The Rashtriya Indian Military College (RIMC), Dehradun traces its origin to the Prince of Wales Royal Indian

Military College, inaugurated on 13th March 1922 by his Royal Highness, Prince Edward VIII the Prince of Wales.
RIMC has a long history and rich traditions. Over the year the alumni has produced many leaders of society, both
military as well as civil. Four chiefs of Army staff and one chief of the Air staff in India; one Commander-in-chief of
the Army and two chief of the Air staff in Pakistan.
Nested in the foothills of the Shivalik ranges in the sylvan surroundings of the Doon Valley,

The emblem of India is an adaptation of the Lion Capital of Ashoka at Sarnath, preserved in the Sarnath Museum
in India.
In the emblem adopted by Madhav Sawhney in 1950 only three lions are visible, the fourth being hidden from
view. Forming an integral part of the emblem is the motto inscribed below the abacus in Devanagari script:
Satyameva jayate (English: Truth Alone Triumphs).
[2]
This is a quote from Mundaka Upanishad,
[3]
the concluding
part of the sacred Hindu Vedas.

Indian Railways : 17 Zones and 68 divisions
Sl.
No
Name of the
Railway zone
Abbr.
Route
length
(in Km)
Headquarters Divisions
1. Central Railway CR 3905 Mumbai Mumbai,
[3]
Bhusawal,
[4]
Pune,
[5]
Solapur,
[6]
Nagpur
[7]

2.
East Central
Railway
ECR 3628 Hajipur Danapur,
[8]
Dhanbad, Mughalsarai, Samastipur,
[9]
Sonpur
3. East Coast Railway ECoR 2572 Bhubaneswar Khurda Road, Sambalpur, Waltair
[10]

4. Eastern Railway ER 2414 Kolkata Howrah, Sealdah, Asansol, Malda
5.
North Central
Railway
NCR 3151 Allahabad Allahabad,
[11]
Agra, Jhansi
6.
North Eastern
Railway
NER 3667 Gorakhpur Izzatnagar, Lucknow, Varanasi
7.
North Western
Railway
NWR 5459 Jaipur Jaipur,
[12]
Ajmer, Bikaner, Jodhpur
8.
Northeast Frontier
Railway
NFR 3907 Guwahati Alipurduar, Katihar, Rangia, Lumding, Tinsukia
9. Northern Railway NR 6968 Delhi
Delhi,
[13]
Ambala,
[14]
Firozpur,
[15]
Lucknow,
[16]

Moradabad
[17]

10.
South Central
Railway
SCR 5803 Secunderabad
Secunderabad,
[18]
Vijayawada, Hyderabad, Guntakal,
Guntur, Nanded
11.
South East Central
Railway
SECR 2447 Bilaspur Bilaspur, Raipur, Nagpur
12.
South Eastern
Railway
SER 2631 Kolkata Adra, Chakradharpur, Kharagpur, Ranchi
13. South Western SWR 3177 Hubli Hubli, Bangalore, Mysore
Sl.
No
Name of the
Railway zone
Abbr.
Route
length
(in Km)
Headquarters Divisions
Railway
14. Southern Railway SR 5098 Chennai
Chennai,
[19]
Tiruchirappalli,
[20]
Madurai,
[21]
Palakkad,
[22]

Salem,
[23]
Thiruvananthapuram
[24]

15.
West Central
Railway
WCR 2965 Jabalpur Jabalpur, Bhopal, Kota
16. Western Railway WR 6182 Mumbai
Mumbai Central, Ratlam, Ahmedabad, Rajkot, Bhavnagar,
Vadodara
17. Kolkata Metro MR 26 Kolkata


Battles of Panipat:
The First Battle of Panipat (1526), between the Mughal Babur and the Delhi Sultan Ibrahim Lodi, resulting in a
Mughal victory
The Second Battle of Panipat (1556), between the Mughal Akbar and Hemu, resulting in a Mughal victory
The Third Battle of Panipat (1761), between the Durrani Empire of Afghanistan and the Maratha Empire, resulting
in a Durrani victory
Satellite:
METSAT (renamed as Kalpana - 1 on February 5, 2003 after the Indian born American Astronaut Dr. Kalpana
Chawla, who died on February 1, 2003 in the US Space Shuttle Columbia disaster) is the first in the series of
exclusive meteorological satellites built by ISRO.
Antartica Research Stations:
Dakshin Gangotri :The first permanent settlement was built in 1983 and named Dakshin Gangotri. In 1989 it was
buried and was later excavated and is being used again.
Maitri :The second permanent settlement, Maitri, was put up in 1989 on the Schirmacher Oasis and has been
conducting experiments in geology, geography and medicine. India built a freshwater lake around Maitri known as
Lake Priyadharshini. Maitri accomplished the mission of geomorphologic mapping of Schirmacher Oasis.
Bharathi :India has demarcated an area beside Larsmann Hill at 69S, 76E for its third settlement and second
active research station.




