I. POTASStrUM' A. A. X,Iacl-oax exr J. J. Dovm" C a'itada D ep arttnettt of Agricuhur e, F r e derict on, N eu; Brwytsruic ],: [Received for publication December 7, I962i Resitlual effccts of lorrg-rcrm 'r-r-":T'T:iLrtions of ferrilizer porassiiinr o' the potassium status of irr acid sanCy it,an Podzol ucie invcstigatcc in a greenhouse experiment, Fotassium accumulated in the surface soil in a iorm readily ai'ailablc to plancs. On plots'rvitir higher cation exchange capacities, resulting from manurial treatmcnis, there was no er-idence to in<iicate leaching belorv 15 inches, On plcts v'here cation exchange capacity was not incieascd by treatrrx:nr, a higher percentage porassium saruiarion ar grearer depths inCicares rlrar ieach- in! of potassiuri had occurrcd to a depth"of 2l inclhes. An incrcascd con- centration of nitric acid-soluble potassium at greater depths suggestl; that some of the leached potassium hai been convcrccd to the non-exchans:eable form. Accumuiation in the surface soil lvas suficient to supply most cf the potassium requirement of ladino clover under conditions of intensive crop- ping. .Tlre resulrs.suggest thar.exchangeable and nirric acid-soluble poressium are reliable criteria of available oorassium. INTRODUCTION In a revierv of literature dealing with the residual effects of fertilizers. Nelson and Stanford (9) present eiidence that potassium applied regularly accumulates in the soil in a form r,vhich is available to planta. 'Jlirey state that this accumulation is reflected by higher crcp yields and grear:er uptake of potassium but may not necessarily be-reflected by rhe usuai rap,id eitrac- tion procedures. The latter is contingent upon the degree of reversion of applied potassium to slo\\'ly available non-exchangeable forms. Ftrrther evi- dence of the accumulation of applied potassium is presented by Cook and Davis (1), Feterburgskii and Yairisne*tii (tt), and Struchterneyer et 6il. ( 14). Conversely, Kime (8), rvho conducted studies on a fine sandy loam, concluded that fertilizer potassium which was not utilized bv the :immediate crop was losr by leaching. Further evidence of loss of porissium by )each- ing^or fixation bn co"rrJ-t.xtured soiis is presented by'Hanway ,?t'al. (5), Robertson et al. (13), and Iversen (7). It is concluded by Nelson and Stanford (9), however, that potassium losses by leaching have been over- e,mphasized except on very sandy soils. This conclusion is supported by Floover (6), who found that relatively little of the applied potassium moved from the A to the B horizon even under conditions conducive tr) extreme leaching. In Nerv Brunswick, where high rates of fertilizer are applied 1or potato production, there is considerable lrrt.r.rt in the fate of thif ponion bf tn" fertilizer potassium which is not utilized by the crop. Recent greenhouse and laboratorv investigations have been concerned with its movement in the soil and the extent to which it can supply the potassium requirements of succeeding crops. Soil samples from long-term fertility plots v,hich had received diffcrential fertilizer treatments were utilized in this stud)'. *,.rbo,r"t No. 117, Reseuch Station, Canada Department of Agriculture, Fredeicton, N.B. 2Present qddress: F. A. O., Rome, Italy. C a n .
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230 CANADIAN JOURN.{L OF SOIL SCIENCE MATERIALS AND METIIODS [Vol. 43 Soil samples were collected from a long-term fertiliry experiment in which pot"tob, had been grown annually f or i+ years on an'acid^sandy loam Podzol] Plots representiig five rates df potassium, applied annuallf, were sampled to a depth of 27 inches. Cation exchange capaciry (10), exchange- able'potassiu- ito;, and potassium soluble in bJiling'0.lN nitric acid (t7), were determined on all samples. The availability of potassium in the surface soil was assessed under conditions of intensive cropping in the greenhouse. Samples were prepared for cropping by liming to a'uniiorm pli of 6.5 (4) with ialcium hydroxide, and by-trea-ing with a soil conditioner to assur a, uniform degree of-1ggre- gate stability (3). A fertilizer treatment equivalent to 40 pounds N, 200 pounds P"O", 30 pounds Mg, and 5 pounds B per acre was applied to all samples. Potassium chloride was applied at rates equivalent to 0 and 200 T-tsrr l.-PorASSruM DrsrRrBUTIoN rN .4.N AcrD sANDY LoAM AFTER 24 YEARS Annual treatment per acre 1600 lb. 5-10-13 800 lb. 5-10 13 No treatment 16 tons manure 800 lb. 5-10-13-l-8 tons ruanure Estimated K applied (lb./acre) 4160 3200 A. Exchangeable K (p.p.m.) Depth (i".) 0-6 6-9 9-12 t2-t5 15-21 2t-27 Mean 1 50* 85 55 5U 34 2l nAa* 1 38* AA 30 27 341* 236* 111* 104* 68 28 46 43 28 32 33 25 - J* 66 87 148 B. K soluble in boiling 0.1 N nitric acid (p.p.m.) 0-6 64 9-lz r2-t5 t5-21 2t-27 753 + 581 * 632* 607+ 465* 369* 637* 328 300 JIJ 807+ 667* 444* 324 367 29+ Mean JO6 +signifrcantly greater than corresponding value in untreated; L.S.D. (P.05) values for exchangeable and nitric acid-soluble K are 56 and 98 respectively. 298 295 307 342 296 261 300 613* 504* 428* .'to/ 320 357 432 +84 389 C a n .
