Artificial Intelligence, Simulation and Modelling

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Syllabus outcomes
5.2.1 Describes and applies problem-solving processes when
creating solutions.
5.2.2 Designs, produces and evaluates appropriate solutions to a
range of challenging problems.
5.2.3 Critically analyses decision-making processes in a range of
information and software solutions.
5.3.1 Justies responsible practices and ethical use of information
and software technology.
5.3.2 Acquires and manipulates data and information in an ethical
manner.
5.5.1 Applies collaborative work practices to complete tasks.
5.5.2 Communicates ideas, processes and solutions to a targeted
audience.
Overview
The rst section of this chapter introduces students to project work
and the four stages in project development. The remainder of this
chapter provides a detailed explanation of each stage. You will
learn the problem solving processes and techniques involved in the
development of a solution.
Design,
produce and
evaluate
Design,
produce and
evaluate
313 ISTech Chapt 01.3pp 23/9/04 11:21 AM Page 1
2 HI Tech: I nf or mati on and Sof twar e Technol ogy
1.1 Project work
Students are required to complete a series of projects in this course.
A project is an organised series of activities to design, produce and
evaluate technology solutions to solve a problem. Projects are a
fundamental part of this course.
Project development
The development of an information technology solution is not
haphazard. It requires a logical and organised approach to ensure
that the most suitable solution is obtained. There are four stages in
developing a solution (see Figure 1.1). The acronym DDPE can be
used to remember the four stages:
Dening and analysing the problem involves identifying the
problem to be solved. The exact requirements of the problem
need to be determined and whether it can be solved using
information technology. All factors need to be identied, such
as technical, operational, time, nancial and ethical.
Designing possible solutions involves generating different
solutions to the problem. It may require investigating solutions
to similar problems. It often involves using application software.
However, if the problem requires a specic solution, then the
solution may involve programming.
Producing the solution involves
building the solution to solve the
problem. It involves applying the
application software to the
problem or writing software.
Evaluating the solution involves
checking the results of the
solution and making sure it solves
all aspects of the problem. It can
be used to highlight and improve
any part of the solution.
Project development aims to produce
a solution that is as efcient and
error-free as possible. There are three
important features:
Each stage has certain tasks to
be completed. It builds on the
decisions of the previous stages.
However, in the development
Defining and
analysing the
problem
Change in requirements
Designing
possible
solutions
Change in design
Producing
the solution
Change in solution
Evaluating
the solution
Figure 1.1 Stages in project development
3 1 Desi gn, pr oduce and eval uate
of a solution there is often a good reason to return to the
previous stage.
Each stage is not always separate and distinct. People involved
in the development of a solution often switch between stages.
The extent of each stage depends on the complexity and size of
the project. In a small project, some of the stages can be
simplied and completed very quickly. However, in a large
project all the stages will be more involved.
Management
The most efcient way of solving a problem is through careful
planning and making the best use of your available resources.
A project plan describes what is to be done, who will do it, when
it will be done and how it will be done. It outlines the resources that
will be needed and the expected results of each stage in the project.
When developing a project plan you need to be aware of the overall
stages of the project and the tasks that have to be completed. The
project plan should effectively use the talents of each member of the
group. Different tasks are assigned to each member and the
workload spread across the group. A journal and diary entries are
used to record and monitor the progress of the project. A project
plan is prepared by a project leader. A project leader is responsible
for the project from the beginning to the end. They ensure the
project is meeting its goals and resolve any conicts.
A Gantt chart provides a quick method of determining if the
project is on time. Gantt charts are used in meetings to review
progress and identify problems. A Gantt chart is a bar chart with
each bar representing a task. The vertical axis of a Gantt chart lists
the tasks and the horizontal axis shows the time frame (see Figure
1.2). The success of a project depends on accurate time estimates
for each task. Tasks can be concurrent or dependent. Concurrent
tasks are tasks performed at the same time. A dependent task
requires another task to be completed before it can begin.
File management is an important but often neglected part of
project planning. If an efcient le structure and naming system is
implemented time will not be wasted. The importance of backing
up your project cannot be overstressed. Unfortunately there have
been group members who have lost all their work the day before
the project was to be completed. This problem is avoidable. Group
members need to implement a process for backing up their project
on a regular basis.
