The Influence of Two-Temperature Fractional Order Generalized Thermoelastic Diffusion Inside A Spherical Shell

International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering& Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org

Volume 3, Issue 8, August 2014 ISSN 2319 - 4847

Volume 3, Issue 8, August 2014 Page 96

ABSTRACT
This problem deals with the two-temperature thermo-elasto-diffusion interaction inside a spherical shell in the context of
fractional order generalized thermoelasticity. The inner and outer boundaries of the spherical shell are traction free and
subjected to heating. The chemical potential is also assumed to be a function of time on the boundary of the shell. To obtain the
general solution the integral transform technique is used. The solution obtained in the Laplace transform domain by using a
direct approach. The inversion of the transformed solution is carried out by applying the method of Bellman. Numerical estimates
for thermophysical quantities are obtained for copper like material. The computed result for thermoelastic stresses, conductive
temperature, displacement, mass concentration and chemical potential are shown graphically and the effect of two-temperature
and fractional parameters are discussed.
Keywords: Generalized thermo-elasticity, Fractional order heat equation, thermoelastic diffusion and two-temperature.
1. INTRODUCTION
Diffusion can be defined as the migration of the particles from region of high concentration to region of lower
concentration until equilibrium is reached. It occurs as a result of the second law of thermodynamics which states that the
entropy or disorder of any system must always increase with time. Diffusion is important in many life processes. The
recent interest in the study of this phenomenon is due to its extensive applications in geophysics and many industrial
applications. The phenomenon of diffusion is used to improve the conditions of oil extractions (seeking ways of more
efficiently recovering oil from oil deposits). These days, oil companies are interested in the process of thermoelastic
diffusion for more efficient extraction of oil from oil deposits. In most of these applications, the concentration is
calculated using what is known as Ficks law. This is a simple law that does not take into consideration the mutual
interaction between the introduced substance and the medium into which it is introduced or the effect of the temperature
on this interaction. Biot [1] develop the coupled theory of thermo-elasticity to deal with defeat of the uncoupled theory
that mechanical cause has no effect on the temperature field. In this theory, the heat equation has a parabolic form which
predicts an infinite speed for the propagation of mechanical wave. The theory of generalized thermoelasticity with one
relaxation time was introduced by Lord and Shulman [2]. This theory was extended by Dhaliwal and Sherief [3]. In the
theory, the Maxwell-Cattaneo law of heat conduction replaces the conventional Fouriers law. For this theory, Ignaczak
[4] studied the uniqueness of solution. Thermodiffusion in the solids is one of the transport processes that have great
practical importance. Most of the research associated with the presence of concentration and temperature gradients has
been made with metals and alloys. Thermodiffusion in an elastic solid is due to the coupling of the fields of temperature,
mass diffusion and strain fields. The first critical review was published in the work of Oriani (1969). Nowcaki [5], [6]
developed the theory of thermoelastic diffusion. In this theory, classical coupled thermoelastic model is used. Later on,
Gawinecki et al [7] proved a theory on uniqueness and regularity of the solution for a nonlinear parabolic thermoelastic
diffusion problem. Sherief et al. [8] and, later on, Kumar and Kansal [9] introduced the generalized theories of
thermoelastic diffusion in the frame of LS and GL theories by introducing thermal relaxation time parameters and
diffusion relaxation time parameters into the governing equations, which allow the finite speeds of propagation of waves
inside the medium. Sherief and Salah [10] investigated the problem of a thermoelastic half space in the context of the
theory of generalized thermoelastic diffusion with one relaxation time. Aouadi [11], [12] also gave some attention on
thermoelastic diffusion and generalized thermoelastic diffusion. Othman et al. [13] reported some studied on the effects of
diffusion on a two-dimensional problem of generalized thermoelasticity in the context of the mechanism of Green-Naghdi
theory. The theory introduced by Sherief et al., Kothari and Mukhopadhyay [14], presented the Galerkin-type
representation of solutions for thermoelastic diffusion. In the context of the same theory, variational and reciprocity
theorems have been established by Kumar et al [15]. Differential equations of fractional order have been the focus of
many studies due to their frequent appearance in various applications in fluid mechanics, viscoelasticity, biology, heat
conduction, diffusion problems etc. It has been examined that the use of fractional order derivatives leads to the
formulation of certain physical problems which is more economical and useful than the classical approach. Fractional
The influence of two-temperature fractional
order generalized thermoelastic diffusion
inside a spherical shell
Debarghya Bhattacharya
1
, Mridula Kanoria
2

