIT OF MEASU RE: BARRELS OF OIL AND OIL WARS
Regardless of th e f act th at oil is transported th rough pipelines and oil tank ers, th e unit of
measure f or th e trading of oil is th e b arrel, th e v olume of wh ich is 4 2 American gallons,
approx imately equiv alent to 1 5 9 litres. Its price h as v aried a great deal ov er th e last f ew
decades and th ere are numerous f actors wh ich inf luence th ese price ch anges: SPECU LATION
play s a v ery important role among th em. Answer th ese questions in y our noteb ook s
1 0) OIL SPILLS. Accidents inv olv ing th e transportation of crude oil h av e ex ploded into th e
h eadline news on sev eral occasions. Despite th e f act th at th e saf ety measures due to current
tech nology sh ould b e "practically f lawless" reality sh ows us th at unf ortunately it is quite a
dif f erent matter. Th e accidents inv olv ing th e transportation of oil th at occur at sea produce
h uge oil spills wh ich af f ect v ast ex panses of seawater (coastlines and th e sea b ed).
1 1 ) How much oil is consumed in th e world today ? Wh at percentage of th e total energy
consumed does it represent? Look up last y ear's statistics.
- Search f or th e most serious oil spills occurring
in recent y ears: th e causes, th e consequences,
th e areas af f ected, th e current situation of th e
coastlines, th e impact on th e local economies,
etc. Ah ! And th e names of th e sh ips or th e
inf rastructures th at caused th em.
8/2 5
- Wh at is th e current price of a
b arrel of oil? Search f or th e oil
price graph f rom th e prev ious
month and th e prev ious y ear. Is
it rising? Is it f alling? Do y ou
th ink th e price of oil is h igh ?
Compare it to th e price ten y ears
ago. You can f ind all th is
inf ormation b y click ing on OIL in
th e price graph on th e web site:
h ttp: //www.2 4 h gold.com/englis
h /h ome.aspx
12) The World's biggest companies and the GDP of countries. Activity for comparing
statistics. Study th e f ollowing tab les: Th e f irst sh ows th e b iggest companies in th e world
according to th eir annual turnov er f or 2 01 2 (h ttp: //tiny url.com/b wf 6 rqc). Th e second sh ows
th e nominal GDP of some countries f or 2 01 2 as ob tained f rom th is web site:
(h ttp: //tiny url.com/cmx y b u3 ).
Answer the questions. (NOTE: mdd = millions of dollars. If you wish, you could create your
own tables updating the information according to the last financial year).
- Wh at k ind of companies h av e th e b iggest turnov er?
- Add togeth er th e oil companies' annual turnov er f or 2 01 2 . Imagine th at th ey were to merge into
one company : Th eir income would b ecome h igh er th an wh ich countries?
- Compare th e turnov er of each oil company to th e GDP of its country of origin. (You will need
more inf ormation th an wh at is f ound in th e tab le: use th e prev ious link s f or y our search ).
- In 2 01 2 , h ow many companies made more money th an th e entire GDP of Portugal?
COUNTRY Nominal GDP 2012
EU
U .S.
Ch ina
Germany
France
Spain
Belgium
Poland
Ch ile
Portugal
1 7 .07 0.01 1 mdd
1 5 .6 5 3 .3 6 6 mdd
8.2 5 0.2 4 1 mdd
3 .3 3 6 .6 5 1 mdd
2 .5 80.4 2 3 mdd
1 .3 4 0.2 6 6 mdd
4 7 6 .7 96 mdd
4 7 0.3 5 4 mdd
2 6 8.2 7 8 mdd
2 1 0.6 2 0 mdd
COMPANIES BILLING 2012
1 Roy al Dutch Sh ell
2 Ex x on Mob il
3 Wal- Mart Stores
4 BP
5 Sinopec Group
6 Ch ina National Petroleum
7 State Grid
8 Ch ev ron
9 ConocoPh illips
1 0 Toy ota Motor
4 84 .4 89 mdd
4 5 2 .92 6 mdd
4 4 6 .95 0 mdd
3 86 .4 6 3 mdd
3 7 5 .2 1 4 mdd
3 5 2 .3 3 8 mdd
2 5 9.1 4 2 mdd
2 4 5 .6 2 1 mdd
2 3 7 .2 7 2 mdd
2 3 5 .3 6 4 mdd
9/2 5
ENERGY FOR LIFE - 2 Ciclo ESO / Bach illerato
GAS. FRACKING
Th ere are conv entional and non- conv entional way s of ex tracting gas. We will b e look ing at
th is latest tech nique.
1 ) Hy draulic f racturing or f rack ing ref ers to th e non- conv entional tech nique of ex tracting gas f rom
underground deposits. Ex plain wh at it consists of b y answering th e questions wh ich appear in th e
image.
2 ) Terminology . Gas... natural? We of ten f ind th e adjectiv e natural alongside th e word gas. A well
k nown Spanish company h as it as part of its name. Wh at is meant b y its use? Is it coincidental? Wh at
is it try ing to claim? Are th ere positiv e or negativ e connotations to th e use of natural as th e adjectiv e?
Wh at h appens af ter its comb ustion? Does it cause pollution? Does th at mean th at oil and coal are
also natural? And also U ranium? Ex plain y our answers
3 ) Look f or news items ab out f rack ing in th e media. Were th ey dif f icult to f ind? In wh ich news sections
do th ey appear? Are th ere any f rack ing projects tak ing place nearb y or around y ou local area? Has
it attracted y our attention? Did y ou f ind any letters to the editor? Analy se th e news items y ou f ound.
