BEHAVIOUR OF SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE MADE WITH GGBS

AND RHA UNDER AXIAL COMPRESSION AND FLEXURE

Synopsis of the Thesis proposed to be submitted
By
MUDDAPU SWAROOPA RANI
(Reg.No.30514 CE/PH)
for the award of the degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING






RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CELL
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
HYDERABAD 500 085, A.P., INDIA
JANUARY 2011


Contents Page No.
1.0
Introduction
1
1.1 Significance of the present research 1
1.2 Literature Review 2
1.3 Objectives and scope of the work 3
1.4 Materials used 4
1.5
Development of SCC ad studies on fresh and
hardened properties
6
1.5.1 GGBS based SCC mixes 6
1.5.2 Blending of RHA to SCC mixes 7
1.6
Selection of Final SCC Mixes
8
1.7 Evaluation of Strength Efficiency Factors 9
1.7.1 Estimation of Strength Efficiency Factor, k 9
1.8
Development of SCC with Steel Confinement

11
1.8.1
Studies on Stress- Strain Behaviour of SCC

11
1.8.2
Models for Stress-Strain Behaviour of SCC
Mixes

12
1.8.3
Development of Theoretical Stress-Strain
Curves
15
1.9
Studies on Flexural Behaviour of SCC mixes

15
1.10
Development of Moment-Curvature
relationships using Analytical Models.
16
1.11
Durability Studies of Low, Medium and high
grade SCC Mixes with GGBS and RHA.
18
1.12
Conclusions
19
1.13
Some Important References
21
List of publications of the author related to
the present work
24

















Table No. Table Page.No
1.5.1.1 SCC mixes with optimum GGBS 6
1.5.1.2 Fresh and Hardened properties of SCC with
GGBS
7
1.5.2.1 SCC mixes with GGBS and RHA 7
1.5.2.2 Fresh and Hardened Properties of SCC with
GGBS and RHA
8
1.6.1 Final SCC mix proportions selected for
further investigations
8
1.7.1 Comparison of Strength Efficiency factor k of
GGBS and RHA combination in SCC and
GGBS alone in SCC at optimum % of
replacement
10
1.8.1 Designation for M20 grade SCC concrete 12
1.11.1 Acid Durability & Acid Attack Factors for
different SCC Mixes

18
Fig. No Figure
1.7.1 Relation between Efficiency Factor k and
Age with % of GGBS replacement for M20
SCC at 3, 7, 28 days

10
1.8.1 Stress-Strain behaviour M2S, M2S1, M2S2,
M2S3, M2S4, M2S5, M2S6 Mixes

12
1.8.2 Normalised Stress-Strain behaviour of M20-
GGBS
13
1.8.3 Experimental & Theoretical Stress-Strain -
M2S4
15
1.9.1 Load-deflection plots for over -reinforced
beams
16
1.10.1 Experimental and Theoretical M- plots for
beam UR & OR of M2S-mix

17
1.11.1 Acid Durability Factor and Days of
immersion of M20 grade SCC mixes in
H2SO4 Acid

19
1

SYNOPSIS
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Concrete technology has made tremendous strides in the past
decade. The development of specifying a concrete according to its
performance requirements, rather than the constituents and ingredients
has opened innumerable opportunities for producers of concrete and
users to design concrete to suit their specific requirements. One of the
most outstanding advances in the concrete technology over the last
decade is self compacting concrete (SCC). Self-compacting concrete is a
highly flowable, stable concrete which flows readily into places around
congested reinforcement, filling formwork without any consolidation and
significant segregation. The hardened concrete is dense, homogeneous
and has the same engineering properties and durability as that of
traditional vibrated concrete. The use of SCC eliminates the need for
compaction thereby saves time, reduces labour costs and conserves
energy. Furthermore use of SCC enhances surface finish characteristics.
1.1. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PRESENT RESEARCH
Extensive studies have been made on Self Compacting Concrete
with different combinations of mineral and chemical admixtures (chapter
2). However, Limited studies were done on the behaviour of SCC with
GGBS, SCC with RHA and SCC with GGBS and RHA combination and its
2