Armed forces comparative ranks
Common anglophone military ranks
Navies Armies Air forces
Officers
Admiral of
the fleet
Marshal or
Field marshal
Marshal of
the air force
Admiral General Air chief marshal
Vice admiral Lieutenant general Air marshal
Rear admiral Major general Air vice-marshal
Commodore Brigadier Air commodore
Captain Colonel Group captain
Commander Lieutenant colonel Wing commander
Lieutenant
commander
Major or
Commandant
Squadron leader
Lieutenant Captain Flight lieutenant
Sub-lieutenant Lieutenant Flying officer
Ensign
Second
lieutenant
Pilot officer
Midshipman Officer cadet Officer cadet
Seamen, soldiers and airmen
Warrant officer
Sergeant major or
Warrant officer
Warrant officer
Petty officer Sergeant Sergeant
Leading seaman Corporal Corporal
Seaman Private Aircraftman
Oscars
2012: The Artist
2013: Argo
2014: 12 years a slave

The Indian Honour System is primarily recognized by India Government. The Indian honour system is broadly
classified in four types - Leadership, Civilian, Particular, Patriotic.
The Leadership Award: Gandhi Peace Prize.
The Civilian Awards: the Bharat Ratna, the Padma awards -Padma Shri, Padma Bhushan, Padma Vibhushan in
increasing order.
The Particular Awards: National Sport Awards, National Film Awards, Police Medals, National Bravery Award.
The Patriotic awards: Wartime gallantry awards & Peacetime gallantry awards.
The Bharat Ratna is not awarded every year.
Padma Vibhushan Second degree honour.
Padma Bhushan Third degree honour.
Padma Shri Fourth degree honour.
Particular awards
National sports awards
Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna - Indias highest honour given for achievement in sports.
Arjuna Award - Recognises outstanding achievement in National sports.
Dronacharya award- an award presented by the government of India for excellence in sports coaching.
Dhyan Chand Award - India's highest award for lifetime achievement in sports and games. The award is named
after the legendary Indian hockey player Major Dhyan Chand.
Film Awards
Indian National Film Awards
Police awards
Patriotic awards
Wartime awards
Param Vir Chakra Highest military award for valour, equivalent to the Victoria Cross (which was replaced once
India gained its independence).
Maha Vir Chakra- The Maha Vir Chakra (MVC) is the second highest military decoration in India and is awarded for
acts of conspicuous gallantry in the presence of the enemy, whether on land, at sea or in the air.
Vir Chakra-It is third in precedence in the war time gallantry
Peacetime gallantry awards
Ashok Chakra Award- an Indian military decoration awarded for valour, courageous action or self-sacrifice away
from the battlefield. It is the peace time equivalent of the Param Vir Chakra.
Kirti Chakra-It is second in order of precedence of peacetime gallantry awards.
Shaurya Chakra-It happens to be third in order of precedence of peacetime gallantry awards.

Indian Order of Precedence
Rank Persons
1
President of India
2
Vice-President of India
3
Prime Minister
4
Governors of states of India (within their respective States)
5
Former Presidents,
5A
Deputy Prime Minister
6
Chief Justice of India,
Speaker of Lok Sabha,
7
Cabinet Ministers of the Union,
Chief Ministers of States (within their respective States),
Deputy Chairman of Planning Commission of India,
Former Prime Ministers,
Leaders of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha,
Holders of the Bharat Ratna.
8
Ambassadors Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary and High Commissioners of Commonwealth
countries accredited to India,
Chief Ministers of States (when outside their respective States),
Governors of States (when outside their respective States).
9
Judges of Supreme Court of India(Justices of India),
Chief Election Commissioner,
Comptroller and Auditor General,
Chairman Union Public Service Commission.
Chairman, National Green Tribunal (NGT)
[2]