4 ) Do y ou consider h y draulic f racturing to b e a saf e tech nique f or ob taining energy ? Wh at are its
adv antages? Wh at are its disadv antages? Write a list of pros and cons.
5 ) Imagine th at deposits of natural gas h av e b een f ound in y our town or city . One day th ere is a k nock
at y our door and someone of f ers y ou some interesting b enef its in ex ch ange f or v oting in f av our of
a h y draulic f racturing well b eing installed close to y our h ome. How would y ou respond? Wh at would
y ou th ink ? How would y ou respond to th e well b eing installed 1 00k m away f rom y our h ome? Sh are
y our opinions with th e rest of th e class.
6 ) How much gas is currently consumed worldwide? Wh at percentage of th e total energy consumed
does it represent? Look up last y ear's statistics
Can it cause small earthquakes?
Are greenhouse gases released?
Does it create air pollution?
Is the ground water polluted?
Is a lot of water consumed?
The gas is transported in lorries.
Many? Or a few?
1 0/2 5
Th e principle b eh ind th e b asic f unction of a nuclear power station is th e same as th at f ound
in any th ermal power plant b e it oil, gas or coal: th e h eating of water to generate h igh pressure
water v apour th at spins a turb ine to generate electricity th rough induction.
Th e b ig dif f erence in th e case of each plant is th e f uel wh ich is used in order to h eat th e
water: th e "traditional" power stations use f ossil f uels, wh ereas th e f uel used b y th e nuclear
power stations, just as th e name suggests is nuclear. Both k inds of installations sh are common
elements, b ecause part of th e process is th e same, b ut th e f act th at th ey use dif f erent sources
of energy means th at each of th em h as its own particular way of f unctioning. All power plants
or stations cause pollution, b ut depending on th e primary energy source used, th ey do it in
dif f erent way s.
In th e prev ious section we h av e studied and work ed on f ossil f uels. Now we will b e look ing
at nuclear f uels. Answer th e questions.
1 ) Th e word th at ch anges ev ery th ing: FISSION v s FU SIONQu dif erencia h ay entre ellas?
Wh at is th e dif f erence b etween th em?
In nature we can f ind ex amples of b oth . Wh ere?
Wh ich one is currently used in th e reactors of nuclear power stations?
Wh at is th e ITER? Search f or inf ormation ab out th is project.
2 ) Th e main f uel used in nuclear power stations is uranium. Is it renewab le? How is natural uranium
treated b ef ore it is ab le to b e used as a f uel?
3 ) Ex plain wh at is meant b y critical mass and ch ain reaction with in th is contex t.
4 ) One common element present in most th ermal power plants (b e it nuclear or not) are ref rigeration
towers. Wh at is released f rom th e top of th ese towers? Identif y th em in th e diagram b elow. Look f or
similar images of towers f rom oth er th ermal non- nuclear power plants.
5 ) Water is a f undamental compound in th e f unctioning of a nuclear power station. List its main
f unctions.
NU CLEAR POWER STATIONS
Wh at is th e f irst th ing th at comes to mind wh en y ou th ink ab out nuclear power stations? More
of ten and inev itab ly we associate th ese power plants with nuclear accidents and radioactiv e
spillage, etc. But wh at do we really k now ab out nuclear power stations?
General plan of the
Cofrentes Nuclear Power
Station (Valencia). Click on
the following link to see an
enlarged version:
http://tinyurl.com/cyqq7bc
Activ ity 3 Nuclear power
1 1 /2 5
NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS
6 ) Work in groups: div ide th e class into groups in order to work on th e suggested topics. Af ter
collecting inf ormation on th e ch osen topics, each group with th e aid of a Power Point or similar means
will do an oral presentation ex plaining to th e rest of th e class wh at th ey h av e learned; each group
will th en sh are th e material compiled in th eir f iles with th e oth ers, so th at each student will h av e
access to all of th e inf ormation gath ered. Try to b e original in y our presentations.
With h elp f rom th e teach er, group 1 sh ould present th eir work f irst, so th at th e oth er groups use it
as a guide.
Group 3. Chernobyl (1)
- Wh ere and wh en did it h appen? Wh y ?
Ef f ects in space and to th e weath er: Do th e
consequences still ex ist?
- Medi a cov erage: l ocal , nat i onal ,
international...
Group 4. Chernobyl (2)
- Classif ication according to th e INES scale.
- Th e area af f ected (include a map).
- Population: f atalities, people af f ected, people
displaced...
- Th e role of th e "Liquidators": Wh o were
th ey ? Sol di ers, f i remen, v ol unteers,
engineers...?
- Consequences f or nuclear saf ety protocols.
Group 5. Fukushima (1)
- Wh ere and wh en did it h appen? Wh y ?
Ef f ects in space and to th e weath er: Do th e
consequences still ex ist?
- Medi a cov erage: l ocal , nat i onal ,
international...
Group 6. Fukushima (2)
- Classif ication according to th e INES scale.
- Th e area af f ected (include a map).
- Population: f atalities, people af f ected, people
displaced...
- Th e role of th e "Fuk ush ima 5 0": Wh o were
th ey ? Sol di ers, f i remen, v ol unteers,
engineers...?
- Consequences f or nuclear saf ety protocols.
Group1. Basic concepts
- Classif ication of nuclear accidents.
- Th e INES scale.
- Operational guidelines. Th e organisations
or b odies th at come into play af ter a nuclear
accident.