efficiency. Considering this gap in existing literature an attempt has been
made to study the strength efficiency of GGBS and RHA in SCC along
with their mechanical strength and durability aspects.
1.2. LITERATURE REVIEW
More than hundred papers are reviewed and presented in the main
thesis, out of which few important reports have been presented. Self
compacting concrete was developed at first in Japan by Prof.Okamura
[8] of Kochi university of Technology in 1986. Studies to develop SCC and
its workability have been carried out by Ozawa & Maekawa at the
University of Tokyo. Research scholars all over the globe have reported
the need of admixtures in SCC. H.Okamura & M. Ouchi (1997) [9] have
investigated the effect of superplasticiser on the balance between
flowability and viscosity of mortar in SCC. K.Ganesh Babu and V. Sree
Rama Kumar (2000)
[ 4]
quantified the 28-day cementitious efficiency of
ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) in concrete at the various
replacement levels. Nan Su et al (2001) [6], Okamura H (2003) [8] and
EFNARC guidelines (2002 & 2005)[15] have proposed the mix design
methods for SCC using different mineral admixtures. Many investigators
have reported the use of fly ash, GGBS etc. as filler materials in SCC.
Suresh Babu. T (2009)[14] has studied elaborately about stress-strain
behavior of SCC and GFRCC with different admixtures.
3

Mehta P.K (1977)[5], Seshagiri Rao M.V (1999)[12], Rama Rao G.V
(2004)[13] have reported the effective use of RHA as an admixture to
improve the strength characteristics. Papworth (1994) [10], D.R. Seshu
(2003)[3] have presented models for the stress-strain behaviour of
conventional, fibre reinforced and steel fibre reinforced self compacting
concrete mixes respectively. Annie Peter (2007)[2] have reported the
flexural behaviour of steel fibre reinforced SCC.
1.3. OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE WORK
Even though extensive work is reported on SCC not much work is
reported on the behavior of SCC with GGBS and RHA as mineral
admixtures. Keeping this in view, the present experimental is taken up
to study the behavior of combination of GGBS and RHA in different
grades (M20, M40 and M60, i.e low, standard and high grade) of
concrete mixes. The main aim is to obtain specific experimental data,
to understand fresh and hardened properties of the self compacting
concrete with GGBS and RHA. Further it is also aimed to study
durability aspects of GGBS and RHA SCC. Broadly the main aims of
the present investigation are.
1. To study the behaviour of SCC
a. With GGBS
b. With GGBS and RHA combination
4

2. To investigate the compatibility of above powders in SCC along with
other chemical admixtures (SP and VMA).
3. To arrive at the Strength Efficiency factors of GGBS and RHA in
SCC.
4. To study the Stress-Strain Behaviour.
5. To study the Flexural Behaviour of beams.
6. To study the Durability aspect of SCC made with GGBS and RHA.
1.4. MATERIALS USED
Cement 53 grade OPC conforming to IS-12269
having specific gravity of 2.91.
Fine Aggregate Natural river sand conforming to IS-383
Zone II, having specific gravity 2.59.
Coarse Aggre Coarse Aggregate Crushed angular aggregate of size10 mm
having specific gravity 2.61.
Mineral admixtures Ground granulated blast furnace slag
Conforming to BS 12089-1987.
Rice Husk Ash (RHA)
Chemical admixtures High range water reducer,
Viscosity Modifying Agent (VMA).
Water Conforming to IS 456-2000.
Glass Fibres Acids H2SO4, HCl, Na2SO4.

