5-52: What assumptions do you make in order to use the Bernoulli equation to solve the problem?

What would be the differential height if we were to replace the 4-cm-diameter reducer with a 3-cm-diameter or a 2-cm-diameter reducer?
Assumptions 1 The flow though the duck is steady, incompressible, and irrotational with negligible frictional effects
(so that the Bernoulli equation is applicable).
2 The air space in the tank is at atmospheric pressure.
3 The splashing of the gasoline in the tank during travel is not considered.
Analysis We take points 1 and 2 at the lower and upper connection points, respectively, of the two arms of the
manometer, and take the lower connection point as the reference level. Noting that the effect of elevation on the pressure
change of a gas is negligible, the application of the Bernoulli equation between points 1 and 2 gives
Properties water = 1000 kg/m^3 R = 0.287 kPa*m^3/(kg*K)
replace with 3 cm diameter
2
2
2 2
1
2
1 1
2 2
z
g
V
g
P
z
g
V
g
P


2
2
1
2
2
2 1
V V
P P air


3
3
/ 18 . 1
) 300 )( / 287 . 0 (
105
m kg
K K kg m kPa
kPa
RT
P
air


s m
m
s m
D
V
A
V
V / 99 . 22
4 / ) 06 . 0 (
/ 065 . 0
4 /
2
3
1 1
1
2



s m
m
s m
D
V
A
V
V / 73 . 51
4 / ) 04 . 0 (
/ 065 . 0
4 /
2
3
2 2
2
2



Pa m N
s m kg
N s m s m
m kg P P 1267 / 1267 )
/ 1
1
(
2
) / 99 . 22 ( ) / 73 . 51 (
) / 18 . 1 (
2
2
2 2
3
2 1

cm m
N
s m kg
s m m kg
m N
g
P P
h
water
9 . 12 1291 . 0 )
1
/ 1
(
) / 81 . 9 )( / 1000 (
/ 1267
2
2 3
2
2 1

s m
m
s m
D
V
A
V
V / 96 . 91
4 / ) 03 . 0 (
/ 065 . 0
4 /
2
3
2 2
2
2



replace with 2 cm diameter
Pa m N
s m kg
N s m s m
P P 58 . 4677 / 58 . 4677 )
/ 1
1
(
2
) / 99 . 22 ( ) / 96 . 91 (
2
2
2 2
2 1

Pa m N
s m kg
N s m s m
P P 24944.6 / 24944.6 )
/ 1
1
(
2
) / 99 . 22 ( ) / 9 . 206 (
2
2
2 2
2 1

m
N
s m kg
s m m kg
m N
waterg
P P
h 477 . 0 )
1
/ 1
(
) / 81 . 9 )( / 1000 (
/ 58 . 4677
2
2 3
2
2 1

s m
m
s m
D
V
A
V
V / 9 . 206
4 / ) 02 . 0 (
/ 065 . 0
4 /
2
3
1 1
1
2



m
N
s m kg
s m m kg
m N
waterg
P P
h 543 . 2 )
1
/ 1
(
) / 81 . 9 )( / 1000 (
/ 65 . 24944
2
2 3
2
2 1

Sorawit Tantipalakul 5532974423

5-52: What assumptions do you make in order to use the Bernoulli equation to solve the problem?
What would be the differential height if we were to replace the 4-cm-diameter reducer with a 3-cm-diameter or a 2-cm-diameter reducer?
Assumptions 1 The flow though the duck is steady, incompressible, and irrotational with negligible frictional effects
We take points 1 and 2 at the lower and upper connection points, respectively, of the two arms of the
manometer, and take the lower connection point as the reference level. Noting that the effect of elevation on the pressure
change of a gas is negligible, the application of the Bernoulli equation between points 1 and 2 gives
Pa m N
s m kg
N s m s m
m kg P P 1267 / 1267 )
/ 1
1
(
2
) / 99 . 22 ( ) / 73 . 51 (
) / 18 . 1 (
2
2
2 2
3
2 1

Pa m N
s m kg
N s m s m
P P 58 . 4677 / 58 . 4677 )
/ 1
1
(
2
) / 99 . 22 ( ) / 96 . 91 (
2
2
2 2
2 1

Pa m N
s m kg
N s m s m
P P 24944.6 / 24944.6 )
/ 1
1
(
2
) / 99 . 22 ( ) / 9 . 206 (
2
2
2 2
2 1

5-81: Also, calculate the irreversible head loss in case that the pressure drop is found to be 1, 1.5, 2.5, 3, 3.5 and 4 kPa.
Assumption 1 The flow is steady and incompressible.
2 The pipe is given to be horizontal (otherwise the elevation difference across the valve is negligible).
3 The mean flow velocities at the inlet and the exit of the valve are equal since the pipe diameter is constant.
Properties water = 1000 kg/m^3
Analysis z1=z2 , V1=V2
Pressure drop to 1kPa
Pressure drop to 1.5kPa
L e turbine u pump
h h z
g
V
g
P
h z
g
V
g
P

, 2
2
2
2
2
, 1
2
1
1
1
2 2

g
P P
h
L

2 1

m
kN
s m kg
s m m kg
m kN
h
L
204 . 0 )
1
/ 1000
(
) / 81 . 9 )( / 1000 (
/ 2
2
2
2
3

