DEPARTMENT OF ECE

EC2402-OPTICAL COMMUNICATION & NETWORKING

QUESTION BANK
UNIT I
PART A
1. A step index fiber has a core refractive index of 1.5 and a cladding refractive
index of 1.47. Determine the solid acceptance angle.
2. The relative refractive index difference (for an optical fiber is 1!.determine the
critical angle at the core cladding interface if the core refractive index is 1.4"
#. $hat are %eridional ra&s and s'e( ra&s
4. Define acceptance angle and )*merical Apert*re
5. +ive the refractive index expression of a graded index fiber.
". Define %ode,field diameter.
7. A step index fiber has a normali-ed fre.*enc& /02"." at 1#11nm (avelength. 2f
the core radi*s is 25 3m4 find the n*merical apert*re
5. A m*ltimedia step index (ith a fiber core diameter of 516m and a relative index
difference of 1.5! is operating at a (avelength of 1.55 6m. 2f the core refractive
index is 1.45. Determine
a )ormalised fre.*enc& of fiber
The n*mber of g*ided modes.
7. $hat is fiber beat length8
11. $hat is the f*ndamental parameter of a single mode fiber8
11. $hat is meant b& mode and index profile8
12. %ention the advantages of +raded index fiber.
1#. 2t is desired to ma'e a single 9 mode fiber at an operating (avelength 0 1#11 nm
(ith n
core
0 1.515 and n
clad 0
1.512. :ind the )*merical Apert*re and core radi*s.
14. A silica optical fiber (ith a core diameter large eno*gh to be considered b& ra&
theor& anal&sis has a core refractive index of 1.51 and a cladding refractive index
of 1.47. Determine the n*merical apert*re and acceptance angle in air for the
fiber.
15. %ention the advantages and disadvantages of monomode fiber over m*ltimode
fiber.
1". ;alc*late the c*toff (avelength of a single mode fiber (ith core radi*s of 4 6m
and <0 1.11#.
17. :or a fiber (ith core refractive index of 1.54 and fractional refractive index
difference of 1.114 calc*lates its n*merical apert*re.
15. $hat is linearl& polari-ed mode8
17. ;alc*late the c*toff (avelength of a single mode fiber (ith core radi*s of 4.6m
and < 0 1.11#.
21. Ass*me that there is a glass rod of refractive index 1.54 s*rro*nded b& air. :ind
the critical incident angle.
PART-B
1. (2 (hat is n*merical apert*re of an optical fiber8 Ded*ce an expression for the same.
(22 ;alc*late )A of silica fiber (ith its core refractive index (n1 of 1.45 and cladding
refractive index of 1.4". $hat sho*ld be the ne( val*e of n1 in order to change the )A
to 1.2#8
2. (2 =xplain the phenomenon of total internal reflection *sing >nell?s la( (ith fig*res
and calc*lations.
(22 Disting*ish step,index from graded index fibers.
#. (2 +ive an overvie( of different g*ided4 radiation and lea'& modes of optical fiber.
(22 +ive a brief notes on linearl& polari-ed modes of a optical fiber.
(222 Determine the fraction of average optical po(er residing in the cladding of a step
index fiber having a core radi*s of 25 6m. The fiber operates at 1#11nm and has
n*merical apert*re of 1.22.
4. (2 Dra( and explain the str*ct*re of a graded index fiber (ith expression for the
refractive index profile n*merical apert*re and the n*mber of g*ided modes.
(22 ;alc*late the n*mber of modes s*pported b& the graded index fiber having a core
radi*s of 25 6m and operating at 521 nm. The fiber as a refractive index of 1.45 at the
core axis and a cladding index of 1.4". Ass*me a parabolic index profile.
5. ;onsider a fiber (ith a 25 6m core radi*s4 a core index n101.45 and 0 1.11
(i 2f @ 0 1#21 nm4 (hat is the val*e of / and ho( man& modes propagate in the
fiber8
(ii $hat percent of the optical po(er flo(s in the cladding8
(iii 2f the core cladding difference is red*ced to 0 1.11#4 ho( man& modes
does the fiber s*pport and (hat fraction of the optical po(er flo(s in the cladding8
". Dra( the str*ct*re and explain the principle of (or'ing ofA
(i >ingle mode fiber (step,index
(ii%*lti mode fiber (graded 9 index
(iii %ention the advantage and limitation of each categor&.
7. (2 Derive the (ave e.*ation in step index fiber.
(22 $hat are the =B and B= h&brid modes8 Differentiate.
5. (2 Describe the mode theor& of a circ*lar (aveg*ide and derive expression for the
total n*mber of modes entering a step index fiber.