5

Properties of the materials in detail are presented in the main thesis.
The Rice Husk Ash is obtained by burning the Rice Husk, obtained
from local mills, in heaps of 20 to 30kg in open air and grinding it to
16000cm
2/
gm. It is reported by M.V Seshagiri Rao that ash prepared by
this method gives good reactivity. The entire procedure is shown below

PREPARATION OF RICE HUSK ASH















20kg-30kg Rice Husk
heaps are made
Burnt in open air in
heaps of 20kg below
700
o
c
unburnt rice husk (black
in colour) is removed
Whitish grey ash is
ground in ball mills
Rice Husk Ash rich in
amorphous silica of
fineness 16000cm
2
/gm
obtained is highly reactive
6

1.5 DEVELOPMENT OF SCC AND STUDIES ON FRESH AND
HARDENED PROPERTIES

The first phase of investigation was carried out to develop a SCC
mix of low, medium and high strength concrete using chemical
admixtures. The mix proportion was designed based on EFNARC
method of SCC mix design. The designed mix was later extended to the
mineral admixture GGBS of different percentages. Further these mixes
and their combinations were blended with small quantities of RHA and
its fresh and hardened properties studied. Finally eight SCC mixes
which have yielded high compressive strength with satisfactory fresh
properties were selected and taken for further investigations.
1.5.1 GGBS based SCC Mixes
The SCC mix proportions with GGBS as filler material were
designed. Different trial mixes were tested in the laboratory and the
mixes with satisfactory fresh properties were selected as GGBS mix
proportions. GGBS mix proportions and their properties are shown in
tables 1.5.1 & 1.5.2.
Table 1.5.1.1 SCC mixes with optimum GGBS
SNo
Desig-
nation
cement
Kg.
C.A
Kg
F.A
Kg
GGBS
kg
Water
kg
S.P
%
(bwp)
V.M.A
%

1 M20

280 780 844 120 180 0.62 0.062
2 M40 350 800 800 150 190 0.82 0.082
bwp- by weight of powder
7

Table 1.5.1.2 Fresh and Hardened properties of SCC with GGBS


1.5.2 Blending of RHA to SCC Mixes
Rice husk ash is blended at different percentages to the GGBS mix and
its effect on fresh and hardened properties are shown in Tables 1.5.2.1 &
1.5.2.2.
Table 1.5.2.1 SCC mixes with GGBS and RHA
S.
no

Mix
Cement
kg.
C.A
kg
F.A
kg
RHA
kg*
GGBS
kg
Water
kg
S.P
%
VMA
%
1 M20

280 780 844 3.60* 116.40 180 0.68 0.07
2 M40 350 800 800 4.50* 145.50 190 0.84 0.08
3 M60 450 660 810 30** 150 190 0.98 0.01

* Optimized GGBS is replaced by 3% RHA by weight. ** 5% of RHA added by weight of
optimised GGBS



D
e
s
i
g
n
a
t
i
o
n

Fresh properties Hardened properties
Slump Test V Funnel Test
L Box
Test
Strength at 28 days N/mm
2

Slu
mp
mm
T50
time
Sec.
Time for
Discharge
T5
min.
Sec.
H2/H1
Compressive strength Tensile
strength
Flexural
strength
3d 7d 28d
M20 750 3.89 7.02 8.68 0.98 12.86 22.13 36.89 3.15 3.82
M40 760 3.80 6.78 8.25 0..98 16.11 31.75 52.67 4.67 4.98
8

Table 1.5.2.2 Fresh and Hardened Properties of SCC with GGBS and RHA


1.6 Selection of Final SCC Mixes

The selected eight SCC mixes along with fresh are shown in tables
1.6.1.
Table 1.6.1 Final SCC mix proportions selected for further investigations
S
.
n
o
Design-
ation
Cement
kg
C.A
kg
F.A
kg
GGBS
kg
RHA
kg
Water
kg
S.P %
(bwp)
VMA
%
1 M20 400 780 844 0 0 180 0.80 0.08
2
M20-
GGBS
280 780 844 120 0 180 0.62 0.06
3
M20-
GGBS
-RHA
280 780 844 116.4 3.60 180 0.68 0.07
4 M40 500 800 800 0 0 190 1.00 0.01
5
M40-
GGBS
350 800 800 150 0 190 0.82 0.08
6
M40-
GGBS
-RHA
350 800 800 145.5 4.50 190 0.84 0.08
7 M60 600 660 810 0 0 180 1.00 0.01
8
M60-
GGBS
-RHA
450 660 810 150 30 190 0.98 0.01
D
e
s
i
g
n
a
t
i
o
n