10
Deputy Chairman, Rajya Sabha,
Deputy Chief Ministers of States,
Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha,
Members of the Planning Commission,
Ministers of States of the Union.
11
Lieutenant Governors within their respective Union Territories,
Attorney General of India,
Cabinet Secretary.
12
General of the Indian Army,
Air Chief Marshal of the Indian Air Force,
Admiral of the Indian navy.
13
Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary accredited to India.
14
Chief Justices of States,
Chairman and Speakers of State Legislatures (within their respective States).
15
Chief Ministers of Union Territories within their respective Union Territories,
Cabinet Ministers in States (within their respective States),
Chief Executive Councillor Delhi (within their respective Union Territories),
Deputy Ministers of the Union.
16
Officiating Chiefs of Staff holding the rank of Lieutenant General or equivalent rank.
17
Judges of State High Courts of India(Justices of States),
Chairman, Central Administrative Tribunal,
Chairman, Minorities Commission,
Chairman, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Commission,
Judicial Members, National Green Tribunal (NGT)
[2]

18 Cabinet Ministers in States (outside their respective States),
Chairmen and Speakers of State Legislatures (outside their respective States),
Chairmen, Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Commission,
Deputy Chairmen and Deputy Speakers of State Legislatures (within their respective States),
Ministers of State in States (within their respective States),
Ministers of Union Territories and Executive Councillors of Delhi (within their respective Union
Territories),
Speakers of Legislative Assemblies in Union Territories,
Chairman of Delhi Metropolitan Council (within their respective Union Territories).
19
Chief Commissioners of Union Territories not having Councils of Ministers (within their
respective Union Territories),
Deputy Ministers in Slates (within their respective States),
Deputy Speakers of Legislative Assemblies in Union Territories,
Deputy Chairman of Metropolitan Council Delhi (with in their respective Union Territories).
20
Deputy Chairman and Deputy Speakers of State Legislatures (outside their respective States),
Ministers of State in States (outside their respective State).
21
Members of Parliament
22
Deputy Ministers in States (outside their respective States).
23
Army Commanders/Vice Chief of the Army Staff or equivalent in other Services,
Chief Secretaries to State Governments (within their respective Slates),
Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities,
Commissioner for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes,
Members, Minorities Commission,
Members, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Commission,
Officers of the rank of full General or equivalent rank,
Secretaries to the Government of India,
Chairman Railway Board,
Secretary, Minorities Commission,
Secretary, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Commission,
Secretary to the President,
Secretary to the Prime Minister,
Secretary, Rajya Sabha/Lok Sabha,
Solicitor General,
CBDT Chairman ex officio Special Secretary to Government of India,
[3]

CBDT Members ex officio Special Secretary to Government of India,
[3]

Vice-Chairman, Central Administrative Tribunal.
Member Railway Board,
[4]

Expert Members, National Green Tribunal (NGT)
[2]

