Guia Examen Ingles Sept2014

GUA DE EXAMEN DE INGLS
INSTITUTO TECNOLGICO DE ACAPULCO

SUBDIRECCIN ACADMICA
DIVISIN DE ESTUDIOS PROFESIONALES

Para presentar el Examen de Ingls en su modalidad de Traduccin y compresin de un
Artculo Tcnico-Cientfico relacionado con el perfil del egresado de las diferentes carreras
del Instituto Tecnolgico de Acapulco.

Acapulco, Gro. a 04 de Septiembre del 2014.

INSTITUTO TECNOLGICO DE ACAPULCO
EXAMEN GLOBAL
DE INGLS
Examen tipo ejemplo


INFORMACIN E INSTRUCCIONES SOBRE EL EXAMEN.
1.- En el da y hora asignados para el examen, debers presentarte con bolgrafo (tinta negra) y una
identificacin vlida, de preferencia tu credencial de elector (IFE). Identificarse plenamente es
indispensable. No identificarse, ser motivo para no permitir realizar el examen.
2.- Se te har entrega del artculo escrito en ingls.
3.- El examen se hace en dos partes:
Primera parte: Consiste en una serie de preguntas de opcin mltiple relacionadas con el tema o
temas del artculo. La puntacin total para esta primera parte es del 60 %.
Segunda parte: Consiste en elaborar un resumen en espaol con una extensin mnima de una
cuartilla sobre la informacin ms importante del tema contenido en el artculo. Esta segunda parte
tiene un valor del 40%.

4.- La duracin del examen (tiempo asignado) es de 2 horas, contadas a partir del momento
marcado para dar inicio al examen.
5.- No se permite el uso de telfonos celulares, Tablet, PC, etc.
6.- El examen es individual.
7.- Debes guardar silencio, para concentrarse en el examen es necesario un ambiente tranquilo.

ESTRATEGIAS RECOMENDADAS PARA RESOLVER EL EXAMEN.
1.- Lee cuidadosamente el texto completo del artculo, antes de proceder a contestar las preguntas
que se te hacen y antes de hacer la traduccin.
2.- Lo mismo aplica para las preguntas de opcin mltiple. Lee cada pregunta atentamente, hasta
que tengas en claro la respuesta.
3.-Para la traduccin, Identifica cada frase u oracin (donde inicia, donde termina) del texto a
traducir, teniendo siempre presente la idea principal del tema completo. Si encuentras palabras cuyo
significado te sea desconocido, traduce de acuerdo al contexto, sin cambiar completamente el
significado de la frase u oracin respectiva.

Los siguientes son EXAMENES- MUESTRA (EJEMPLOS) que te ser til resolver, respondiendo
las preguntas y haciendo la traduccin por escrito al espaol. Cada Ejemplo-muestra Incluye
primero el artculo, luego las preguntas. La traduccin intenta hacerla por tu cuenta y compara con
la que se te ofrece como correcta o aceptable.



Read carefully the following extract from the article titled Design and Implementation of a
Wideband Channel Sounder for Low-Voltage Powerlines; answer the questions formulated on part
I of the exam, and on part II write a synthesis in the Spanish language. Each part (I and II) has a
value of 50 points each.
Name:____________________________________________ Control Number:__________

I. MOTIVATION

This workshop presents Service-Oriented Programming (SOP), which is a new programming
methodology that permits the development of software applications by connecting and composing
existing services, thus facilitating software reuse. SOP builds on object-oriented programming
(OOP), as services are developed in an object-oriented (OO) fashion and then wrapped as Web
services. OOP provides the basis to model and implement software components as objects, while
SOP permits modeling and implementing software systems as web-accessible services, and has
attracted attention from the industry as it substantially improves software reuse. SOP leverages the
webs communication infrastructure to provide easier access to existing software components.
Consequently, more and more companies have begun to offer their business functionalities via web
services. Some search engines have been developed specifically for finding existing web services.
For example, www.programmableweb.com indexes over 5814 web services and 6610 mashups
(which are applications, built on web services). Other search engines, such as
www.webservicelist.com and www.biocatalogue.org, list web services by application domains.

This workshop is broadly divided into two major parts. In the first part, the presenters will describe
the problem areas and motivation underlying the SOP paradigm, the techniques of designing and
implementing services, and the techniques for developing applications using services. Topics
covered include service-oriented architecture, web services, service description and discovery,
service invocation, service composition architecture, and core SOP protocols, e.g., Web Services
Description Language (WSDL), Universal Description Discovery and Integration (UDDI), Simple
Object Access Protocol (SOAP), and Representational State Transfer (REST). Participants will also
be provided guidance to develop and deploy web services in a stepwise fashion, and be split into
small groups for an activity, e.g., to compare OOP and SOP. In the second part, participants will be
introduced to the developed teaching materials, including a demo of the SOP framework that
exemplifies SOP techniques. Participants will again work in groups and discuss issues about how to
incorporate SOP course modules into their existing courses. This workshop is in line with the goals
because it aims to introduce new software development methodology into existing curricula.

II. WORKSHOP LEARNING OUTCOMES

The workshops learning outcomes are as follows:
Attendees will explain the main issues and concepts in SOP.
Attendees will solve a problem using SOP techniques.
Attendees will have in-depth experience with SOP.
Attendees will explain and apply SOP teaching materials, including the SOP framework and
course modules, developed by the presenters.

Among other outcomes, the presenters will make their SOP curricular materials available to the
participants.


III. QUALIFICATIONS OF THE PRESENTERS

Of the five authors, the three who will be presenting this workshop are Rajendra K. Raj, Tom
Reichlmayr and Alex Pantaleev. Professors Raj and Reichlmayr are faculty members at Rochester
Institute of Technology and Dr. Pantaleev is a faculty member at SUNY at Oswego.

Rajendra K. Raj is a professor in RITs Computer Science department, and his current research
interests currently include in large-scale data management, distributed/mobile computing, security,
and critical infrastructure protection. He is also interested in computing education methodologies,
and is involved in program assessment, evaluation and accreditation. Dr. Raj teaches courses in
database systems, cloud and largescale data management, distributed systems, and security. Prior
to RIT, he was a software designer, developer, architect and manager in the Information
Technology Division at Morgan Stanley & Co., where he architected, built and managed globally
distributed database infrastructures for financial applications handling big data. He received his PhD
in Computer Science from the University of Washington, Seattle. Tom Reichlmayr is an associate
professor in RITs Software Engineering department. He has extensive experience in curriculum
development and cooperative learning. He has developed and coordinated an introductory software
engineering course as well as advanced courses in software engineering design and process. He
has actively converted software engineering courses from traditional lecture/lab format to studio
classroom delivery. Alex Pantaleev is an assistant professor in SUNY Oswegos Computer Science
department that offers degrees in Computer Science, Information Systems and Software
Engineering. His current research interests include service oriented architecture, computer science
education, and distributed computing, especially as it applies to computer game development. Dr.
Pantaleevs work has appeared in conferences such as ASEE and ITiCSE. He has developed two
new courses and redesigned several others at SUNY Oswego including CS2 and web services. He
is the major creator of a new concentration in the Computer Science major at Oswego. All
presenters are experienced teachers who use active learning techniques extensively and teach in
multiple settings including traditional classroom or blended settings.

PART I.- SELECT TE CORRECT OPTION(s) FOR THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS ABOUT THE
FORMER ARTICLE YOU HAVE READ. (60%)

1. SOP is the acronym for _________ and the concept of________________________:
a. Sockets Oriented Peripherals. A new type of peripherals which support high data
through output.
b. Software Oriented Programming. A new type of module programming methodology
that permits the development of software applications by connecting and
composing existing services.
c. Service Original Programming. A new programming methodology that permits the
development of software applications by connecting and composing existing
services.
d. All of the above.
e. None of the above.
2. SOP is built on:
a. Sockets developed for network access layer of the OSI layer.
b. Object oriented programming, as services are developed in an object-oriented (OO)
fashion and then wrapped as Web services.


c. Web services for any platform on procedural programming languages.
3. SOP
a. Helps re-utilize your web infrastructure to provide a cheaper solution for software
components.
b. Is a java web technology created by oracle corporation to eliminate software
compatibility problems.
c. Leverages the webs infrastructure to provide easier access to existing software
components.
4. In the first part of the workshop:
a. The participants will be provided with guidance to develop and deploy web services
in a stepwise fashion, and be split into small groups for an activity.
b. The presenters will describe the problem areas and motivation underlying the SOP
paradigm.
c. The participants will provide the techniques of designing and implementing
services, and the techniques for developing applications using services.
5. Who is the professor whose current research interests are service oriented architecture,
computer education and distributed computing, especially as it applies to computer game
development.
a. Alex Pantaleev.
b. Rajendra K. Raj
c. Tom Reichmayr.
6. Which professors are faculty members at Rochester Institute of technology?
a. Alex Pantaleev.
b. Rajendra K. Raj
c. Tom Reichmayr.
7. Which professor has extensive experience in curriculum development and cooperative
learning?
a. Alex Pantaleev.
b. Rajendra K. Raj
c. Tom Reichmayr.
8. Select the professors name who had been architect and manager in the information
technology division at morgan stanly & co.
a. Alex Pantaleev.
b. Rajendra K. Raj
c. Tom Reichmayr.


9. The presenters will not make their SOP curricular materials available to the participants.
a. True
b. False
10. Who is the professor whose current research interests include large-scale data
management, distributed/mobile computing, security and critical infrastructure protection?
a. Alex Pantaleev.
b. Rajendra K. Raj
c. Tom Reichmayr.

PART II.- WRITE A SYNTHESIS IN SPANISH ABOUT THE MAIN ARTICLES IDEAS. DONT
EXCEED ONE PAGE. (40%)

Read carefully the following extract from the article titled Design and Implementation of a
Wideband Channel Sounder for Low-Voltage Powerlines; answer the questions formulated on part
I of the exam, and on part II write a synthesis in the Spanish language. Each part (I and II) has a
value of 50 points each.
Name:____________________________________________ Control Number:__________

INTRODUCTION
IN THE LAST FEW years powerline technology has become a commercially attractive alternative
to wireless technology for in-home applications requiring high speed data communications. This
success has fostered research in wideband communications over low voltage powerlines and, in
particular, has motivated the interest in a deeper understanding of the properties of their propagation
medium. Unfortunately, the properties of real world powerline channels are substantially different
from those of their wireless counterparts in terms of system functions and noise; for instance, the
frequency response of such channels is usually periodic, so that standard methods for wireless
channel sounding cannot be adopted for its measurement. This raises the problem of developing
new channel sounding tools. Even if some powerline channel emulators have been proposed or have
been made available on the market, the problem of designing and implementing technical solutions
for wideband sounding of powerline channels has not been tackled yet in the technical literature.
This paper aims at filling this gap by providing some design guidelines for powerline channel
sounding and by describing a specific low cost FPGA-based implementation of a powerline channel
sounder. This manuscript is organized as follows. In Section II some design requirements for
powerline channel sounding are provided. The architecture of the developed channel sounding tool


is described in Section III. Various technical details about such a tool are provided in Sections IV,
V and VI, which focus on its analog front-end, FPGA processing and graphical user interfaces,
respectively. Some experimental results are illustrated in Section VII, where specific applications of
the developed tool are taken in consideration; in particular, its use for acquiring the time-variant
transfer function of an indoor powerline channel and the power spectral density of the noise
affecting it are discussed. Finally, some conclusions are given in Section VIII.

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SOUNDING OF WIDEBAND POWERLINE
CHANNELS
Channel sounding tools commonly rely on simple theoretical principles. In fact, the response of a
given communication channel can be usually related to its excitation through a specific system
function (e.g., the channel transfer function) in a simple fashion. Then, if the excitation (i.e., the
probing signal) is properly selected, in principle an estimate of the involved system function can be
easily extracted from a set of samples of the channel response. However, when applied to wideband
sounding of powerline channels, the implementation of this procedure on a digital hardware
platform requires addressing carefully various technical issues; these lead to various design
requirements, as discussed in detail below.