- Activ ation of emergency plans: wh o def ines
th e incident, wh o giv es th e orders, wh o carries
th em out.
- Th e documentary RADIOACTIVE WOLVES
won th e "Cuidad de Pamplona" award at th e
Telenatura f ilm f estiv al in 2 01 1 :
"25 years after the worst nuclear accident in
history, the explosion of the central reactor
at Chernobyl nuclear plant on the 26 of April
1986, the area uninhabitable for humans and
contaminated by radiation known as the
"exclusion zone" is now dominated by wolves.
Over the years a rich ecosystem has evolved
where the wolf population has thrived
unchecked."
Here y ou can f ind th e documentary in
English : (h ttp: //tiny url.com/d9o3 7 f o):
af ter watch i ng i t wh at are y our
conclusions?
Here at th e Planetarium we h av e a
v ersion of th e documentary with
Spanish sub titles. It can b e sh own on
th e day of y our v isit if required (with
prior notice).
Group2. Spain
- Wh at nuclear incidents h av e th ere b een in
Spain? Wh en, wh ere and th e lev el reach ed
on th e INES scale
- Repercussions of th e incidents in th e media.
Media cov erage.
- Current situation of th e power plants th at
h av e recorded incidents.
1 2 /2 5
1 ) Mak e a list of th e names of all th e nuclear power stations f ound in Spain and th eir locations.
2 ) State wh eth er th ey are in operation, are in th e process of b eing sh ut down or are projects wh ich h av e b een
scrapped.
3 ) Wh ere do Spain's nuclear power stations currently ob tain th eir uranium f rom? Has th is alway s b een th e
case? Find out ab out any old uranium mines in Spain, are th ere any still b eing work ed today ?
4 ) Th ere is a h uge dif f erence b etween h igh lev el radioactiv e waste management and intermediate and low
lev el radioactiv e waste management, b ut in Spain th ey are all dealt with b y wh ich company ?
4 .1 ) INTERMEDIATE AND LOW LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTES. Def ine th em. Wh ere are th ey stored?
Wh at k inds of installations produce th ese ty pes of waste? Do th ey only come f rom nuclear power stations?
4 .2 ) HIGH LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTES. Def ine th em. Wh ere are th ese ty pes of waste produced?
Wh ere are th ey stored? Are th ere any cases in wh ich th e waste f rom a power station is stored outside
Spain? Wh ich power station? Some y ears ago, a place f or centralising th e storage of th ese ty pes of
waste was outlined. Look f or inf ormation on th e places th at were considered as possib le sites. Wh ich
site was f inally decided on f or its installation? Look f or inf ormation on th e media cov erage and social
repercussions th at ensued. Wh at ex actly is th e current location of th is project? Wh ere will th e waste th at
is to b e stored th ere come f rom? Is th is a f inal solution f or th is waste? Wh at is th e installation's storage
capacity ? Wh at percentage of its capacity is destined f or th e waste coming f rom Spain's nuclear power
stations? Will th is installation contain waste f rom oth er countries?
Ch eck out th is application on Enresa's web site: h ttp: //tiny url.com/lh jt2 ea
NU CLEAR POWER IN SPAIN
Spain's nuclear power stations supply around 2 0% of all electricity consumed. In contrast
to oth er countries, Spain h as not dev eloped a decided policy f or nuclear power. Howev er,
since th e 1 96 0's th ere h av e b een sev eral nuclear power stations in operation. Let's look at
th e current panorama of th is energy in our country .
CLOSED FU EL CYCLE NU CLEAR POWER STATIONS
En un reactor nuclear de f isin tienen lugar reacciones que producen distintos ncleos
radiactiv os. De todas ellas la que ms interesa es la f isin del U ranio- 2 3 5 , pero tamb in se
producen reacciones de captura neutrnica que dan lugar a ncleos ms pesados. Estos
elementos, especialmente el plutonio, son potencialmente f isionab les y por tanto contienen
energa que se puede aprov ech ar. En las centrales nucleares de ciclo cerrado, el comb ustib le
gastado es reprocesado para separar el plutonio e introducirlo de nuev o en el proceso.
Search f or and locate on a map th e world's work ing and planned closed f uel cy cle power stations. How many
are th ere in Spain? Wh ich countries are opting f or th e closed f uel cy cle? Wh ich countries are doing away with
th em?
Th e f uel used in open f uel cy cle power stations is enrich ed uranium (wh ich h as a h igh er quantity of U - 2 3 5 th an
f ound in natural uranium). Wh at is th e f uel used in a closed f uel cy cle? Wh at is MOX f uel?
Search f or and locate on a map th e world's nuclear reprocessing plants. Are th ere any countries with closed
f uel cy cle power stations wh ich h av e no reprocessing plants? Wh ere do th ey ob tain th eir reprocessed f uel
f rom? Mark on th e world map its sh ortest transport route. Search f or th e countries of f icially listed as possessing
th e atom b omb . Are th ere any countries wh ich are not on th e list wh ich h av e nuclear reprocessing plants?
Wh ich is th e only Muslim country wh ich h as nuclear power stations? Wh ich oth er h as th em in th e pipeline?
In a ty pical case it would tak e 4 ,000 y ears of conf inement f or non reprocessed radioactiv e waste to b e considered
as non h azardous. Wh at length of time in conf inement would b e necessary f or th e waste f rom closed f uel cy cle
power stations? Does a permanent storage place f or th em actually ex ist? Wh at is it lik e? Wh ich civ ilisations
f lourish ed 4 ,000 y ears ago? Wh at k ingdoms ex isted in th e Ib erian Peninsula? Could y ou imagine wh at th e
world will b e lik e wh en th e reprocessed radioactiv e waste is no longer dangerous? And wh en th e waste f rom
th e open f uel cy cle stations is saf e too?
