Finite Elements in Analysis and Destgn 6 (1989) 45-58 45

Elsevier
A FI NI TE ELEMENTS APPROACH FOR ANALYSI S AND DESI GN OF P UMP S
Yesh P. SI NGH
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, College of Science and Engineering,
San Antonio, TX 78285, U.S.A.
James H. BALL
Department of Product Development, Waukesha Bearings Corporation, NI 4 W24200 Tower Place,
Waukesha, WI 53188, U.S.A.
Kei t h E. ROUCH
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kentucky, 242 Anderson Hall, Lexington, KY 40506, U.S.A.
Pradi p N. SHETH
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Thornton Hall,
Charlottesville, VA 22901, U.S.A.
Abstract. The reliability and performance of any pump system can be directly affected by its vibration
characteristics. In this paper a finite elements approach for vibration analysis and design of centrifugal pump
systems is developed. The procedure uses an assemblage of building blocks to predict the dynamic characteris-
tics of each of the major pump components and the whole pump system. Preprocessing, analysis, and
postprocessing capabilities of the ANSYS program are used extensively in the development of the procedure. The
accuracy of the approach and the adequacy of modeling the pump components are verified by correlating the
natural frequencies obtained using the procedure with the experimentally measured frequencies. The ability of
the procedure to evaluate changes in system dynamics such as the addition of vibration control elements is
demonstrated.
I nt r oduc t i on
Cent ri fugal pumps for which t he pr ocedur e is devel oped are t ypi cal l y used in muni ci pal and
industrial wat er and wast ewat er t r eat ment plants, and f ood processi ng i ndust ri es for handl i ng
water, wastewater and ot her noncorrosi ve liquids with soft solids in suspension. A typical pump
system is shown in Fig. 1. It consists of pedestal, casing, f r ame and ot her miscellaneous
component s such as impeller, st uffi ng box cover, pump shaft, beari ng cartridge, bearings,
couplings, mot or, etc.
These cent ri fugal pumps can devel op excessive vi brat i on due to mechani cal unbal ance or
due to fluid excitation, especially when operat i ng near t he nat ural frequency of the system. To
reduce the excessive vi brat i on it is necessary to know the nat ural frequenci es of the pump
system. In the past, design curves were used at the pump manuf act ur i ng pl ant to predi ct the
vi brat i onal characteristics of the pump systems. These curves were based on dat a collected by
conduct i ng l abor at or y tests on pump subassemblies f r om each series.
A more compl et e pr ocedur e was needed to det er mi ne the nat ural frequenci es and corre-
spondi ng mode shapes of various confi gurat i ons. Such a vi brat i on analysis pr ogr am coul d be
used as a design tool and for appl i cat i on studies. As a design tool a dynami c analysis can be
0168-874X/89/$3.50 (ej 1989, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.
46 Y.P. Singh et aL / Analysis and design of pumps
CARTRIDGE
~D BEARING
ARD BEARING
I NG BOX COVER
~CLOSEDIMPELLER
CASING
4 ELBOW
PEDESTAL
Fig. 1. Typical vertical pump system.
per f or med to det ermi ne the pump system characteristics. Also the dynami c analysis can
det ermi ne the effect of design changes, and can be used for appl i cat i on studies in the proposal
stage. Such a program should have the capabi l i t y to assemble the dynami c model from specific
component s that have al ready been anal yzed and per f or m vi brat i on analysis on the pump
system. This paper presents a building bl ock appr oach for predi ct i ng the nat ural frequencies
and mode shapes of the pump systems [8]. A number of FORTRAN preprocessor programs have
been developed to generat e finite el ement models of the pump component s using ANSYS [3]. The
user prepares input in t erms of basic geomet ri c data, f r om which a superel ement of each of the
finite element models is generated. A miscellaneous preprocessor retrieves these superel ement
files and assembles a model for det ermi ni ng the nat ural frequencies of the pump system. The
procedure is furt her enhanced by using the ANSYS stress pass capabilities for det ermi ni ng the
expanded di spl acement s and mode shapes of the ent i re pump system and its component s.