Signal Generation and Acquisition: The probing signal generated by a channel sounder is employed
to scan a specific portion of the available frequency spectrum. In powerline communications two
different bands have been standardized; one consists of the frequencies lower than 500 kHz
(allocated mainly for home and building automation as well as for applications related to the smart
grid), whereas the other one covers the frequency range 1.830 MHz (devoted to high data rate
applications). The target of our work has been to sound powerline channels up to 30 MHz. This
entails that, if a digital hardware platform is used for the generation of a probing signal, it has to be
equipped with a digital-to-analog conversion (DAC) device operating at a frequency not smaller
than MHz. In practice, in our channel sounding tool the frequency MHz has been selected; note that
this frequency is also employed by an analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) device when acquiring
the channel response to the probing signal.

Fig. 1. Block diagram of the developed channel sounder.

Another important technical issue concerning the probing signal is represented by the selection of
its duration. In fact, powerline channels are linear and periodically time-varying (LPTV); in
addition, their variations are synchronous to the mains [10] and are characterized by a period ms (if
the mains frequency is equal to 50 Hz). Therefore, the duration of the probing signal depends on
both the desired frequency resolution and the periodicity of time variations; in practice, one or more
periods (i.e., samples or a multiple of this quantity) need to be acquired in each measurement
interval [1], so that the selected hardware platform has to be endowed with a fast memory access


and a proper data storage capability. To address all the above mentioned technical issues, an FPGA
Stratix III Digital Signal Processing development board [11] has been employed in the
implementation of our tool. This board is based on an EP3SL150F1152 FPGA,which is able to
operate at a maximum internal clock speed equal to 600 MHz and a maximum clock speed equal to
400 MHz in interfacing with its DDR2 memory [12]. In addition, the employed board is equipped
with: a) one bank of DDR2 memory able to store 1 GByte and two DDR2 memory chips able to
store 32 MBytes each (additional details about this are provided in Section V); b) a GigaBit
Ethernet port for exchanging data with a personal computer. Coupling of the Channel Sounder With
Powerlines: The topology and the properties of cabling in low-voltage powerlines are usually
unknown; in addition, the input impedance of the loads (e.g., home appliances) connected to them
exhibit an unpredictable frequency dependent behavior. For these reasons, the impedance of
powerlines is usually unknown and may undergo significant time variations (due to
connection/disconnection of power loads), and, consequently, the output (input) impedance of the
channel sounder cannot be matched to the input (output) impedance of the communication medium.
This problem has to be carefully taken into account when designing the analog coupling circuit
connecting the channel sounder to a power network. In particular, a good protection of the low
voltage circuitry of the sounder has to be guaranteed and low noise amplification has to be
employed in signal acquisition, since probing signals may experience a deep attenuation.

ARCHITECTURE OF THE DEVELOPED CHANNEL SOUNDER

The architecture of the channel sounding tool implemented in our labs is shown in Fig. 1. Our tool
consists of the following blocks: a power analog front-end (PAFE), an interface for ADC and DAC,
an FPGA development board and a personal computer. A description of the tasks accomplished by
each block is provided below.
Personal Computer: The personal computer provides the FPGA board with a sampled version of
the probing signal and processes the samples of the corresponding response acquired by the board
itself. A software application based on Matlab and running on the personal computer has been
developed to ease the use of the channel sounder. This application provides various simple
graphical user interfaces (GUIs) for handling different high level tasks (e.g., generation of an
arbitrary probing signal, start and stop of the measurement procedure and plot of the acquired data).
Development Board: All real-time critical tasks of the channel sounding procedure are directly
managed by the FPGA development board. In particular, during this procedure the FPGA feeds the
data conversion interface with the samples of the probing signal to be sent over a powerline channel
and at the same time stores in a DDR2 memory the samples of the channel response acquired by the
interface itself in one or more consecutive periods (each lasting ms). At the end of each
measurement, the acquired data are moved from the FPGA board to the personal computer through
its Gigabit Ethernet interface.

PART I.- SELECT TE CORRECT OPTION FOR THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS ABOUT THE
FORMER ARTICLE YOU HAVE READ.

11. In terms of what are the substantial differences between the properties of real world
powerlines channels from their wireless counterparts?


a. System restrictions and vibration.
b. System functions and noise.
c. System frequency response and security.
d. None of the above.
12. This paper aims to provide some design guidelines for powerline channel sounding and by
describing a specific high cost FPGA-based implementation of a power line channel
sounder.
a. True.
b. False.
13. The response of a given communication channel can be usually related to:
a. Its wave longitude and distance.
b. Its coding algorithm.
c. Its excitation through a specific system function.
14. Frequencies lower than 500 kHz are allocated for:
a. Mainly for home and building automation as well as for applications related to the
smart grid.
b. Mainly for office and plant level wireless communications.
c. Mainly for defense and medical equipment.
15. The target of this paper has been to sound powerline channels up to:
a. 30 MHz.
b. 100 MHz.
c. 300 MHz
d. 10 MHz
e. All of the above.
16. Powerline channels are non-linear and periodically time-varying.
a. True.
b. False.
17. The duration of the probing signal depends on the desired frequency resolution and the
periodicity of time variations.
a. True.
b. False.
18. The impedance of powerlines is usually unknown and may undergo significant time
variations due:
a. To connection/disconnection of power tools.
b. To connection/disconnection of power loads.
c. To connection/disconnection of frequency tools
d. To connection/disconnection of frequency loads.
19. The personal computer provides the FPGA board with sampled version of
a. The probing signal and frequencies of the samples of the corresponding response
acquired by the board itself.
a. The probing signal and processes the samples of the corresponding response
acquired by the tools.


b. The probing signal and processes the samples of the corresponding response
acquired by the board itself.
c. None of the above.
20. All real time critical tasks of the channel sounding procedure are directly managed by:
a. FPGA duration times.
b. FPGA frequencies board.
c. FPGA development board.

PART II.- WRITE A SYNTHESIS IN SPANISH ABOUT THE MAIN ARTICLES IDEAS. DONT
EXCEED ONE PAGE.



INSTITUTO TECNOLGICO DE ACAPULCO EXAMEN GLOBAL DEL IDIOMA INGLES.
LECTURA, COMPRENSIN Y TRADUCCIN DE UN ARTCULO TCNICO IEM

PRESENTADO POR: (nombre
completo)_______________________________________________________________
NMERO DE CONTROL ____________________FECHA: / /____ TIEMPO
ASIGNADO: 2 Hrs.
Mechanical energy and Work
1.- Energy gives us one more tool to use to analyze physical situations. When forces and
accelerations are used, you usually freeze the action at a particular instant in time, draw a free-body
diagram, set up force equations, figure out accelerations, etc. With energy the approach is usually a
little different. Often you can look at the starting conditions (initial speed and height, for instance)
and the final conditions (final speed and height), and not have to worry about what happens in
between. The initial and final information can often tell you all you need to know. Whenever a
force is applied to an object, causing the object to move, work is done by the force. If a force is
applied but the object doesn't move, no work is done; if a force is applied and the object moves a
distance d in a direction other than the direction of the force, less work is done than if the object
moves a distance d in the direction of the applied force.
Work can be either positive or negative: if the force has a component in the same direction as the
displacement of the object, the force is doing positive work. If the force has a component in the
direction opposite to the displacement, the force does negative work.
If you pick a book off the floor and put it on a table, for example, you're doing positive work on the
book, because you supplied an upward force and the book went up. If you pick the book up and
place it gently back on the floor again, you're doing negative work, because the book is going down
but you're exerting an upward force, acting against gravity. If you move the book at constant speed
horizontally, you don't do any work on it, despite the fact that you have to exert an upward force to
counter-act gravity.

An object has kinetic energy if it has mass and if it is moving. It is energy associated with a moving
object, in other words.
There is a strong connection between work and energy, in a sense that when there is a net force
doing work on an object, the object's kinetic energy will change by an amount equal to the work
done:
Let's say you're dropping a ball from a certain height, and you'd like to know how fast it's traveling
the instant it hits the ground. You could apply the projectile motion equations, or you could
think of the situation in terms of energy (actually, one of the projectile motion equations is really an
energy equation in disguise).


If you drop an object it falls down, picking up speed along the way. This means there must be a net
force on the object, doing work. This force is the force of gravity. The work done by the force of
gravity is the force multiplied by the distance, so if the object drops a distance h, gravity does work
on the object equal to the force multiplied by the height lost.
An alternate way of looking at this is to call this the gravitational potential energy. An object with
potential energy has the potential to do work. In the case of gravitational potential energy, the object
has the potential to do work because of where it is, at a certain height above the ground, or at least
above something.
5.- Spring potential energy
Energy can also be stored in a stretched or compressed spring. An ideal spring is one in which the
amount of the spring stretches or compresses is proportional to the applied force. This linear
relationship between the force stretching force and the displacement are directly proportional (
Hook's law). This is a restoring force, because when the spring is stretched, the force exerted by the
spring is opposite to the direction it is stretched. This accounts for the oscillating motion of a mass
on a spring. If a mass hanging down from a spring is pulled down and let go, the spring exerts an
upward force on the mass, moving it back to the equilibrium position, and then beyond. This
compresses the spring, so the spring exerts a downward force on the mass, stopping it, and then
moving it back to the equilibrium and beyond, at which point the cycle repeats. This kind of motion
is known as simple harmonic motion. In a perfect spring, no energy is lost; the energy is simply
transferred back and forth between the kinetic energy of the mass on the spring and the potential
energy of the spring (gravitational potential energy might be involved, too).

6.- Conservation of energy
We'll take all of the different kinds of energy we know about, and even all the other ones we don't,
and relate them through one of the fundamental laws of the universe.
The law of conservation of energy states that energy can not be created nor destroyed, it can merely
be changed from one form of energy to another. Energy often ends up as heat, which is thermal
energy (kinetic energy, really) of atoms and molecules. Kinetic friction, for example, generally
turns energy into heat, and although we associate kinetic friction with energy loss, it really is just a
way of transforming kinetic energy into thermal energy.
The law of conservation of energy applies always, everywhere, in any situation. There is another
conservation idea associated with energy which does not apply as generally, and is therefore called
a principle rather than a law. This is the principle of the conservation of mechanical energy: The
total amount of mechanical energy, in a closed system in the absence of dissipative forces (e.g.
friction, air resistance), remains constant. This means that potential energy can become kinetic
energy, or vice versa, but energy cannot disappear. For example, in the absence of air resistance,
the mechanical energy of an object moving through the air in the Earth's gravitational field, remains
constant (it is conserved).


EVALUACIN:
PRIMERA PARTE:

Al final de cada pregunta ( en el espacio subrayado), escribe la letra (A, B o C), que corresponda a
la respuesta correcta.

1.- The Energy methods to analyze physical situations, such as the motion of an object , give us a
different way for________

A) Freeze the action at a particular instant in time.
B) set up force equations.
C) solving the motion of the body without knowing what happens in between the starting and
final conditions of the motion.

2.- When a force has a component in the same direction as the displacement of the object______

A) The work done by the force is negative
B) No work is done by the force at all.
C) The work done by the force is positive.

3.- If you move an object at a constant speed horizontally_______
A) You do negative work on the object.
B) You dont do any work on it.
C) You do positive work on it.

4.- If you drop a ball from a certain height, to figure out the ball velocity for instance, you could
apply the projectile motion equations, or_________
A) you could apply the Archimedes principle.
B) you could think of the situation in terms of energy.
C) you could apply the Hooks Law of strain-stress.

5.- When an object falls down, it picks up speed along his way, the net force acting on
the object, doing work is ___________
A) An electrical force.
B) A magnetic force.
C) The force of gravity.
6.- Gravitational potential energy of an object is named potential , because __________
A) The object is moving with a velocity.


B) it has the potential to do work, due to where it is, at a certain height above
the ground , or at least above something.
C) it has electrical potential.

7.- The Hooks Law states that__________

A) The net work done by a force on an object equals the internal energy change of the
object.
B) Force and displacement are directly proportional.
C) Energy cant be destroyed nor destroyed.

8.- The spring potential energy is energy stored in_______
A) Boiling water.
B) the burning of the sun.
C) a stretched or compressed spring.

9.- Kinetic friction generally turns energy into heat, although we associate kinetic friction with
energy loss, it is just__________
A) a mass transformation process.
B) a transformation of kinetic energy into heat.
C) the most efficient energy transformation process.

10.- Energy can not be created nor destroyed, is an statement for______
A) The principle of conservation of mechanical energy.
B) The Second law of Newton.
C) The law of energy conservation.