Fresh properties Hardened properties
Slump Test V Funnel Test
L Box
Test
Strength at 28 days N/mm
2

Slump
mm
T
50

time
Sec.
Time for
Discharge
T
5

min.
Sec.
H
2
/H
1

Compressive strength

Tensile
strength
Flexural
strength
3d 7d 28d
M20 750 4.20 7.20 8.6 0.98 14.30 22.20 41.20 3.829 4.20
M40 760 4.00 5.90 8.35 0..98 20.80 32.50 58.25 4.720 5.40
M60 720 3.24 6.54 8.37 0.96 18.89 39.97 65.52 5.680 5.98
9

1.7 EVALUATION OF STRENGTH EFFICIENCY FACTORS

The present work is an effort to quantify the 3, 7 and 28-day
cementitious efficiency of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS)
and Rice Husk Ash (RHA) combination in SCC at various replacement
levels by using a Cementing Efficiency Factor (k). The strength efficiency
factors are mainly useful to describe the admixtures GGBS and RHA
combinations ability on the compressive strength of SCC and quantify
the replacement of cement by GGBS and RHA combination on a one-to-
one basis by weight.
1.7.1 ESTIMATION OF STRENGTH EFFICIENCY FACTOR, K
The Bolomeys empirical expression frequently used to predict the
strength of concrete is theoretically well justifies when applied to
hardened SCC. The well known Bolomeys equation often used to relate
strength and water/cement ratio is:
S = A [(C/W)] + B ------ (1)
S is the compressive strength in MPa,
C is the cement content in kg /m
3
,
W is the water content in kg/m
3

A and B are Bolomeys coefficients /or constants
A strength efficiency factor, k, can then be computed using modified
Bolomeys equation
10

S = A [(C+ kG)/W) 0.5] ---------- (5)
Where S is the compressive strength in MPa,
C is the cement content in kg/m
3
,
G is the amount of GGBS and RHA replaced bwc.
W is the water content in kg/m
3
and k denotes efficiency factor of GGBS
and RHA combination
Table 1.7.1 Comparison of Strength Efficiency factor k of GGBS
and RHA combination in SCC and GGBS alone in SCC at optimum %
of replacement
Admixture

Efficiency Factor k(For optimum % replacement)
M20 Grade M40 Grade M60 Grade
3
Days
7
Days
28
Days
3
Days
7
Days
28
Days
3
Days
7
Days
28
Days
GGBS
0.77 1.21 1.80 0.69 1.15 1.56
0.63 0.33 0.66
GGBS and
RHA
1.03 1.22 2.19 0.73 1.21 1.90 0.69 0.90 1.31







Fig 1.7.1 Relation between Efficiency Factor k and Age with
% of GGBS replacement for M20 SCC at 3, 7, 28 days
11

1.8 DEVELOPMENT OF SCC WITH STEEL CONFINEMENT
With all the eight selected SCC mixes the cylinders are cast with
steel confinement. For all the eight mixes the steel rings inserted were
3 rings, 4 rings, 5 rings .The rings are made of M.S bars of diameter
4mm and 6mm. These cylinders were further tested for stress-strain
behaviour. The percentage of steel confinement is shown in the table
below


No. of rings
0
rings
3
rings
of
4mm
dia
4
rings
of
4mm
dia
5
rings
of
4mm
dia
3
rings
of
6mm
dia
4
rings
of
6mm
dia
5
rings
of
6mm
dia
Percentage
of steel
confinement

