Proceedings of ECOS 2009 22

nd
International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization
Copyright 2009 by ABCM Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems
August 31 September 3, 2009, Foz do Iguau, Paran, Brazil
EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF SMALL SCALE POLYGENERATION
SYSTEM BASED ON A NATURAL GAS-FIRED MICRO-CHP AND A
HYBRID HVAC SYSTEM EQUIPPED WITH A DESICCANT WHEEL
Giovanni Angrisani, gangrisa@unisannio.it
Carlo Roselli, carlo.roselli@unisannio.it
Maurizio Sasso, sasso@unisannio.it
Giuseppe Peter Vanoli, vanoli@unisannio.it
Universit degli Studi del Sannio, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Piazza Roma 21, Benevento, 82100, Italia
Francesco Minichiello, minichie@unina.it
Universit degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Dipartimento DETEC, P.le Tecchio 80, Napoli, 80125, Italia
Abstract. During the last decade, in the Mediterranean area, during the warm season, there is an increasing demand
of cooling energy in domestic and small commercial sectors, generally satisfied by electrically-driven units. This trend
has involved an increase of the power generation capacity of electric utilities and a summer peak load of electric
energy consumption with the related problem of electric black-out. This problem has been the driving force to an
increasing interest in small scale polygeneration systems fuelled by natural gas, especially in the South of Europe.
These energy conversion systems are based on a prime mover that can drive in different ways (mechanically,
electrically, thermally) electric generators and/or electric heat pump, absorption heat pumps, desiccant wheels,
allowing a wide range of operating conditions to match thermal (heating and cooling) and electric end-user
requirements.
In particular, in this paper, attention is paid to the description of a test facility, located in Southern Italy, designed and
built to carry out experimental analysis on a small scale polygeneration system based on a natural gas-fired Micro-
CHP and a hybrid HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) system equipped with a desiccant wheel. The
MCHP supplies thermal power, recovered by engine cooling and exhaust gas, to the regeneration of the sorption
material of the desiccant wheel and electric power for Air Handling Unit, AHU, self consumptions (fans, pumps, ), to
drive the electric chiller and finally for the external units (computers, lights). The hybrid HVAC system can also
operate in traditional way, interacting with separate production systems (electric grid and gas-fired boiler).
In this paper the first experimental results considering different operating modes are reported.
Keywords: decentralized polygeneration; micro-CHP, desiccant wheel, hybrid HVAC
1. INTRODUCTION
In a conventional air conditioning system, outdoor air is usually cooled below the dew point by a large electric
driven compression chiller for dehumidifying and, subsequently, it is heated up to desired supply temperature. That is
the so-called cooling dehumidification.
In a desiccant assisted system, moist air is dehumidified by means of a Desiccant Wheel (DW), increasing overall
system energy efficiency by avoiding overcooling air and precluding oversized capacity to meet dehumidification load.
The process air stream flows through the desiccant material (such as silica gel, activated alumina, lithium chloride salt,
or molecular sieves) that retains the moisture of the air; the desiccant capacity of this material can be restored through
its regeneration via a heated air stream, usually supplied by a gas-fired boiler. The process air stream exiting the wheel
is then cooled down to desired supply temperature, e.g. with a cooling coil related to an electric chiller.
The main advantages of this system, in comparison with conventional electric driven HVAC one, are (Capozzoli et
al., 2006):
sensible and latent loads can be controlled separately;