SEGUNDA PARTE. escribir la traduccin al espaol de las secciones 1, 2, 3 y 4 (unicamente)
del artculo anterior.

NOTA: Escribir claramente, sin tachaduras, para as poder calificar la traduccin con
dificultades mnimas para el examinador.


How Does an Air Conditioner Work?
Air conditioners and refrigerators work the same way. Instead of cooling just the small, insulated
space inside of a refrigerator, an air conditioner cools a room, a whole house, or an entire business.
Air conditioners use chemicals that easily convert from a gas to a liquid and back again. This
chemical is used to transfer heat from the air inside of a home to the outside air. The machine has
three main parts. They are a compressor, a condenser and an evaporator. The compressor and
condenser are usually located on the outside air portion of the air conditioner. The evaporator is
located on the inside the house, sometimes as part of a furnace. That's the part that heats your house.
The working fluid arrives at the compressor as a cool, low-pressure gas. The compressor squeezes
the fluid. This packs the molecule of the fluid closer together. The closer the molecules are together,
the higher its energy and its temperature. The working fluid leaves the compressor as a hot, high
pressure gas and flows into the condenser. If you looked at the air conditioner part outside a house,
look for the part that has metal fins all around. The fins act just like a radiator in a car and helps the
heat go away, or dissipate, more quickly. When the working fluid leaves the condenser, its
temperature is much cooler and it has changed from a gas to a liquid under high pressure. The liquid
goes into the evaporator through a very tiny, narrow hole. On the other side, the liquid's pressure
drops. When it does it begins to evaporate into a gas.
As the liquid changes to gas and evaporates, it extracts heat from the air around it. The heat in the
air is needed to separate the molecules of the fluid from a liquid to a gas. The evaporator also has
metal fins to help in exchange the thermal energy with the surrounding air. By the time the working
fluid leaves the evaporator, it is a cool, low pressure gas. It then returns to the compressor to begin
its trip all over again. Connected to the evaporator is a fan that circulates the air inside the house to
blow across the evaporator fins. Hot air is lighter than cold air, so the hot air in the room rises to the
top of a room. There is a vent there where air is sucked into the air conditioner and goes down
ducts. The hot air is used to cool the gas in the evaporator. As the heat is removed from the air, the
air is cooled. It is then blown into the house through other ducts usually at the floor level.
This continues over and over and over until the room reaches the temperature you want the room
cooled to. The thermostat senses that the temperature has reached the right setting and turns off the
air conditioner. As the room warms up, the thermostat turns the air conditioner back on until the
room reaches the temperature.
Heat Pump.
Imagine that you took an air conditioner and flipped it around so that the hot coils were on the
inside and the cold coils were on the outside. Then you would have a heater. It turns out that this
heater works extremely well. Rather than burning a fuel, what it is doing is "moving heat." A heat
pump is an air conditioner that contains a valve that lets it switch between "air conditioner" and
"heater." When the valve is switched one way, the heat pump acts like an air conditioner, and when


it is switched the other way it reverses the flow of the liquid inside the heat pump and acts like a
heater.
END

EVALUACIN:

PRIMERA PARTE:

Al final de cada pregunta ( en el espacio subrayado), escribe la letra (A, B o C), que corresponda a
la respuesta correcta.

1.- Refrigerators and Air conditioners work the same way, which means_____

A) They function under the same physical principles.
B) They are very complicated machines.
C) They have nothing in common at all.

2.- Air conditioners use chemicals as working fluids to_______

A) move huge amounts of air.
B) transfer heat from the air inside of a room to the outside air.
C) heat spaces that need to be heated.

3.- An Air conditioner system has three main parts, which are_______

A) A brake, a water pump and a radiator.
B) A compressor, a condenser and an evaporator.
C) Wings, an automatic pilot and a landing gear.

4.- The compressor squeezes the working fluid, which means______

A) The working fluid pressure is raised by the compressor.
B) The working fluid temperature is lowered.
C) The working fluid has less energy.

5.- The working fluid leaves the compressor as a_______

A) compressed liquid.
B) as a hot, high pressure gas and flows into the condenser.
C) as a saturated vapor.


6.- The metal fins all around some condensers help the heat______

A) Keep the working fluid at a constant temperature .
B) Go away, or dissipate, more quickly.
C) Remain stored in the working fluid.

7.- When the working fluid leaves the condenser it has changed to______

A) be a saturated liquid.
B) be a saturated vapor.
C) a liquid under high pressure.

8.- By the time the working fluid leaves the evaporator, it is ________

A) a cool, compressed liquid.
B) at a very high temperature.
C) a cool, low pressure gas.

9.- The thermostat is a device that turns off_______

A) When the temperature has reached the right setting.
B) When the humidity of an space is too high.
C) When the dry bulb temperature has lowered enough.

10.- A heat pump is an air conditioner that contains a________

A) many shafts and gears inside.
B) microchip to send electronic signals
C) valve that lets it switch between " air conditioner " and a " heater".

SEGUNDA PARTE. escribir la traduccin al espaol del artculo anterior.

NOTA: Escribir claramente, sin tachaduras, para as poder calificar la traduccin con
dificultades mnimas para el examinador.

REFERENCIAS:
http://www.ced.cele.unam.mx/clauto/general/formulario.php


http://www.linguee.es/ingles-espanol/traduccion/lowered.html
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/lowered
http://create.demandstudios.com/spanish-translator/


Laws of thermodynamics
Main article: Laws of thermodynamics
Thermodynamics states a set of four laws that are valid for all systems that fall within the
constraints implied by each. In the various theoretical descriptions of thermodynamics these laws
may be expressed in seemingly differing forms, but the most prominent formulations are the
following:
Zeroth law of thermodynamics: If two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third,
they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.
This statement implies that thermal equilibrium is an equivalence relation on the set
of thermodynamic systems under consideration. Systems are said to be in thermal equilibrium with
each other if spontaneous molecular thermal energy exchanges between them do not lead to a net
exchange of energy. This law is tacitly assumed in every measurement of temperature. For two
bodies known to be at the same temperature, deciding if they are in thermal equilibrium when put
into thermal contact does not require actually bringing them into contact and measuring any
changes of their observable properties in time.
[65]
In traditional statements, the law provides an
empirical definition of temperature and justification for the construction of practical thermometers.
In contrast to absolute thermodynamic temperatures, empirical temperatures are measured just by
the mechanical properties of bodies, such as their volumes, without reliance on the concepts of
energy, entropy or the first, second, or third laws of thermodynamics.
[49][66]
Empirical temperatures
lead to calorimetry for heat transfer in terms of the mechanical properties of bodies, without
reliance on mechanical concepts of energy.
The physical content of the zeroth law has long been recognized. For example, Rankine in 1853
defined temperature as follows: "Two portions of matter are said to have equal temperatures when
neither tends to communicate heat to the other."
[67]
Maxwell in 1872 stated a "Law of Equal
Temperatures".
[68]
He also stated: "All Heat is of the same kind."
[69]
Planck explicitly assumed and
stated it in its customary present-day wording in his formulation of the first two laws.
[70]
By the time
the desire arose to number it as a law, the other three had already been assigned numbers, and so it
was designated the zeroth law.
First law of thermodynamics: The increase in internal energy of a closed system is equal to the
difference of the heat supplied to the system and the work done by it: U = Q -
W
[71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81]


The first law of thermodynamics asserts the existence of a state variable for a system, the internal
energy, and tells how it changes in thermodynamic processes. The law allows a given internal
energy of a system to be reached by any combination of heat and work. It is important that internal
energy is a variable of state of the system (see Thermodynamic state) whereas heat and work are
variables that describe processes or changes of the state of systems.
The first law observes that the internal energy of an isolated system obeys the principle
of conservation of energy, which states that energy can be transformed (changed from one form to
another), but cannot be created or destroyed.
[82][83][84][85][86]

Second law of thermodynamics: Heat cannot spontaneously flow from a colder location to a
hotter location.
The second law of thermodynamics is an expression of the universal principle of dissipation of
kinetic and potential energy observable in nature. The second law is an observation of the fact that
over time, differences in temperature, pressure, and chemical potential tend to even out in a physical
system that is isolated from the outside world. Entropy is a measure of how much this process has
progressed. The entropy of an isolated system that is not in equilibrium tends to increase over time,
approaching a maximum value at equilibrium.
In classical thermodynamics, the second law is a basic postulate applicable to any system involving
heat energy transfer; in statistical thermodynamics, the second law is a consequence of the assumed
randomness of molecular chaos. There are many versions of the second law, but they all have the
same effect, which is to explain the phenomenon of irreversibility in nature.
Third law of thermodynamics: As a system approaches absolute zero the entropy of the system
approaches a minimum value.
The third law of thermodynamics is a statistical law of nature regarding entropy and the
impossibility of reaching absolute zero of temperature. This law provides an absolute reference
point for the determination of entropy. The entropy determined relative to this point is the absolute
entropy. Alternate definitions are, "the entropy of all systems and of all states of a system is
smallest at absolute zero," or equivalently "it is impossible to reach the absolute zero of temperature
by any finite number of processes".
Absolute zero is 273.15 C (degrees Celsius), or 459.67 F (degrees Fahrenheit) or 0 K (kelvin).


La ley de la termodinmica
Artculo principal: Leyes de la termodinmica
Termodinmica establece un conjunto de cuatro leyes que son vlidas para todos los sistemas que
caen dentro de las limitaciones implcitas en cada uno. En las distintas descripciones tericas de la
termodinmica estas leyes se pueden expresar en formas aparentemente diferentes, pero las
formulaciones ms prominentes son las siguientes:
Ley cero de la termodinmica : Si dos sistemas estn cada uno en equilibrio trmico con un
tercero, que tambin se encuentran en equilibrio trmico entre s.
Esta afirmacin implica que el equilibrio trmico es una relacin de equivalencia en el conjunto
de los sistemas termodinmicos que se consideran. Los sistemas se dice que estn en equilibrio
trmico entre s, si los intercambios trmicos moleculares espontneos de energa entre ellas no
conducen a un cambio neto de energa. Esta ley se asume tcitamente en todas las mediciones de la
temperatura. Durante dos cuerpos que se sabe que en el mismo la temperatura, decidiendo si se
encuentran en equilibrio trmico cuando se ponen en contacto trmico no requiere realmente
ponerlos en contacto y medicin de los cambios de sus propiedades observables en el
tiempo.
[ 65 ]
En los estados tradicionales, la ley establece una definicin emprica de la temperatura
y la justificacin para la construccin de termmetros prcticos. En contraste con las temperaturas
termodinmicas absolutas, las temperaturas empricas se miden slo por las propiedades mecnicas
de los cuerpos, como su volumen, sin depender de los conceptos de energa, la entropa o los
primeros segundos, o tercera leyes de la termodinmica,.
[ 49 ] [ 66 ]
temperaturas empricos llevan
a colorimtricas para la transferencia de calor en trminos de las propiedades mecnicas de los
cuerpos, sin depender de los conceptos mecnicos de energa.
El contenido fsico de la ley cero ha sido reconocida. Por ejemplo, Rankine en 1853 la temperatura
se define de la siguiente manera: ". se dice que dos porciones de materia a tener igualdad de
temperaturas cuando ni tiende a comunicar calor a la otra"
[ 67 ]
Maxwell en 1872 declar una "Ley
de Igualdad de temperaturas".
[ 68 ]
Tambin dijo: "Todo el calor es de la misma
naturaleza".
[ 69 ]
Planck asume explcitamente y dijo en su habitual actual redaccin en su
formulacin de las dos primeras leyes.
[ 70 ]
En el momento surgi el deseo nmero como una ley,
los otros tres ya haban sido asignados los nmeros, por lo que fue designado a laley cero .
Primera ley de la termodinmica : El aumento de la energa interna de un sistema cerrado es
igual a la diferencia del calor suministrado al sistema y el trabajo realizado por ella:? U = Q -
W
[ 71 ] [ 72 ] [ 73 ] [ 74 ] [ 75 ] [ 76 ] [ 77 ] [ 78 ] [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ]


