II.

Socialization and the Development of Identity and Social Relation

A. Socialization is a continuing process whereby an individual acquires a personal identity
and learns the norms, values, behavior, and social skills appropriate to his or her social
position.

B. Types of Socialization
1. Primary Socialization occurs when a child learns the attitudes, values, and
actions appropriate to individuals as members of a particular culture. It is mainly
influenced by the immediate family and friends.
2. Secondary Socialization refers to the process of learning on what is the
appropriate behavior as a member of a smaller group within the larger society.
Basically, it is the behavioral patterns reinforced by socializing agents of society.
Secondary socialization takes place outside the home. It is where children and
adults learn how to act in a way that is appropriate for the situations they are in.
3. Anticipatory Socialization refers to the processes of socialization in which a
person "rehearses" for future positions, occupations, and social relationships.
4. Re-socialization refers to the process of discarding former behavior patterns and
reflexes, accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life. This occurs
throughout the human life cycle.
5. Organizational Socialization is the process whereby an employee learns the
knowledge and skills necessary to assume his or her organizational role.
6. Group Socialization is the theory that an individual's peer groups, rather than
parental figures, influences his or her personality and behavior in adulthood.
7. Gender Socialization refers to the learning of behavior and attitudes considered
appropriate for a given sex. Boys learn to be boys and girls learn to be girls. This
"learning" happens by way of many different agents of socialization. The family
is certainly important in reinforcing gender roles, but so are ones friends, school,
work and the mass media.
8. Racial Socialization has been defined as the developmental processes by which
children acquire the behaviors, perceptions, values, and attitudes of an ethnic
group, and come to see themselves and others as members of the group.
9. Planned Socialization occurs when other people take actions designed to teach or
train othersfrom infancy on.
10. Natural Socialization occurs when infants and youngsters explore, play and
discover the social world around them.
11. Positive Socialization is the type of social learning that is based on pleasurable
and exciting experiences. We tend to like the people who fill our social learning
processes with positive motivation, loving care, and rewarding opportunities.
12. Negative Socialization occurs when others use punishment, harsh criticisms or
anger to try to "teach us a lesson;" and often we come to dislike both negative
socialization and the people who impose it on us.

C. Development of Identity
a. Erik Ericksons Psychosocial Theory of Development
Ericksons psychosocial theory of development considers the impact of external
factors, parents and society on personality development from childhood to adulthood.
According to Ericksons theory, every person must pass through a series of eight
interrelated stages over the enter life cycle.
1. Infant (Hope) Basic Trust vs. Mistrust
2. Toddler (Will) Autonomy vs. Shame
3. Preschooler (Purpose) Initiative vs. Guilt
4. School-Age Child (Competence) Industry vs. Inferiority
5. Adolescent (Fidelity) Identity vs. Role Confusion
6. Young Adult (Love) Intimacy and Solidarity vs. Isolation
7. Middle Age (Care) Generativity vs. Self Absorption or Stagnation
8. Late Adulthood (Wisdom) Integrity vs. Despair
b. James Marcia
Marcia expanded on Ericksons theory on identity by identifying four phases of
an identity status. An individuals position on these tasks can be described along two
dimensions: commitment and crisis.
Commitment refers to a stable investment in ones beliefs with supportive activity.
Crisis refers to the examination of alternatives with an intention to establish a firm
commitment.
Commitment and crisis are two dimensions that combine to define these four
identity phases:
1. Identity Foreclosure. This is the case of an adolescent who is a follower, finding
security in others not in his/her self.
2. Moratorium. This is the case of an adolescent searcher.
3. Identity Achiever. This is the point where the adolescent fully finds himself/herself.
4. Identity Diffusion. This is the case of the adolescent failing to find himself/herself.
Promoting a Sense of Identity
It is clear that successful identity achievement is crucial to developing an
integrated personality. The highest self esteem is achieved by identity achievers, followed
by those in the moratorium, foreclosure and identity diffusion status.
Overall, the ingredients that make up an optimal sense of personal identity are:
1. Inner confidence about self competence and ability to learn and master new tasks.
2. Ample opportunity to try out new roles either in ones fantasy or in actual practice.
3. Support from parents and adults.
Self-identity is the sum of beings knowledge and understanding of his or her self. These
types of identity can be broken down into the following:
1. Cultural identity. This is the identity of a group or culture of an individual
as as she/he is influenced by her/his belonging to a group or culture.
2. Ethnic and national identity. Ethnic identity is the identification with a
certain ethnicity, usually on the basis of a presumed common genealogy or
ancestry. National identity is an ethnical and philosophical concept whereby
all humans are divided into group called nations.
3. Religious identity. This is the personal practices related to communal faith
and rituals and communication stemming from such conviction. This identity
begins with association in the parents religious contacts, and individuation
requires that the person chooses to the same or different religious identity than
that of his/her parents.
4. Gender identity. This identity describes the gender with which a person
identifies ( i.e., whether one perceives oneself to be a man, a woman, or
describes oneself in some less conventional way), but also be used to refer to
the gender that other people attribute to the individual on the basis of what
they know from gender role indications (social behavior, clothing, hair style
etc.).

Interpersonal Identity Development
Social relation refers to a multitude of social interactions, regulated by social
norms, between two or more people, with each having a social position and performing a
social role.
Collective identity is a sense of belonging to a group (the collective) that is so
strong that a person who identifies with the group will dedicate his or her life to
the group over individual identity: he or she will defend the views of the group
and assume risks for the group, sometimes as great as loss of life. The
cohesiveness of the collective goes beyond community, as the collective suffers
the pain of grief from the loss of a member.
Social support. Individual gain a social identity and group identity by their
affiliation. This is from membership in various groups. These groups include,
among various categories; family, ethnic, educational and occupational status,
friendship and religion.


Influences on Identity
Cognitive influences
Scholastic influences
Socio-cultural influences
Parenting

Reference:
Child and Adolescent Development (Lorimar Publishing)
http://www.education.com/reference/article/identity-development/
http://www.learning-theories.com/ericksons-stages-of-development.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_formation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialization
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/socialization



BSE MATH 2-2 / GROUP 6
Marasigan, Denise M.
Pelones, Banesa B.
Rollo, Joyce Anne C.
Villanueva, Aira H.