Along with modal analysis, a forced response analysis was initiated to st udy vi brat i on
ampl i t udes for a part i cul ar pump experi enci ng excessive vi brat i on. At t enuat i on of vi brat i on
was achieved by appl yi ng a vi brat i on cont rol el ement t o the system. For ced response analysis
was used to compar e vi brat i on ampl i t ude levels of a pump system with and wi t hout the el ement
as well as system sensitivities to el ement design variations.
Procedure
The overall approach of predi ct i ng the dynami c charact eri st i cs of the pump systems is
divided i nt o two main sections as out l i ned in Fig. 2. The first section deals with the
devel opment of four preprocessor programs. Each pr ogr am consists of a FORTRAN main modul e
and several subprograms which process the user-supplied i nput par amet er s to generat e a
Y.P. Singh et al. / Analysis and design of pumps 4 7
1
i
~ c
!
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|
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t -
. : , ~ - . _ ' : ~ : .~ -:_ - - 7 ~
48 YP. Singh et al. / Analysis and design of pumps
c ompl e t e ANSYS-PREP7 i nput . Thes e i nput paramet ers are c ho s e n t o des cri be t he geomet ri c
det ai l s whi c h are i mpor t ant i n dynami c behavi or of t he c o mp o n e n t . The a mo u n t o f i nput is
muc h less t han t hat requi red for usual dat a preparat i on for a f i ni t e e l e me nt mode l .
The pedest al preproces s or uses t he PREP7 capabi l i t i es t o generat e t he no de s and el ement s o f
t he pedest al structure. It c o mput e s t he s ect i onal propert i es o f t he members and generat es
c o mma nds for creat i ng t he real c ons t ant t abl es, di s pl ac e me nt cons t rai nt s , mast er degrees o f
f reedom, ge ome t r y pl ot s , materi al s peci f i cat i ons for t he el ement s , neces s ary no da l c o upl i ng s
and cons t rai nt equat i ons . It creates t he pedest al mode l dat a file, pl ot file, and c o mma n d s for
e xe c ut i ng ANSYS tO create t he pedes t al s ubs t ruct ure files whi c h c o nt a i n t he mode l geomet ry,
reduced st i f f ness and mass matrices.
The cas i ng preproces s or program perf orms a si mi l ar f unc t i on for t he pump casi ng. The
cas i ng cons i s t s o f a di scharge t ube and a v o l ut e s ect i on. The di s charge t ube has be e n mode l e d
as a coni cal surface and t he vol ut e s ect i on is an e nv e l o pe f ormed by rot at i ng modi f i e d hal f
ci rcl es about t he axi s o f rot at i on. The di s t ance f rom t he axi s o f r ot at i on t o t he cent er o f t he
ci rcl es uni f or ml y i ncreases ar ound t he vol ut e. The nodal po i nt s whi c h des cri be t he ge ome t r y o f
I READRARAMETERS I
1
COUPLrNG CONSTRAIN/ EQUATIONS (~ISPl ACEUENT
CONSTRAINT MOQF MATERIAL SPE~.IFICAT)QNSFC,R
MODEL WITH ONE SECTION OF ORIV[ SHAf [
YES
[ GENERATE NOOE ELEMENTS. REAl- CC4qlSTANT 1
COUPLINO, CO~ISTRAINT EQUATIONS OI . ~ A C E ME N T
CONSTRAINT. MOOF. MATERIAL. SPECIFICATIONS
FOR DROVE SHAFT SECTION 2
YES
J GENERATE NODE. ELEMENTS. REAL CONSTANT,
COUPLING CONSTRAINT EOUATIONS OISPLACEMENT
CONSTRAINT. MDOF. MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS
FOR DRIVE SHAFT SECTI04~ 3
YES
COUPLING CONSTRAINT EQUATIONS. DISPLACEMENT
CONSTRAINT. MOOF. MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS
FOR DRIVE SHAFT SECTION 4
I "
1
AND RR[NTOCJT CONTROL KEYS
EXECUTE ANSVS - KAN2
AND DISPI.ACEMENT DATA FILE 13
Fig. 3. Mode shape frequency analysis
schematic of drive and pump shaft assem-
bly (miscellaneous pre-processor).