La primera ley de la termodinmica afirma la existencia de una variable de estado de un sistema, la
energa interna, y le dice a la forma en que los cambios en los procesos termodinmicos. La ley
permite que la energa interna de un sistema dado que se lleg a travs de una combinacin de calor
y trabajo. Es importante que la energa interna es una variable de estado del sistema (consulte el
estado termodinmico ), mientras que el calor y el trabajo son variables que describen procesos o
cambios en el estado de los sistemas.
La primera ley seala que la energa interna de un sistema aislado obedece el principio
de conservacin de la energa , que establece que la energa puede ser transformado (cambiado de
una forma a otra), pero no puede ser creada ni destruida.
[ 82 ] [ 83 ] [ 84 ] [ 85 ] [ 86 ]

Segunda ley de la termodinmica : el calor no puede fluir espontneamente de un lugar fro a
un lugar ms caliente.
La segunda ley de la termodinmica es una expresin del principio universal de la disipacin de la
energa cintica y potencial observable en la naturaleza. La segunda ley es una observacin del
hecho de que con el tiempo, las diferencias de temperatura, presin, y potencial qumico tienden a
igualar en un sistema fsico que est aislado del mundo exterior. La entropa es una medida de la
cantidad de este proceso ha progresado. La entropa de un sistema aislado que no est en equilibrio
tiende a aumentar con el tiempo, acercndose a un valor mximo en el equilibrio.
En la termodinmica clsica, la segunda ley es un postulado bsico aplicable a cualquier sistema
que implica la transferencia de energa trmica; en la termodinmica estadstica, la segunda ley es
una consecuencia de la supuesta aleatoriedad de caos molecular. Hay muchas versiones de la
segunda ley, pero todos tienen el mismo efecto, que es explicar el fenmeno de
la irreversibilidad en la naturaleza.
Tercera ley de la termodinmica : Como sistema se aproxima al cero absoluto la entropa del
sistema se aproxima a un valor mnimo.
La tercera ley de la termodinmica es una ley estadstica de la naturaleza con respecto a la entropa
y la imposibilidad de alcanzar el cero absoluto de temperatura. Esta ley proporciona un punto de
referencia absoluto para la determinacin de la entropa. La entropa determina en relacin a este
punto es la entropa absoluta. Definiciones alternas son, "la entropa de todos los sistemas y de
todos los estados de un sistema es el ms pequeo en el cero absoluto", o de manera equivalente "es
imposible alcanzar el cero absoluto de temperatura por un nmero finito de procesos".
El cero absoluto es -273,15 C (grados Celsius), o -459,67 F (grados Fahrenheit) o 0 K (kelvin).


Referencias
65. Jump up^ Moran, Michael J. and Howard N. Shapiro, 2008. Fundamentals of Engineering
Thermodynamics. 6th ed. Wiley and Sons: 16.
66. Jump up^ Planck, M. (1897/1903), p. 1.
67. Jump up^ Rankine, W.J.M. (1953). Proc. Roy. Soc. (Edin.), 20(4).
68. Jump up^ Maxwell, J.C. (1872), page 32.
69. Jump up^ Maxwell, J.C. (1872), page 57.
70. Jump up^ Planck, M. (1897/1903), pp. 12.
71. Jump up^ Clausius, R. (1850). Ueber de bewegende Kraft der Wrme und die Gesetze,
welche sich daraus fr de Wrmelehre selbst ableiten lassen, Annalen der Physik und
Chemie, 155 (3): 368394.
72. Jump up^ Rankine, W.J.M. (1850). On the mechanical action of heat, especially in gases
and vapours. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, 20: 147190.[1]
73. Jump up^ Helmholtz, H. von. (1897/1903). Vorlesungen ber Theorie der Wrme, edited
by F. Richarz, Press of Johann Ambrosius Barth, Leipzig, Section 46, pp. 176182, in
German.
74. Jump up^ Planck, M. (1897/1903), p. 43.
75. Jump up^ Guggenheim, E.A. (1949/1967), p. 10.
76. Jump up^ Sommerfeld, A. (1952/1956), Section 4 A, pp. 1316.
77. Jump up^ Ilya Prigogine, I. & Defay, R., translated by D.H. Everett (1954).Chemical
Thermodynamics. Longmans, Green & Co., London, p. 21.
78. Jump up^ Lewis, G.N., Randall, M. (1961). Thermodynamics, second edition revised by
K.S. Pitzer and L. Brewer, McGraw-Hill, New York, p. 35.
79. ^ Jump up to:
a

b
Bailyn, M. (1994), page 79.
80. Jump up^ Kondepudi, D. (2008). Introduction to Modern Thermodynamics, Wiley,
Chichester, ISBN 978-0-470-01598-8, p. 59.
81. Jump up^ Khanna, F.C., Malbouisson, A.P.C., Malbouisson, J.M.C., Santana, A.E.
(2009). Thermal Quantum Field Theory. Algebraic Aspects and Applications, World
Scientific, Singapore, ISBN 978-981-281-887-4, p. 6.


82. Jump up^ Helmholtz, H. von, (1847). Ueber die Erhaltung der Kraft, G. Reimer, Berlin.
83. Jump up^ Joule, J.P. (1847). On matter, living force, and heat, Manchester Courier, May
5 and May 12, 1847.
84. ^ Jump up to:
a

b
Truesdell, C.A. (1980).
85. Jump up^ Partington, J.R. (1949), page 150.
86. Jump up^ Kondepudi & Prigogine (1998), pages 31-32.

PREGUNTAS DE INTERPRETACIN DE TEXTOS DEL EXAMEN DE INGLS
1. Qu dice la ley cero de la Termodinmica?
R = Si dos sistemas estn cada uno en equilibrio trmico con un tercero, que tambin se
encuentran en equilibrio trmico entre s.
2. Cmo se miden las temperaturas empricas, en contraste con las temperaturas
termodinmicas absolutas?. (prrafo de ley cero de la termodinmica).
R = las temperaturas empricas se miden slo por las propiedades mecnicas de los cuerpos,
como su volumen, sin depender de los conceptos de energa, la entropa o los primeros
segundos, o tercera leyes de la termodinmica
3. La Primera Ley de la Termodinmica afirma la existencia de una variable de estado de un
sistema; cul es sta? R = La energa interna
4. Cul es el hecho que observa la Segunda Ley de la Termodinmica?
R = La Segunda Ley es una observacin del hecho de que con el tiempo, las diferencias de
temperatura, presin, y potencial qumico tienden a igualar en un sistema fsico que est
aislado del mundo exterior.
5. En cul de las Tres Leyes de la termodinmica, la Entropa no tiene la posibilidad de
alcanzar el cero absoluto?
R = En la Tercera Ley de la Termodinmica.


PREGUNTAS BSICAS DE TERMODINMICA
HERMODYNAMICS BASIC QUESTIONS

1. THERMODYNAMICS STUDY WHAT ? Studies the relationship between thermal energy, heat
and temperature. Study the relationships between isobaric thermodynamic processes , isochoric and
adiabatic . Study the movement of energy and the relationship between energy and movement.
Study heat, work and matter interacting with the universe.
Two . WHAT IS A THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM ? Limited portion of the space by a porous
border , which is being studied . Portion of environmental space that has direct contact with the
energy , heat and work done outside it. Limited portion of the environment by an adiabatic surface
universe. Limited portion of the space for a real boundary surface, where matter , object of our
study is located.
Three . WHAT WOULD BE THE FORMULA OF THE UNIVERSE ? + Midrange external
thermodynamic thermodynamic PVT System System System + energy + matter + thermodynamic
energy.
April . IT IS AN EXAMPLE OF THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM 2 kg of molten gold in a furnace
at 2000 C. 1 kg of Fe sectioned into 200 parts . 200g of solid water . Specific heat of a solid
substance in a calorimeter.
May . HOW IS THE AVERAGE SPEED OF A PARTICLE GAS IDEAL ? Adding the kinetic
energy of each particle. Summing the speed of each particle , and dividing the value by the number
of particles. Determined the amount of energy received by each particle. Determining the value of
the average thermal energy of the particles.
6. WHAT IS THE PROTEST MOVEMENT MACROSCOPIC MOLECULES OF A GAS ? The
thermal energy Mean Speed The Heat termperature .
7. ALL SPEEDS ? MOLECULES COMPRISING AN IDEAL GAS ARE EQUAL ? YES NO.
8. WHAT IS THE TEMPERATURE ? As the temperature level of a gas , which is about the
average speed of the particles. Measurement of body heat generated . Measurement of the average
velocity of the gas comprising partuclas . Demonstration of thermal heat transfer .
9. WHAT IS REAL ? Heat is the statement of the quality of the gaseous molecules possessing body
. In thermodynamic system temperature is proportional to the amount of gas . The average particle
velocity of a gas is inversely proportional to the value of the thermal energy . The temperature is
proportional to the average velocity of the particles .
10. TEMPERATURE WHICH HAVE NO PARTICLE MOTION : 273 C -273 K 0 K 0 C.
11. HELPS CALCULATE AVERAGE SPEED PARTICLE : Classical mechanics Statistical
mechanics Quantum physics Differential calculus .
12. HOW IS THE THERMAL ENERGY OF A GAS ? With the sum of the kinetic energy of its
particles. With the sum of the average speed of its particles. With the sum of each heat fraction
possessing its particles. With the sum of potential and kinetic energy of its particles .
13 . WHAT IS REAL ? A GREATER POTENTIAL ENERGY HIGHER TEMPERATURE
THERMAL ENERGY MAKES THE INCREASE YOUR BODY MOLECULAR MOTION . The
atoms A BODY A 90 VEOLCIDAD MEDIA ARE HIGHER THAN THOSE TO 30 C. HEAT
MAKES THE UNDERLYING ANY BODY TEMPERATURE .


14 . WHAT IS TRUE ? INTENSIVE ONE SIZE DOES NOT DEPEND ON THE NUMBER OF
THE SUBSTANCE . THERMAL ENERGY OF A GAS DEPENDS ON ITS INTERNAL
ENERGY PARTICLES . PROPORTIONAL TO THE TEMPERATURE IS ISSUED FOR A
BODY HEAT TO ANOTHER . ADIABATIC SYSTEM RECEIVES THE HEAT , WORK, BUT
NO MATTER.
15 . It is an intensive quantity : HEAT TEMPERATURE THERMAL ENERGY AMOUNT OF
GAS .
16 . CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH THE THERMAL ENERGY OF A GAS CAN BECOME AN
ORIGINAL DOUBLE DIRECTION: THE NUMBER IS THE SAME TEMPERATURE .
THERMAL ENERGY IS THE SAME . THE AMOUNT OF HEAT IS TWICE . IF THE
NUMBER OF MOLECULES OF DOUBLES .
17 . IT IS AN EXTENSIVE PROPERTY : HEAT THERMAL ENERGY AMOUNT OF GROUND
TEMPERATURE .
18 . IF TWO SYSTEMS WITH DIFFERENT THERMODYNAMIC TEMPERATURE COMES
IN CONTACT , THEN YOU GET A SPEED BETWEEN THE TWO SYSTEMS MEDIA
MOLEULAR Danro PLACE TO A TEMPERATURE OF BALANCE. THERE IS A TRANSFER
FROM THE BODY TEMPERATURE HOTTER THE COLD TO GETTING MORE quilibrio .
MASS AMOUNT IS TO GET A REDUCA TEMPERATURE AND GROUND BALANCED .
TEMPERATURE SYSTEM WITH HEAT MAY BE IMPOSED ON SMALL HEAT.
19 . WHAT IS THE HEAT ? MAGNITUDE IS A MEASURING THE DEGREE OF
MOLECULAR MIXING . IT IS A DIMENSION OF ANY BODY IS EXPOSED TO A SOURCE
OF HEAT. It is THERMAL ENERGY IN TRANSIT . Interconvertibility SUBJECT IS ENERGY
and vice versa .

1. QU ESTUDIA LA TERMODINMICA? Estudia las relaciones entre la energa trmica,
el calor y la temperatura. Estudia las relaciones entre los procesos termodinmicos
isobricos, isocricos y adiabticos. Estudia la circulacin de la energa y la relacin entre
la energa y el movimiento. Estudia al calor, al trabajo y la materia interactuando con el
universo
2. QU ES UN SISTEMA TERMODINMICO? Porcin del espacio limitada por una
frontera permeable, que es motivo de estudio. Porcin del espacio ambiental que tiene
contacto directo con la energa, el calor y el trabajo realizado fuera de l. Porcin del
ambiente del universo limitado por una superficie adiabtica. Porcin del espacio limitada
por una superficie lmite real, donde se situa la materia, objeto de nuestro estudio.