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August, 19631 MAcLEAN AND DoyI-D-REsTDUAL EFFEcT oF FERrrLrzER. t" 231 pounds K"O per acre. Ladino clover was used as the indicator crop. Treat- ments were replicated six times. After six crops had been grown, the soil \vas removed from the pots, sieved free of roo^ts, refertilized' and reseeded. Six additional crops were grown. Plant material from the tr,velve crops was dried, ground and analysed for potassium content (2). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Potutssioun Distribu.tion in the Soluru Levels of exchangeable potassium and potassium soluble in nitric acid (Table 1 ) show that ?onsiddrable accumulation of fertilizer pot:rssium has occurred. Manurial treatments favored accumulation of ^exchangeable potassium in the surface soil and to a depth of 15 inches. The cati6n ex- change capacity (Table 2) is higher on plocs which received manrrre. This may account for the fact that potassium was not leached beyond the 12-15 inch depth on these plots. A marked increase in levels of nitric acid-soluble potassium occurred on plots which had received commercial fertilizer alone. Further, this increase occurred at all depths. Increases in potassium satura- tion (Table 2) and nitric acid-soluble potassium suggest that potissium has heen leached to the 21-27 inch depth on plots receiving the high.er rate of commercial fertilizer and that a poftion of the leached potassiunr has been converted to the non-exchangeable form. Tenr,n 2. - Certon EXCHANGTJ cApAcrl.tr AND porASSruM sATURATIoN -lrrBn 24 ypens 1600 lb. 5-10-13 800 lb. 5-10 13 No treatmellt 16 tons manure Annual treatment per acre 800 lb. 5-10-1.i*8 tons manure Depth (i". ) A. Cation exchange capacity (m.e./100 gm.) 0-6 64 9-r2 l2-15 15-21 2I-27 10 .4+ 10.2* 5.6* 4.7 4.3 2.5 9.3* 6.9 3.8 3.3 3.6 2.2 4.8 Mean 6.3 OF FERTILIZATION 4.8 J.J 2.8 1.9 B. Potassium saturation (/6) 0-6 6-9 9-t2 r2-15 r5-2r 2l-27 8.4* 5 .9* 5.1x 5.7+ 4.0 2.9 5 .3* / (x 4.0 3.9 3.1 2.8 7 .7* 5 .5x 6. 3* 6.2* 5 .6* 3.1 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.4 2.7 2.8 2.2 6.8* 5.1* 3.0 2.7 2.1 3.1 3.9 J./ 5.3 3.8 Mean *Significantly greater than corresponding value in untreated; L.S,D. (P. 05) values for cation exchange capacity and for potassium saturation are 2.0. C a n .
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GANADIAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE lVol. 43 80 z U E L q f 6 a 3 40 3 4 5 6 7 I 9 lO ll NUMBER OF LADINO CLOVER CROPS IN GREENHOUSE. Frcune 1 Duration of residual effect of potassium applied to an acid sandy- loam podzol' Field treatmenrs (per acre): 1.) 600 lb. 5-10-13; 2.) 800 lb. 5-10-13; 3.) Check - no treat- rnent; 4.) 16 tons manure; 5.) 800 lb. 5-10-11 + 8 tons manure. Availabil.ity of Residu.nl P otassiu:tm Greenhouse yields without potassiu,m fertilization, Per cent- Potassium sufficiency, and pbtassium uptake by twelve croPs of clover (Tabl'J 3) show the accumulated potassium fo be hiig'hly efiectiv-e in supplying crop require- ments. Soi[ receiving no potassium"inihe field showedd marled response to fertilizer potassium in ali crops in the greenhouse' No response lvas ob- tained *liere 4160 pounds had been appU.a in the field ex_per-iment from 1931 to 1955. With intermediate rates oT application in the field, a resPonse C a n .
