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EXAMPLE 1.1.9 Let and be real numbers such that . Prove that
.
EXAMPLE 1.1.10 Let and be positive numbers. Prove that if and only if
If , then clearly
. If , then
.
EXAMPLE 1.1.12 Prove that there is no real number which satisfies
EXAMPLE 1.1.13 ARITHMETIC MEAN GEOMETRIC MEAN (AM GM) INEQUALITY
Let and be non negative real numbers. Prove that
.
EXAMPLE 1.1.14 Prove that the sum of a positive number and its reciprocal is always at least 2.
EXAMPLE 1.1.15 Let be positive real numbers such that . Prove
that
4
EXERCISES 1.1
Prove the given statements. Assume that all variables take on real values.
1. If , then
.
2. If , then
.
3. If , then
.
4. If , then
.
5. If , then
.
6. If , then
.
7. Let and . If and , then
8. Let and If and , then
.
9. If , then
10. If , then .
11. If , then
( ) .
12. For any real numbers and ,
13. For any real numbers ( )
)(
).
14. If , then ( )
.
15. For , let be defined by
/ Then
16. If
and
then .
5
Lesson 1.2: Polynomial and Rational Inequalities
An equation states that two algebraic expressions are equal; while an inequality states
that two algebraic expressions are not equal in a particular way. This inequality can be
expressed in terms of the symbols . In particular, we solve in this section
inequalities like
()
()
)()
The domain of a variable is an inequality is the set of real numbers for which both sides
of the inequality are defined. For example, the following inequalities have the set of real
numbers as domains:
However, the inequality
has domain 2
)()
A conditional inequality is one for which there is at least one member in the domain of
the variable that is not in the solution set of the inequality. Although we will sometimes
encounter absolute inequalities, the main goal of this section is to solve conditional
inequalities.
The procedure for solving conditional inequalities is similar to solving equations; that is,
we find simpler equivalent inequalities. In solving inequalities, we use theorem 1.1.5
EXAMPLE 1.2.1 Solve the inequality: .
Before we proceed with solving other conditional inequalities, we introduce a notation
for writing the solution set of inequality. This is the interval notation.
Set Interval Notation Type Graph
* + ( ) Open
* + ( ) Open
* + , )
Half Open or
Half Closed
* + ( -
Half Open or
Half Closed
Real Numbers ( ) Open
The above table shows the interval notation for unbounded intervals. We use a
parenthesis when an endpoint of an interval is not included in the solution set and a (square)
bracket when an endpoint is included. A bracket is never used next to or because
infinity is not a number.
7
EXAMPLE 1.2.2 Solve the following inequality and write the answer in interval notation:
A compound inequality is a sentence containing two simple inequalities connected with
and or or. The solution to a compound inequality can be an interval of real numbers that
does not involve infinity, a bounded interval of real numbers.
EXAMPLE 1.2.3 Solve the following compound inequality:
We now introduce the interval notation for bounded intervals. Similar to the interval
notation introduced earlier, we use parenthesis if the endpoint is not included, and we use
(square) bracket if the endpoint is included.
Set Interval Notation Type Graph
* + ( ) Open
* + , - Closed
* + , )
Half Open or
Half Closed
* + ( -
Half Open or
Half Closed
The notation is used only when is between and (exclusive), and is less
than . We do not write and as , nor do we write for
and
EXAMPLE 1.2.4 Solve the inequality:
Solution: We rewrite the given inequality in to the following equivalent inequality:
( )( )
We then solve the equation ( )( ) , which gives or . (These number
are called critical numbers.) These numbers give rise to three (open) intervals:
( ) () ( ). We set up a table of signs such as the table below:
( ) () ( )
( )( )
8
To determine the sign of on each interval, we pick a test number
(), then
EXAMPLE 1.2.6 Solve the inequality:
.
Solution: This compound inequality is equivalent to
and
.
We solve these inequalities one at a time, and take the intersection of their solution sets.
The inequality is equivalent to . Its solution set, in interval
notation is ( -.
The inequality
is equivalent to ( )( ) .
The critical numbers of this inequality are
) (
)
( )( )
The second inequality has solution set () .
/.
The (final) solution set of the desired inequality is solved by taking the intersection of
the two (partial) solution sets, which is ( - 2() .
/3, or simply
() (
-.
Inequalities involving rational expressions are solved similarly.