0

0.79

1.06

1.32

1.82

2.43

3.04

1.8.1 STUDIES ON STRESS- STRAIN BEHAVIOUR OF SCC
In this phase of investigation the stress-stain behavior of SCC with
GGBS and RHA for final mixes are studied. A total number of 168
cylinders are cast with and without steel confinement and tested after
28 days of normal curing under water. The cylinders are tested for
stress-strain behavior under uni-axial compression. For each mix 3
cylinders are tested and the average stress-strain curve for each mix is
plotted. The designations of M20 grade concrete with and without steel
confinement are shown in Table 1.8.1 similarly, designations of M40
and M60 are presented in main thesis. The values of stresses and
strains obtained experimentally are plotted and one stress-strain curve
12

for M20 is shown in figure 1.8.1.Similarly for M40 and M60 stress
strain curves are plotted and presented in main thesis.
Table 1.8.1. Designation for M20 grade SCC concrete
S
N
o
Descrip
tion
Percentage of steel confinement

0

0.79

1.06

1.32

1.82

2.43

3.04

1

0%-
GGBS

M2S

M2S1

M2S2

M2S3

M2S4

M2S5

M2S6

2

30%-
GGBS

M2SG

M2SG1

M2SG2

M2SG3

M2SG4

M2SG5

M2SG6

3
3%-
RHA
(GGBS
replace
d with
RHA )

M2SGR

M2SGR1

M2SGR2

M2SGR3

M2SGR4

M2SGR5

M2SGR6








Fig.1.8.1. Stress-Strain behaviour M2S, M2S1, M2S2,
M2S3, M2S4, M2S5, M2S6 Mixes
1.8.2 Models for Stress-Strain Behaviour of SCC Mixes

An examination of the stress-strain curves indicates that, the
behaviour is similar for all the specimens with and without steel. The
only a difference is that the SCC mixes with steel confinement have
13

shown improved stress values for the same strain levels compared to that
of SCC mixes. The similarity leads to the conclusion that there is only a
unique shape of the stress-strain diagram, if expressed in a non
dimensional form, along both the axes. The said form can be obtained by
dividing the stress at any level by peak stress and the strain at any level
by peak strain. Thus all the stress-strain curves will have same point
(1,1) at peak stress. By non- dimensionalising the stresses and strains as
above, the behaviour can be represented as a general behavior. The
stress-strain curves obtained experimentally for SCC with and without
steel were normalised as specified above and normalised stress-strain
values were calculated for all SCC mixes.
Of all the eight SCC mixes with different mineral admixtures taken for
investigation, the normalised stress-strain curves for different grades
SCC are developed and for M20 GGBS mix curve is shown in figure
1.8.2, whereas M40 and M60 curves are plotted and presented in main
thesis.






Fig.1.8.2. Normalised Stress-Strain behaviour of M20-GGBS
14

The developed normalized stress-strain curves are fitted with analytical
equations using Seanzs model. The developed equations are in the
form of Y = Ax/ (1+Bx
2
) where x - is the normalized strain which is
/ 0 and Y- Normalized stress which is /0. A, B and A1, B1 are a
set of constants for ascending and descending portions of SCC.

Analytical Equations for SCC Mixes
The equations for ascending and descending portions of mixes are
Mix
Constants for
ascending portion
Constants for
descending portion
M20SCC mix A = 1.44, B = 0.53 A1 = 1.49, B1=0.71
M20 GGBS mix A = 1.53, B = 0.37 A1=2.00, B1= 1.20
M20 GGBS-RHA mix A=1.20, B = 0.37 A1=1.29, B1=1.22
M40 SCC mix A=1.25, B = 0.58 A1=2.56, B1=1.77
M40 GGBS mix A=1.25, B = 0.27 A1=2.42, B1= 1.62
M40 GGBS-RHA mix A=1.09, B = 0.22 A1=2.08, B1=1.30
M60 SCC mix A=1.41, B = 1.00 A1=2.27, B1=1.47
M60 GGBS-RHA mix A=1.64, B = 0.33 A1=2.59, B1= 1.80
Mix
Equations for
ascending portion
Equations for
descending portion
M20SCC mix Y = 1.44 x/ (1+ 0.53 x
2)
Y = 1.49 x/ (1+0.71x
2
)
M20 GGBS mix Y = 1.53 x/ (1+0.37 x
2)
Y = 2.0 x/ (1+1.20 x
2
)
M20 GGBS-RHA mix Y = 1.20 x/(1+0.37 x
2)
Y = 1.29 x/ (1+1.22 x
2
)
M40 SCC mix Y = 1.25 x/ (1+ 0.58 x
2)
Y = 2.56 x/ (1+1.77 x
2
)
M40 GGBS mix Y = 1.25 x / (1+0.27 x
2)
Y = 2.42 x/ (1+1.62 x
2
)
M40 GGBS-RHA mix Y = 1.09 x/ (1+0.22 x
2)
Y = 2.08 x/ (1+1.30 x
2
)
M60 SCC mix Y =1.41 x/ (1+1.0 x
2)
Y = 2.27 x/ (1+1.47 x
2
)
M60 GGBS-RHA mix
Y = 1.64 x/ (1+0.33 x
2
) Y = 2.59 x/ (1+1.80 x
2
)
15