3. CUL SERA LA FRMULA DEL UNIVERSO? Sistema termodinmico + medio
externo Sistema termodinmico + Sistema PVT Sistema termodinmico + energa Materia
+ energa.

4. ES UN EJEMPLO DE SISTEMA TERMODINMICO 2 kg de oro fundido en una
caldera a 2000C. 1 kg de Fe seccionado en 200 partes. 200g de agua en estado slido.
Calor especfico de una sustancia slido dentro de un calormetro.

5. CMO SE OBTIENE LA VELOCIDAD MEDIA DE LAS PARTCULAS DE UN


GAS IDEAL? Sumando las energa cinticas de cada partcula. Sumando las velocidades de
cada partcula y dividindo el valor entre el nmero de partculas. Determinado la cantidad
de energa que recibe cada partcula. Determinando el valor del promedio de las energas
trmicas de las partculas.

6. CUL ES LA MANIFESTACIN MACROSCPICA DEL MOVIMIENTO DE LAS
MOLCULAS DE UN GAS? La energa trmica La velocidad media La termperatura El
calor.
7. TODAS LAS VELOCIDADES DE LAS MOLCULAS QUE COMPONEN UN GAS
IDEAL SON IGUALES? S NO.

8. QU ES LA TEMPERATURA? Medida del nivel trmico de un gas, que tiene que ver
con la velocidad media de las partculas. Medida del calor que genera un cuerpo. Medida de
la velocidad media de las partuclas que componen un gas. Manifestacin trmica de la
transferencia de calor.

9. CUL ES VERDADERA? El calor es la manifestacin de la calidad de molculas que
posee el cuerpo gaseoso. En sistema termodinmico la temperatura es proporcional a la
cantidad de gas. La velocidad media de las partculas de un gas es inversamente
proporcional al valor de la energa trmica. La Temperatura es proporcional a la velocidad
media de las partculas.

10. TEMPERATURA EN LA QUE LAS PARTCULAS NO TIENEN MOVIMIENTO:
273 C 0 K -273 K 0 C.

11. NOS AYUDA A CALCULAR LA VELOCIDAD MEDIA DE LAS PARTCULAS: La
mecnica clsica La mecnica estadstica La fsica cuntica El clculo diferencial.
12. CMO SE DETERMINA LA ENERGA TRMICA DE UN GAS? Con la sumatoria
de las energa cinticas de sus partculas. Con la sumatoria de las velocidades medias de sus
partculas. Con la sumatoria de cada fraccin de calor que poseen sus partculas. Con la
sumatoria de la energa potencial y cintica de sus partculas.

13. CUL ES VERDADERA? A MAYOR ENERGA POTENCIAL MAYOR
TEMPERATURA LA ENERGA TRMICA HACE QUE EL CUERPO AUMENTE SU
MOVIMIENTO MOLECULAR. LOS ATMOS QUE FORMAN UN CUERPO A 90C
TIENEN UNA VEOLCIDAD MEDIA MAYOR QUE LOS QUE ESTN A 30C. EL
CALOR HACE QUE EL CUERPO SE FUNDA A CUALQUIER TEMPERATURA.

14. CUL ES VERDADERA? UNA MAGNITUD INTENSIVA NO DEPENDE DE LA
CANTIDAD DE LA SUSTANCIA. LA ENERGA TRMICA DE UN GAS DEPENDE
DE LA ENERGA INTERNA DE SUS PARTCULAS. LA TEMPERATURA ES
PROPORCIONAL AL CALOR EMITIDO DE UN CUERPO A OTRO. EL SISTEMA
ADIABTICO RECIBE CALOR, TRABAJO PERO NO MATERIA.


15. ES UNA MAGNITUD INTENSIVA: EL CALOR LA ENERGA TRMICA LA
TEMPERATURA LA CANTIDAD DE GAS.

16. BAJO QUE CONDICIN LA ENERGA TRMICA DE UN GAS PUEDE LLEGAR
A SER EL DOBLE DE UNA SITUACIN INICIAL: LA CANTIDAD DE
TEMPERATURA ES LA MISMA. LA ENERGA TRMICA ES LA MISMA. LA
CANTIDAD DE CALOR ES EL DOBLE. SI LA CANTIDAD DE MOLCULAS DE
DUPLICA.
17. ES UNA PROPIEDAD EXTENSIVA: EL CALOR LA ENERGA TRMICA LA
CANTIDAD DE MASA LA TEMPERATURA.

18. SI DOS SISTEMAS TERMODINMICOS CON DIFERENTE TEMPERATURA,
ENTRAN EN CONTACTO, ENTONCES: SE OBTIENE UNA VELOCIDAD MEDIA
MOLEULAR ENTRE AMBOS SISTEMAS DANRO LUGAR A UNA TEMPERATURA
DE EQUILIBRIO. HAY UNA TRANSFERENCIA DE TEMPERATURA DESDE LOS
CUERPOS MS CALIENTES A LOS MS FRIOS HASTA LLEGAR AL QUILIBRIO.
LA CANTIDAD DE MASA SE REDUCA HASTA OBTENER UNA TEMPERATURA Y
MASA EQUILIBRADA. LA TEMPERATURA DEL SISTEMA CON MAYO CALOR SE
IMPONEN SOBRE EL DE MENOR CALOR.

19. QU ES EL CALOR? ES UNA MAGNITUD QUE MIDE EL GRADO DE
AGITACIN MOLECULAR. ES UNA DIMENSIN DE CUALQUIER CUERPO QUE
EST EXPUESTO A UNA FUENTE DE CALOR. ES LA ENERGA TRMICA EN
TRANSITO. ES LA INTERCONVERTIBILIDAD DE MATERIA EN ENERGA Y
VISCEVERSA.

THERMODYNAMICS BASIC QUESTIONS
1. THERMODYNAMICS STUDY WHAT ? Studies the relationship between thermal energy, heat
and temperature. Study the relationships between isobaric thermodynamic processes , isochoric and
adiabatic . Study the movement of energy and the relationship between energy and movement.
Study heat, work and matter interacting with the universe.
2 . WHAT IS A THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM ? Limited portion of the space by a porous border
, which is being studied . Portion of environmental space that has direct contact with the energy ,
heat and work done outside it. Limited portion of the environment by an adiabatic surface universe.
Limited portion of the space for a real boundary surface, where matter , object of our study is
located.


3 . WHAT WOULD BE THE FORMULA OF THE UNIVERSE ? + Midrange external
thermodynamic thermodynamic PVT System System System + energy + matter + thermodynamic
energy.
4 . IT IS AN EXAMPLE OF THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM 2 kg of molten gold in a furnace at
2000 C. 1 kg of Fe sectioned into 200 parts . 200g of solid water . Specific heat of a solid
substance in a calorimeter.
5 . HOW IS THE AVERAGE SPEED OF A PARTICLE GAS IDEAL ? Adding the kinetic energy
of each particle. Summing the speed of each particle , and dividing the value by the number of
particles. Determined the amount of energy received by each particle. Determining the value of the
average thermal energy of the particles.
6. WHAT IS THE PROTEST MOVEMENT MACROSCOPIC MOLECULES OF A GAS ? The
thermal energy Mean Speed The Heat termperature .
7. ALL SPEEDS ? MOLECULES COMPRISING AN IDEAL GAS ARE EQUAL ? YES NO.
8. WHAT IS THE TEMPERATURE ? As the temperature level of a gas , which is about the
average speed of the particles. Measurement of body heat generated . Measurement of the average
velocity of the gas comprising partuclas . Demonstration of thermal heat transfer .
9. WHAT IS REAL ? Heat is the statement of the quality of the gaseous molecules possessing body
. In thermodynamic system temperature is proportional to the amount of gas . The average particle
velocity of a gas is inversely proportional to the value of the thermal energy . The temperature is
proportional to the average velocity of the particles .
10. TEMPERATURE WHICH HAVE NO PARTICLE MOTION : 273 C -273 K 0 K 0 C.
11. HELPS CALCULATE AVERAGE SPEED PARTICLE : Classical mechanics Statistical
mechanics Quantum physics Differential calculus .
12. HOW IS THE THERMAL ENERGY OF A GAS ? With the sum of the kinetic energy of its
particles. With the sum of the average speed of its particles. With the sum of each heat fraction
possessing its particles. With the sum of potential and kinetic energy of its particles .
13 . WHAT IS REAL ? A GREATER POTENTIAL ENERGY HIGHER TEMPERATURE
THERMAL ENERGY MAKES THE INCREASE YOUR BODY MOLECULAR MOTION . The
atoms A BODY A 90 VEOLCIDAD MEDIA ARE HIGHER THAN THOSE TO 30 C. HEAT
MAKES THE UNDERLYING ANY BODY TEMPERATURE .


14 . WHAT IS TRUE ? INTENSIVE ONE SIZE DOES NOT DEPEND ON THE NUMBER OF
THE SUBSTANCE . THERMAL ENERGY OF A GAS DEPENDS ON ITS INTERNAL
ENERGY PARTICLES . PROPORTIONAL TO THE TEMPERATURE IS ISSUED FOR A
BODY HEAT TO ANOTHER . ADIABATIC SYSTEM RECEIVES THE HEAT , WORK, BUT
NO MATTER.
15 . It is an intensive quantity : HEAT TEMPERATURE THERMAL ENERGY AMOUNT OF
GAS .
16 . CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH THE THERMAL ENERGY OF A GAS CAN BECOME AN
ORIGINAL DOUBLE DIRECTION: THE NUMBER IS THE SAME TEMPERATURE .
THERMAL ENERGY IS THE SAME . THE AMOUNT OF HEAT IS TWICE . IF THE
NUMBER OF MOLECULES OF DOUBLES .
17 . IT IS AN EXTENSIVE PROPERTY : HEAT THERMAL ENERGY AMOUNT OF GROUND
TEMPERATURE .
18 . IF TWO SYSTEMS WITH DIFFERENT THERMODYNAMIC TEMPERATURE COMES
IN CONTACT , THEN YOU GET A SPEED BETWEEN THE TWO SYSTEMS MEDIA
MOLEULAR Danro PLACE TO A TEMPERATURE OF BALANCE. THERE IS A TRANSFER
FROM THE BODY TEMPERATURE HOTTER THE COLD TO GETTING MORE quilibrio .
MASS AMOUNT IS TO GET A REDUCA TEMPERATURE AND GROUND BALANCED .
TEMPERATURE SYSTEM WITH HEAT MAY BE IMPOSED ON SMALL HEAT.
19 . WHAT IS THE HEAT ? MAGNITUDE IS A MEASURING THE DEGREE OF
MOLECULAR MIXING . IT IS A DIMENSION OF ANY BODY IS EXPOSED TO A SOURCE
OF HEAT. It is THERMAL ENERGY IN TRANSIT . Interconvertibility SUBJECT IS ENERGY
and vice versa .



WHEN ANSWERING THIS GUIDE PLEASE HAVE IN CONSIDERATION THAT THE
REAL EXAM CONTAINS ONLY ONE ARTICLE, AND 20 TO 25 QUESTIONS AS WELL
AS AN ESSAY SECTION WHERE YOU WILL HAVE TO WRITE ABOUT A TOPIC
RELATED TO THE CARREER YOU STUDY.

Answer the questions according to the reading passage.

Stonehenge Monument
Stonehenge is an ancient monument situated about ten miles north of Salisbury in England. It was
built about 4500 years ago, but by whom and for what purpose remains a mystery. The builders
must have known of geometry. They may have been influenced by the Mycenaeans, whose
architecture was similar. Some of the stones must have been brought from West Wales, over 135
miles away. These stones weigh more than fifty tons. They may have been brought on rafts and
rollers. Experts say that it must have taken 1500 men more than five years to transport them.
Stonehenge was probably built in three stages. First, settlers from continental Europe built a temple
for sun worship. Later the "Beaker" people added the stone circles. Finally, people of the Wesse
Culture transformed Stonehenge into an observatory. They could calculate the exact time of
Midsummer and Midwinter and of equinoxes.
1. We understand from the passage that the construction of the Stonehenge ----.