24
Lieutenant General of the Indian Army
Air Marshal of the Indian Air Force
Vice Admiral of the Indian navy.
25 Advocate Generals of States
Additional Secretaries to the Government of India
Additional Solicitor General
Chairman, Tariff Commission
Charge Affairs and Acting High Commissioners a pied and adinterim
Chief Ministers of Union Territories (outside their respective Union Territories)
Chief executive Councillor of Delhi (outside their respective Union Territories)
Chief Secretaries of State Governments (outside their respective States),
Deputy Comptroller and Auditor General
Deputy Speakers of Legislative Assemblies in Union Territories
Chairman of Delhi Metropolitan Council, (outside their respective Union Territories)
Deputy Chairman, Delhi Metropolitan Council(outside their respective Union Territories)
Director, Central Bureau of Investigation
Director General, Border Security Force
Director General, Central Reserve Police
Director, Intelligence Bureau
Lieutenant Governors (outside their respective Union Territories)
Members, Central Administrative Tribunal
Members, Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Commission
Members, Union Public Service Commission
Vice-Chancellors of Central Universities
Ministers of Union Territories and Executives Councillors, Delhi (outside their respective rank)
Principal Staff Officers of the Armed Forces of the rank of Major General or equivalent rank
Speakers of Legislative Assemblies in Union Territories
Chief Commissioner of Income Tax
26
Joint Secretaries to the Government of India
Major-General of the Indian Army
Rear Admiral of the Indian Navy
Air Vice Marshal of the Indian Air Force
Inspector General of the Indian Police
Commissioner of Income Tax
Commissioner of Customs
Civilian awards 2013
Bharat Ratna: C N R Rao Chemist ,Sachin Tendulkar cricket
Padma Vibhushan:
Raghunath Mohapatra, Art, Orissa
S Haider Raza, Art, Delhi
Prof Yash Pal, Science and Engineering, Uttar Pradesh
Prof Roddam Narasimha, Science and Engineering, Karnataka
Padma Bhushan
Dr Ramanaidu Daggubati, Art, Andhra Pradesh
Sreeramamurthy Janaki, Art, Tamil Nadu
Dr (Smt) Kanak Rele, Art, Maharashtra
Sharmila Tagore, Art, Delhi
Dr (Smt) Saroja Vaidyanathan, Art, Delhi
Abdul Rashid Khan, Art, West Bengal
Late Rajesh Khanna, Art, Maharashtra
Late Jaspal Singh Bhatti, Art, Punjab
Shivajirao Girdhar Patil, Public Affairs, Maharashtra
Dr Apathukatha Sivathanu Pillai, Science, Engineering Delhi
Dr Vijay Kumar Saraswat, Science and Engineering, Delhi
Dr Ashoke Sen Science and Engineering Uttar Pradesh
B N Suresh, Science and Engineering, Karnataka
Prof Satya N Atluri, Science and Engineering, USA
Prof Jogesh Chandra Pati, Science and Engineering, USA
Padma Bhushan
Ramamurthy Thyagarajan, Trade and Industry, Tamil Nadu
Adi Burjor Godrej, Trade and Industry, Maharashtra
Dr Nandkishore Shamrao Laud, Medicine, Maharashtra
Mangesh Padgaonkar, Literature and Education, Maharashtra
Prof Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Literature & Education USA
Hemendra Singh Panwar, Civil Service, Madhya Pradesh
Maharaj Kishan Bhan, Civil Service, Delhi
Rahul Dravid, Sports, Karnataka
H Mangte Chungneijang Mary Kom, Sports, Manipur
Padma Shri
Gajam Anjaiah, Art, Andhra Pradesh
Swami G C D Bharti alias Bharati Bandhu, Art, Chhattisgarh
B Jayashree, Art, Karnataka
Sridevi Kapoor, Art, Maharashtra
Kailash Chandra Meher, Art, Orissa
Brahmdeo Ram Pandit, Art, Maharashtra
Vishwanath D Patekar alias Nana Patekar, Art, Maharashtra
R Nageswara Rao alias Surabhi Babji, Art, Andhra Pradesh
Lakshmi Narayana Sathiraju, Art, Tamil Nadu
Jaymala Shiledar, Art, Maharashtra
Suresh Dattatray Talwalkar, Art, Maharashtra
P Madhavan Nair alias Madhu, Art, Kerala
Apurba Kishore Bir, Art, Maharashtra