Y.P. Singh et al. / Analysis and design of pumps 49
the casing structures have been defined in local coordi nat e systems, which are conveni ent l y
chosen to facilitate the finite element model generat i on of the pump casing. The four types of
coordi nat e syst ems--cart esi an, cylindrical, spherical and t or oi dal - - have been used in creating
the casing model. The direct and mesh-generation capabilities of ANSVS are also used in the
development of the casing model. Approxi mat e locations of key poi nt s find the exact intersec-
tion of toroidal and conical surfaces.
The frame preprocessor program processes the input paramet ers for bot h cast and fabricated
frames. The miscellaneous preprocessor program accepts the input paramet ers of miscellaneous
component s of the pump system. This includes such items as drive shaft, pump shaft, bearing
cartridge, stuffing box cover, impeller, motor, couplings and bearings. The preprocessor creates
commands to generate the finite element model of the major miscellaneous component s and
includes the effect of component s such as the impeller which is model ed using mass elements.
No superelement is generated for miscellaneous pump component s. This is advant ageous for
obt ai ni ng the mode shape plots for the drive and pump shaft assembly wi t hout performi ng the
expanded displacement analysis, Fig. 3.
The following assumptions have been made in developing the finite el ement model of the
pump system using the above described procedure. The three translations of the line shaft at
the universal j oi nt at mot or end were assumed to be zero. The two perpendi cul ar horizontal
displacements U~ and U,, at the line shaft bearings were assumed equal to zero. The pump shaft
was connected to frame by four spring elements at each of the two bearing locations. The
spring stiffnesses are equal to the average radial stiffnesses of the respective bearings. The
pump pedestal base was connected to the foundat i on at the locations of foundat i on bolts.
Modal analysis
The miscellaneous preprocessor also generates commands to aut omat e the coupl i ng of nodes
at pedest al -casi ng and casi ng- f r ame interfaces for varyi ng geometric confi gurat i ons of the
volute, considering bot h 8 and 16 bolt construction. It generates commands for preselected
master degrees of freedom and creates the necessary i nput for an ANSYS analysis for det ermi n-
ing the natural frequencies of the pump system. A dat a file can be used to predict the natural
frequencies of the drive and pump shaft or merged with substructures of pedestal, casing, and
frame to comput e the natural frequencies of the complete pump system. This also provides the
defaul t boundar y displacement const rai nt s at suction and discharge of casing, and at the driven
end of the pump drive shaft [10]. The arrangement of the pedestal base bolts and grout were
modeled to include foundat i on boundar y constraints. The connect i on element geometry,
stiffness, was finalized after correlating local pedestal base mode shapes with field data.
The nonspect rum opt i on of modal analysis, ANSYS-KAN2, is used to produce the nat ural
frequencies and mode shapes, Reduced and expanded relative mode shapes are obt ai ned and
no stress out put is calculated. The structure is assumed linear elastic and dampi ng is ignored.
Nat ural frequency and mode shapes are det ermi ned using the following equations:
( [ k ] - ( } , = o , f l )
where [k] is the reduced stiffness matrix of the structure, [m] is the reduced mass mat ri x of the
structure, ~0, is the circular nat ural frequency of mode i, (~k }, is the reduced mode shape vector
of mode i.
Vector { ~k }i is normalized using the equation:
[ 1 1 . (2)
50
Y.P. Si ngh e t al. / Anal y s i s a n d des i gn of pumps
MAJOR COMP ONE NT / ~ PUMP~ SYSTEM
RETRIEVE FILES 2 AND 3 ]
SAVED AT SUBSTRUCTURE
I
GENERATION
RETRIEVE FILE 13 SAVED I
AT PUMP SYSTEM FRED ANALYSIS
I
(ANSYS - - KAN2)
DEFINE ANSYS PRINTOUT I
CONTROL KEYS
I
ANSYS - - STRESS PASS
1
GENERATE MODE SHAPE
PLOTS
ANSYS - POST 22;POST 1
SAVE POST DATA FILE 12
AND PLOT DATA FILE 21
RETRIEVE MODEL SHAPE
PLOTS
ANSYS -- D3PLOT
RETRIEVE FILE 12 FROM
- - PEDESTAL EXPANDED DISPLACEMENT ANALYSIS
- - CASING EXPANDED DISPLACEMENT ANALYSIS
- - FRAME EXPANDED DISPLACEMENT ANALYSIS
- - PUMP ASSEMBLY MODE SHAPE & FRED ANALYSIS
1
COMBINE POST DATA SAVED l
ON FILE 12 USING
ANSYS -- AUX1
1
I GENERATE EXPANDED DISPLACEMENT I
PLOTS [
ANSYS - POST 22t POS' r 1 ]
F
1
I SAVE COMBINED ANALYSIS I
DATA FILE 12 & EXPANDED
PLOT FILE 21
Fig. 4. Expanded displacement analysis schematic of pump components and pump system.