1 3 /2 5
Renewab le energies are th ose deriv ed f rom natural sources wh ich are naturally replenish ed
or th ose wh ich do not run out f or a considerab le length of time. Th e f ollowing ty pes of energy
can b e considered as renewab le: solar, tidal, wind, h y droelectric, geoth ermal and b iomass.
Answer th e f ollowing questions. You can consult th e inf ograph ics on th is web site:
h ttp: //tiny url.com/og8uu6 e.
1 ) Wh ere does tidal power come f rom?
2 ) Wh at geograph ical ch aracteristics are necessary f or th e installation of a tidal power station?
3 ) Look f or dif f erent ty pes of power stations th at use th e energy of th e wav es. Ex plain ab out one wh ich y ou
f ind particularly ingenious.
4 ) How many metres are necessary b etween th e h igh and low tides in order to mak e a tidal power station
v iab le? Ch eck out th is link www,tab lademareas.com and name 5 places wh ere it would b e possib le to install
a tidal power station and 5 places wh ere it would not.
5 ) Wh ere does wind power come f rom?
6 ) Wh at is a wind turb ine? How do th ey work ? Wh ere are th ey located? Wh at k inds of winds can b e utilised
with th e current tech nology ?
7 ) Hy droelectric power. Wh at is th e dif f erence b etween run- of - th e- riv er, conv entional (dam), and pumped-
storage h y droelectric power stations? Wh ich of th em demands a more rational approach to th e management
of resources?
8) Wh ere in th e world is th e largest h y droelectric power station f ound? Wh at do y ou th ink ab out it?
9) Solar power. Wh at energies are ob tained f rom th e Sun?
1 0) Ph otov oltaic solar power. In ph otov oltaic solar panels th e electricity is generated directly f rom sunligh t.
Search f or th e adv antages and disadv antages of th is energy source in comparison to oth ers. In wh at k inds of
installations does it h av e a particular adv antage?
1 1 ) Solar th ermal energy . Th ese installations use th e solar energy f rom sunligh t in order to h eat water. Search
f or a diagram in order to h elp y ou understand h ow it work s. Wh ich applications use th is meth od to h arness
th e energy f rom th e Sun? Wh ich countries h av e th e largest potential f or using it?
1 2 ) Concentrated solar power. Th ese k inds of power stations concentrate th e sunligh t f rom a large area onto
a single point to h eat water or oth er compounds in order to turn turb ines wh ich generate electricity . Find th e
dif f erent power stations of th is k ind around th e world. For wh ich countries could th is f orm of energy b e a v iab le
alternativ e? Find out wh ere th ey are located in Spain.
1 3 ) Geoth ermal energy . Wh ere does th is renewab le f orm of energy come f rom? Giv e a sh ort ex planation of
wh at it is.
1 4 ) Ocean th ermal energy conv ersion. Look up th e b asic principle b eh ind th ese k inds of power stations.
1 5 ) Biomass. Th ere are th ree b asic k inds of b iomass: natural, waste and produced. Ex plain wh at each of th em
are. Wh at are th e dif f erent sy stems employ ed in th e ex ploitation of b iomass? Wh at is th e dif f erence b etween
th e emissions f rom b iomass comb ustion and th at released b y f ossil f uels?
1 6 ) Look up data on th e concentration of CO2 in th e Earth 's atmosph ere. Wh en was th e last time in our planet's
h istory th at th e amount of CO2 was so h igh ? Is th ere a general consensus on th e origins of th at increase
Activ ity 4 Renewable energy and sustainability
1 4 /2 5
SOCIAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
ECONOMIC
livable viable
equitable
SUSTAINABLE
Renewable energy and sustainability are two concepts wh ich more th an of ten go h and in
h and; h owev er th ey are not sy nony ms. Let us th ink a little ab out th em.
Sustainab le dev elopment is a term th at was f irst used in 1 7 1 3 b y Hans Carl v on Carlowitz,
th e man in ch arge of f orestry in Sax ony , Germany at th at time. His b ook Sy lv icultura
oeconomica contained th e f irst compreh ensiv e concept of sustainab le f orestry : "If we only
cut down a few trees from a forest, then it will regenerate itself, but if we cut all the trees
down then that forest will disappear forever"
1 ) Sustainab ility indicators. Wh at are th ey ? Dif f erent sustainab ility indicators are used; list some of
th em.
2 ) Wh en is it possib le to use th e adjectiv e sustainable? To wh ich words can it b e applied, and in each
case wh at does th at imply ? Mak e a list.
- e.g. Sustainable economy
- Sustainable city
- Sustainable school..
3 ) Te presentamos un esquema de sostenib ilidad.
4 ) Are renewab le energies sustainab le? All of th em?
- Composition. With ref erence to th e renewab le energies th at y ou k now, write a composition in wh ich
y ou ex pose th eir limitations, in response to th e sentence wh en renewab le energies cease to b e so...
If need b e, y ou can tak e th e f ollowing points into account: Wh eth er or not th ey pollute, in wh at
way th ey do pollute, wh eth er th ey are silent or noisy , wh eth er th ey are av ailab le th rough out
th e y ear, h ow th eir installation af f ects th e env ironment, th e consequences f or wildlif e, wh eth er
or not th eir power is limited, wh eth er th eir installation is ex pensiv e, th e time it tak es to b ecome
v iab le...