(22 ;alc*late the fractional refractive index changes and the largest core si-e of
single mode operation of a fiber having a parabolic profile (ith n1 01.4"54 n2 0 1.4" and
operating (avelength @01251 nm.
7. Disc*ss the mode theor& of circ*lar (aveg*ide.
11. $hat are the fiber modes8 =xplain the mode theor& for optical fibers.
UNIT - II
PART A
1 $rite a short note on atten*ation.
2 $hat are the t(o reasons for chromatic dispersion8
# $hat are the most important non, linear effects of optical fiber comm*nication8
4 $hat is Ca&leigh scattering8
5 $hat is meant b& mechanical splice8
" A contin*o*s 12'ms,long optical fiber lin' has a loss of 1.5 dDE'm. $hat is the
minim*m optical po(er that m*st be la*nched into the fiber to maintain an optical
po(er level 1.#6 $ at the receiving end8
7 Define dispersion in m*ltimode fibers. $hat is its effect8
5 %ention the t(o ca*ses of intra,modal dispersion.
7 A #.5 'm length4 of t(o,polari-ation mode F% fiber has a polari-ation crosstal' of
,27dD at its o*tp*t end. Determine the mode co*pling parameter for the fiber.
11Define the atten*ation coefficient of a fiber.
11 ;alc*late the c*t,off (avelength of an optical signal thro*gh a fiber (ith its core
refractive index of 1.51 and that of cladding 0 1.4". The core radi*s of 256 m.
The normali-ed fre.*enc& is 2.415.
12Define gro*p velocit& dispersion.
1#$hat are advantages of do*ble hetero str*ct*re optical so*rces8
14$hat do &o* mean b& +ro*p velocit&8
15A do*ble 9 heteroG*nction 2nga Asp H=D emitting at a pea' (avelength of
1#11nm has radioactive and non radioactive recombination times of #1 and
111ns respectivel&. ;alc*late the b*l' recombination time.
1">tate the (a&s to minimi-e lea'& modes.
17Define inter modal dispersion.
15$hat are the ca*ses of (aveg*ide dispersion.
17$rite a short note on atten*ation.
21Define fiber beat length.
PART B
1. (i Describe the linear and non,linear scattering losses in optical fibers.
(ii An H=D operating at 551 nm has a spectral (idth of 45mm. $hat is the
p*lse spreading in nsE'm d*e to material dispersion8 $hat is p*lse spreading
(hen a laser diode having a 2 nm spectral (idth is *sed8
2. (i Dra( and explain the vario*s fiber alignment and Goint losses.
(ii $rite notes on fiber splices and connectors.
#. (i Derive expressions for material dispersion and (aveg*ide dispersion and
explain them.
(ii Describe the vario*s fiber connectors and co*plers.
4. (i =xplain fiber alignment and Goint losses.
(ii Describe vario*s fiber splicing techni.*es (ith their diagrams.
5. (2 Disc*ss the atten*ation enco*ntered in optical fiber comm*nication d*e toA
(1 Dending
(2 >cattering
(# Absorption.
(ii ;alc*late the maxim*m transmission distance for a fiber lin' (ith an
atten*ation of 1.2 dDE'm if the po(er la*nched in 1m( and the receiver
sensitivit& is 51 6$. ;alc*lator the atten*ation for another lin' (ith same
parameters and the distance of 2" Ims.
". (i ;learl& bring o*t the differences bet(een intra and inter modal dispersion.
(ii :ind the maxim*m bit rate for the fiber lin' of 5 Ims. The n*merical
apert*re is 1.25 and the refractive index is 1.45.
7. (i $hat do &o* mean b& p*lse broadening8 =xplain its effect on information
carr&ing capacit& of a fiber.
(ii A H=D operating at 551 nm has a spectral (idth to 45 nm (hat is the p*lse
spreading in nsE'm d*e to material dispersion8 $hat is the p*lse spreading (hen
a laser diode having a 2nm spectral (idth is *sed8 The material dispersion is
71psEnm 'm.
5. (i $hat is meant b& fiber splicing8 =xplain f*sion splicing of optical fibers.
(ii =xplain axpanded beam fiber diagram splicing of optical fibers.
(ii =xplain axpanded beam fiber connector (ith a neat schematic.
7. =xplain the scattering and bending losses of an optical fiber (ith neat
diagrams and expressions.
11. Disc*ss vario*s 'inds of losses that an optical signal might s*ffer (hile
propagating thro*gh fiber4 (hich is most important one8 $hat is the effect of these
losses on light po(er and p*lse shape8