the chiller is smaller and it operates at a small temperature lift with a greater COP;
consistent energy savings can be obtained;
humidity and IAQ (Indoor Air Quality) control are better;
environmental impact can be reduced.
The drawbacks of this technology are high investment costs.
The waste heat of a small cogeneration plant can be used effectively to regenerate the desiccant material, while the
cogenerator electricity can drive a chiller or an Electric Heat Pump (EHP) to meet room sensible load. In Henning et al.
(2007), the results of a simulation model, carried out to design an experimental hybrid HVAC system, are reported. The
test facility is placed in the South of Italy, in a very humid town (Palermo). A microcogenerator supplies electric energy
to an EHP and other electric devices. Waste heat recovered from the MCHP is utilized to regenerate the DW. Possible
excess thermal energy is used to produce domestic hot water or is simply dissipated. In Schmitz and Casas (2005) a
635
hybrid HVAC system energetically matched to a MCHP is analyzed. The test facility is placed in Hamburg, Germany.
The system is characterized by a radiant floor cooling which interacts with borehole heat exchangers and balances the
sensible load of the ambient. Thermal energy recovered from the MCHP, with a temperature between 55 and 65 C, is
used to heat the regeneration air while electric energy supplied by the MCHP powers the electric devices of the office.
This system is energetically compared with other systems, as a hybrid HVAC system without MCHP and a
conventional HVAC system.
In this paper, the main results of tests carried out in an experimental facility, located in Southern Italy, during
September 2008 have been analyzed. The field tests had the goal to verify the correct running of a chemical
dehumidification based AHU, interacting with a gas fuelled microcogenerator, and to verify the effectiveness of such a
system versus a cooling dehumidification based conventional AHU.
Starting from first experimental results obtained in five different operating modes, an energetic and environmental
analysis has been carried out comparing the hybrid polygeneration system (MCCHP: Micro Combined Cooling, Heat
and Power) with the conventional HVAC one.
2. THE TEST FACILITY
At Sannio University, in Benevento (Italy), an advanced desiccant Air Handling Unit coupled to a natural gas
reciprocating internal combustion cogenerator, to an electric chiller and to a natural gas-fired boiler, is experimentally
analysed, Fig. 1 (to notice the desiccant wheel, the hydraulic pipes which connect the cogenerator, the boiler and the
chiller with the corresponding heat exchanger inside the AHU, and the aeraulic ducts which realize the suction and the
discharge of process, regeneration and cooling air). Nominal characteristics of the cogenerator are: electric power
P
el
=6.0 kW, thermal power P
th
=11.7 kW, electric efficiency
el
=28.8%, thermal efficiency
th
=56.2%. The air handling
unit allows, during summer operation (outdoor air: temperature T=32 C, humidity ratio =15 g/kg), to process 800
m
3
/h of wet air that achieves the input conditions to the room (inlet air: temperature T=13-19 C, humidity ratio =7-11
g/kg).
In Fig. 2 the energy flows of the MCCHP MCHP/HVAC-DW system are reported. The electric power can be
splitted between the chiller and the direct use (lights, appliances, ): by means of r
e
parameter (01), which stands for
the electric energy share provided to the chiller, different operating modes can be considered. Also the thermal power
can be splitted between the regeneration of desiccant wheel and the direct use (heating, hot water,) varying r
t
parameter (01), which stands for the thermal energy share provided to the DW.
Figure 1. Internal view of hybrid air handling unit based on DW.
E
p
is the primary energy input of the MCHP,
th
and
m
are thermal and mechanical efficiency of the MCHP,
respectively,
g
is Electric Generator (EG) efficiency (
el
=
g