9
EXAMPLE 1.2.7 Solve the following inequality:
( )
( )
Solution: The given inequality is equivalent to (in factored form)
( )
( )
( )( )
This inequality has domain *+. The critical numbers are
1. Among these critical numbers, only
( )
( )
) (
)
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( )
In determining the solution set, we take the intervals with signs in the last row, and we also
take into consideration the domain of the inequality and the equality to zero. The solution set is
( - ,- ,) ( ) 2
3,
or simply ( ) ( ) 2
3.
EXAMPLE 1.2.8 Solve the following inequality:
)( )
( )( )
EXAMPLE 1.2.9 Solve the following inequality:
10
EXERCCISES 1.2
Find the solution set of the given inequalities, and write the final answer in interval notation.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. ( )
11.
()
12.
13.
14.
15.
16. ( )
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32. ( )( )( )
33. ( )( )( )
34.
( ) ( )( )
35.
( ) ( )( )
36.
37.
38.
11
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
()
()
()
47.
()
()
()
48.
49.
12
Lesson 1.3: Equations and Inequalities Involving the Absolute Value
The absolute value of a real number is defined as the distance between and the
number on the real line. For instance, || because is units away from .
If , then we denote its absolute value by ||.
We remark that | | can also be interpreted as the distance between the
numbers and . Using this interpretation, the numbers that satisfy the equation
| | are precisely those numbers units away from , which are .
If , then clearly || . If , then the distance of from on the real line
is also , so that || . If , then its distance from on the real line is . In symbols, we
have the following theorems.
THEOREM 1.3.1
Let , then || {
Some textbooks use Theorem 1.3.1 as the definition of the absolute value of a real
number, while other textbooks use the following theorem as the definition.
THEOREM 1.3.2
Let , then
||.
Proof: We consider three cases: We use Theorem 1.3.1
CASE 1: If , then clearly
.
CASE 2: If , then
||
CASE 3: If , then
()
||
The following theorem is also important in dealing with absolute values.
THEOREM 1.3.3
Let , then (i) || ||||, and
(ii) |
|
||
||
Proof: We prove (i). Using Theorem 1.3.2, we have
|| ()
||||.
Similarly, one can prove (ii).
13
Note that, given a real number, there are at most two real numbers whose absolute
values are equal to the given number. For instance, there are two real numbers such that
||
and
1 0
] [
)} () (
] [
)
EXAMPLE 1.3.9 Find the solution set of | | | |.
EXAMPLE 1.3.10 Solve the inequality: |
| | |.
EXAMPLE 1.3.11 Solve for : || .
The following lemma will be used to prove a very important inequality involving absolute
values.
LEMMA 1.3.12
For any , the following inequality is true: || ||
Proof: We use Theorem 1.3.1 if , then || ||
If , then || ||.
Combining the above two inequalities, we have the desired inequality.
16
THEOREM 1.3.13 TRIANGLE INEQUALITY
If and are real number, then
| | || ||.
Proof: By Lemma 1.3.12, we have
|| || and || ||.
Adding the above two compound inequalities, we have
(|| ||) || ||
By Theorem 1.3.7(iii), we finally have | | || ||.
EXAMPLE 1.3.14 Let and be real numbers such that | |
| |
.
Prove that | |
.
The knowledge on inequalities can be used in determining the domains of some
functions. It will also be used in calculus courses.
17
EXERCISES 1.3
In exercises 1 to 65, find the solution set. For inequalities (or for equations whenever
applicable), write your answers in interval notation.
1. ||
2. ||
3. ||
4. ||
5. | |
6. | |
7. | |
8. | |
9. | |
10. | |
11. | |
12. | | | |
13. | | | |
14. | | | |
15. | | | |
16. | | | |
17. | | | |
18. |
|
19. |
|
20. | | ||
21. || | |
22. || ||
23. || ||
24. | |
25. | |
26. | | ||
27. | | ||
28. | | | |
29. | | | |
30. | | | | | |
31. | | | | | |
32. ||
33. ||
34. ||
35. ||
36. ||
37. ||
38. | |
39. | |
40. | |
41. | |
18
42. |
43. |
44. |
|
45. |
|
46. | |
47. | |
48. | |
49. | |
50. | |
51. || | |
52. | | ||
53. | | | |
54. || | |
55. | |
56. | |
57. | |
58. | |
59. | |
60. | | | |
61. | | | |
62. || | | | |
63. | | | |
| |
64.
||()
)()
65.
||()
()
()
66. Suppose that and are real numbers such that | | and | | . Show that
| | .
67. Suppose that and are real numbers such that | | and | | . Show that
| |
68. If | | and | | , prove that | |
69. Suppose that | | and || . Find at least value of such that | | .