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August, 19631 MACLLAN EFFECT OF FERTILIZER. I. Tesr-e 3. - Yroro RESpoNSE AND poTASSIUM uprAKE By LADTNo cLovER rN THE GREENHOUSE Estimated K applied in field experiment NoK Ind.25:3. 9. Nelson. W. L.. and G. Stanford. 1958. havior and fertrlizer use: Residual Agronomy X:116-118. Chaneins concepts of planc nutrient be- value 5f ipplied 'potassium. Advances in Clover yield in greenhouse (12 crops) Potassium suffrciency (No K/K X 100) K uptake onnoK plots K lb../acre 4160 2080 0 3200 3680 gmJpot t.tJ 101 69 124 I ZJ gm.7'pot 148 147 124 151 164 mgm./pot t72l l166 538 1804 1918 to fertilizer potassium was obtained during the latter stages of the greenhouse exPenment. The duration of the effect of residual K is demonstrated by curves based on percentage potassium sumciency for each crop (Figure l). This is directly relaied to the amounts of pbtassium applied during the 24 years of the fieid experiment. The fact tliat the 416b^pounds pe"r acre p6tassirrm treatment was able to suDdv 76 per cent of the pbtassium requiremens atter twelve crops had b".n iioiu.ei (equivalent t6 30 tons of dry matter Per acre) is ample evidence bf the availab'ility of residual potassium. In assessing availability of soil potassium, the amount taken uP by *. crop provides the most ieliable esaimate. Since this approach is usually impra-tical, chemical analyses involving various chemical extractants are employed. in this experiment, correlation 6esffisients expressin-g relation- ship between potassium uptake and levels of exchangeable and of nitric acid-soluble potassium were 0.93 and 0.94 respectively. It is concluded that either methoh provides a reliable estimate of ihe potissium status of the soil. REFERENCES l. Cook, R. L., and J. F. Davis. 1957. The residual effect of fertilizer. Advances in Agronomy lX:205-216. 2. Delone. .W. A.. D. C. MacKay, and H. A. Steppler. 1953. Coordinated soil-plant anllvsis. l. Nutrient cations. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc, 17:262-266. 3. Doyle, T. I.. and A. A. Maclean. 1961. use of a soil conditioner to increase the 'preiision of soil fertility experiments. Can' J. Soil Sci' 41:8G88. +. Dunn, L. E. 1943. Lime-requirement determination of soils by means of titration curves. Soil Sci. 56:341-351. 5. Hanway, J., G. Stanford, and H. R. Meldrum. 1953. Effectiveness and r.ec^overI of phosph6rus and poiassium fertilizers topdressed on meadows. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 17 :378-382. 6. Hoover, C. Dale. 1943. Residual effect of varying applications of potassium in several Nlississippi soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer' Proc.8:144-149. 7. Iversen, K. 1957. Field trials rvith large and small quantities of potassium feriilizer, 1940-54. Soils and Fertilizers 20:283. 8. Kime, C. D. 19,t4. Leaching of potash from a sandy citrus soil of Florida. Cirus -/o 91 69 56 82 76 C a n .
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CANADIAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE lVol. 43 10. 11. t2. 13. Peech, M., L. T. Alexander, L. A. Dean, and I. F. Reed. 1947. Methods of soil arialysis for soil fertility investigations, U.S:D.A. Circ.757, Peterburgskii, A. V., and F. V. Yanishevskii. 1960. A study of the behavior of potaisium in sod-podzolic light Ioamy soil during the prolonged use of fertilizers under conditions'of continlous fall6w and moioculiures ol rye and potatoes. Soils and Fertilizers 23:207. Pratt, P. F. 1951. Potassium removal from Iowa soils by greenhouse and laboratory procedures, Soil Sci. 72:1O7-117, Robertson, W. K., C. E, Hutton, and W. D. Hanson. 1956, Crop response to different soil fertility levels in a 5 by 5 by 5 by 2 factoriil experiment" IL Pea- nuts. Soil Sci. Soc.-Amer. Proc. 20:$7-543. Struchtemeyer, R. A., C. E. Cunningham, and P. N. Carpenter. 1955. Utilization of residual fertility by potatoes. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 19:272-214. C a n .
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