The mass and st i f f ness matri ces are reduced t o c o nt a i n o nl y sel ect ed mast er degrees o f
f reedom by t he Gu y a n Re duc t i o n Sc he me [4]. The reduced st i f f ness matri x is exact , whereas t he
reduced mass matri x is approxi mat e. The Ho us e ho l de r procedure o f mo de ext ract i on is used.
The s e c ond s ect i on o f t he procedure deal s wi t h ma ni pul a t i o n o f files for e x e c ut i o n o f
e xpande d di s pl acement s ol ut i ons o f major pump c o mp o n e n t s and of t he pump syst em. A
s chemat i c pres ent at i on o f thi s proces s is provi ded i n Fig. 4. Mode l geomet ry, reversed
tri angul ari zed st i f f ness matri x, ( bo t h saved at s ubs t ruct ure generat i on) , and reduced di s pl ace-
me nt ( saved i n f requency anal ys es ) are retrieved. Co mma n d s for creat i ng e xpande d di s pl ace-
ment pl ot s are def i ned for t he l ower nat ural f requenci es o f t he pump as s embl y. Res ul t s from
pos t proces s i ng f rom t he subst ruct ure e xpande d di s pl ac e me nt anal ys es and f rom natural
f requency anal ys i s are c o mbi ne d us i ng capabi l i t i es o f ANSYS Au x l tO pr oduc e t he e xpande d
di s pl acement of t he pump assembl y.
In addi t i on t o a modal anal ysi s, t he pump model can be anal yz e d f or f orced response,
ANSYS-KAN6, of t he structure.
Forced res pons e anal ysi s
The f orced vi brat ory res pons e anal ys i s is l i near and s ol ves t he matri x e quat i on ( 3) gi ven
bel ow:
[ M ] / i + [ C ] t ~ + [ K ] u = ( F 0 } e -''~,. ( 3)
Y.P. Singh et al. / Analysis and destgn of puraps 51
[M], [C], and [K] represent the mass, dampi ng, and stiffness matrices of the pump structure; u
and F 0 are complex displacement and harmoni c force vectors given by the equat i ons (4) and
( 5 ) :
{u} = ( { u l } + i ( u 2 } ) e ''~/, (4)
{F0} __- ( ( El } + i {F2}) e i~t. (5)
Guyan reduction provides reduced stiffness and mass matrices for use in the solution. Rayleigh
dampi ng matrix, [C], of the pump structure has been represented by the equat i on (6) given
below in terms of dimensionless dampi ng coefficients for mass and stiffness matrices:
[ C] =c t [ M ] + f l [ K ]. (6)
A typical dampi ng ratio for steel structures is 1 to 4 percent, a and fl were selected to
mai nt ai n an approxi mat el y const ant dampi ng ratio in the frequency band of interest. The
displacement vector includes master degrees of freedom nodes, which are selected using the
usual requirements of large mass and low stiffness. The directions were those of expected
vibration considering pump system compliance. The number of mast er degrees of freedom were
chosen to be larger t han the number of modes of interest for accuracy of the lower modes.
The parameters for pump components
A set of parameters is assigned to define the geometric and ot her characteristic details of
each major component of the pump system. These paramet ers have been used to comput e the
sectional properties of beam elements and to define the nodes, real const ant tables, material
specifications, nodal couplings, const rai nt equations, di spl acement and boundar y constraints,
etc. Parameters and their typical input for dynami c analysis of a typical pump system are
tabulated in Table 1. These paramet ers are marked on component sketches furnished in Fig. 5.
The parameters in Figs. 5(a-1), (a-2) and (a-3) represent the pump pedestal. A similar procedure
is used to mark the parameters of other component s of the pump system.