Ghanakanta Bora Borbayan, Art, Assam
Hilda Mit Lepcha, Art, Sikkim
Sudha Malhotra, Art, Maharashtra
Ghulam Mohammad Saznawaz, Art, Jammu and Kashmir
Ramesh Gopaldas Sippy, Art, Maharashtra
Mahrukh Tarapor, Art, Maharashtra
Balwant Thakur, Art, Jammu and Kashmir
Puran Das Baul, Art, West Bengal
Rajendra Tikku, Art, Jammu and Kashmir
Pablo Bartholomew, Art, Delhi
Shri S Shakir Ali, Art, Rajasthan
S K M Maeilanandhan, Social Work, Tamil Nadu
Nileema Mishra, Social Work, Maharashtra
Reema Nanavati, Social Work, Gujarat
Jharna Dhara Chowdhury, Social Work, Bangladesh
Late Dr Ram Krishan, Social Work, Uttar Pradesh
Late Manju Bharat Ram, Social Work, Delhi
Prof Mustansir Barma, Science and Engineering, Maharashtra
Avinash Chander, Science and Engineering, Delhi
Sanjay Govind Dhande, Science and Engineering, Uttar Pradesh
Prof (Dr) Sankar Kumar Pal, Science, Engineering, West Bengal
Deepak B Phatak, Science and Engineering, Maharashtra
Dr Mudundi Ramakrishna Raju, Science and Engg, Andhra Pradesh
Prof Ajay K Sood, Science and Engineering, Karnataka
Prof Krishnaswamy Vijayraghavan, Science & Engg, Karnataka
Dr Manindra Agrawal, Science and Engineering, Uttar Pradesh
Dr Jayaraman Gowrishankar, Science & Engineering, Andhra Pradesh
Prof Sharad Pandurang Kale, Science & Engineering, Maharashtra
Vandana Luthra, Trade and Industry, Delhi
Rajshree Pathy, Trade and Industry, Tamil Nadu
Hemendra Prasad Barooah, Trade and Industry, Assam
Milind Kamble, Trade and Industry, Maharashtra
Kalpana Saroj, Trade and Industry, Maharashtra
Dr Sudarshan K Aggarwal, Medicine, Delhi
Dr C Venkata S Ram alias Chitta, Venkata Sundara Ram, Medicine, Andhra Pradesh
Dr Rajendra Achyut Badwe, Medicine, Maharashtra
Dr Taraprasad Das, Medicine, Orissa
Prof (Dr) T V Devarajan, Medicine, Tamil Nadu
Prof (Dr) Saroj Chooramani Gopal, Medicine, Uttar Pradesh
Dr Pramod Kumar Julka, Medicine, Delhi
Dr Gulshan Rai Khatri, Medicine, Delhi
Dr Ganesh Kumar Mani, Medicine, Delhi
Dr Amit Prabhakar Maydeo, Medicine, Maharashtra
Dr Sundaram Natarajan, Medicine, Maharashtra
Prof Krishna Chandra Chunekar, Medicine, Uttar Pradesh
Dr Vishwa Kumar Gupta, Medicine, Delhi
Prof (Capt) Dr M Sharaf-eAlam, Literature & Education, Bihar
Dr Radhika Herzberger, Literature & Education, Andhra Pradesh
J Malsawma, Literature and Education, Mizoram
Devendra Patel, Literature & Education, Gujarat
Dr Rama Kant Shukla, Literature & Education, Delhi
Prof Akhtarul Wasey, Literature & Education, Delhi
Prof Anvita Abbi, Literature & Education, Delhi
Nida Fazli, Literature & Education, Madhya Pradesh
Surender Kumar Sharma, Literature & Education, Delhi
Dr Jagdish Prasad Singh, Literature & Education, Bihar
Late Shaukat Riaz Kapoor Alias Salik Lakhnawi, Literature & Education, WB
Prof Noboru Karashima, Literature & Education, Japan
Christopher Pinney, Literature & Education, UK
Premlata Agrawal, Sports, Jharkhand
Yogeshwar Dutt, Sports, Haryana
Hosanagara Nagarajegowda Girisha, Sports, Karnataka
Subedar Major Vijay Kumar, Sports, Himachal Pradesh
Ngangom Dingko Singh, Sports, Maharashtra
Naib Subedar Bajrang Lal Takhar, Sports, Rajasthan
Ritu Kumar, Fashion Designing, Delhi
Dr Ravindra Singh Bisht, Archaeology, Uttar Pradesh.
Cellular Fluid
Extra Cellular Fluid:large amounts of sodium and chloride
-reasonable large amounts of bicarbonate ions
-small amounts of potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, and organic acid ions
Intra Cellular Fluid: contains only small quantities of sodium and chloride ions and almost no calcium ions
**Instead it contains large amounts of POTASSIUM and PHOSPHATE IONS plus moderate quantities of magnesium
and sulfate ions, all of which have low concentrations in the extracellular fluid
-also, cells contain large amounts of proteins, almost 4X as much as plasm