5 ) Ch oose an ex isting renewab le energy power station (of any ty pe) and compare it with anoth er
non- renewab le one in terms of sustainab ility . Gath er inf ormation and put th e energy companies, th e
socio- economic conditions of th e area, etc into contex t.
- Do y ou agree with th is
diagram?
- Would y ou ch ange it in
any way ? Would y ou add
or remov e any th ing?
- Ch ange it in wh atev er
way y ou lik e. Now justif y
th ose ch anges.
- How sustainab le is th e
b uilding wh ere y ou study ?
Analy se it according to th e
diagram.
1 5 /2 5
ENERGY BITS is a cross- media project on sustainab le energy and energy
sav i ng, supported b y Intel l i gent Energy Europe (European
Commission),with th e aim to stimulate b eh av ioural ch ange and promote
innov ativ e pratices among th e 1 4 - 1 8 y ears old. Its ressource platf orm
propose a collection of 2 4 documentaries, a web documentary , participativ e
tools and a serious game in 9 languages.
Ch eck th is interesting European project ab out energy
ENERGY BITS 2 02 0: h ttp: //www.2 02 0energy .eu/es
Th e serious game 2 02 0 Energy was designed with in th e f ramework of ENERGY- BITS a European
cross- media awareness programme f or teenagers (1 4 - 1 8 y ears old) f inanced b y th e Intelligent Energy
Europe programme. Energy - BITS encourages more responsib le and ef f icient b eh av iours in energy
consumption and promotes renewab le energies.
ENERGY- BITS, f or educators and th e general pub lic: 2 4 documentaries, 1 web documentarY, 1
serious game, 1 collab orativ e and social space
Th ese resources were created b y 1 3 partners across Europe and are av ailab le in 9 European
languages on th e platf orm www.energy b its.eu.
Th e serious game introduces energy issues with a sustainab le dev elopment message in a f un way
th rough 9 interactiv e missions. It can b e used as an introduction to th e notion of sustainab le
dev elopment or to assess th e acquired sk ills at th e end of a sch ool programme.
Th e Energy - Bits documentaries are link ed to each mission of th e game. Th ey sh ow a concrete answer
b y one European country to a question raised b y th e game. Th ey can b e used f or case studies.
Th e Energy - Bits programme h as a collab orativ e dimension and inv ites th e y oung, indiv idually or
collectiv ely in th eir educativ e sph ere, to get mob ilized. Af ter play ing and watch ing th e documentaries,
y ou can participate in th e contest Hav e y our say b y directing a v ideo with y our class on th e th eme
of Energy .
1 6 /2 5
ELECTRICITY. Red Elctrica de Espaa S.A. (www.ree.es), was f ounded in 1 985 and is
th e TSO (Transmission Sy stem Operator) of th e Spanish electricity sy stem. As th e sy stem's
operator, it guarantees th e saf ety and permanence of our country 's supply b y maintaining
a constant b alance b etween generation and consumption. It also manages th e electricity
distrib ution grid and is th e sole operator of th is network in Spain.
HOW MUCH ELECTRICITY DO WE CONSUME?
Can we predict th e consuption of th e wh ole country ? How is th e energy consuption distrib uted?
Daily consumption. Th e consumption of
electricity drops drastically as f rom midnigh t
and reach es a minimum during th e small
h ours. From around 6 a.m. it b egins to rise
again and reach es its max imum b y mid
morning, th ere is a sligh t f all around lunch time
and th en a second peak in th e early ev ening.
Th e curv e on demand is due to a comb ination
of many dif f erent ty pes of consumption:
domestic, industrial, f or transport, etc. And
depends on many f actors: temperature (electric
f ires in winter and air conditioning in summer),
h ours of sunligh t, national h oliday s, etc.
Because electricity cannot b e stored in large quantities, it is necessary to constantly maintain
th e b ase load, with a strategy th at allows b oth th e b asic demand as much as th e possib le
peak s in demand to b e met.
1 ) Mak e two lists: in th e f irst include situations and products related to th e b ase load; and in th e
oth er th ose related to th e peak s in demand.
2 ) Annual consumption. Do y ou th ink y ou can draw a graph wh ich represents th e approx imate
annual consumption of electricity ? At wh ich time of y ear do we consume more energy ? Wh y ?
3 ) Wh ich ty pe of power station is most suited f or th e retaining of electricity during of f - peak h ours?
Wh y ?
base load
peak hours
curve on demand
valley hours
energy
surplus
00:00 6 a.m. 12:00 a.m. 6 p.m. 00:00
PEAK
BASIC
- Refrigerator - Christmas Night
1 7 /2 5
Activ ity 5 Energy in Spain
Nex t th ere will b e some questions on th e dif f erent k inds of energy we h av e studied until now.
Answer th e questions using y our noteb ook s and th e b lank maps wh enev er y ou consider it
necessary .
Note: th is can also b e carried out as a group ex ercise (1 group per ty pe of energy ). If y ou
want, y ou can also use Google Earth and its placemark s to mark th e dif f erent locations. We
will use a dif f erent colour f or each energy . You can also consult th ese web sites: www.unesa.es/
www.minetur.gob .es/, www.ree.es/ etc.
FOSSIL FUELS IN SPAIN
OIL
1 ) Wh ere are Spain's oil f ields f ound? Are th ere many ? Wh o administers th em? Mark th ese
oil f ields on th e map.
2 ) How much oil was produced in Spain ov er th e last y ear?