Resources are the tools needed to complete all the tasks of a
project. The type of problem and the size of project have an effect
on the resources. Resources can include the group members,
hardware, software, consumables (paper, ink cartridges, CDs),
access to the Internet, data, nances and time. Identifying resource
requirements early in the project will save time and resources later.
Is the available information technology suitable for the project?
How can the data be collected? What training is required to
complete the project?
Communication techniques
Communication techniques include a variety of strategies and skills
for dealing with other people. Strategies for effective
communication are categorised as verbal, written and graphical:
Verbal communication is the use of the spoken word. It involves
not only the words themselves but also the tone and the
loudness of the voice. For example, this has been a great day
could have a negative or a positive meaning depending the way
the words are spoken. Effective verbal communication skills
allow you to inform, persuade and motivate others. You should
choose your words carefully and practise any major speeches.
When conducting an interview the questions should be
thoroughly prepared before the interview.
Written communication involves creating something for others
to read. It could involve writing a letter, poem, newspaper
article, text on a website or a manual. When producing a
written document you should consider the appropriateness of
the solution. Figure 1.3 shows two documents that are not
appropriate solutions. The rst document is a formal document
that is inappropriate to remind Rebecca to clean her room. On
the other hand, the second document is an informal document
that is an inappropriate request to purchase a business. When
Figure 1.2 A Gantt chart
Tutorial
using written communication consider the purpose and the
target audience.
Graphical communication is the use of a graphic such as a
drawing, painting, diagram, photograph or chart. We are
inuenced by images from newspapers, magazines, television,
CDs, billboards, the Internet and advertising material. Society is
increasing its dependence on graphics as a means of
communication. Our use of graphics is reected in the saying a
picture is worth a thousand words. Graphics are created using
painting and drawing programs. Most software applications
contain basic graphic tools and a range of clip art to include
relevant graphics.
Collaboration and group work
Collaboration is the process of working with another person. Most
people in the workforce are required to work in groups and
collaborate with other group members. The ability to work with
other people to solve a problem is an important skill.
The formation of a group for a project is based on criteria such
as expertise and group dynamics. It is also important to have
answers to these questions: How big is the project? What is the
appropriate size of the group? Does the group have the skills to
complete the project? What resources are available? What is the
time frame for the project? Formation of groups at school may be
decided by the teacher. When a group is chosen it is important to
assess the skills and abilities of each group member. This allows
decisions to be made based on each group members strengths and
Hi Davo
I like your department stores and
love to spend time in them. I will
give you heaps of money to buy
your business.
What do you think mate? Ripper
of an idea.
Your buddy
Gracie
Rebecca
It has become apparent on
numerous occasions, that you have
not made the necessary effort to
clean your room. Let this document
serve as a notice to remind you to
clean your room.
Yours sincerely
The Parent
Figure 1.3 Two documents that are inappropriate for their purpose
A skills audit
denes the major
skills and abilities
of group members.
It is completed at
the beginning of
the project.
limitations. The group can then take full advantage of their
strengths in a project and learn from each other.
Roles and responsibilities of group members are determined by
the type of project and the skills of each group member. The
ofcial role of each group member in the organisation is also a
factor. For example, a graphic artist will not be writing a report and
a writer will not be creating images. At the beginning of the project
all roles and responsibilities must be identied and negotiated. All
group members have a responsibility to complete their task on
time, communicate with other group members and maintain
appropriate standards.
Effective collaboration strategies make possible the sharing of
information and lead to a genuine understanding. Some of the
strategies for effective collaboration are:
positive attitudeinvolves valuing the contribution made by
other group members; praising and encouraging every member
of the group
active listeninginvolves restating, reecting and summarising
the persons major ideas and feelings; active listeners understand
and appreciate the point of view of other group members
conict resolutionsolves arguments and disputes; it involves
listening to the other persons views and looking at the conict
as a problem to be solved (see Figure 1.4)
Figure 1.4 Conict resolution
negotiation skillsdiscussing a problem and arriving at a
consensus; it involves listening to different views and
compromising to reach a solution
group buildinggetting a group of people working together;
each group member negotiates a role in the group with specic
responsibilities and, as a result, conict and confusion are
avoided.
Exercise 1.1
1 Copy and complete the following sentences:
a A _______ is an organised series of activities to design, produce
and evaluate technology solutions to solve a problem.
b In the development of a solution there is often a good reason
to _______ to the previous stage.
c A Gantt chart is a quick method of determining if the project is
on _______.
d When using written communication consider the _______ and
the target audience.