Colour:



Alloys:
Aluminum Alloys
AA-8000: used for building wire
Al-Li (aluminum, lithium, sometimes mercury)
Alnico (aluminum, nickel, copper)
Duralumin (copper, aluminum)
Magnalium (aluminum, 5% magnesium)
Magnox (magnesium oxide, aluminum)
Nambe (aluminum plus seven other unspecified metals)
Silumin (aluminum, silicon)
Zamak (zinc, aluminum, magnesium, copper)
Aluminum forms other complex alloys with magnesium, manganese, and platinum
Bismuth Alloys
Wood's metal (bismuth, lead, tin, cadmium)
Rose metal (bismuth, lead, tin)
Field's metal
Cerrobend
Cobalt Alloys
Megallium
Stellite (cobalt, chromium, tungsten or molybdenum, carbon)
Talonite (cobalt, chromium)
Ultimet (cobalt, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, iron, tungsten)
Vitallium
Copper Alloys
Arsenical copper
Beryllium copper (copper, beryllium)
Billon (copper, silver)
Brass (copper, zinc)
o Calamine brass (copper, zinc)
o Chinese silver (copper, zinc)
o Dutch metal (copper, zinc)
o Gilding metal (copper, zinc)
o Muntz metal (copper, zinc)
o Pinchbeck (copper, zinc)
o Prince's metal (copper, zinc)
o Tombac (copper, zinc)
Bronze (copper, tin, aluminum or any other element)
o Aluminum bronze (copper, aluminum)
o Arsenical bronze (copper, arsenic)
o Bell metal (copper, tin)
o Florentine bronze (copper, aluminum or tin)
o Glucydur (beryllium, copper, iron)
o Guanin (likely a manganese bronze of copper, manganese, with iron sulfides and other sulfides)
o Gunmetal (copper, tin, zinc)
o Phosphor bronze (copper, tin and phosphorus)
o Ormolu (Gilt Bronze) (copper, zinc)
o Speculum metal (copper, tin)
Constantan (copper, nickel)
Copper-tungsten (copper, tungsten)
Corinthian bronze (copper, gold, silver)
Cunife (copper, nickel, iron)
Cupronickel (copper, nickel)
Cymbal alloys (Bell metal) (copper, tin)
Devarda's alloy (copper, aluminum, zinc)
Electrum (copper, gold, silver)
Hepatizon (copper, gold, silver)
Heusler alloy (copper, manganese, tin)
Manganin (copper, manganese, nickel)
Nickel silver (copper, nickel)
Nordic gold (copper, aluminum, zinc, tin)
Shakudo (copper, gold)
Tumbaga (copper, gold)
Gallium Alloys
Galinstan (gallium, indium, tin)
Gold Alloys
Electrum (gold, silver, copper)
Tumbaga (gold, copper)
Rose gold (gold, copper)
White gold (gold, nickel, palladium, or platinum)
Indium Alloys
Field's metal (indium, bismuth, tin)
Iron or Ferrous Alloys
Steel (carbon)
o Stainless steel (chromium, nickel)
AL-6XN
Alloy 20
Celestrium
Marine grade stainless
Martensitic stainless steel
Surgical stainless steel (chromium, molybdenum, nickel)
o Silicon steel (silicon)
o Tool steel (tungsten or manganese)
o Bulat steel
o Chromoly (chromium, molybdenum)
o Crucible steel
o Damascus steel
o HSLA steel
o High speed steel
o Maraging steel
o Reynolds 531
o Wootz steel
Iron
o Anthracite iron (carbon)
o Cast iron (carbon)
o Pig iron (carbon)
o Wrought iron (carbon)
Fernico (nickel, cobalt)
Elinvar (nickel, chromium)
Invar (nickel)
Kovar (cobalt)
Spiegeleisen (manganese, carbon, silicon)
Ferroalloys
o Ferroboron
o Ferrochrome (chromium)
o Ferromagnesium
o Ferromanganese
o Ferromolybdenum
o Ferronickel
o Ferrophosphorus
o Ferrotitanium
o Ferrovanadium
o Ferrosilicon
Lead Alloys
Antimonial lead (lead, antimony)
Molybdochalkos (lead, copper)
Solder (lead, tin)
Terne (lead, tin)
Type metal (lead, tin, antimony)
Magnesium Alloys
Magnox (magnesium, aluminum)
T-Mg-Al-Zn (Bergman phase)
Elektron
Mercury Alloys
Amalgam (mercury with just about any metal except platinum)
Nickel Alloys
Alumel (nickel, manganese, aluminum, silicon)
Chromel (nickel, chromium)
Cupronickel (nickel, bronze, copper)
German silver (nickel, copper, zinc)
Hastelloy (nickel, molybdenum, chromium, sometimes tungsten)
Inconel (nickel, chromium, iron)
Monel metal (copper, nickel, iron, manganese)
Mu-metal (nickel, iron)
Ni-C (nickel, carbon)
Nichrome (chromium, iron, nickel)
Nicrosil (nickel, chromium, silicon, magnesium)
Nisil (nickel, silicon)
Nitinol (nickel, titanium, shape memory alloy)
Potassium Alloys
KLi (potassium, lithium)
NaK (sodium, potassium)
Rare Earth Alloys
Mischmetal (various rare earths)
Silver Alloys
Argentium sterling silver (silver, copper, germanium)
Billon (copper or copper bronze, sometimes with silver)
Britannia silver (silver, copper)
Electrum (silver, gold)
Goloid (silver, copper, gold)
Platinum sterling (silver, platinum)
Shibuichi (silver, copper)
Sterling silver (silver, copper)
Tin Alloys
Britannium (tin, copper, antimony)
Pewter (tin, lead, copper)
Solder (tin, lead, antimony)
Titanium Alloys
Beta C (titanium, vanadium, chromium, other metals)
6al-4v (titanium, aluminum, vanadium)
Uranium Alloys
Staballoy (depleted uranium with titanium or molybdenum)
Uranium may also be alloyed with plutonium
Zinc Alloys
Brass (zinc, copper)
Zamak (zinc, aluminum, magnesium, copper)
Zirconium Alloys
Zircaloy (zirconium and tin, sometimes with niobium, chromium, iron, nickel)