m
).
The system operates in different modes (Possidente et al., 2008):
- MCHP mode (r
t
=r
e
=0): the cogenerator supplies electricity and thermal energy to the end-user. The HVAC system
does not operate;
- HVAC-DW mode (r
t
=r
e
=1): the electric and thermal energy delivered by MCHP are totally used to activate hybrid
HVAC system based on the desiccant wheel;
- MCHP/HVAC-DW mode (0<r
t
<1, 0<r
e
<1): this trigeneration configuration allows to satisfy electric, heating and
cooling energy end-user requirements.
In Fig. 3 the layout of the test facility is shown. It is possible to note the type and the position of the various sensors
utilized for the measures. There are three air streams: process air (green) which, after being dehumidified (1-2), pre-
cooled interacting with the cooling air stream (2-3) and finally cooled to the desired temperature in a cooling coil (3-4),
is used to maintain thermal and humidity comfort in the room; regeneration air (orange) which, after being heated in the
Desiccant wheel
Hydraulic pipes
connecting AHU
heat exchangers to
external
cogenerator, boiler
and chiller
Aeraulic ducts of
process,
regeneration and
cooling air
636
Proceedings of ECOS 2009 22
nd
International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization
Copyright 2009 by ABCM Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems
August 31 September 3, 2009, Foz do Iguau, Paran, Brazil
heating coil interacting with the MCHP (1-5) and/or heated in the heating coil interacting with the boiler (5-6), is used
to regenerate the desiccant wheel (6-7); cooling air (blue) which, after being cooled by a direct evaporative humidifier
(1-8) , is used to pre-cool process air exiting the desiccant wheel (8-9). All these air streams are entirely drawn from the
outdoor (state 1, common to the three air flows), therefore no recirculation is carried out.
Figure 2. Scheme of MCHP/HVAC-DW polygeneration system.
3. ENERGETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
3.1 The systems
In each energetic and environmental comparison, two systems are involved: an Alternative System, AS,
characterized by the presence of the desiccant based AHU, and a reference system, usually the conventional system or
another alternative system. The following systems have been analyzed:
AS I (Desiccant based AHU powered by the MCHP): the MCHP supplies electric energy to AHU electric loads
(fans, pumps, desiccant wheel) and thermal energy for regeneration of the desiccant wheel.
AS II (Desiccant based AHU powered by the MCHP with additional external devices): this system is altogether
similar to the previous one: the only difference is that MCHP electric power output has been increased until the nominal
value to supply external electric devices, to obtain higher values of thermal and mechanical efficiency of the MCHP.
AS III (Desiccant based AHU powered by the electric grid and a natural gas-fired boiler): thermal power for
regeneration of the wheel is supplied by a natural gas-fired boiler, while AHU electric loads, chiller and eventually
external devices are powered by the electric grid.
AS IV (Desiccant based AHU powered by the MCHP and a natural gas-fired boiler): thermal power for
regeneration of the wheel is partially supplied by a natural gas-fired boiler and partially supplied by the MCHP, which
obviously drives the chiller and the AHU electric self consumptions.
AS V (Desiccant based AHU served by the MCHP, with additional external loads, and by a gas-fired boiler): this
system is altogether similar to the previous one: the only difference is that MCHP electric power output has been
increased until the nominal value to supply external electric devices.
CS (Conventional System): it is the usually adopted HVAC system, based on the cooling dehumidification.
External air is cooled under dew point temperature and dehumidified in a cooling coil interacting with an electric chiller
powered by the electric grid, then reheated to the desired temperature in a heating coil interacting with a natural gas-
fired boiler. The COP of the air to water chiller in the CS has been estimated on the basis of the secondary fluids
temperatures. Considering that the chiller interacting with the desiccant AHU has to balance only the sensible load of
the room, while the chiller interacting with the conventional AHU has to balance the latent load too, the last one
operates at a higher temperature lift with a smaller COP than the first one.
637
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638
Proceedings of ECOS 2009 22
nd
International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization
Copyright 2009 by ABCM Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems
August 31 September 3, 2009, Foz do Iguau, Paran, Brazil
For both alternative and conventional systems the following hypothesis, derived by Italian average conditions, are
also assumed:
Electric grid: efficiency = 39.1%, CO
2
equivalent emission = 0.70 kgCO
2
/kWh
el
(el refers to the electrical
energy supplied by the grid);
Boiler: efficiency = 85%, CO
2
equivalent emission = 0.20 kgCO
2
/kWh
p
(p refers to the primary energy input
of the boiler); LHV (Lower Heating Value) of natural gas = 9.59 kWh/Nm
3
.
The energetic and environmental comparison is carried out on equal useful energy (thermal, electric and cooling)
delivered to final users: in particular, in each test, equal supply air condition and volumetric flow rate (800 m
3
/h) for
both the alternative and the conventional system have been assumed. As an example, in Fig. 4 the energy flows of AS II
and CS are shown. In all tests, thermal energy recovered by the MCHP has been fully used for regeneration of the DW,
so r
t
=1. E
el
US
and E
fr
US
are respectively electric and cooling energy delivered to final user. E
p
B
is boiler primary energy
input, E
th
B
is thermal energy supplied by the boiler, E
p
EG
is electric grid primary energy input and E
el
CH
is electric
energy supplied to the chiller. E
p
CS
and E
p
AS
are primary energy inputs required by the conventional system and the
alternative one.
Figure 4. Energy flows of Alternative System II and Conventional System.
For energetic and environmental analysis, two parameters are commonly used: the Primary Energy Saving (PES)
and the equivalent CO
2
avoided emissions (CO
2
), (Dorer and Weber, 2007), defined in the following:
*100
CS
p
E
AS
p
E
CS
p
E
PES
-
=
(1)