The proposed analytical equations can be used as stress block in
analysing the flexural behavior of sections of SCC structural elements.
1.8.3 Development of Theoretical Stress-Strain Curves
From the developed analytical equations for the stress-strain
behaviour of SCC with and without steel confinement, stress values at
different strain levels for all SCC mixes were calculated. Stress-strain
curves are plotted with these values and compared with the
experimental stress-strain curves which show good correlation. An
experimental and theoretical stress-strain curve of M2S4 mix is shown
in figure 1.8.3.






Fig-1.8.3. Experimental & Theoretical Stress-Strain -M2S4
1.9. STUDIES ON FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR OF SCC MIXES
Sixteen simply supported beams consisting of eight under reinforced
and eight over reinforced were cast and tested under third point loading.
Its load-deflection, moment curvature behaviour along with crack widths,
load at first crack, ultimate load carrying capacities and crack pattern for
16

under reinforced, over reinforced beams were investigated. A load-
deflection plot is shown in figure1.9.1. Theoretically the moment-
curvature relationships were developed using analytical equations for
stress-strain behaviour of SCC and were compared with the experimental
moment-curvature relationships for different SCC mixes.






Fig.1.9.1. Load-deflection plots for over -reinforced beams
1.10. DEVELOPMENT OF MOMENT-CURVATURE RELATIONSHIPS
USING ANALYTICAL MODELS.
The analytical models proposed for stress-strain behaviour of SCC with
confinement are used as the basis for prediction of the analytical
behaviour of moment-curvature. The moment of resistance offered by the
concrete (Mc) can be determined by Mc = b (nd/)
2
d
Where = A
1
and
(1+B
1

2
)

d = A
1
A
1
Tan
-1
B
1

B
1
B
1
B
1


17

As two separate equations are proposed for ascending and descending
portions of the stress-strain curve
0 0.85
Mc = b (nd /)
2
1 d + 2 d }

0
0
The moment of resistance offered by steel (Ms) can be determined by
Ms = Ts (d-nd) = st x Ast (d-nd)
Knowing the values of and n, theoretical curvature () can be
determined using the relationship = (/nd). Using the above developed
procedure the moment-curvature relationships are plotted as shown in
the fig 1.10.1



Fig.1.10.1 Experimental and Theoretical M- plots for
Beam UR & OR of M2S-mix


18

1.11 DURABILITY STUDIES OF LOW, MEDIUM AND HIGH GRADE
SCC MIXES WITH GGBS AND RHA.

Apart from strength studies a detailed experimental investigation is done
on the acid durability of self-compacting concrete (SCC) prepared with
and without admixtures. The cubes are immersed for30 days, 45days, 60
days, 75 days and 90 days in Sulphuric acid (H2SO4), Sodium Sulphate
(Na2SO4) and Hydrochloric acid (HCl) solutions separately. Weight and
compressive strength losses, ADF & AAF are the main properties
investigated. The table 1.11.1 shows the Acid durability and Acid attack
factors for M20 SCC mixes and the fig.1.11.1 shows the graph between
acid durability factor and days of immersion in H2SO4.
Table 1.11.1 Acid Durability & Acid Attack Factors for different SCC Mixes