How the Planets and Satellites Got Their Names
MERCURY:Named for the winged Roman god of travel because it appears to move so swiftly.
VENUS:Roman name for the goddess of love. This planet was considered to be the brightest and most beautiful
planet or star in the heavens.
EARTH:The name Earth comes from the Indo-European base 'er,' which produced the Germanic noun 'ertho,'
and ultimately German 'erde,' Dutch 'aarde,' Danish and Swedish 'jord,' and English 'earth.' Related forms
include Greek 'eraze,' meaning 'on the ground,' and Welsh 'erw,' meaning 'field.'
THE MOON: Every civilization has had a name for the satellite of Earth that is known, in English, as the Moon. The
name is of Anglo-Saxon derivation.
MARS:Named by the Romans for their god of war because of its red, bloodlike color. Other civilizations also
named this planet from this attribute; for example, the Egyptians named it Her Desher, meaning the red
one.
SATELLITES: Phobos (named for one of the horses that drew Mars' chariot); Deimos (named for one of Mars'
companions).
JUPITER:The largest and most massive of the planets was named Zeus by the Greeks and Jupiter by the Romans;
he was the most important deity in both pantheons. Jupiter's satellites are named after mythological characters
who have some relationship to Zeus.
SATELLITES: Metis (first wife of Zeus); Adrastea (a nymph of Crete to whose care Zeus's mother entrusted the
infant Zeus); Amalthea (a goat in some accounts, a princess of Crete in others, she suckled Zeus as a young child);
Thebe (a nymph abducted by Zeus); Io (she was changed by Zeus into a cow to protect her from his jealous wife);
Europa (she was seduced by Jupiter); Ganymede (beautiful young boy who became the cupbearer of the Olympian
gods); Callisto (she was seduced by Zeus, who changed her into a bear to protect her from his wife's jealousy);
Leda (seduced by Zeus in the form of a swan); Himalia (nymph who bore three sons of Zeus); Lysithia (one of Zeus'
many lovers); Elara (a paramour of Zeus); Ananke (daughter of Zeus and Adrastea, goddess of fate and necessity);
Carme (mother, by Zeus, of Britomartis); Pasipha (wife of Minos, mother of the Minotaur); Sinope (daughter of
the river god Asopus and Merope). Other recently discovered and named satellites of Jupiter are: Themisto,
Euporie, Orthosie, Euanthe, Thyone, Harpalyke, Hermippe, Praxidike, Iocaste, Passithee, Chaldene, Kale, Isonoe,
Aitne, Erinome, Taygete, Kalyke, Eurydome, Autonoe, Sponde, Megaclite, and Callirrhoe. There are still 24 more
Jovian satellites to be named.
SATURN:Saturn was the Roman name for the Greek Cronos, god of farming and the father of Zeus/Jupiter. Some
of its satellites were named for Titans who, according to Greek mythology, were brothers and sisters of Saturn.
The newest satellites were named for Gallic (Gaul, or ancient France), Norse, and Inuit (Eskimo) giants.
SATELLITES: Pan (the half-human, half-goat god of pastoralism); Atlas (a Titan who held the heavens on his
shoulders); Prometheus (a Titan who gave many gifts to humanity, including fire); Pandora (a woman who opened
the box that loosed a host of plagues upon humanity); Janus (a two-faced Roman god who could look forward and
backward at the same time); Epimetheus (a Greek backward-looking god); Mimas (a Titan felled by Hephaestus);
Enceladus (a Titan killed by Athene); Tethys (the wife of Oceanus and mother of all rivers); Telesto (a water
nymph); Calypso (a daughter of Atlas and paramour of Odysseus); Dione (a sister of Cronos); Helene (a daughter of
Zeus); Rhea (a daughter of Cronos); Titan; Hyperion (a Titan); Iapetus (a Titan); Phoebe (another name for
Artemis, goddess of the moon). Satellites discovered in 2000 are: Kiviuq, Ijiraq, Paaliaq, Skadi, Albiorix, Erriapo,
Siarnaq, Tarvos, Mundilfari, Suttung, Thrym, and Ymir. One more satellite, discovered in 2003, is yet to be named.
URANUS:Uranus was named for the Greek god of the sky. The astronmer William Lassell, who discovered two of
Uranus' satellites in 1851, started the tradition of naming all of the planet's satellites for characters in the work
of William Shakepseare and Alexander Pope.
SATELLITES: Cordelia (daughter of Lear in Shakespeare's King Lear); Ophelia (daughter of Polonius, fiance of
Hamlet in Shakespeare's Hamlet); Bianca (daughter of Baptista, sister of Kate in Shakespeare's Taming of the
Shrew); Cressida (title character in Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida); Desdemona (wife of Othello in
Shakespeare's Othello); Juliet (heroine of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet); Portia (rich heiress in
Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice); Rosalind (daughter of the banished duke in Shakespeare's As You Like It);
Belinda (character in Pope's Rape of the Lock); Puck (mischievous spirit in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's
Dream); Miranda (the heroine of Shakespeare's The Tempest); Ariel (a benevolent spirit in Shakespeare's The
Tempest); Umbriel (a malevolent spirit in Pope's Rape of the Lock); Titania (the queen of the fairies in
Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream); Oberon (the king of the fairies in A Midsummer Night's Dream);
Caliban (the brutish slave in Shakespeare's The Tempest); Sycorax (Caliban's mother in The Tempest);
Prospero (the rightful Duke of Milan in The Tempest); Setebos (a false god worshiped by Caliban in The
Tempest); Stephano (a drunken butler in The Tempest); Trinculo (a jester in The Tempest).
NEPTUNE :Neptune, a blue planet, was named for the Roman god of the sea.
SATELLITES: Naiad (a group of Greek water nymphs who were guardians of lakes, fountains, springs and rivers);
Thalassa (Greek sea goddess); Despina (daughter of Neptune); Galatea (one of the attendants of Neptune); Larissa
(a lover of Neptune); Proteus (a Greek sea god); Triton (the sea-god son of Poseidon/Neptune); Nereid (the
Nereids, a group of fifty daughters, were attendants of Neptune). Five other recently discovered satellites are still
unnamed.
PLUTO:News Flash (August 24, 2006)
Pluto Demoted! Read About It Here.
Pluto, the outermost planet in our solar system, was named after Roman god of the underworld, who was able to
render himself invisible.
SATELLITE: Charon (the mythological boatman who ferried souls across the river Styx to Pluto for judgement).