2 True or false?
a There are ve stages in developing a solution.
b Each stage is always separate and distinct
c File management is not a neglected part of project planning.
d Inactive listeners understand and appreciate the point of view
of other group members.
3 At what stage in developing a solution is each of the following
tasks undertaken?
a Building the solution
b Identifying the problem
c Checking the result
d Generating different solutions
4 a What is a project plan?
b Describe a Gantt chart.
c Explain the difference between a concurrent and a dependent
task.
d Why is it important to create a backup of a project?
e How are the roles and responsibilities of a group determined?
f List ve strategies for effective collaboration.
Development
5 Writing a letter to a friend is a simple problem solved using a
computer. Classify the tasks in writing the letter using the four
stages of project development.
6 If each stage in project development is completed correctly there is
no need to return to the previous stage. Do you agree with this
statement? Give reasons for your answer.
7 Ng is travelling from Sydney to Port Macquarie for a holiday. He
has estimated the following time for these tasks: packing bags2
hours; checking the car1 hour; driving from Sydney to
Newcastle2 hours; lunch1 hour; driving from Newcastle to Port
Macquarie2 hours. Draw a Gantt chart for these tasks.
1.2 Defining and analysing
the problem
Dening and analysing the problem is the rst stage in developing a
solution. It involves identifying the problem and determining
whether it can be solved using information technology.
Identification of the problem
Identifying the problem is an essential step in developing a
solution. It is often a mistake to quickly start producing a solution
without a full understanding of the problem. A great deal of time
might be wasted by solving a problem that does not exist. A
thorough analysis of the problem is critical. It involves specifying
the:
problem statementa clear denition of the problem, which
may involve breaking the problem into parts and identifying the
important elements
aims and objectivesidentifying what is to be achieved by the
solution, because it is essential that a decision is made on what
information needs to be produced and the data required to
produce this information.
Dening and analysing the problem is based on the collection of
data. It is very important that the data is collected in an organised
way to ensure nothing is omitted. There are several methods to
collect data, such as interviews, surveys, printed text and the
Internet.
Interview is a face-to-face meeting where specic questions are
asked to determine the opinions of the interviewee. The
questions need to be carefully planned ahead of time. They
should not discriminate on the basis of gender, religion, age, or
political preferences. There are three types of questions:
open-ended: What do you think ?
closed: Which alternative in this list would you choose?
probe: Why do you ?
Survey (or questionnaire) is a series of questions to gather
specic information. The interviewee may be given time to
complete the survey or it could be carried out face-to-face or
online. Surveys may contain open-ended and closed questions.
Surveys allow data to be collected from a large number of
people quickly and with little expense.
Printed text has been the source of data since the beginning of
the seventeenth century. It can take many different forms, such
as books, magazines, newspapers, newsletters, reports and
journals.
The Internet is a major source of data. Websites present
information on a range of topics. The Internet also allows data to
be downloaded. It is possible to download les containing text,
graphics, animation, video, audio and software (see Figure 1.5).
Data must be carefully interpreted to ensure that the resulting
information is valid. For example, can the results of a survey be
generalised to a larger group of people? The reliability of the data is
also an issue. If a similar research were conducted at another time
and place would the results be the same? It is important to use only
accurate data when developing a solution.
After the data is collected and checked for accuracy it must be
carefully analysed. Entering the data into a table is a good way to
examine the data. It enables totals to be easily calculated and
comparisons between different results to be made. Tables can be
created using word processors, database management systems and
spreadsheets. Spreadsheets are also useful in constructing charts of
numerical data.
Figure 1.5 Searching the Internet
A contingency
plan outlines the
actions to be
taken if a
particular event
occurs. For
example, if data is
lost, then the most
recent backup will
be used to restore
the data.
The results of this stage are summarised in a requirement
report. A requirement report is an overview of the solution and how
it will solve the problem. The requirement report contains the
problem statement, the aim of the solution, data/information to be
used and possible information technology requirements. It is used
to develop potential solutions to the problem.
Factors that affect the solution
A constraint is a factor that affects the solution. There are different
types of constraints, such as technical, operational, schedule,
nancial and ethical.
Technical determines the information technology requirements
of the solution. Is there hardware and software readily available?
Is there enough knowledge and skill to use the technology?
Operational determines whether the solution will t into the
current operations of the organisation. Will the new solution be
supported within the organisation? Will users be able to cope
with the changes?