A) began 135 miles away from Salisbury
B) is thought to have taken place in more than one stage
C) was first documented by the Mycenaeans
0) is not a mystery that needs to be solved
E) was completed in less than five years

2. It is pointed out in the reading that the Stonehenge ----.

A) was built by the Mycenaeans, who were very advanced in geometry
B) probably has religious origins, possibly for worship of the sun
C) had no astrological purposes
D) was erected thousands of years ago in West Wales
E) is still used to calculate the changes of the seasons


3. According to the passage, there is no certainty about ----.

A) where the Stonehenge was built
B) what kind of stones were used in the construction of the Stonehenge
C) how to calculate the exact time of Midsummer and Midwinter and of
equinoxes
D) how the stones used in the construction of the Stonehenge were
transported
E) whether some of the stones are in position to reflect the movements of the sun and the
moon
CORRECT ANSWERS ARE:
1.B
2.B
3.D
Write in your own words about what you just read.
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Is Too Much Togetherness Annoying?
I've heard of the problems, newly retired men and their wives face because of too much
togetherness. And I was always amused, the way they so often get on each other's nerves. I never
thought I'd face such a problem, but it's been two months now, and matters around are pretty bad. I
ran out of patience. As soon as our son, Mike, leaves home, Dave busies himself by following me
around, inquiring into my household routines. I have tried to interest him in any number of
activities, with little success. "What you really need is a job "I told him, knowing he would never be
able to find one at this age. You'd think that someone with so much intelligence, someone I truly
love, would not be totally annoying when faced with a change in routine.
1. The author says that before she faced the same thing, ----.

A) she always belittled couples who tended to be nagging at each other
all the time
B) she hardly believed that retirement could reverse nice relations in a
marriage
C) her husband always seemed to be a potential problem for their happy
family
D) she couldn't understand how much happiness her husband's retirement
would bring
E) she knew exactly which problems were waiting for them

2. As it is said in the passage, she cannot help getting nervous at her husband ----.

A) who is constantly trying to intervene in her house-hold affairs
B) who needs to rest now, which he really deserves after years of working
C) because he is an intelligent man and loving husband
D) although she loves Dave who hates being hurt
E) for the fact that he couldn't get accustomed to living idly


3. The writer is surprised to see that ----.

A) her husband is very helpful
B) she will not have to bare her fussy husband any more
C) she will be counting the days to sen d Mike to school
D) she loves him more than she thought
E) change of routine affects someone so much

1.B
2.A
3.E

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Wembley Stadium
Wembley Stadium (or simply Wembley) is a football stadium located in Wembley, north west
London, which opened in 2007 on the site of the old Wembley stadium. The 90,000 capacity venue
is second largest stadium in Europe, and serves as England's national stadium. It is the home venue
of the England national football team, and hosts the latter stages of the top level domestic club cup
competition, the FA Cup. It is owned by English football's governing body, the Football
Association (The FA) through their subsidiary Wembley National Stadium Ltd (WNSL). The old
Wembley stadium, which opened in 1923 as the Empire Stadium, often referred to as "The Home of
Football", was one of the world's most famous football stadiums until its demolition in 2003.

Designed by Foster and Partners and Populous, the new Wembley is the largest and tallest stadium
in the world, and includes a partially retractable roof. A signature feature of the stadium, following
on from the the old Wembley's distinctive Twin Towers, is the 134 metres (440 ft) high Wembley
Arch. With a span of 317 metres (1,040 ft), this steel arch is the longest single span roof structure in
the world. The stadium was built by Australian firm Multiplex at a cost of 798 million. The old
Wembley closed in October 2000, with demolition originally intended for that December and the
new stadium due to open in 2003. After delays to the project, the old Wembley was not completely
demolished until 2003, with the new stadium scheduled to open in time for the 2006 FA Cup Final.
After further delays, the stadium was delivered nearly a year late, leading to legal disputes between
WNSL and Multiplex, who ultimately made a significant loss on the project. The stadium was
handed over on 9 March 2007, in time to host the 2007 FA Cup Final.

In international football, the stadium is a central component of the English 2018 and 2022 FIFA
World Cup bids. In 2012 it will also host the football finals of the London Olympics. In club
football, the stadium also hosts the showpiece season opening game the FA Community Shield
match, played in August between the winners of the FA Cup and the top-level Premier League. In
February, it also hosts the final of the England's other top level cup tournament, the Football League
Trophy. At the end of the domestic season the stadium also hosts the latter stages of the Football
League play-offs. In European football, it is due to host the 2011 Champions League Final. In
friendly tournaments, since 2009 it has been the venue of the summer Wembley Cup. Outside of
football, the stadium also hosts major rugby games, such as the Rugby League Challenge Cup. The
stadium is also an annual regular season venue for the American National Football League's
International Series, the first such venue outside North America. Non-sporting uses include large
concerts by artists such as U2 and Madonna, as well as hosting in July 2007 the Concert for Diana
and Live Earth.
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from
the Wikipedia article "Wembley Stadium". You can explore more on the Wikipedia website. The
text and the images are used here only for educational purposes.


Questions about the text
1. For its capacity, Wembley Stadium is the
largest stadium in the world.
second largest stadium in the world.
second largest stadium in Europe.
2. The old stadium was demolished in 2003.
True.
False.
We don't know.
3. The stadium will be used in the 2018 Olympics.
True.
False.
We don't know.
4. All the Football League matches are held there.
True.
False.
We don't know.
5. Rugby is also played there.
True.
False.
We don't know.


CORRECT ANSWERS:
1. For its capacity, Wembley Stadium is the
second largest stadium in Europe.
2. The old stadium was demolished in 2003.
True.
3. The stadium will be used in the 2018 Olympics.
False.
4. All the Football League matches are held there.
False.
5. Rugby is also played there.
True.

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Hadrian's Wall
Hadrian's Wall was a defensive fortification in Roman Britain. Begun in AD 122, during the rule of
emperor Hadrian, it was the first of two fortifications built across Great Britain, the second being
the Antonine Wall, lesser known of the two because its physical remains are less evident today.

The wall was the most heavily fortified border in the Empire. In addition to its role as a military
fortification, it is thought that many of the gates through the wall would have served as customs
posts to allow trade and levy taxation.

A significant portion of the wall still exists, particularly the mid-section, and for much of its length
the wall can be followed on foot by Hadrian's Wall Path or by cycle on National Cycle Route 72. It
is the most popular tourist attraction in Northern England. It was made a UNESCO World Heritage
Site in 1987. English Heritage, a government organisation in charge of managing the historic
environment of England, describes it as "the most important monument built by the Romans in
Britain".

Hadrian's Wall was 80 Roman miles (73 statute miles or 120 km) long, its width and height
dependent on the construction materials which were available nearby. East of River Irthing the wall
was made from squared stone and measured 3 metres (9.7 ft) wide and five to six metres (1620 ft)
high, while west of the river the wall was made from turf and measured 6 metres (20 ft) wide and
3.5 metres (11.5 ft) high. This does not include the wall's ditches, berms and forts. The central
section measured eight Roman feet wide (7.8 ft or 2.4 m) on a 10-foot (3.0 m) base. Some parts of
this section of the wall survive to a height of 10 feet (3.0 m).
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from
the Wikipedia article "Hadrian's Wall". You can explore more on the Wikipedia website. The text
and the images are used here only for educational purposes.


Questions about the text
Now, answer the questions about the text.
1. Hadrian's Wall was built during Roman times.
True.
False.
We don't know.
2. Antonine Wall was built before Hadrian's Wall.
True.
False.
We don't know.
3. The wall gates were used as customs posts.
True.
False.
We don't know.
4. Nowadays tourists can walk on the wall.
True.
False.
We don't know.
5. Hadrian's Wall was 120km long.
True.
False.
We don't know.


CORRECT ANSWERS
1. Hadrian's Wall was built during Roman times.
True.
2. Antonine Wall was built before Hadrian's Wall.
False.
3. The wall gates were used as customs posts.
True.
4. Nowadays tourists can walk on the wall.
True.
5. Hadrian's Wall was 120km long.
True.

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WHEN ANSWERING THIS GUIDE PLEASE HAVE IN CONSIDERATION THAT THE
REAL EXAM CONTAINS ONE ARTICLE, AND 20 TO 25 QUESTIONS AS WELL AS AN
ESSAY SECTION WHERE YOU WILL HAVE TO WRITE ABOUT A TOPIC RELATED
TO THE CARREER YOU STUDY.
Fish meal
Fish meal, or fishmeal, is a commercial product made from both whole fish and the bones
and offal from processed fish. It is a brown powder or cake obtained by rendering pressing
the cooked whole fish or fish trimmings to remove most of the fish oil and water, and then
ground. What remains is the "fishmeal".
Fishmeal is a nutrient-rich feed ingredient used primarily in diets for domestic animals and
sometimes used as a high-quality organic fertilizer. It is a high protein supplement made by
either cooking, pressing, drying and grinding of fish or fish waste to which no other matter
has been added. It is a solid product from which most of the water is removed and some or
all of the oil is removed.
The use of fish by-products is not a new idea; it has been used in previous times to feed
poultry, pigs and other farmed fish. A primitive form of Fishmeal is mentioned in the
Travels of Marco Polo at the beginning of the fourteenth century: 'they accustom their
cattle, cows, sheep, camels and horses to feed upon dried fish, which being regularly served
to them, they eat without any sign of dislike. The utilization of herring as an industrial raw
material actually started as early as about 800 AD in Norway. A very primitive process of
pressing the oil out of herring by means of wooden boards and stones was employed.
Fishmeal can be made from almost any type of seafood but is generally manufactured from
wild-caught, small marine fish that contain a high percentage of bones and oil, and is
usually deemed not suitable for direct human consumption. The fish caught for Fishmeal
purposes solely are termed industrial. Other sources of Fishmeal is from by-catch of other
fisheries and by-products of trimmings made during processing (fish waste or offal) of
various seafood products destined for direct human consumption. Virtually any fish or
shellfish in the sea can be used to make Fishmeal, although there may be a few rare
unexploited species which would produce a poisonous meal
Any complete diet must contain some protein, but the nutritional value of the protein relates
directly to its amino acid composition and digestibility. The amino acid profile of Fishmeal
is what makes this feed ingredient so attractive as a protein supplement .High-quality
Fishmeal normally contains between 60% and 72% crude protein by weight. Typical diets
for fish may contain from 32% to 45% total protein by weight. Another very important


reason why Fishmeal is sought after as an ingredient in aquaculture diets is because it
contains certain compounds that make the feed more acceptable and agreeable to the taste
(palatable). This property allows for the feed to be ingested rapidly, and will reduce nutrient
leaching. It is thought the non-essential amino acid glutamic acid is one of the compounds
that imparts to Fishmeal its palatability.
Fish lipids are also highly digestible by all species of animals and are excellent sources of
the essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in both the omega-3 and omega-6 families
of fatty acids. The predominant omega-3 fatty acids in Fishmeal and fish oil are linolenic
acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Essential fatty acids
are necessary for normal larval development, fish growth, and reproduction. They are
important in normal development of the skin, nervous system, brain, and visual acuity.
PUFAs appear to assist the immune system in defense of disease agents and reduce the
stress response. Fishmeal also contains valuable phospholipids, fat-soluble vitamins, and
steroid hormones.

Such high digestibility of fish lipids means they can provide lots of usable energy. If a diet
does not provide enough energy, the fish or shrimp will have to break down valuable
protein for energy, which is expensive and can increase production of toxic ammonia.
Fishmeal is considered to be a moderately rich source of vitamins of the B-complex
especially cobalamine (B12), niacin, choline, pantothenic acid, and riboflavin.
Fishmeal in diets increase feed efficiency and growth through better food palatability and
enhances nutrient uptake, digestion and absorption. The balanced amino acid composition
of Fishmeal complements and provides synergistic effects with other animal and vegetable
proteins in the diet to promote fast growth and reduce feeding costs.
High quality Fishmeal provides a balanced amount of all essential amino aids,
phospholipids and fatty acids required for optimum development, growth and reproduction
especially of larvae and broodstock. The nutrients in Fishmeal also aid in disease resistance
by boosting and helping to maintain a healthy functional immune system. It also allows for
formulation of nutrient-dense diets, which promote optimal growth.
[6]

Incorporation of Fishmeal into diets of aquatic animals helps to reduce pollution from the
waste water effluent by providing greater nutrient digestibility. The incorporation of high-
quality Fishmeal into feed imparts a 'natural or wholesome' char


Now, answer the questions about the text.