If we tak e th e primary energy consumption in Spain into account, wh at percentage of th e energy
we consume comes f rom oil? Wh at percentage of th at oil is produced in Spain?
3 ) To wh at ex tent does Spain depend on imported oil? Wh ich countries do we import th e oil
f rom?
COAL
1 ) Wh ere are Spain's coal deposits f ound? Are th ere many ? Wh o administers th em? Mark th e
deposits on th e map.
2 ) How much coal was produced in Spain ov er th e last y ear?
we consume comes f rom coal? Wh at percentage of th at coal is mined in Spain?
3 ) To wh at ex tent does Spain depend on coal imports? Wh ich countries do we import th e coal
f rom?
4 ) Mark th e dif f erent routes th rough wh ich th e imported coal enters our country .
GAS + LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gas)
1 ) Wh ere are Spain's gas + LPG deposits f ound? Are th ere many ? Wh o administers th em?
Mark th e deposits on th e map.
2 ) How much gas + LPG was produced in Spain ov er th e last y ear?
we consume comes f rom gas + LPG? Wh at percentage of th at gas is produced in Spain?
3 ) To wh at ex tent does Spain depend on imported gas + LPG? Wh ich countries do we import
th e gas + LPG f rom?
4 ) Mark th e dif f erent routes th rough wh ich th e imported gas + LPG enters our country .
5 ) Find out wh ich places in Spain h av e decided not to allow th e procedures to go ah ead f or
th e carry ing out of h y draulic f racturing (f rack ing).
- What are the main uses for these energy sources? Write a list of examples
1 8/2 5
ELECTRICITY
We transf orm dif f erent energies into electricity. We ob tain electricity th rough power stations
wh ich are supplied b y eith er renewab le or non- renewab le energies.
1 ) Wh ich f iv e b ig companies administer Spain's electricity ? Look it up on www.unesa.es
2 ) Wh at are th e dif f erent k inds of installations th at generate electricity ? Approx imately h ow many
of each k ind of power station do we h av e? Wh ere in th e country are th ey located? Mark th em on
th e map.
3 ) Wh at percentage of electricity is produced b y each k ind of power station?
4 ) Th e distrib ution of electricity .
4 .a) Wh en it comes to storage, wh at is th e main dif f erence b etween electricity and th e oth er
ty pes of energy ? Wh at does th is imply ?
4 .b ) How is electricity distrib uted th rough th e national grid? Write a summary . Perh aps th is
animation will h elp: h ttp: //tiny url.com/cudoprs
4 .c) Wh ich countries does Spain ex ch ange electricity with ? Wh ich predominates, import or
ex port? Mark th em on th e map.
5 ) On th e Red Electrica de Espaa web site y ou are ab le to see Spain's demand f or electricity in
real time: h ttp: //tiny url.com/nf 3 wlx .
Red Electrica use very advanced
technology in the installations which
they have around the country in order
to obtain the precise information
needed to ensure that the electricity
grid functions correctly. This data
al l ows them to supervi se the
availability of the power stations'
production, the possible restrictions
in the distribution network and the
international exchanges and also to
make previsions for demand as well.
5 .a) Fill out a tab le in Ex cel (or similar program) with inf ormation f rom th e web site. Search
in th e date pick er b ox , and f ill in inf ormation f rom th e prev ious August and Nov emb er (write
down th e actual and th e f orecast data f or b oth month s).
5 .b ) Wh ich day s in each month was th e actual consumption th e h igh est? Wh at day of th e
week did th ese day s f all on? Wh en is most electricity consumed, in summer or in winter?
6 ) Electricity transmission network s. Find and draw Spain's h igh tension power lines and major
power stations (nuclear, th ermal, etc) on th e corresponding map b elow. Is th ere any relation
b etween th e h igh tension lines and th e power stations? Considering th e inf ormation on y our map,
wh ich places consume th e most electricity ?
It is an undeniab le f act th at h igh tension power lines are a b lot on th e landscape, and nob ody
lik es th em near th eir h omes. Some people claim th at th ese power lines produce negativ e
af f ects to our h ealth . .. Is th ere any truth in th is? Do some research and f orm y our own
opinion. Do y ou th ink lay ing h igh tension power cab les underground could b e a solution?
Wh at prob lems would it solv e and wh at prob lems could it cause?
Find out ab out protest mov ements against th e instalment of new h igh tension power lines.
Discuss it in class.
1 9/2 5
Energy deposits
Energy transportation routes
2 0/2 5
GLOBAL EXTINCTIONS. Our planet, th e Earth , is a liv ing and ch anging planet. It is constantly
ev olv ing; th ere h av e b een 5 mass ex tinctions th rough out its h istory : th e most well k nown
one h appening 6 5 million y ears ago and wh ich led to th e end of th e age of th e Dinosaurs.
- Do some research and summarise th e 5 mass ex tinctions.
- Th ink ab out: Wh at th e nex t one will b e? Is th e six th ex tinction already underway ? Are we responsib le?
Study th e f ollowing tex t f rom th e WHO (World Health Organisation):
ROU ND TABLE - QU ICK DEBATE. Arrange th e tab les in y our classroom into a circle so th at
all th e students are f acing each oth er; th e teach er will giv e th e f loor to wh oev er wish es to
speak and th e rest of th e class must listen attentiv ely .
One of th e students, instead of tak ing part in th e deb ate will write down th e ideas and opinions
of h is or h er classmates, th ese ideas will th en b e display ed in a mural done b y th e wh ole
class at th e end. Th e topics to b e discussed are as f ollows (some inf ormation will need to
b e collected in adv ance). It is not essential th at th e teach er selects all of th e topics in question.