No. of
days of
immersion
Immersion in H2SO4
M20 M20 GGBS M20 GGBS- RHA
Sr ADF AAF Sr ADF AAF Sr ADF AAF
30 98.65 32.88 0.35 98.78 32.92 0.29 99.00 33.00 0.21
45 94.78 47.39 0.71 96.85 48.43 0.46 97.70 48.85 0.35
60 90.51 60.34 1.53 94.87 63.24 0.91 95.48 63.65 0.95
75
85.80 71.50 2.89 91.81 76.50 1.85 94.70 78.92 1.42
90 83.57 83.57 2.91 89.60 89.60 2.58 93.60 93.60 1.98

Sr - Relative Strength, Acid Durability Factors - ADF, Acid Attack Factors - AAF.

19









Fig.1.11.1 Acid Durability Factor and Days of immersion of
M20 grade SCC mixes in H2SO4 Acid

1.12 CONCLUSIONS
1. The addition of RHA to GGBS mixes has shown improved performance
in terms of strength and durability in all grades of SCC.This is due to
the presence of highly reactive silica in GGBS and RHA.
2. Studies indicated that there is a good compatibility between mineral
combinations GGBS and RHA along with the chemical admixtures
such as SP and VMA when used in SCC.
3. The Bolomeys empirical expression can be used to predict the
strength efficiency of the GGBS and RHA in SCC at different
percentage of replacement levels.
4. The strength efficiency factor k of GGBS in SCC mixes at 28 days
was found to be between 0.7 to 1.8. The strength efficiency factor k for
normal concrete mixes were reported to be between 0.7 to 1.3 by
20

K.Ganesh Babu and V.Sree Rama Kumar [37],which shows the
strength efficiency factors are slightly higher for SCC mixes with
GGBS.
5. Similarly experimental studies on efficiency of GGBS and RHA
combination in SCC confirmed the enhanced performance in terms of
both strength and durability aspects with respect to performance of
GGBS alone in SCC.
6. Based on the stress-strain curves of SCC mixes with and without steel
confinement it is observed that the stress-strain pattern is to be
almost similar. But the GGBS-RHA mixes have shown improved
stress values. It is observed that for higher grades of concrete with
increase in stress there was decrease in strain.
7. Empirical equations for the stress-strain response of SCC mixes
have been proposed in the form of Y = Ax/ (1+Bx
2
), where x is
normalized strain and Y is normalized stress. The same empirical
formula is valid for both ascending and descending portions with
different values of constants.
8. It is observed that there is an increase in the peak compressive
strength for different SCC mixes made with GGBS and RHA mixes.
The increase is due to high reactivity of RHA with GGBS
9. Addition of GGBS and RHA control the initiation of micro cracks,
improve the first crack load, the ultimate load and ductility of SCC
21

specimens under flexure. They are also effective in resisting
deformation at all stages of loading from first crack to failure.
10. Load deflection behaviour for all SCC beams is observed to be similar
except the increased values of loads at ultimate and at first crack due
to addition of GGBS and RHA to SCC mixes.
11. Theoretical moment-curvature relationships for SCC and beams
followed similar pattern as that of experimental values. The only
difference noticed is the values of theoretical moments calculated are
lesser than the experimental values. But the variation is very less,
thus theoretical values of moments almost coincide with experimental
values. This shows a good correlation between them.
12. The Acid durability factors (ADF) were found to be more in SCC made
with GGBS and RHA in three grades. The Acid Attack Factors (AAF)
has shown that the GGBS and RHA mixes are more resistant for acid
attack.
13. The strength loss and weight loss observed to be less in mixes with
GGBS and RHA.