1
Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Calcutta, India

2
Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Calcutta, India



calculus has been used successfully to modify many existing models of physical process. The first application of fractional
derivatives was given by Abel. He applied the fractional calculus in the solution of an integral equation that arises in the
formulation of the Tautochrone problem. Caputo and Mainardi [16] and Caputo [17] found good agreement with
experimental results when using fractional derivatives for description of viscoelastic materials and estabished the
connection between fractional derivatives and the theory of linear viscoelasticity. Povstenko [18] has constructed a quasi-
static uncoupled thermoelasticity model based on the heat conduction equation with a fractional order time derivative. Sur
and Kanoria [31] studied the effect of fractional order on two-temperature generalized thermoelasticity with finite wave
speed. One dimensional problem of a fractional order two-temperature generalised piezoelasticity has been investigated
by M. Islam and M. Kanoria [32] where as fractional order generalized thermo visco-elastic problem has been done by A.
Sur and M. Kanoria [33]. The linearized version of the two-temperature theory (2TT) has been studied by many authors.
Chen et al. [19] have formulated a theory of heat conduction in deformable bodies, which depends on two distinct
temperatures (a) the conductive temperature | and (b) the thermodynamic temperatureu . Lesan [21] has established
uniqueness and reciprocity theorems for 2TT. The existence, structural stability and spatial behavior of the solution in
2TT have been discussed by Quintanilla [22]. The key element that sets the two-temperature thermoelasticity (2TT) apart
from the classical theory of thermoelasticity (CTE) is the material parameter 0 _ called the temperature discrepancy.
Specifically, if 0 _ , then | u and the field equations of the 2TT reduce to those of CTE. It should be pointed out
that 2TT suffer from so-called paradox of heat conduction, i.e., the prediction that a thermal disturbance at some point in
a body is felt instantly, but unequally, through out the body. The main object of the present work is the investigation of
disturbances in a homogeneous isotropic medium in the context of two-temperature generalized thermoelastic diffusion
and fractional heat conduction. The formulation is applied to the generalized thermoelasticity based on fractional time
derivatives under the effect of diffusion. The analytical expressions for the displacement components, thermoelastic
stresses, conductive temperature, thermoelastic temperature, concentration and chemical potential are obtained in the
Laplace transform domain. Whose boundaries are traction free, are subjected to a time dependent temperature and
chemical potential in the context of two-temperature generalized thermoelasticity and fractional heat conduction. To get
the solution in the physical domain, the inversion of the transformed solution is carried out by applying the method of
Bellman. The influences inside the shell the theory is analyzed for a copper like material and depicted graphically. Some
comparisons have been shown to estimate the effect of the two-temperature and fraction order parameters.

2. DERIVATION OF THE GOVERNING EQUATIONS:
In the classical calculus of Newton and Leibniz, Riemann-Liouville reduced the calculation of an n-fold integration of the
function ( ) f t into a single convolution-type integral,

Where I
o
is the o -fold Riemann-Liouville integral operator with
Here, the definition of fractional derivatives of order is used according to Caputo [28] for an absolute
continuous function ( ) f t given by