Topics to b e discussed:
Considering th e dif f erent energies th at we use, wh at does th e f uture h old? Wh at ch anges do
we need to b ring ab out? Do we h av e enough willpower to ach iev e it?
Wh at role do f ossil f uels play in our liv es? Do we b enef it f rom th em or not? Discuss th eir positiv e
and negativ e aspects. To wh at ex tent are we dependent on f ossil f uels? Could th is pose a
prob lem? Suggest possib le consequences.
Wh at role does nuclear power play in our liv es? Do we b enef it f rom it or not? Discuss its
positiv e and negativ e aspects.
Wh at role does renewab le energy play in our liv es? Do we b enef it f rom it or not? Discuss its
positiv e and negativ e aspects.
Wh at energy model would y ou suggest f or solv ing th e serious prob lems arising f rom th e waste
produced f rom th e b urning of f ossil f uels?
Wh at ideas and conclusions h av e y ou come to?
Deb ate current issues: You could organise a deb ate on a current energy issue: y ou will need
to look in th e media f or news items relating to dif f erent power stations.
RECOMMENDED READING: The Sixth Extinction. Patterns
of life and the future of humankind.
Richard Leakey. Roger Lewin.
Richard Leakey. Roger Lewin.
Today, humankind's activities are altering the world's climate. We are increasing
the atmospheric concentration of energy-trapping gases, thereby amplifying the
natural " greenhouse effect" that makes the Earth habi tabl e. These greenhouse
gases (GHGs) compri se, pri nci pal l y, carbon di oxi de (mostl y from fossi l fuel
combustion and forest burning), plus other heat-trapping gases such as methane
(from irrigated agriculture, animal husbandry and oil extraction), nitrous oxide and
various human-made halocarbons. In its Third Assessment Report (2001), the UN's
Intergovernmental Panel on Cl i mate Change (IPCC) stated: " There i s new and
stronger evi dence that most of the warmi ng observed over the l ast 50 years i s
attributable to human activities."
2 1 /2 5
Activ ity 6 Energy and the Environment
THE TABLE IS EXPLAINED AS FOLLOWS:
Biomass: On Earth , th e energy f rom liv ing organisms
deriv es f oremost f rom th e Sun th rough th e process of
ph otosy nth esis
Coal: Th e same as f or b iomass ex cept f or th e
interv ention of geological processes (of th e Earth )
Wind: Th e Sun h eats up th e air wh ich rises and is
displaced b y th e Earth 's rotation.
Natural Gas: Th e same as f or coal
Geothermal: Th e use of Earth 's internal h eat
Hydroelectricity: Th e Sun ev aporates water th at is
contained in rising h ot air. Earth 's rotation displaces
th is water v apour wh ich f alls to th e ground ab ov e sea
lev el. Th e k inetic energy produced b y th e water
descending toward th e sea is utilised b y turb ines
Sea - the Tides: Th e grav itational pull of th e Sun and
Moon def orms th e surf ace of th e sea producing low
and h igh tides
Sea the Waves: Wav es are f ormed due to th e
interaction of th e wind with th e sea, th eref ore th e
primary origin of th is energy lies in th e Sun
As part of th is teach ing material we h av e dealt with renewab le energy . To conclude, we would
suggest y ou tak e a moment to consider th e concept of RENEWABLE, b ut f rom a much
b roader perspectiv e in time. You will come across some v ery surprising results wh en y ou
increase th e time scale.
In th e f ollowing tab le we giv e a description of th e primary origins of th e dif f erent energy sources wh ich
are used b y our society , as well as th eir ratings as renewab le or non- renewab le on dif f erent time
scales:
- Each line represents an energy source; and each column th e dif f erent sy stems wh ich contain
energy .
- Th e numbers ref er to th e ch ain wh ich according to our criteria th e energy source in each
line f ollows. Th eref ore a b lue numb er one ref ers to th e sy stem wh ich is th at energy 's primary
source of origin.
Study and discuss our suggested description in class and th en mak e th e ch anges th at y ou
f eel are appropriate and ex plain th ose ch anges.
Sea - Oceanic thermal energy: Due to th e h eat f rom
th e Sun, th e water on th e surf ace of th e oceans is
warmer th an th at of th e ocean deep.
Nuclear from Fission: U ses th e energy f rom th e f ission
of nuclei of U ranium f ound h ere on Earth
Nuclear from Fusion: U ses th e energy f rom th e f usion
of ligh ter nuclei with oth er h eav ier nuclei
Oil: Th e same as f or coal and natural gas
Photovoltaic solar power: Sunligh t is conv erted
straigh t into electricity using ph otov oltaic solar panels
Solar thermal energy: Sunligh t is used to h eat water
or oth er compounds
3
2
3
1
2
2
2 - 4
2
1
1 *
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
*
**
Renewab le or inex h austib le
(with in th is time)
Non- renewab le or ex h austib le
(with in th is time)
* th e temperature of th e Earth 's core is
reduced b y ab out 1 00 C ev ery th ousand
million y ears
* * Th ere i s Hy drogen and oth er
"f usionab le" nuclei with in th e U niv erse
FUENTE DE ENERGA
Planet
Earth
Gravitation
(Earth/Moon-
Sun/Earth)
Sun Wind
Fresh
water
Life
Renewable
10.000 aos
Renewable
1 m.. years
Renewable
500 m.. years
Renewable
10.000 m.. years
2 2 /2 5
Activ ity 7 The origins of the different Energy sources
Biomass
Coal
Wind
Natural Gas
Geothermal
Hydroelectricity
Sea - the Tides
Sea the Waves
Sea - Oceanic thermal energy
Nuclear from Fission
Nuclear from Fusion
Oil
Photovoltaic solar power
Solar thermal energy:
THE KYOTO PROTOCOL:
Wh at is it? Wh ich countries are party to it? Wh en was th e last
meeting? Agreements, compliance, f uture...