L L pump
gh V gh m W

W
s m N
W
s kgm
N
m s m s m s m kg 40 )
/ 1
1
)(
/ 1
1
)( 204 . 0 )( / 81 . 9 )( / 02 . 0 )( / 1000 (
2
2 3 2

m
kN
s m kg
s m m kg
m kN
h
L
102 . 0 )
1
/ 1000
(
) / 81 . 9 )( / 1000 (
/ 1
2
2
2
3

L L pump
gh V gh m W

W
s m N
W
s kgm
N
m s m s m s m kg 20 )
/ 1
1
)(
/ 1
1
)( 102 . 0 )( / 81 . 9 )( / 02 . 0 )( / 1000 (
2
2 3 2

m
kN
s m kg
s m m kg
m kN
h
L
153 . 0 )
1
/ 1000
(
) / 81 . 9 )( / 1000 (
/ 5 . 1
2
2
2
3

L L pump
gh V gh m W

Pressure found to be 2.5kPa
Pressure found to be 3kPa
Pressure found to be 3.5kPa
Pressure found to be 4kPa
L L pump
gh V gh m W

W
s m N
W
s kgm
N
m s m s m s m kg 30 )
/ 1
1
)(
/ 1
1
)( 153 . 0 )( / 81 . 9 )( / 02 . 0 )( / 1000 (
2
2 3 2

m
kN
s m kg
s m m kg
m kN
h
L
255 . 0 )
1
/ 1000
(
) / 81 . 9 )( / 1000 (
/ 5 . 2
2
2
2
3

L L pump
gh V gh m W

W
s m N
W
s kgm
N
m s m s m s m kg 50 )
/ 1
1
)(
/ 1
1
)( 255 . 0 )( / 81 . 9 )( / 02 . 0 )( / 1000 (
2
2 3 2

m
kN
s m kg
s m m kg
m kN
h
L
306 . 0 )
1
/ 1000
(
) / 81 . 9 )( / 1000 (
/ 3
2
2
2
3

L L pump
gh V gh m W

W
s m N
W
s kgm
N
m s m s m s m kg 60 )
/ 1
1
)(
/ 1
1
)( 306 . 0 )( / 81 . 9 )( / 02 . 0 )( / 1000 (
2
2 3 2

m
kN
s m kg
s m m kg
m kN
h
L
357 . 0 )
1
/ 1000
(
) / 81 . 9 )( / 1000 (
/ 5 . 3
2
2
2
3

L L pump
gh V gh m W

W
s m N
W
s kgm
N
m s m s m s m kg 70 )
/ 1
1
)(
/ 1
1
)( 357 . 0 )( / 81 . 9 )( / 02 . 0 )( / 1000 (
2
2 3 2

m
kN
s m kg
s m m kg
m kN
h
L
408 . 0 )
1
/ 1000
(
) / 81 . 9 )( / 1000 (
/ 4
2
2
2
3

L L pump
gh V gh m W

W
s m N
W
s kgm
N
m s m s m s m kg 80 )
/ 1
1
)(
/ 1
1
)( 408 . 0 )( / 81 . 9 )( / 02 . 0 )( / 1000 (
2
2 3 2

Sorawit Tantipalakul 5532974423
5-81: Also, calculate the irreversible head loss in case that the pressure drop is found to be 1, 1.5, 2.5, 3, 3.5 and 4 kPa.
2 The pipe is given to be horizontal (otherwise the elevation difference across the valve is negligible).
3 The mean flow velocities at the inlet and the exit of the valve are equal since the pipe diameter is constant.
W
s m N
W
s kgm
N
m s m s m s m kg 40 )
/ 1
1
)(
/ 1
1
)( 204 . 0 )( / 81 . 9 )( / 02 . 0 )( / 1000 (
2
2 3 2

W
s m N
W
s kgm
N
m s m s m s m kg 20 )
/ 1
1
)(
/ 1
1
)( 102 . 0 )( / 81 . 9 )( / 02 . 0 )( / 1000 (
2
2 3 2

W
s m N
W
s kgm
N
m s m s m s m kg 30 )
/ 1
1
)(
/ 1
1
)( 153 . 0 )( / 81 . 9 )( / 02 . 0 )( / 1000 (
2
2 3 2

W
s m N
W
s kgm
N
m s m s m s m kg 50 )
/ 1
1
)(
/ 1
1
)( 255 . 0 )( / 81 . 9 )( / 02 . 0 )( / 1000 (
2
2 3 2

W
s m N
W
s kgm
N
m s m s m s m kg 60 )
/ 1
1
)(
/ 1
1
)( 306 . 0 )( / 81 . 9 )( / 02 . 0 )( / 1000 (
2
2 3 2

W
s m N
W
s kgm
N
m s m s m s m kg 70 )
/ 1
1
)(
/ 1
1
)( 357 . 0 )( / 81 . 9 )( / 02 . 0 )( / 1000 (
2
2 3 2

W
s m N
W
s kgm
N
m s m s m s m kg 80 )
/ 1
1
)(
/ 1
1
)( 408 . 0 )( / 81 . 9 )( / 02 . 0 )( / 1000 (
2
2 3 2