Where I
o
is the fractional integral of order of Lebesgues integrable function ( ) f t defined by Miller and Ross
[27]. In the case of absolutely continuous function ( ) f t ,
6.
Now let an arbitrary material occupies the volume V and is bounded by a surface A at a time t. Then the law of
conservation of energy for V can be written in the form,
(2)
Where q
i
is the heat flux vector, U is the internal energy per unit mass,
ij
are the components of stress tensor, u
i
are the
components of displacement vector, is the density,
i
F are the components of external forces per unit mass,
i
n are the
unit outer normal vectors. Using the divergence theorem and the equation of motion:
We obtain the pointwise form of equation (2) in the form:


(3)
Now using the entropy equation:
(4)

and the equation of conservation of mass
(5)
We obtain
(6)

In the above equations,
j
q is the flow of the diffusing mass vector, S is the entropy per unit mass, T is the absolute
temperature, C is the concentration and P is the chemical potential.
Now, note that:
(7)

thus we obtain
(8)

Let us introduce Helmholtz free energy per unit volume F, defined by:
(9)

It follows that the free energy, as a state variable, is a function of strain tensor, temperature and concentration. Using the
chain rule and from equations (6), (8) and (9) we obtain,
(10)
From this equation the following results are obtained:

(11)

(12)
Where is the temperature of the medium in natural state.
E
c is the specific heat,
ijkm
c is the tensor of
elastic constants, c and d are measures of the thermo-diffusion effect and diffusive effect, respectively. Now in the
natural state, we have:
Thus, we obtain:

(13)
Using equation (13) and keeping terms up to the second order only, equation (12) takes the form
(14)
Using equation (14), relations in (11) yield,

(15)
(16)
(17)
For the isotropic case, we have
(18)
(19)
1
,
2
are the material constants given by

where
t
o and
c
o are, respectively, the coefficient of linear thermal expansion and linear diffusion expansion. Substituting from
equation (18)-(19) into equation (15)-(17), we get for the isotropic case
(20)
(21)


(22)
Now the linearized form of (4) is, (23)
Using (21), equation (23) reduce to:
(24)

Cattaneo [25] has introduced a law of heat conduction to replace the classical Fouriers law in the form
(25)
Where,
0
t is the thermal relaxation time and K is the thermal conductivity.
Youssef [26] has investigated a two temperature generalized thermoelasticity theory in which Fouriers law given by
equation (25) is replaced by:
(26)

Where | is the conductive temperature and satisfies the relation:
(27)
In which 0 _ is the two temperature parameter. In this paper, the new Taylor series expansion of time-fractional order
o developed by Jumarie [29] is adopted to expand and the remaining terms upto order o in the
thermal relaxation time
0
t , we get the fractional order Fourier law for two-temperature as:
0 1. o (28)
By taking divergence on both side of (28) and using the equations (24) and (26), we arrive at the equation of heat
conduction in our case, namely
(29)
For the heat flux vector, we assume a similar equation for the mass flux vector of the form:
(30)
By taking divergence on both side of (30) and using the equation (22), we arrive at
(31)
Where
0
t is the diffusive relaxation time.
3. FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM
We consider an isotropic homogenous thermoelastic spherical shell with inner radius a and outer radius b in a uniform
temperature
0
T . Let the body be referred to spherical polar coordinate with the origin at the center O of the
cavity. Since we consider thermoelastic interactions with the spherical symmetric, so all the functions considered will be
function of the radial distance r and the time t only. It follows that the displacement vector u
thermodynamic
temperature u and conductive temperature | have the following forms:

(32)

The strain components are given by:

(33)

thus the cubical dilation will be:


(34)
In the context of two temperature generalized thermoelastic diffusion based on fractional order time derivatives, the
equation of motion, the equation of heat conduction and the equation of mass diffusion in absence of body forces for a
linearly isotropic generalized thermoelastic solid are, respectively,

The relation between the conductive temperature | and the thermodynamic temperature u is given by,
(38)
Where
2
is the Laplacian, given in our case by,
(39)

The constitutive equations are given by

For convenience, introducing the following non-dimensional variables

Therefore, the governing equations are given by equations. (35)- (38) and (40)-(42) can be expressed in the following
forms (where the primes are suppressed for simplicity), as



4. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
From the physical phenomena for the problem, we will take the boundary conditions as:
(1) The boundaries of the shell are assumed to be traction free, that is:

(50)
(2) Boundaries of the shell are subjected to a thermal shock in the form

(51)
(3) The chemical potential is also assumed to be a known function of time at the boundaries of the shell, that is:

(52)
5. SOLUTIONS IN LAPLACE TRANSFORM DOMAIN
Applying the Laplace transform defined by the relation:

to equation
(43) and using homogeneous initial conditions, we get:
(53)
(53)

Now applying Laplace transform on equation (44) and using (46), we get
(54)

Applying divergence operator on (53), we get:
(55)





We can obtain the
1
( ), A s
2
( ), A s
3
( ), A s
1
( ), B s
2
( ), B s
3
( ) B s by solving the above linear system of equations (82)-
(86). This completes the solution of the present problem in the Laplace transform domain.
6. NUMERICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In order to illustrate theoretical results in the preceding sections, we now present some numerical results. To get the
solutions for the displacement, radial stress, shear stress, conductive temperature, thermodynamic temperature, chemical
potential and mass concentration in the physical domain, we have to apply Laplace inversion formula to the equations
(81)-(86) respectively. Here we adopt the method of Bellman et al. [23] for inversion and choose a time span given by
seven values of time ,
i
t i =1 to 7 at which P and C are evaluated from the negative of logarithms of
the roots of the shifted Legendre polynomial of degree 7. For the illustration we consider copper material with material
constants. The physical data in SI units for which given in Sherief et al [30]:
Also we have taken
0
1, |
0
0.01, t
0
0.1 t and 1 R for computational purposes. The computation were carried out
for time t =0.026. The variation of the field is observed when the step input of conductive temperatures with
1
1 | and
2
1 | applied on the inner boundary 1 a and outer boundary b=2 respectively. The step input of chemical potential
with
1
1 P and
2
1 P are also applied on the boundaries of the shell. Figures 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 depict the variety of
the displacement component u, the stress components ,
rr ||
o o , the temperature component| , the chemical potential P
and the concentration of the diffusive material C for different values of the fractional parametero . The results coincide
for 1.0 o as in Bhattacharya and Kanoria [24], that are taken in the context of two-temperature generalized
thermoelastic diffusion. On the another side, figures 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 show the difference in all functions for the value
of the non dimensional two-temperature variable e . The case 0.0 e indicates one temperature generalized
thermoelastic diffusion while 0.1,0.15 e indicates the new two-temperature case.


Fig. 1: Dependence of radial stress on the fractional parameter o

Fig. 2: Dependence of radial stress on the two-temperature parameter e
Figure 1 show the variation of radial stress (
rr
o ) against radial distance (r), dependence on the fractional parameter o
inside the spherical shell. At both boundaries the radial stress is noted to be zero, which also agrees with the theoretical
boundary conditions. The strain takes negative value throughout the medium
(
1 2 r
).
It is seen from the figure 1 that
the presence of fractional parameter o has a significant effect on the solution of the stress distribution. The increment
for o leads to a decrease in its magnitude for fixed r. on the anther side figure 2 show the variation of radial stress for
the value of the non dimensional two-temperature parametere . The trend of variation of this field gives significantly
lower numerical value with the increment of two-temperature parametere .

Fig. 3: Dependence of shear stress on the fractional parameter o

Fig. 4: Dependence of shear stress on the two-temperature parameter e
Figures 3 and 4, the variation of shear stress (
||
o ) against radial distance (r) inside the spherical shell for time t =0.026
is displaced under the fractional parametero and the two-temperature parametere , respectively. It is seen from the
figures, the hoop stress is fully compressive in nature in all cases. Moreover a significant difference in the hoop stress is


noticed for different value of the fractional parametero and the two-temperature parametere . With the increment of the
both parameters the shear stress is decreased in its magnitude throughout the medium.