1. - Fishmeal is obtained:
a) From top quality fresh fish.
b) From frozen fish fillet.
c) From fresh fish fillet
d) From low-value fish and filleting waste
2.-Fishmeal is used to:
a) Human consumption.
b) make protein diets for babies.
c) make protein diets for seniors.
d) For poultry food and fertilizer.
3.-Fishmeal is rich in:
a) Protein.
b) Vitamins.
c) Lipids.


d) Carbohydrates.

1. d
2. d
3. a

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EXAMEN GLOBAL DE INGLES
NOMBRE _______________________________________________ _____________________
No. CONTROL __________ CARRERA LICENCIATURA EN ADMINISTRACIN.
DATE ______
I. Do a summary into Spanish of this reading what you understand about it. (60 points)
ORGANIZATIONAL CONFLICT
Organizational conflict is a state of discord caused by the actual or perceived opposition of needs,
values and interests between people working together. Conflict takes many forms in
organizations. There is the inevitable clash between formal authority and power and those
individuals and groups affected. There are disputes over how revenues should be divided, how the
work should be done, and how long and hard people should work. There are jurisdictional
disagreements among individuals, departments, and between unions and management. There are
subtle(sutiles) forms of conflict involving rivalries, jealousies, personality clashes, role definitions,
and struggles for power and favor. There is also conflict within individuals between competing
needs and demands to which individuals respond in different ways
PERSONAL CONFLICT.
A conflict between two people, most often from a mutual dislike or personality clash. According to
Boston University FSAO, "Causes for workplace conflict can be personality or style differences and
personal problems such as substance abuse, childcare issues, and family problems. Organizational
factors such as leadership, management, budget, and disagreement about core values can also
contribute."
Conflict styles are typically seen as a response to particular situations. By contrast, we argue that
individual conflict styles may shape an employee's social environment, affecting the level of
ongoing conflict and thus(asi) his or her experience of stress. Using data from a hospital-affiliated
clinical department, we find that those who use a more integrative style experience lower levels of
task conflict, reducing relationship conflict, which reduces stress. Those who use a more
dominating or avoiding style experience higher levels of task conflict, increasing relationship
conflict and stress. We conclude that an employee's work environment is, in part, of his or her own
making.
Intragroup conflict research has shown that conflict can be beneficial for the performance of student
groups (Jehn, 1994) as well as organization groups , if the conflict is task-focused. . More recently,
research on organizational conflict has focused primarily on three types of conflict: relationship,
task, and process. There are four conflict dimensions (emotions, importance, resolution efficacy,
and norms; (Jehn et al. 2008b). Relationship conflicts reflect disagreements and incompatibilities


among group members about personal issues that are not task related, such as social events gossip,
and world news.
We argue that conflict management styles can have a pervasive effect on work life in organizations,
by impacting the degree to which an employee experiences ongoing conflict.
Conflict levels, in turn, affect the amount of stress felt by individual employees. Previous research
has shown that people with different dispositions tend to create different social environments for
themselves. Thus, a person's "situation" depends not only on external conditions, but also on his or
her own approach to people and problems. Similarly, experience of conflict is not just a function of
external conditions, but also of the conflict management styles that people bring to bear on
problems at work.
Organizational conflict at the interpersonal level includes disputes between peers as well as
supervisor-subordinate conflict. Party-directed mediation is a mediation approach particularly suited
for disputes between co-workers, colleagues or peers, especially deep-seated interpersonal conflict,
multicultural or multiethnic disputes. The mediator listens to each party separately in a pre-caucus
or pre-mediation before bringing them into a joint session. Part of the pre-caucus also includes
coaching and role plays. The idea is that the parties learn how to converse directly with their
adversary in the joint session. Some unique challenges arise when organizational disputes involve
supervisors and subordinates. The negotiated performance appraisal is a tool for improving
communication between supervisors and subordinates and is particularly useful as an alternate
mediation model because it preserves the hierarchical power of supervisors while encouraging
dialogue and dealing with differences in opinion.
Role conflict
Each member of the organization belongs to a role set, which is an association of individuals who
share interdependent tasks and thus perform formally defined roles, which are further influenced
both by the expectations of others in the role set and by one's own personality and expectations. The
system of roles to which an individual belongs extends outside the organization as well, and
influences their functioning within it. .
As a consequence, there exist opportunities for role conflict as the various roles interact with one
another. Other types of role conflict occur when an individual receives inconsistent demands from
another person; for example, they are asked' to serve on several time-consuming committees at the
same time that they are urged to get out more production in their work unit. Another kind of role
strain takes place when the individual finds that they are expected to meet the opposing demands of
two or more separate members of the organization. Such a case would be that of a worker who finds
himself pressured by their boss to improve the quality of their work while their work group wants
more production in order to receive a higher bonus share.
In western culture, winning is more acceptable than losing, and competition is more prevalent than
cooperation, all of which tends to intensify intragroup conflict. Group meetings are often conducted


in a win-lose climate that is, individual or subgroup interaction is conducted for the purpose of
determining a winner and a loser rather than for achieving mutual problem solving.
I. ACCORDING TO THE PREVIOUS READING ANSWER THE NEXT QUESTIONS (forty points)
1. Whats an organizational conflict?

2. What are the forms that the conflict takes in the organization?

3. Whats a personal conflict?

4. What do we find in the conflict styles experience in the hospital-affiliated clinical
department?

5. What has Intragroup conflict research shown?

6. Where has recently research on organization conflict focused?

7. What do relationship conflict reflect?

8. What can the conflict management styles have?

9. Whats the role of the mediator in the conflict?

10. Whats the situation within the group in Western Culture'


I. INSTRUCTIONS: TRANSLATE INTO SPANISH THE ARTICLE.
Administrative functions in a business environment
Administrative functions in a business environment are handled by services managers. They
also have the responsibility to coordinate and direct the support services so that organizations
can operate efficiently.
These administrative functions are performed by different types of managers according to their
level of responsibility and authority. In a business environment, administrators are assigned
common set of functions to meet the organization's goals which are:
Planning
The most important administrative function in a business environment is planning. Planning is
defined by the decision made at the initial level at which the administrator has to decide what to do
to fulfill a goal. What are the different ways and means to do it and who are the right person to
perform that job. In planning, the first step is to arrange the functions, people or components
involved into a proper working order. The next thing is to find out the specific steps the people
involved must take to complete the job. The planning part should also include the details of the
equipment, time and manpower needed for a particular job.
Organization
Organizing means the administrator has to identify various jobs and the right person which can
perform those jobs efficiently. The administrator has to identify which can take the responsibility
and can manage a team of people to complete a job. Such responsible persons are further grouped
together to create departments or divisions. Such different departments are combined together or
inter related to each other to create a bigger division. Such departments interact with each other in
an organized manner to complete various tasks. The organized divisions should coordinate
with each other so that different tasks can be performed easily.

Staffing
This administrative function is very important in a business environment because it deals with
filling up of job positions in an organization. The job positions should be filled by taking care of the
requirement, time and the type of man power required. The administrator should check the staffing
needs from time to time so that number of employees are always sufficient and up to the mark.
Directing
It is very important for organization because it deals with handling people in such a way so that they
help in every possible way to achieve the goals of the organization. To make the direction efficient,
it is important that the allocation of resources is done very carefully. It also helps the system to
perform better by providing a complete and effective support and backup system at the backend.


The administrators fulfilling the direction role should have strong communication skills and has the
conviction to judge and convince people in a positive way. They have to keep a perfect balance
between the requirements and financial status of the organization.
Controlling
Controlling is the function which deals with the continuous evaluation of the organization goals. If
the goals are not achieved then controlling administrator has to detect potential or actual difference
in the achieved and original plan of the organization. This helps in improving the system for
betterment so that deviation in the goal achieved is minimum. By controlling information
management it is possible to measure the performance of the system and to apply corrective actions
to increase the efficiency. There are many types of controlling functions which are associated with
evaluations in organizations. Some of the examples are: evaluation of marketing efforts, evaluation
of employee performance and program evaluations.
Budgeting
After the jobs are planned and resources are organized, the next important administrative function
in business environment is to manage the funds efficiently. Budgeting administrators are
responsible for analyzing the requirements of funds for the resources and man power to achieve
goals and tasks. All the financial statements are monitored and checked from time to time to avoid
any financial problems. All types of financial statements like balance sheet, income statement and
cash flow statements are prepared, checked and managed by the administrator.

II. ACCORDING TO THE PREVIOUS READING, ANSWER THE NEXT QUESTIONS.
1.Whats the topic of the reading?
2.- What responsibility do services managers have?
3.- How is planning defined?
4.- What does organization mean?
5.- Why staffing is a very important function in a business environment?
6. What should administrators fulfilling the direction role have?
7.- Whats the concept of controlling?
8.- What are some examples of types of controlling functions?
9.-Whats the next administrator function after the jobs are planned?
10.- Whats the responsibility of a budgeting administrator?


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EXAMEN GLOBAL DE INGLES

NOMBRE __________________________________________________________
No. CONTROL ____________ CARRERA INGENIERIA EN GESTION EMPRESARIAL
DATE

INSTRUCTIONS: TRANSLATE INTO SPANISH THIS ARTICLE.

IMPORTANCE OF TRAINING ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION. (By Lacey Halpern)
The challenge of how to retain valuable employees is one of the biggest concerns companies in the
competitive marketplace. As a result, employers must look at what they are doing to attract, and
retain the talent they had been fortunate to preserve during the recession.
One way many organizations have chosen to hang on to their top talent is by re-investing in their
human capital -the specialized knowledge, skills, and abilities of a companys workforce. After
making the initial investment of hiring these employees, companies are now looking to provide
their workforce with the tools needed to grow and develop as contributors to the growth of the
company.

Companies have found that investment in their human capital in the form of training and
development yields high returns. According to an article by Chris Taylor in Training and
Development Magazine ("Recession Survivors: Training to the Rescue," October 2003), a
knowledgeable workforce may ensure a company's survival. The article profiles four companies
that survived the economic impact of September 11, 2001, and a business climate marked by
recession and corporate scandals.
These companies - Southwest Airlines, Viacom, Dell, and Guardsmark - all consider employee
training an investment in company growth and stability. Instead of cutting back their training
budgets during hard times, these companies chose to invest in the development of new skills and
knowledge within their workforce. They showed a commitment to their employees and gave them
the educational background necessary to increase both productivity and effectiveness in their
markets. Their employees, supported these companies and ensured their survival through a difficult
chapter in our countrys history.
Many employers are choosing to empower their employees and are creating learning organizations.
Employers are communicating the expectation for continuous learning within their employee-base.
They offer work time support for learning, and make online learning and reading a part of every
employees regular day-to-day job duties. Employers are utilizing outside training resources and are
sending employees off-site for training.


STEPS OF DEVELOPING AN EFFECTIVE EMPLOYEE TRAINING PROGRAM
Developing an effective employee training program is vital to the long-term success of any
business. Training programs provide multiple benefits for employees and the company, but only if
they are carefully planned and properly implemented. Clear understanding of policies, job
functions, goals and company philosophy lead to increased motivation, morale and productivity for
employees, and higher profits for your business. Training is a means to a specific end, so keeping
goals in mind during the development and implementation stages of your training program will
assist in creating a clearly defined and effective program.
Step 1
Define the needs of your company by identifying weak areas where training would prove beneficial.
Examples may include how to use machinery, office equipment or a process (hard skills), or time
management, conflict resolution, harassment or company policies (soft skills).
Step 2
Define short- and long-term goals of the company, and identify possible training to meet those
goals. Examples may include increasing productivity, enhancing customer service or improving
employee relations.
Step 3
Develop individual training modules based on your defined needs and goals. Trainings may be
purchased from training companies, or developed by a member of your staff educated in employee
training.

Step 4
Plan your training by identifying individuals or groups likely to benefit. Skill-based training, such
as how to use a piece of equipment or perform a specific job duty.
Step 5
Create a spreadsheet ("training matrix,)" with each employee's name on the left column, and
individual training modules across the top row. Use color-coded boxes next to the employee names
under the training modules the employee is required to take.
I. According to the previous reading answer the next questions in a complete form. (40 points)


1. Whats the biggest concern of companies in the competitive marketplace?

2. What must employers look in this competitive marketplace?

3. What are the companies making after hiring their employees?

4. What have many companies found to ensure the survival?

5. What did the companies do instead of cutting back in training?

6. What did the companies give to their employees?

7. What are many employers doing to empower their employees?

8. What do the training programs provide to the business?

9. What does the training program increase for employees and business?

10. According to the reading, What steps do you have to follow when you develop and
implement an effective training program?