Schedule determines if time is available to produce the new
solution. Does the quality of the solution have to be modied
given the time restriction?
Financial compares the costs of developing the solution with the
expected benets. Does this project have a higher priority
compared to other projects that might use the same resources?
Ethical determines if the solution maintains an ethical standard.
Would the solution be an invasion of privacy or are there
concerns about the accuracy of the data?
Exercise 1.2
1 What am I?
a A clear denition of the problem.
b An overview of the solution and how it will solve the problem.
c A factor that affects the solution.
d A series of questions to gather specic information.
2 True or false?
a A great deal of time can be wasted by solving a problem that
does not exist.
b Surveys only contain closed questions.
c Operational constraints determine the information technology
requirements of the solution.
d Schedule constraints determine if time is available to produce
the new solution.
3 Copy and complete the following by replacing the letter in
brackets with a suitable term:
Dening and (a) the problem is based on the (b) of data. There are
several methods to collect data, such as (c), surveys, printed text
and the (d).
4 a Describe the rst stage in developing a
solution.
b Why is it important to determine the aims
and objectives of the problem?
c List three types of questions that could be
asked in an interview.
d Describe a good way to examine data after
it has been collected.
e Outline the contents of a requirement
report.
f Explain the difference between a technical
constraint and a nancial constraint.
Development
5 Research printed text or the Internet to nd
examples of different surveys. Construct a
survey to collect data on an interesting topic
based on your research. Ask members of your
class to complete the survey. Analyse the
results and draw some conclusions.
6 Peter, Kerry and Alice have been asked to work in a group to
produce a report on their businesss nancial performance. They
decide to divide the document into three parts and meet in two
weeks to join the parts together. What are some of the potential
problems with their strategy? Outline a more effective plan to
solve the problem.
1.3 Designing possible
solutions
Designing possible solutions is the second stage in developing a
solution. The rst task is to generate one or more potential
solutions to the problem. It is important to focus on what is to be
achieved by the solution. This will ensure that time and effort is not
wasted. Designing a solution may require investigating solutions to
similar problems. For example, if your project requires an
advertising brochure, then analyse professional brochures to get
some ideas. This stage often requires more data to be collected,
such as researching the Internet.
ICT 1.1
Design techniques
There are many different techniques that can be used to design
possible solutions. The following are some common design
techniques.
Concept mapping is a technique for representing knowledge
using diagrams (see Figure 1.6). It consists of nodes and links.
The nodes represent the concepts and the links the relationship
between the concepts. Concept mapping is used to generate
ideas, communicate complex ideas and design complex
structures such as websites.
Brainstorming involves generating ideas to solve the problem.
You should try to be creative with your ideas. All ideas are
equally valid. There are no judgements or criticism of ideas.
Try to build on all ideas. Set a time limit when brainstorming.
Observation means watching somebody or something. It may
involve looking at the teacher demonstrating a piece of software
or recording some measurements on Internet speed. Observing
other people with expertise in designing solutions is a quick
way to developing your skills.
Research requires investigation into a subject to gain knowledge
and understanding. Designing solutions may involve using
research tools such as textbooks, dictionaries, encyclopaedias,
newspapers and the Internet. It is good practice to obtain the
information from more than one source. There is no guarantee
that the data collected will be accurate. Do not break copyright
laws. Make sure you cite any sources.
Concept mapping Design techniques Research
Prototype Storyboard
IPO table
Observation
Brainstorming
Figure 1.6 A concept map for design techniques
A prototype is a working model of the solution. It is built to help
design the best possible solution. A prototype allows the user to
identify both good and bad features of the proposed solution.
After a review, improvements are suggested and another version
of the prototype is built. The process is repetitive. Clearly, the
later versions of a prototype are more detailed and accurate. A
prototype might be an outline of a written report, a design of a
web page or a sample database with dummy data.
Inputprocessoutput table (IPO table) is a technique to describe
the solution. It consists of three columns with the headings
Input, Process, and Output (see Table 1.1). It species the input
or data needed, the processing that changes the data to produce
information, and the output or information that is produced.
Table 1.1 An example of an IPO table
A storyboard is a series of frames each representing a screen
image. It is based on the traditional cartoonist storyboard where
the cartoonist sketches each frame of the cartoon. Storyboards
should describe the general layout of text, graphics and any
buttons. The links between the screens is indicated by the use of
arrows. Storyboards are popular because they are simple to
construct, easy to read and can be modied at every stage.