Typical results
The procedure described in this paper has been used for developing the finite element model
and det ermi ni ng the nat ural frequencies and mode shapes of a number of pump systems. In
particular a pump system with a damped dynami c absorber was anal yzed to reduce high
vibration levels. The dynami c vibration absorber was conceived by Fr ahm in 1909 and has been
applied extensively to diverse machinery. The t heory has been ext ended by Den Hart og [2],
Lewis [6], Snowdon [9], McMunn and Pl unket t [7], Kwak et al. [5], Arora and Haug [1].
Figure 6 provides the selected geometry plots of the major pump component s. The typical
node and element plots are furnished in Figs. 6(a-1), (a-2), (b-l), (b-2), (c-1) and (c-2) for pump
pedestal, casing, and frame respectively. A set of paramet ers is assigned to defi ne geometric and
other characteristic details of each maj or component of the pump systems. These paramet ers
have been used to comput e the sectional properties of beam elements and to define the nodes,
real const ant tables, material specifications, nodal couplings, const rai nt equations, displace-
ment and boundar y constraints, etc. Parameters and their typical i nput for dynami c analysis of
a typical pump system are t abul at ed in Tabl e 1. These paramet ers are marked on component
sketches furnished in Fig. 5. The parameters in Figs. 5(a-1), (a-2), and (a-3) represent the pump
52 Y.P. Singh et aL / Analysis and design of pumps
Tabl e l
List of i nput par amet er s of component s
PEDESTAL PARAMETERS CASI NG PARAMETERS FRAME PARAMETERS MISC. PARAMETERS
TYPI CAL TYPI CAL
SYMBOL SYMBOL
VALUE VALUE
PTX1
PTX2
PTX3
PR1
PR2
PBXl
PBX2
PBX3
PT1
PT2
PT3
PH
PN1
A1
B1
C1
D1
H1
R1
A2
B2
C2
D2
H2
R2
PFN
PLC
PA
PB
PD
PIZZ
PIYY
PEX
PNUXY
PDENS
10.000
12455
14.500
10.625
11.750
10.000
13.170
15.713
1.375
1250
1,125
28.000
16,000
3625
3.625
3.000
625
7 553
18.625
1 000
1 750
3000
.614
5.834
17.614
4000
2.000
4.844
3778
2.556
5.360
1.015
22000000.0
290
,00079
TYPICAL
S Y M B O L
VALUE
CRA 16.563
CRK 21.063
CRFN 625
CRTA 3.313
CDA 3,313
CDBS 23.500
CDBD 14.250
CDD 1OO00
CDDN 8.125
CTT .750
CTF .875
CTDS 750
CTDF 1.188
CDF 6.375
CTHA 40.000
CTHK 340.000
CTHN O000
CDX 17875
CDYN 13.000
CDY 24,000
PH 28.000
CNF 16000
CEX 22000000
CNUXY 290
CDENS .00079
TYPICAL
S Y M B O L
VALUE
FDBO 25.500
FDBI 19.500
FDBR 21 O00
FDLB 8.000
F D B 1 9.250
FDB2 9.750
FDB3 2 000
FTB1 1 250
FTB2 1 000
FTB3 375
FTB4 375
FTLR 3250
FDLRI 8.465
FCDI 11 000
FTC 500
FDURI 9500
FTUR 2 125
FBT1 1 500
FBT2 625
FBW 4 000
FRT .750
FRB 1500
FRD 1.500
FBCD 23.500
FHB 40.750
FH 32625
FEX 22000000
FNUXY 290
FDENS 00079
FBN 16 000
PSL1
PSL2
PSL3
PSL4
PSL5
PSL6
PSL7
PSL8
PSL9
PSL10
PSD1
PSD2
PSD3
PSD4
PSD5
PSD6
PSD7
PSD8
PSEX
PNUXY
PDENS
DPBB
DPSB
DBTS
DBTB1
DDSI1
DDSO1
DSEX
DNUXY
DDENS
EID1
EOD1
RFLAG
FDLB
FTB1
FTLR
FDLRI
FDURI
FTUR
FHB
FH
CTHA
CNF
ACODE
PBX2
PBX4
WlMP
WlB
WOB
WSBC
WOBC
WBC
RSIB
RSOB
XlZZI
XlZZM
16 480
21.000
9.865
10.680
1,550
.790
1.375
2.275
1,500
6.380
3,000
4,500
4,500
4,725
5.380
4.331
3.750
2,875
30000000
.300
.000733
85,115
3 395
10,750
95.535
4 232
4 500
30000000.