*100
CS
2
CO
AS
2
CO
CS
2
CO
2
CO
-
= (2)

CS
2
CO and
AS
2
CO are carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of the conventional system and the alternative one.
These two parameters, PES and CO
2
, are characterized by two subscripts, which refer to the systems involved in
the comparison: the first subscript refers to the alternative system, the second one refers to the reference system.
3.2 Results
In Fig. 5 temperature and humidity ratio of outdoor air during the first tests are shown (the outdoor air summer
reference condition for Benevento are: temperature 32C, humidity ratio 15 g/kg).
639
Figure 5. Outdoor air temperature and humidity ratio during the tests.
In Tab. 1 the results of the comparison between AS I, AS III and CS are reported.
Table 1. The results of energetic and environmental comparison between AS I, AS III and CS.
Test no.
PES
I-III
[%]
PES
I-CS
[%]
PES
III-CS
[%]
CO
2,I-III

[%]
CO
2,I-CS

[%]
CO
2,III-CS
[%]
1 15.8 -2.50 -21.8 28.2 20.5 -10.7
3 -7.69 -2.20 5.11 9.70 19.8 11.2
6 14.2 43.7 34.3 27.2 55.7 39.1
9 17.2 38.1 25.2 28.2 51.6 32.6
average 9.90 19.2 10.7 23.3 36.9 18.1
Obviously, energy consumptions and greenhouse gas emissions of both AS and CS depend strongly on
thermohygrometric conditions of the indoor and outdoor. Looking at the average value, it is possible to note that both
AS I and AS III can assure energy savings, in comparison with CS, greater than 10% and avoided emission, with
respect to the usually adopted HVAC system, always greater than 18%. The desiccant based AHU powered by the
MCHP, AS I, performs always better than the DW based AHU powered by the separate production, AS III, except for
test number 3, allowing average potential energy savings and greenhouse emissions reduction of 9.90% and 23.3%,
respectively.
PES and CO
2
strongly depend by the performances of the reference system. In Tab. 2 the average indices,
considering the energetic and environmental new values of power plant performance and emissions with respect to Italy
mix (electric grid efficiency = 46.0%, CO
2
equivalent emission = 0.60 kgCO
2
/kWh
el
) are reported.
Therefore, DW based systems, AS I and AS III, perform better than traditional systems; the greatest primary energy
savings and greenhouse gas reductions are available if the AHU interacts with a cogenerator, AS I.
Table 2. Average results of energetic and environmental comparison between AS I, AS III and CS considering the
new value of power plant performance and emissions.
PES
I-III
[%]
PES
I-CS
[%]
PES
III-CS
[%]
CO
2,I-III

[%]
CO
2,I-CS

[%]
CO
2,III-CS
[%]
2.84 8.95 6.50 16.7 28.6 14.6
In order to highlight the influence of the thermohygrometric conditions, in Fig. 6, PES
I-SC
and CO
2,I-CS
versus
supply air humidity ratio are shown. Both parameters increase when supply air humidity ratio decreases. In fact, the
temperature decrease of the chilled water, produced by the electric chiller to dehumidify the air, strongly reduces its
COP. Consequently energetic consumptions and emissions increase with respect to the system based on chemical
dehumidification: the desiccant dehumidification technology is so particularly indicated for high latent loads
applications.
640
Proceedings of ECOS 2009 22
nd
International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization
Copyright 2009 by ABCM Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems
August 31 September 3, 2009, Foz do Iguau, Paran, Brazil
Figure 6. PES
I-CS
and CO
2,I-CS
versus supply air humidity ratio.
Also in this case, if the comparison is carried out considering the new values of power plant performance and
emissions with respect to Italy mix, in the same range of supply air humidity ratio, both PES
I-CS
and CO
2,I-CS
decrease
varying in the range -2040% and 1050% respectively.
To analyze the polygeneration systems at best MCHP operating conditions (maximum
el
=28.8%, maximum

th
=56.2%), some tests have been performed at full load (AS II: electric chiller ON + AHU self consumptions + external
electric devices), tab. 3. Looking at the average value, it is possible to note that both AS II and AS III can assure with
respect to the CS energy savings, greater than 16%, and avoided emission greater than 24%. The desiccant based AHU
powered by the MCHP, AS II, always performs better than the DW based AHU powered by the separate production,
AS III, allowing average potential energy savings and greenhouse gas emissions reduction of 16% and 28%,
respectively.
In Tab. 4 the average indices, considering the energetic and environmental last values of power plant performance
and emissions with respect to Italy mix, are shown too.
In Fig. 7, PES
II-CS
and CO
2,II-CS
versus supply air humidity ratio are shown. It is possible to repeat the same
considerations as for Fig. 6, but it should be noted that in this case PES
II-CS
remains always positive.
Table 3. The results of energetic and environmental comparison between AS II, AS III and CS.
Test
PES
II-III