Feasibility study
Deciding on the most appropriate solution is an important part of
this stage. A feasibility study is an analysis of potential solutions and
a recommendation on the best solution. The constraints outlined in
the rst stage of developing a solution form a set of criteria to make
the recommendation. The recommendation is based on technical,
operational, nancial, schedule or ethical constraints. Once the
Input Process Output
Problem statement
Aims and objectives
Factors affecting the
problem
Research the
Internet
Investigate solutions
to similar problems
Brainstorm to
generate ideas
Draw a concept map
Construct a
prototype
Design of a possible
solution
Specications
It is advisable to
get a clients
acceptance of a
preferred solution
before proceeding
to produce the
solution.
feasibility study is completed a report is written. A feasibility report
contains the following sections:
title pagereport title, project name, authors and date
contentsa list of sections in the feasibility study and their page
numbers
problem statementclear denition of the problem
aim of the solutionidenties what is to be achieved by the
solution
summary of the investigationoverview of the research
undertaken and the design techniques used to generate possible
solutions such as prototypes and storyboards
possible solutionsbrief description of each possible solution
recommendationmost appropriate solution and reasons for
the decision
project plandescribes what is to be done, who will do it, when
it will be done and how it will be done; it also outlines the
resources that will be needed
appendixadditional material such as completed surveys.
When the most appropriate solution has been decided the
specications of the solution are determined.
Specifications
Specications are a detailed description of the solution. It is
common for specications to be divided into external and internal.
External specications outline the appearance of the solution. The
format and layout of each document, screen, menu or report must
be specied. It may also involve choosing data types and the format
of those data types. Internal specications provide the technical
information to build the solutionthe hardware and software that
is required to produce the solution. The software requirements of
the solution may be satised by using a software package. However,
the solution may require writing software to meet the particular
demands of the problem.
Exercise 1.3
1 True or false?
a Brainstorming is a working model of the solution.
b An IPO table consists of three columns.
c The nodes in a concept map show the relationship between the
concepts.
d Specication is a detailed description of the solution.
2 Copy and complete the following by replacing the letter in
brackets with a suitable term:
Designing possible (a) is the second stage in developing a solution.
There are many (b) techniques that can be used. A (c) map
represents knowledge using diagrams. In consists of (d) and links.
3 Unjumble these words:
a picaetisocifn
b siindegng
c oypprtote
d aitornbrsm
4 a List seven design techniques used to design possible solutions.
b Why is it good practise to obtain information from more than
one source?
c Why are later versions of a prototype more detailed and
accurate?
d Why are storyboards popular?
e What is a feasibility study?
f Explain the difference between internal and external
specications.
Development
5 Your family would like to create a yearly newsletter that contains
the major achievements of each family member. Create a prototype
using a word processor or desktop publishing program. Discuss the
prototype with your family and make any changes.
6 Draw a storyboard that represents between ve and ten pages of a
website. It should describe the layout of text, graphics and any
buttons. The storyboard should include the home page and
indicate links between the pages.
1.4 Producing the solution
Producing the solution is the third stage in developing a solution. It
involves building the solution to solve the problem. Producing the
solution may involve using application software or writing
software. Software development is examined later in the book.
Application software
Application software (or simply, an application) is a computer
program used for a specic task. It can be used to solve many
different types of problems. A brief description of the common
types of application software follows:
Word processing allows the user to enter characters and create
documents. It is used to write letters, reports, assignments,
articles or books. Word processing is an important skill for
anyone who communicates in writing. It allows the user to
easily edit text and to apply different formats to change the
appearance of the document.
Desktop publishing is the use of specialised software to combine
text and graphics to create a document. The specialised software
enables you to have greater control on the page. In desktop
publishing you design the page before you type or import a
single word. In a word processor the document layout is usually
completed after the text is written.
Spreadsheet uses a rectangular grid made up of rows and
columns to organise and store data that requires some type of
calculation. A spreadsheet is an excellent tool to help solve
problems that require many calculations. It can present data in
tables and charts, and make predications based on trends (see
Figure 1.7).
Database management
system (DBMS) allows
a user to enter,
maintain and provide
access to a database. A
database is an
organised collection of
data. Some examples of
databases are library
catalogue systems,
student records and
census data.
A DBMS is a tool that
allows the user to
choose which data is
required and how to
display that information
in a meaningful way.