.300
000733
2.795
3.750
10
8,000
1 250
3 250
8465
9.500
2.125
40.750
32.625
40O00
16.000
1.000
13.170
16.500
332.000
14.000
19.000
140.000
50.000
64.000
.8700E+06
9457E+06
53 000
72 750
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54 EP. Singh et al. / Analysis and destgn of pumps
( a - l )
PUMP PEDESTAL (a-2)
( b - l )
'3
i
( b- 2)
PUMP CASI NG
PUMP FRAME (c-2) ( c- 1)
Fig. 6. Selected geometry plots of pump components.
pedest al . A si mi l ar pr ocedur e is used to mar k the par amet er s of ot her component s of the pump
system.
The predi ct ed and exper i ment al nat ural frequenci es of the p u mp syst em are t abul at ed in
Tabl e 2. Selected mode shapes are pr ovi ded in Fig. 7. Fi gures 7(a-l ), (a-2) and (a-3) depi ct the
mode shapes of the pump syst em in first, fourt h and fifth modes listed in Tabl e 2. The syst em
mode shapes were reviewed for pl acement of the dynami c absor ber at an appr opr i at e posi t i on
to drive the absor ber for ma xi mum energy di ssi pat i on.
Possible modes of exci t at i on in an oper at i ng pump i ncl ude br oad band hydr aul i c exci t at i on
and unbal ance exci t at i on at rot at i onal speed. Hydr aul i c exci t at i on has a st r ong component at
the vane pass frequency (and its mul t i pl es) because of i nt eract i on bet ween the vanes and the
vol ut e cut poi nt . Unbal ance was present (as seen in spect r um pl ot s of the p u mp syst em
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56 Y.P. Singh et aL / Analysis and design of pumps
Table 2
Natural frequency of typical centrifugal pump system
Mode
(a) (b) % Deviation
Predicted Experimental ( ~_b)
frequencies, Hz frequencies, Hz 100
1 29.89
2 31.38
3 42.75
4 43.37
5 55.28
6 55.32
7 59.35
8 72.69
9 74.49
10 76.54
11 123.76
29.0
31.5
35.0
41.0
54.0
3.0
0.4
22.0
5.8
2.4
operating under steady state conditions) but at a lower level of excitation. The excitation was
modeled as a rotating force vector at the impeller. Complex notation with a phase shift
represented the harmonic excitation.
A forced harmonic response, ANSYS-KAN6, with this excitation yields displacement and phase
angle at all master degrees of freedom for the pump system and pump system with absorber.
Off resonance values are available because the forcing function was swept through the
frequency range of interest. Lateral structural natural frequencies are excited at 29.89 and 31.38
Hz, as noted in the modal analysis results, Table 2. The responses for the pump system without
absorber in the two directions are roughly equal for the first mode but unequal for the second
mode, with the forced response in the Y direction being the greatest. Forced harmonic response
analysis of the pump system with absorber showed vibration levels reduced by a factor of 4.2
for a tuned element. Field testing on a pump system showed vibration attenuation between 5.1
and 7.6. It appears the pump system had less damping than modeled, Fig. 8.
Sensitivity of attenuation to off-resonant absorber tuning is important because of the
nonlinear nature of elastomeric spri ng/ damper elements and variation in pump system
r , l
I A I
@g
w t u
//
FREQUENCY, Hz FREQUENCY. Hz
(a) Ib)
Fig. 8. Forced response of pump system (a) wi t hout and (b) wi th an absorber.
Y.P. Singh et al. / Analysis and design of pumps 57
structural resonances. The el ast omeri c storage modul us ( pr opor t i onal t o stiffness) and loss
modul us ( pr opor t i onal t o absor ber dampi ng ratio) are sensitive to vari at i ons in dynami c strain,
ambi ent t emperat ure, and operat i ng frequency. For these consi derat i ons a sensitivity analysis
of a pump system with a dynami c absor ber was compl et ed using t he forced response analysis.