Fig. 5: Dependence of | on the fractional parameter o

Fig. 6: Dependence of | on the two-temperature parametere
In the figure 5 and 6, the effect of two-temperature and fractional order parameters on temperature field are observed. We
find that initially the conductive temperature field shows the maximum value at both the boundaries and it decreases with
the increase of radial distance towards the middle, becoming minimum at the middle. At both the boundaries the
temperature field is noted to be in agreement with the boundary condition. With the increment of fractional parameter ,
the variation of conductive temperature field is almost similar throughout the medium, whereas with the advancement of
two-temperature parameter , the conductive temperature is also increased.

Fig. 7: Dependence of
r
u on the fractional parameter o

Fig. 8: Dependence of
r
u on the two-temperature parameter e
In figure 7 and 8, some comparisons have been shown to estimate the effect of two-temperature and fractional order
parameters on displacement field inside the spherical shell. From figure 7, it has been observed that in the interval 1.2<r


<2, as the value of fractional order parameter increase, the peak of thermal displacement (u
r
) also increase. We note that
u
r
for =1 has the maximum magnitude when compared to the other two values of u
r
for =0.2 and =0.7, whereas in
figure 8, =0.15 corresponds to the maximum of u
r
. Thus we note that both the parameters takes a significant role on
displacement field inside the spherical shell.

Fig. 9: Dependence of concentration on the fractional parameter o

Fig. 10: Dependence of concentration on the two-temperature parameter e

Figure 9 and 10 are ploted to show the variation of concentration (C) against the radial distance r when the fractional
parameter has the values 0.2, 0.7, 1.0 (fig.-9) and the two-temperature parameter has the value 0.0, 0.1 (fig.-10),
respectively. From both these figures it is noted that, the mass concentration shows the maximum value near the
boundaries and it decreases with the increase of radial distance towards the middle and becomes minimum at the middle
of the shell. The presence of both the parameters has a significant effect on the solution of mass concentration. With the
increment of both the parameters ( and ) the mass concentration is increased in its magnitude throughout the medium.

Fig. 11: Dependence of chemical potential on the fractional parameter o

Fig. 12: Dependence of chemical potential on the two-temperature parameter e



In figures 11 and 12, some comparisons have been shown to estimate the effect of two-temperature and fractional order
parameters on chemical potential (P) inside the spherical shell. The chemical ptential is noted to be zero at both the
boundaries, which agrees the initial boundary conditions. It is also observed from these figures that with the increase of
fractional order parameter and dimensionless two-temperature parameter, the chemical potential leads to a increase in its
magnitude for a fixed r.
7. Conclusions
According to the analysis above and from the numerical results presented in the figure 1-12, we can conclude the
following important points:
1. The presence of diffusion plays a significant role on the displacement components, thermoelastic stresses, conductive
temperature, thermoelastic temperature, concentration and chemical potential.
2. The generalized theory of thermoelasticity of fractional order heat transfer describes the behavior of an elastic body
more realistic then the theory of generalized thermoelasticity with integer order.
3. The theory of two-temperature generalized thermoelasticity describes the behaviour of the particles of the elastic body
more real then the theory of one-temperature generalized thermoelasticity. This study is very important for
microscale problems, because in these cases the materal parameters are temperature dependent.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Professor S. C. Bose of the Department of Applied mathematics, University of Calcutta, for his kind
help and guidance in preparation of the paper.
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AUTHOR
Debarghya Bhattacharya received M.Sc degree in Applied Mathematics from University of Calcutta in
2011. Currently he is a Ph.D student in Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Calcutta, India.

Dr. Mridula Kanoria is currently a professor of Applied Mathematics at the Department of Applied
Mathematics, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kol-700009, West Bengal, India. She received her
Ph.D degree from University of Calcutta. She has 110 scientific publications in the field of solid mechenics.

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