Paint programs create a graphic by telling the computer how to
display each pixel. The graphics created are called bit-mapped
graphics. Bit-mapped graphics produce good quality images
when shading and detail are required.
Draw programs create a graphic by dividing the picture into a
number of objects, such as straight lines, curves and shapes.
Each object is dened by its characteristics, such as position,
line width and pattern. The graphics created by draw programs
Figure 1.7 A sample spreadsheet
are called vector graphics. Vector graphics can be resized
without reducing quality. They are suitable for line drawings,
logos and diagrams that do not use much shading.
Web browsers allow users to nd, read and display web pages.
A web browser will display a website if the address (or location)
is entered directly into the browser. Web browsers also link to
other web pages and download information to your computer.
Video editing software allows the user to edit a video into a
multimedia product. A video is made up of frames that contain
individual images. When the video is played, the frames are
displayed in sequence. Editing a video may involve deleting
part of the video or adding text, audio and graphics to a
particular frame.
Animation software allows the user to create an animation.
An animation is the movement of an object. It is the result of a
series of frames presented in rapid succession. Animation
software makes the task of creating these frames very simple.
Presentation software allows the user to make a professional
presentation to a group of people. It improves the communication
of information. A presentation consists of a series of slides. A slide
is an individual screen or page of the presentation.
Authoring software allows the user to combine text, graphics,
animation, audio and video into a multimedia product. The
software allows the user to bring together the separate media
types. Authoring software allows the user to create interactivity.
It assigns relationships and actions for the different media
elements using a script language.
It is useful to have some knowledge and skills in each of the above
applications. This will allow you to select the best application for
each particular task. When choosing an application you need to
ask: What do I need to do? What type of application meets this
need? What applications are available? Each of the above
applications are very powerful programs. However, it is not
necessary to understand and use every feature in each application.
It is possible to complete a task with a small amount of training.
Moving data between applications is a common task. Importing
is the action taken to receive data produced by another program.
Exporting is the action taken to send data to another program.
These actions depend on the applications you are using. For
example, you may be able to export data from a spreadsheet and
import it into a database. When importing and exporting the two
programs must be able to recognise the data format. However, there
Moving the goal
posts refers to a
change in the
denition of the
problem after
producing a
solution.
are standard formats that most applications understand. Most word
processors can read and write RTF (rich text format). Graphics are
easy to move between applications by using JPG or GIF les. Copy
and paste commands can be used to move data if the software
applications recognise their formats.
Testing
Testing ensures that the solution is working correctly. It is a good
idea to test the solution throughout its development. The early
detection of an error reduces the amount of work required to x
the error. If the solution involves implementing a system then both
the hardware and the software need to be tested:
Hardware testingdiagnostic software is used to test whether
the processor is operating efciently (see Figure 1.8).
Peripheral devices are tested to ensure they are working
appropriately. Networks are tested to ensure transmission
speeds have been achieved.
Software testingtest data is used to identify and eliminate any
potential problems in the use of the software. It should cover a
wide range of values to ensure that the solution can deal with
unexpected data. For example, to test the structure of a database
enter some sample data and check the solution.
When producing the solution it is often necessary to write
documentation. Documentation is a written description to explain
Figure 1.8 Norton is one company producing diagnostic software
the development and operation of the solution. It may explain
how to use the solution or the steps taken to build the solution.
User documentation provides directions for any person using the
solution. It must be user-friendly. Screen dumps are useful to explain
important procedures. Documentation is helpful to train people to
use the solution and for making minor improvements to the solution.
Exercise 1.4
1 What type of application software is being described?
a Allows the user to enter characters and create documents.
b Uses a rectangular grid made up of rows and columns to
organise and store data that requires some type of calculation.
c Creates a graphic by dividing the picture into a number of
objects, such as straight lines, curves and shapes.
d Allows users to combine text graphics, animation, audio and
video into a multimedia product.
a Producing the solution involves _______ what has been
designed.
b A DBMS allows the user to enter, maintain and provide access
to a _______.
c A web browser will display a website if the _______ is entered
directly into the browser.
d Testing ensures the _______ is working correctly.
3 Explain the difference between:
a a desktop publishing program and a word processor
b importing and exporting.
4 a What is application software?
b Compare bit-mapped graphics and vector graphics.
c What is the purpose of presentation software?
d How do you test software?
e What is documentation?