The absorber stiffness and dampi ng were offset from a perfect l y t uned absorber. By changi ng
t he frequency in i ncrement s which is a change in absor ber stiffness, the at t enuat ed st ruct ural
dynami c di spl acement changes in a nonl i near fashion dependi ng on the lateral di rect i on in the
st ruct ure and whet her the absor ber is t uned above or below t he st ruct ural resonance. The
absor ber dampi ng rat i o exhibits similar propert i es for i ncrement al changes about the mean.
Vari at i on in the at t enuat i on due to pump system modal mass is det er mi ned also.
Concluding remarks
The work descri bed in this paper offers a means of using finite el ement met hods for analysis
of pump systems. By using a list of par amet er s as i nput , the user need not be an experi enced
finite el ement pr of es s i onal - - t he model i ng experi ence base is " capt ur ed" in the ~ORTRAN
programs which cont rol the process. A given casing can be assembl ed with a vari et y of frames
and pedestals. Thr ough use of t he subst ruct uri ng t echni que of ANSVS, these combi nat i ons can
be model ed by accessing previ ousl y generat ed superel ement s from a file r at her t han pr epar i ng a
new model for each system.
In addi t i on to the consi st ency of model i ng offered by the appr oach, the t i me for generat i ng a
pump' s dynami c characteristics is reduced significantly. Thi s allows its use in proposal as well
as in devel opment and design phases. In cont rast to si mpl er "desi gn char t " approaches, the
flexibility and versatility of the finite el ement met hod is retained. For exampl e, it is possible to
show the effect of rest rai nt from cust omer pi pi ng on the pump system si mpl y by addi ng the
rest rai nt to the model.
In the appl i cat i on descri bed in the paper, a specific field vi brat i on pr obl em needed
resolution. Design changes to shift resonances were cost l y and it was difficult to make enough
changes to shift resonances out of the variable speed range of operat i on. Fi el d test results were
used to verify the basic pump model devel oped using the procedure. The model was t hen used
to predi ct pot ent i al benefi t s of a vi brat i on cont rol el ement and to arrive at an opt i mum design
which would cover the range of operat i ng condi t i ons expect ed. The el ement was successfully
appl i ed to the pump, and vi brat i on levels were reduced to within allowables for safe, l ong-t erm
operat i on.
Acknowledgement
The Indust ri al Pump Division ( I PD) of Allis-Chalmers pr ovi ded t he mot i vat i on and suppor t
for this work. The aut hors grat eful l y acknowl edge the encour agement of Dr. R.B. Eri ckson and
Mr. R.E. Rayner of Industrial Pump Division in the devel opment of this work.
References
[1] ARORA, J.S. and E.J. HAUG, Applied Optimal Design, Wiley, New York, NY, 1979.
[2] Dr.s~HARTOG, J.P., Mechanical Vibration, McGraw Hill, New York, NY, 1947.
[3] DESAI.VO, G.J. and J.A. SWANSON, ANSYS, Engineering Analysis System User's Manual, Swanson Analysis
Systems, Inc., Revision 4.1, Houston, PA, 1983.
58 Y.P. Singh et al. / Analysis and design of pumps
[4] GUYAI~, R.J., "Reduct i on of stiffness and mass matrices", AI AA J. 3 (2), p. 380, February 1965.
[5] KWAK, B.M., J.S. AROgA and E.J. HAUG, "Opt i mum design of damped vibration absorber over a finite frequency
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[6] LEWlS, F.M., "Ext ended theory of the viscous vibrations damper", J. AppL Mech., Trans. A S ME 22, p. 377, 1955.
[7] McML'NN, J.C. and R. PLUNKETr, "Mul t i -paramet er opt i mum in linear dynami c system", J. Sound Vib. 36 (1), p.
105, 1974.
[8] SC, HEE'rZ, J.A., "Vi br at i on analysis applied to large industrial motors and generators", Large Mot or and Generat or
Department, General Electric Company, Schenectady. NY, 1984.
[9] SNOWDON, J.C., "Vi br at i on of cantilever beams to which dynami c absorbers are at t ached", J. Acom~t. Sot'. Am. 39,
p. 378, 1966.
[10] TRIPLFr'r, M.D., " The foundation interface", Large Motor and Generat or Department. General Electric Com-
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