[%]
PES
II-CS
[%]
PES
III-CS
[%]
CO
2,II-III
[%]
CO
2,II-CS
[%]
CO
2,III-CS
[%]
4 24.3 22.0 -3.00 34.9 39.8 7.53
5 13.4 40.8 31.7 26.1 53.9 37.7
7 17.7 27.3 11.6 31.4 43.8 18.1
10 9.27 30.8 23.7 21.3 45.8 31.2
average 16.2 30.2 16.0 28.4 45.8 23.6
With the new values of power plant performance and emissions, PES
II-CS
and CO
2,II-CS
vary, respectively, between
15 and 30% and between 35 and 45%, in the same range of supply air humidity ratio.
Finally, to point out the influence of MCHP partial load operation mode, Fig. 8 shows PES
II-III
and CO
2,II-III
in
function of the electric power supplied by the MCHP (from 3 kW chiller OFF to 6 kW chiller ON). It is possible to
confirm that energetic savings and avoided emissions of the AS II, with respect to the desiccant based AHU with
separate production, AS III, increase with electric power output of the MCHP itself.
Considering an electric grid efficiency of 46.0% and CO
2
equivalent emissions of 0.60 kgCO
2
/kWh
el
, PES
II-III
varies
between 3 and 25%, while CO
2,II-CS
varies between 15 and 40%, in the same range of cogenerator electric power
output.
Table 4. Average results of energetic and environmental comparison between AS II, AS III and CS considering the
new value of power plant performance and emissions.
641
PES
I-III
[%]
PES
I-CS
[%]
PES
III-CS
[%]
CO
2,I-III