Development
5 Use a word processor to write a letter urging people to donate
blood. Draw a rst aid sign using a graphic program. Use the copy
and paste commands to import the rst aid sign into the letter.
6 Create the spreadsheet in Figure 1.7. Enter appropriate formulas in
the range of cells H7:I9 and B11:G12. Modify the July sales by
doubling the quantities sold.
7 The presentation of the information is just as important as the
content. Do you agree with this statement? Give reasons for your
answer.
1.5 Evaluating the solution
Evaluating the solution is the last stage in developing a solution. It
occurs after the solution has been produced and minor problems
have been xed. Evaluating the solution involves checking the
results of the solution and making sure it solves all aspects of the
problem. Evaluation of the solution can be an ongoing process if
the solution is continually being used. Systems in organisations are
in constant process of evaluation, analysis and development to
improve their efciency. If the solution is unsatisfactory another
solution is developed. Evaluating the solution can be used to
highlight and improve any part of the project. For example, it could
streamline the processes for the next project or suggest ways of
improving the communication within the group. Evaluating the
solution involves using criteria and a method of evaluation.
Evaluation criteria
Evaluation criteria are
accepted standards used to
make judgements about
solutions. Criteria are
dependent on the type of
problem and the size of the
project. The following
criteria are commonly used
for evaluation:
Functionality of the
solution is whether the
solution works. The
solution must solve the
problem in an
appropriate way. Does it
do what it is supposed
to do? Was an
advertising brochure
part of the solution?
Did the solution
contain images on the
topic? Was a website
created and do all the
links work?
Functionality of the solution evaluates the basics of the
solution.
Quality of information is an important part of any solution.
If the information presented lacks quality then the solution is
worthless. The quality of the information is judged by the
following characteristics:
accuracyveried to ensure it is correct
relevanceappropriate to the requirements of the problem
timelinessage of the information is appropriate to the task
integritycomplete and does not contain any unnecessary
information.
Ethical information is a requirement of any solution.
Information must not break copyright, invade privacy or
contain offensive material. The solution also needs to be free
from bias. Secondary sources of the data need to be correctly
cited.
Environment of the solution. Does the solution affect or is it
affected by outside inuences? Is the solution environmentally
friendly?
Presentation of the information. Information that is presented
in the wrong format may be difcult to understand. Is it more
effective to present this information as a graph? Are the
background colours on this website appropriate?
Methods of evaluation
The method of evaluation is the way the evaluation is carried out.
It should be completed according to a plan in a systematic way.
Evaluations are carried out by an individual or a group. The group
could be peers, the end user of the solution or a specic target
group, such as the students in Year 9. There are three common
types of evaluation methods:
Testingchecking every part of the solution. For example,
testing a website would involve accessing each web page and
checking the links.
Inspectionusing an expert to complete an examination of the
solution. For example, a professional web designer would
complete an inspection of a website.
Inquirygathering information from users of the solution. This
information is collected using surveys, interviews or simply
observing the operation of the solution. For example, an
inquiry of a website would involve asking questions of people
who have accessed the site.
Project: Sydney Childrens
Hospital
The student representative council (SRC) has decided to submit a
proposal to the school executive to raise money for the Sydney
Childrens hospital (see Figure 1.9). A team from Year 9 was appointed
by the SRC to complete the project. The problem was solved using the
four stages in project development.
Dene and analyse the problem: The solution required an effective
method to raise money, a detailed budget, proposed dates and a
presentation to the school executive. A project plan was written
and some initial ideas investigated. A survey was completed to
gather student and teacher views.
Design possible solutions: Three possible solutions were examined
in a feasibility study. The team recommended that a rafe be used
to raise money at the beginning of term 2. Prototypes for tickets
and certicates were constructed. A proposed budget was
developed using a spreadsheet program. Microsoft PowerPoint was
used to present the solution to the school executive for approval.
Produce the solution: Tickets, certicates and forms to record
donations were constructed. Local businesses donated prizes for
the rafe. The rafe was completed, prizes drawn and certicates
presented.
Evaluate the solution: Donations were totalled and a nal budget
submitted to the school executive. The school executive provided
a positive evaluation of the project. However, they did raise some
concerns in regard to timing of the fund raising. A cheque for
money raised was presented to the Sydney Childrens Hospital.
Figure 1.9 Sydney Childrens Hospital
Tasks
1 Design tickets and certicates that could be used if your school
was completing the project.