ENERGY IN YOU R AU TONOMOU S COMMU NITY
Find out ab out th e places th at produce energy in y our autonomous
community : Classif y th em according to ty pe and mark th em on a
map.
WHO:
Climate ch ange and h uman h ealth . Risk s and responses.
h ttp: //tiny url.com/d6 pzwf z
ENERGY THROU GH FU SION:
Find out ab out th e dif f erent international projects wh ich are currently
inv estigating and testing th is ty pe of energy . Wh at is ITER? Are th ere
any oth er designs f or h y drogen f usion reactors?
THE ARFRISOL PROJECT: h ttp: //www.arf risol.es/ARFRISOLportal/
Sustainab le arch itecture.
WHICH ENERGY DO THEY U SE?
Mak e th e longest list y ou can of all th e ty pes of v eh icles y ou can
th ink of and th e energy source wh ich driv es th em (car, b icy cle,
sub marine, rock et, space prob es, train...).
Historia de los movimientos ecologistas en Europa
QU ES LA HU ELLA DE CARBONO?
Ex isten pginas web en las que puedes calcular aprox imadamente
cul es tu h uella. Busca alguna de ellas y compara los resultados
entre los alumnos de clase.
NIKOLI KARDASHOV:
Look up references to th e work of Nik oli Kardash ov and more recently (Carl
sagan, Mich io Kak u...).
Th ere are so many aspects to th e sub ject of energy th at we h av e decided to of f er th e f ollowing
sections in order to h elp b roaden y our k nowledge ev en f urth er. You can search f or inf ormation,
create murals and diagrams, h ot potatoes... approach th em as f reely as y ou wish .
Ex tras: Find out more...
2 3 /2 5
U sef ul link s
Planetario de Pamplona:
www.escuela.pamplonetario.org , www.pamplonetario.org
Educativ e game - ENERGY BITS
h ttp: //www.2 02 0energy .eu/es
Featured Link s:
h ttp: //www.wh o.int/es/
maps.google.es
h ttp: //www.endesa.com/
h ttp: //www.ib erdrola.es
h ttp: //www.enresa.es/
h ttp: //www.ipcc.ch /h ome_languages_main_spanish .sh tml#.U gNqHKy Aa3 x
h ttp: //www.wh o.int/glob alch ange/es/
h ttp: //www.world- nuclear.org/
h ttp: //www.tab lademareas.com/
h ttp: //www.v idasostenib le.org/
Some images used in th is tutorial come f rom th e f ollowing web sites:
h ttp: //www.f otosimagenes.org/imagenes/petroleo- 5 .jpg
h ttp: //upload.wik imedia.org/wik ipedia/commons/8/8e/Mey ers_b 1 5 _s02 7 2 b .jpg
h ttp: //commons.wik imedia.org/wik i/File%3 AMey ers_b 1 5 _s02 7 2 b .jpg
h ttp: //www.sciencenews.org/pictures/09081 2 /f eat_f rack ing_f ootprint_zoom.gif
h ttp: //ah orralia.net/wp- content/uploads/2 01 3 /03 /repostando.jpg
h ttp: //upload.wik imedia.org/wik ipedia/commons/2 /2 2 /Bateaux _comparaison2 .sv g
h ttp: //www.cosmonoticias.org/wp- content/uploads/2 01 2 /02 /impacto- asteroide.jpg
h ttp: //static.b logo.it/ecologiab log/ecologiab log_walle_1 7 86 .jpg
h ttp: //img.scoop.it/MWef 4 - B9l5 Dzh 3 EIpCZnujl7 2 eJk f b mt4 t8y enImKBVaiQDB_Rd1 H6 k muBWtceBJ
h ttp: //nav arra.def inde.com/_arch iv os/imagenes/galeria_2 1 1 80_post.jpg
h ttp: //4 .b p.b logspot.com/- y ov r7 lQtqh E/U AFDXCR2 f gI/AAAAAAAASeQ/M9wAISaq- oU /s1 6 00/mapa- espana- politico-
mudo1 .jpg
h ttp: //www.certif icadosenergeticosmalaga.es/wp- content/uploads/2 01 3 /05 /ENERGIA- RENOVABLE.jpg
h ttp: //www.mth oly ok e.edu/~tiern2 0l/classweb /climatech ange/images/k y otoprotocol.jpg
h ttp: //www.tok amak .se/tok amak .jpg
h ttps: //upload.wik imedia.org/wik ipedia/commons/1 /1 8/Tcv _int.jpg
h ttp: //tiny url.com/k rb jb sk
h ttp: //www.dav iddarling.inf o/images/Kardash ev .jpg
2 4 /2 5
www.pamplonetario.org
Las activ idades de div ulgacin y educacin cientf ica del Planetario de Pamplona
cuentan con el impulso de laOb ra Social "la Caix a" y la Fundacin Caja Nav arra
Este ob ra est b ajo una licencia de Creativ e Commons Reconocimiento- NoComercial 4 .0
http://creativecommons.org/choose/?lang=es_ES

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