[%]
CO
2,I-CS

[%]
CO
2,III-CS
[%]
9.90 21.2 11.7 22.4 38.6 20.2
It is well known that DW dehumidification performances are affected by the available regeneration thermal power
(see also paragraph 4). To upgrade regeneration power, a natural gas boiler operates with the MCHP at partial, AS IV,
or at full load (AS V: electric chiller ON + AHU self consumptions + external electric devices). First experimental
results show that the polygeneration systems can realize negligible energetic and environmental advantages only in its
best configuration (AS V).
Figure 7. PES
II-CS
and CO
2,II-CS
versus supply air humidity ratio.
Figure 8. PES
II-III
and CO
2,II-III
versus MCHP electric power.
4. DESICCANT WHEEL PERFORMANCE
To put in evidence some peculiarities of the desiccant wheel that have to be considered to a correct design of this
type of HVAC system, further experimental investigations have been performed.
In Fig. 9, the dehumidification capacity of the DW, difference between inlet (outdoor) and outlet humidity ratio, ,
is shown as a function of the outdoor humidity. It is evident that the driving force for the dehumidification process is the
difference between outdoor air humidity ratio and water vapour quantity contained in the desiccant wheel, so the
dehumidification capacity of the wheel increases with outdoor air humidity ratio; therefore the desiccant based AHU are
particularly indicated in the conditions of warm and humid climates such as, for instance, in the Mediterranean
countries.
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Proceedings of ECOS 2009 22
nd
International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization
Copyright 2009 by ABCM Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems
August 31 September 3, 2009, Foz do Iguau, Paran, Brazil
Another variable that affect dehumidification capacity is the regeneration air temperature, Fig. 10. The experimental
results confirm that increases with the regeneration air temperature, that depends on the energy system that produce
hot water.
Finally, the quantity and quality (temperature) of the hot regeneration power influence the dehumidification process.
A test has been realized in order to study the saturation process of the desiccant material, silica gel, contained in the
rotor, keeping the desiccant wheel in rotation for a total time of 85 minutes, without regeneration air. The difference in
humidity ratio, , quickly decreases, Fig. 11. It should be noted that all the previously reported tests have been
conducted in stationary conditions, that is when hot water supplied by the MCHP reaches and maintains its maximum
temperature, in relation to the electric power delivered by the cogenerator. In real operation, however, stationary regime
is reached in a certain time, which depends on the outdoor conditions and on the electric power supplied by the
cogenerator. During this time, which can last longer than 30 minutes, regeneration air temperature could not be
adequate, so the desiccant material could saturate somewhat.
Figure 9. Dehumidification capacity of the DW in function of outdoor air humidity ratio.
Figure 10. Dehumidification capacity of the DW in function of regeneration air temperature.
5. CONCLUSIONS
Experimental tests have been carried out in a test facility located in Benevento, in the South of Italy, to evaluate
energetic and environmental performance of an hybrid HVAC system based on chemical dehumidification. It is
possible to say that a desiccant based AHU with regeneration by a natural gas boiler can guarantee sensible savings in
terms of primary energy consumption (11%) and greenhouse gas emissions (18%) with respect to a conventional system
(cooling dehumidification + re-heating of the supply air) in which electric and thermal energy are respectively
provided by the electric grid and a natural gas-fired boiler. PES and CO
2
increase (19% and 37% respectively) when
the regeneration of the desiccant wheel is obtained by the waste heat recovered from a micro-cogenerator, which also
supplies electrical energy to power the chiller, the AHU self consumptions and eventually other electric devices.
The best energetic and environmental results (PES and CO
2
respectively equal to 30% and 46%) are obtained
when the MCHP supplies its maximum electric and thermal power, and when the AHU has to dehumidify very humid
outdoor air or when a very low humidity ratio of the supply air is required. It is therefore possible to say that desiccant
based AHU technology is especially indicated in hot and humid climates, such as in Mediterranean countries, and can
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obtain sensible energetic savings and equivalent CO
2
emissions reduction with respect to conventional air conditioning
systems, especially when it is matched with a small scale cogeneration system operating at full load.
Figure 11. Dehumidification capacity of the DW in function of time
Energetic savings often give rise to economic savings. To that way, before installing such a system, a careful
economic analysis has to be realized, in order to establish if a reasonable value of the pay-back period can be obtained,
usually between three and five years for this type of investment. At the moment, the first cost of both MCHP and DW
seems to be very high to allow an acceptable economic return (> 7 years). It should be noted that there are a great
number of subjects involved in the definition of the economic variables concerning this type of energetic system,
including the institutional sectors and the private sectors (gas utilities, manufacturers,). For example government
grants along with attractive rates for electricity export to the grid may significantly encourage MCHP and DW market
penetration, Possidente et al. (2008).
REFERENCES
Capozzoli, A., Mazzei, P., Minichiello, F. and Palma, D., 2006, Hybrid HVAC systems with chemical
dehumidification for supermarket applications, Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 26, pp. 795-805.
Dorer, V. and Weber, A., 2007, Methodologies for the Performance Assessment of Residential Cogeneration Systems,
Report of IEA, ECBCS Annex 42, ISBN No. 978-0-662-46951-3.
Henning, H.M., Pagano, T., Mola, S. and Wiemken, E., 2007, Micro tri-generation system for indoor air conditioning
in the Mediterranean climate, Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 27, pp. 2188-2194.
Possidente, R., Roselli, C., Sasso, M. and Sibilio S., 2008, Analysis of Small Scale Decentralized Cogeneration in
Southern Italy, Proceedings of 1st International Conference & Workshop on Micro-Cogeneration Technologies &
Applications, Micro-Cogen 2008, Ottawa, Canada.
Possidente, R., Roselli, C., Sasso, M. and Sibilio, S., 2008, Microcogeneration and polygeneration for building in mild
climate, Proceedings of 1st International Conference & Workshop on Micro-Cogeneration Technologies &
Applications, Micro-Cogen 2008, Ottawa, Canada.
Schmitz, G. and Casas, W., 2005, Experiences with a gas driven, desiccant assisted air conditioning system with
geothermal energy for an office building, Energy and Buildings, Vol. 37, pp. 493-501.
RESPONSIBILITY NOTICE
The authors are the only responsible for the printed material included in this paper.
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