2 Do research into the features of the latest presentation software.
Write a brief report that summarises your investigation.
Exercise 1.5
a Evaluating the solution involves _______ the results of the
solution.
b Evaluating the solution can be used to highlight and _______
any part of the project.
c _______ of the solution is whether the solution works.
d _______ information has been veried to ensure that it is
correct.
2 True or false?
a Systems in organisations are in a constant process of evaluation,
analysis and development.
b Ethical information must not break copyright, invade privacy or
contain offensive material.
c There are two common types of evaluation methods: testing
and inspection.
d Functionality of the solution is a method of evaluation.
3 What am I?
a The last stage in developing a solution.
b An accepted standard used to make a judgement about the
solution.
c Information that is appropriate to the requirements of the
problem.
4 a Why can evaluation of a solution be an ongoing process?
b List ve different evaluation criteria.
c Describe the functionality of a solution.
d What characteristic of information refers to the age of the
information?
e Explain the difference between testing and completing an
inspection of a solution.
Development
5 Create a concept map for the information presented in the case
study. Each key concept should be represented as a node.
6 What evaluation method was completed in the case study? How
would you evaluate the solution in the case study? Construct an
evaluation criteria that could be used in the case study.
ICT 1.2
1 Which stage in developing a solution
involves generating different
solutions?
a Dening and analysing the problem
b Designing possible solutions
c Producing the solution
d Evaluating the solution
2 A plan of a project is part of which of
these alternatives?
a Dening and analysing the
problem
b Designing possible solutions
c Project management
d File management
3 Which of the following is not a
responsibility of group members?
a Complete their task on time
b Communicate with other group
members
c Maintain appropriate standards
d Judge the skills of other group
members
4 Which of the following is a factor
that affects the solution involving
information technology
requirements?
a Operational
b Financial
c Ethical
d Technical
5 Which of the following is a design
technique that uses a series of
frames each representing a screen
image?
a Concept map
b Storyboard
c Prototype
d IPO table
6 Designing a possible solution
involves which of the following?
a Investigating solutions to similar
problems
b Checking the functionality of the
solution
c Applying the solution to the
problem
d Assessing information technology
requirements
7 Producing the solution may involve
which of the following?
a Completing a feasibility study
b Writing a requirement report
c Writing specications of the
solution
d Using application software
8 Which type of application software
provides greater control in the layout
of text and graphics?
a Desktop publishing
b Paint programs
c Word processing
d Presentation software
9 Which of the following is not an
evaluation criterion?
a Testing
b Quality of information
c Ethical information
d Environment
10 Evaluating a solution involves which
of the following?
a Checking the solution
b Producing the solution
c Implementing the solution
d Maintaining the solution
Part A: Multiple choice questions
Select the alternative (a), (b), (c) or (d) that best answers each question.
Part B: Matching the term
For each of the following statements (1 to 10), select from the list of terms
(a to j) the one that most closely ts the statement.
Statements
1 A quick method of determining if the
project is on time.
2 What is to be done, who will do it,
when it will be done and how it will
be done.
3 First stage in developing a solution.
4 A factor that impacts on the solution.
5 A working model of the solution.
6 A technique for representing
knowledge using diagrams.
7 A detailed description of the
solution.
8 Third stage in developing a solution.
9 An accepted standard used to make
a judgement about the solution.
10 Fourth stage in developing a
solution.
Terms
a Concept mapping
b Constraint
c Dening and analysing the problem
d Evaluating the solution
e Evaluation criteria
f Gantt chart
g Producing the solution
h Project plan
i Prototype
j Specication
Part C: Extended response questions
Write at least one paragraph for each of the following:
1 Resources are an important factor in
planning a project. What are
resources? When should they be
identied?
2 Conict resolution and negotiation
skills are effective collaboration
strategies. Describe three more
strategies.
3 Explain the difference between the
rst and the second stage in
developing a solution.
4 Explain the use of the following tools
in the design of a solution:
a concept map
b prototype
c storyboard.
5 Why is it important to gain some
knowledge and skills in different
types of applications?
6 Briey outline ve commonly used
evaluation criteria.
e Tester
Project development
Create at least ve forms that could be used in project development. A form is a
document with blank spaces for information to be inserted. Examine this chapter
to determine possible forms. For example, you might decide to create a form for a
project plan by constructing a table with the headings What, Who, When and
How. The forms you create in this project can be used for project development
throughout the course.

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