1.13. SOME IMPORTANT REFERENCES
1. Ahmadi, Alidoust Development of Mechanical Properties of SCC
containing Rice Husk Ash Proceedings of World Academy of Science,
Engineering and Technology Volume 23 August 2007 .
22

2.AnniePeter.J,Lakshmanan.N, Devadas Manoharan.P, Rajamane.N.P&
Gopalakrishnan.S Flexural Behaviour Of RC Beams Using Self
Compacting Concrete. The Indian Concrete Journal, June 2004, PP
66-72.
3. D.R.Seshu & K.Ramesh Constitutive behaviour of confined fibre
reinforced concrete under axial compression cement and concrete
composites, 2003, pp 343-350.
4. K.Ganesh Babu and V. Sree Rama Kumar, Efficiency of GGBS in
concrete, Cement and Concrete Research Volume 30, Issue 7, July
2000, Pages 1031-1036.
5. Mehta. P.K., Properties of Blended Cements made from Rice Husk
Ash, American Concrete Institute Journal, Sept. 1977.
6. Nan Su, Kung-Chung Hsu, His-Wen Chai A simple mix design
method for self-compacting concrete Cement and Concrete
Research 31 (2001) 17991807.
7. N.R.D. Murthy, D.R.Seshu and M.V.S.Rao, Constitutive behaviour
of fly ash concrete with steel fibres in ordinary grade IE (I) Journal-
CV, Aug 2007,pp41-46.
8. Okamura Hajime & Ouchi Masahiro Self Compacting Concrete.
Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, Vol 1, April 2003, pp 5-14.
23

9. Okamura, H. and Ouchi, M. "Effect of super plasticizer on self-
compactability of fresh concrete," Transportation Research Record,
No.1574, Dec.1997, pp.37-40.
10. Pap worth,F. and Radcliffe, R. (1994), High-Performance Concrete-
the concrete future, Concrete International, V. 16, No. 10, pp. 39-44.
11. Ravindra Gettu Application of Self-Compacting Concrete: Recent
experience and challenges that remain Proceedings of International
Conference on Advances in Concrete & Construction,ICACC-2008, 7-9
Feb., 2008, Hyderabad, pp 58-71.
12.Seshagiri Rao.M.V., Janardhana.M. Rao.K.R.M, Ravindra Kumar.
High ly Ash Concrete with RHA as an admixture.1999.Vol.80.Journal
of Institution of Engineers, (India).pp.57-63.
13. Seshagiri Rao.M.V and Rama Rao.G.V. High performance RHA fiber
reinforced concrete with chicken mesh wire fibers. Proceedings of the
International Conference on Recent Trends in Concrete Technology
and Structures.Coimbatore.2003, pp 381-393.
14. SureshBabu.TMechanical properties and stress- strain behaviour
of self compacting concrete with and without glass fibres Asian
journal of civil engineering (building and housing) vol. 9, no. 5 (2008)
pages 457-472.
15.The European Guidelines for Self Compacting Concrete
Specification, Production and Use Feb 2002 and May 2005.
24

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE AUTHOR RELATED TO THE
PRESENT WORK
NATIONAL JOURNALS (PUBLISHED)
1. Utilization of Solid Waste Material in Self Compacting Concrete.
Environmental Pollution Control Journal Vol 13, No.1 (2009) pages 44-47.
2. Study on the Strength Characteristics of SCC with GGBS and RHA as
mineral admixtures The IUP Journal of Structural Engineering Vol.III No 3,
July 2010 pages 35-46.
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES
1. Strength Characteristics of High Volume Fly Ash Concrete
ICCE-2001, 23-25 July 2008, pp 120-125, International Conference on
Civil Engineering held by Department of Civil Engineering, IISC Bangalore.
2. Study of Low Medium and High Strength Self Compacting Concrete with
different Admixtures as Replacement of Cement. accepted for 7th
International Symposium on Cement & Concrete, ISCC-2010 and the
International Conference on Advance in Concrete Technology and
Sustainable Development, May 9-12, 2010, in Jinan, P. R. China
NATIONAL CONFERENCES
1. Impact of Concrete Materials on Climate and its Management Proceedings
of National Conference on Climate Change Abatement: Role of Civil
Engineers, 23
rd
and 24
th
October, 2009, Institution of Engineers (India), A P.
pp 77-81.