Management engineering is a branch of engineering that focuses on optimizing complex processes
or systems. It is concerned with the development, improvement, implementation and evaluation of
integrated systems of people, money, knowledge, information, equipment, energy, materials and/or
processes. Management engineers strive to improve upon existing processes, products or systems.
Management Engineering draws upon the principles and methods of engineering analysis and
synthesis, as well as the mathematical, physical and social sciences together with the principles and
methods of engineering design to specify, predict, and evaluate the results to be obtained from such
systems or processes. Unlike many other engineering disciplines, Management Engineering puts a
focus on the social impact of the product, process or system that is being analyzed.
Examples of where management engineering might be used include designing an assembly
workstation, strategizing for various operational logistics, consulting as an efficiency expert,
developing a new financial algorithm or loan system for a bank, streamlining operation and
emergency room location or usage in a hospital, planning complex distribution schemes for
materials or products (referred to as Supply Chain Management), and shortening lines (or queues) at
a bank, hospital, or a theme park. Management engineers typically use computer simulation
(especially discrete event simulation), along with extensive mathematical tools and modeling and
computational methods for system analysis, evaluation, and optimization.
Areas of management engineering
Operations research and supply chain management
Operations research deals with quantitative models of complex operations and uses these models to
support decision-making in any sector of industry or public services. Supply chain management is
the process of planning, implementing and managing the flow of goods, services and related
information from the point of origin to the point of consumption.
[1]

Information technologies
The information technologies theme focuses on how technology is designed and managed to
support effective decision-making. Topics deal with technical applications in software design and
development, data mining and telecommunication as well as the organizational and social issues
associated with the use of information technologies.
[1]

Decision engineering
Decision engineering seeks to use engineering principles in the creation of a decision, which it
views as an engineering artifact in its own right. From this point of view, the creation of a decision
includes agreeing to objectives, developing a detailed specification, and then creating a decision


model, which captures the key cause-and-effect elements of the decision environment (a systems
thinking approach) with a focus on the particular decision, instead of the entire system (which can
be otherwise intractable). Like other engineered artifacts, a decision model can be subject to Quality
assurance review, and-since it is documented-is amenable to Process improvement over time.
Decision engineering models draw from the information technologies described above for data
supporting the decision, but are distinguished from IT in that they model the decision, not just the
data supporting it.
Management of Technology
The Management of Technology theme builds on the foundation of management topics in
accounting, finance, economics, organizational behavior and organizational design. Courses in this
theme deal with operational and organizational issues related to managing innovation and
technological change.
[1]

Difference Between Management Engineering and Industrial Engineering
Industrial Engineering is a mature field. However, with the permeation of computing technology,
information systems, and analytical problem solving methods, a new breed of professional with
both management abilities and a thorough understanding of modern technologies is required.
Management Engineers apply many of the same tools and techniques that are used by Industrial
Engineers. However, the core of the Management Engineering program has greater depth of
training in modern information systems, operations research and general management.
II. According to the previous reading, answer the next questions.
1. Whats the concept management engineering?
2. Whats the difference between operation research and the supply chain management?
3. What topics are associated with the use of information technology?
4. Whats the difference between management engineering and industrial engineering?
5. Whats the core of the management engineering?
6. Where management engineering might be used?
7. What does decision engineering seek?
8. What does the creation of a decision include?
9. Whats the foundation of management of technology?
10. Where does management engineering focus?
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COST ACCOUNTING
Cost accounting is a process of collecting, analyzing, summarizing and evaluating various
alternative courses of action. Its goal is to advise the management on the most appropriate course of
action based on the cost efficiency and capability. Cost accounting provides the detailed cost
information that management needs to control current operations and plan for the future.
Since managers are making decisions only for their own organization, there is no need for the
information to be comparable to similar information from other organizations. Instead, information
must be relevant for a particular environment. Cost accounting information is commonly used in
financial accounting information, but its primary function is for use by managers to facilitate
making decisions.
Unlike the accounting systems that help in the preparation of financial reports periodically, the cost
accounting systems and reports are not subject to rules and standards like the Generally Accepted
Accounting Principles. As a result, there is wide variety in the cost accounting systems of the
different companies and sometimes even in different parts of the same organization.
ORIGINS
All types of businesses, whether service, manufacturing or trading, require cost accounting to track
their activities.

Cost accounting has long been used to help managers understand the costs of
running a business. Modern cost accounting originated during the industrial revolution, when the
complexities of running a large scale business led to the development of systems for recording and
tracking costs to help business owners and managers make decisions.
In the early industrial age, most of the costs incurred by a business were what modern accountants
call "variable costs" because they varied directly with the amount of production. Money was spent
on labor, raw materials, power to run a factory, etc. in direct proportion to production. Managers
could simply total the variable costs for a product and use this as a guide for decision-making
processes.
Some costs tend to remain the same even during busy periods, unlike variable costs, which rise and
fall with volume of work. Over time, these "fixed costs" have become more important to managers.
Examples of fixed costs include the depreciation of plant and equipment, and the cost of
departments such as maintenance, tooling, production control, purchasing, quality control, storage
and handling, plant supervision and engineering.

In the early nineteenth century, these costs were of
little importance to most businesses. However, with the growth of railroads, steel and large scale
manufacturing, by the late nineteenth century these costs were often more important than the
variable cost of a product, and allocating them to a broad range of products lead to bad decision
making. Managers must understand fixed costs in order to make decisions about products and
pricing.


DIFFERENCE OF USE BETWEEN COST ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING
Financial accounting aims at finding out results of accounting year in the form of Profit and
Loss Account and Balance Sheet. Cost Accounting aims at computing cost of
production/service in a scientific manner and facilitate cost control and cost reduction.
Financial accounting reports the results and position of business to government, creditors,
investors, and external parties.
Cost Accounting is an internal reporting system for an organizations own management for
decision making.
ELEMENTS OF COST
1. Raw materials, 2. Labor and 3. Indirect expenses
CLASSIFICATION OF COSTS. Classification of cost means, the grouping of costs according to
their common characteristics.
1. By Functions: production,administration, selling and distribution, R&D.
2. By Time: Historical Costs and Predetermined costs. Historical costs re costs incurred in the
past. Predetermined costs are computed in advance on basis of factors affecting cost
elements. Example: Standard Costs.
3. By Decision making Costs: These costs are used for managerial decision making.
STANDARD COST ACCOUNTING. In modern cost account of recording historical costs was
taken further, by allocating the company's fixed costs over a given period of time to the items
produced during that period, and recording the result as the total cost of production. This allowed
the full cost of products that were not sold in the period they were produced to be recorded in
inventory using a variety of complex accounting methods, which was consistent with the principles
of GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles). It also essentially enabled managers to
ignore the fixed costs, and look at the results of each period in relation to the "standard cost" for any
given product.
An important part of standard cost accounting is a variance analysis, which breaks down the
variation between actual cost and standard costs into various components (volume variation,
material cost variation, labor cost variation, etc.) so managers can understand why costs were
different
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THROUGHPUT ACCOUNTING. As business became more complex
and began producing a greater variety of products, the use of cost accounting to make decisions to
maximize profitability came into question. Management circles became increasingly aware of the
Theory of Constraints in the 1980s, and began to understand that "every production process has a
limiting factor" somewhere in the chain of production.


I ACCORDING TO THE PREVIOUS READING ANSWER THE NEXT QUESTIONS IN A
COMPLETE FORM.(40 POINTS)
1. Whats cost accounting, and whats its goal?

2. What does cost accounting provide to the management?

3. Whats cost accounting information primary function?

4. Are accounting systems subject to rules and standard of GAAP?

5. Is there a wide variety in the cost accounting systems?

6. When and why did cost accounting originate?

7. Where was money spent?

8. What do fixed costs include?

9. Whats the difference between cost accounting and financial accounting?

10. Whats an important part of standard cost accounting?


THE TECHNOLOGY'S ROLE IN ACCOUNTING'S FUTURE
The next decade will see industries transition to a Cloud-enabled world where work can be
accomplished anywhere, and anytime. This will especially be true of the accounting profession,
according to Intuit, as such tools as Cloud-connected smartphones and tablets will enable firms to
provide clients with an "accountant in their pocket" at all times.

In its recently released study Intuit 2013 Future of Accountancy Report the online accounting
software company provided a view of the demographic, economic, social, and technology trends
that will shape the accounting profession in the next ten years.

Prepared by research and consulting firm Emergent Research in partnership with Intuit and thirty-
seven top influencers in accounting from around the world, the new report is an update to the Intuit
2020 Report: Future of the Accounting Profession report released in 2011.
"With increased competition, technology advances, globalization, and demographic shifts, trust will
remain paramount in the relationship between accounting professionals and the clients they serve,"
Jill Ward, senior vice president and general manager of the Intuit Accountant and Advisor Group,
said in a written statement. "The trends happening within the industry provide several opportunities
for accountants to deliver the service their clients expect and demand."

According to Intuit, technology will increasingly be woven into the fabric of the accounting
industry in the next decade. The profession will be reshaped as accounting firms use Cloud
computing platforms and applications, combined with advanced analytical tools, large data sets, and
social and mobile computing.
Small businesses are confronting a massive shift in technology, and they must adopt those
technologies into their business processes to effectively compete in the marketplace," Joe Woodard,
founder of accounting and software consulting firm Woodard Consulting Group, said in a written
statement.
"To best serve their clients, accounting professionals need to embrace new technologies quickly,
understand the best way to incorporate those technologies into the small business process, and
proactively guide their clients through to full adoption," Woodward said. Woodard hosts Scaling
New Heights, a conference conducted in cooperation with Intuit that provides training on Intuit
QuickBooks and selected products that integrate with QuickBooks. "As an industry, we must take
the lead and be out in front of the coming changes."
Smartphones, tablets, notebooks, and other mobile devices will become the main tools accounting
professionals will use to manage their workloads and client services.
These technologies will allow for more flexibility around when, where, and how work is done.


"Being on-site will become much less important, and these tools will enable and often require
anytime, anywhere work," Intuit noted in the report. "Cloud services and products will also allow
accounting professionals to interact virtually with clients on a 'same data, same time' basis,
eliminating many of the bottlenecks associated with PC or server-based data that is only easily
accessible in one location."
By using Cloud technology and advanced computing tools, accounting firms will realize effective
automation of data collection, improved data quality, and a reduction in the time required for data
validation, according to Intuit.
"These productivity improvements will shift the focus of accounting from computation to
consulting as clients increasingly rely on their accounting professionals to analyze business
information, support decisions, and provide strategic advice," the report stated. "Greater
automation, coupled with a growing interest on the part of businesses to outsource part and even all
of their bookkeeping and financial operations, will also create new opportunities for accounting
firms to take over these functions for their clients."
"Just as consumers use websites and social media to compare and review products, potential clients
are already going online to choose their accounting service providers,"
While personal client interaction will continue, virtual accounting services will become more of an
industry norm.
"Clients will expect real-time support that is delivered when, where, and how they want it," the
report stated. "Online customer relationship management and support systems will grow in
importance. High-touch, face-to-face client contact will not go away, but it will be augmented by
virtual support and collaboration systems. The use of customer relationship management systems
will also increase and automate simpler support tasks and provide clients with self-serve options."

II. ACCORDING TO THE PREVIOUS READING, ANWER THE NEXT QUESTIONS
IN A COMPLETE FORM. (60 POINTS)

1.- What will the next decade see?

2. In what profession this will be true?

3.- which devices will be used in the accounting field?

4.- What did the online accounting software provide to the company


5. In what year did Intuit release the report of accountancy future?

6. What did Jill Ward say in his written statement?

7. How will the accounting professions be reshaped?

8. What did Joe Woodward say in his written statement?

9. Which productivity improvements will shift in the accountings future?

10. What will be the advantages of the virtual accounting service?

PART III.- WRITE A SYNTHESIS IN SPANISH ABOUT THE MAIN ARTICLES IDEAS. DONT
EXCEED ONE PAGE. (40 POINTS)

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