Vedas:
The Rigveda, containing hymns to be recited by the hotar, or presiding priest;
The Yajurveda, containing formulas to be recited by the adhvaryu or officiating priest;
The Samaveda, containing formulas to be sung by the udgatar or priest that chants;
The Atharvaveda, a collection of spells and incantations, apotropaic charms and speculative hymns.
[9]


Acid-Alkali



Waves




Long-sightedness, also known as hyperopia, affects a person's ability to see objects close to them.
Vision problems such as long-sightedness are often referred to as refractive errors. If you are long-sighted, you will
usually be able to see distant objects clearly, but nearby objects will be out of focus. Your eyes may also get tired
easily.
Short-sightedness is a common eye condition that causes distant objects to appear blurred, while close objects
can be seen clearly.
The medical term for short-sightedness is myopia. Cases of short-sightedness can range from mild, where
treatment may not be required, to severe, where a person's vision is significantly affected.
Atmosphere


Exosphere: >700 km (>440 miles)
Thermosphere: 80 to 700 km (50 to 440 miles)
[6]

Mesosphere: 50 to 80 km (31 to 50 miles)
Stratosphere: 12 to 50 km (7 to 31 miles)
Troposphere: 0 to 12 km (0 to 7 miles)
[7]


Water on moon
if you open it while you are on the sunlight side of the Moon, then it will evaporate. It will "boil" (without
becoming hot). Some of it may freeze due to the passage from liquid to gas (this uses up a lot of energy, usually
taken from the heat within the liquid).

If you open it while you are at "night" on the Moon, then the water will likely already be frozen (unless you have
kept it warm on purpose until that moment -- in that case it will behave just like in the first paragraph).

Once the water vapor is out of the bottle, and exposed to sun rays, the UV light of the Sun will eventually
decompose it into hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen (being the lightest) will escape into space -- this is how
Earth lost most of its original hydrogen, billions of years ago.

Oxygen will also escape, but will take a bit longer. Some of it might have time to bond with other material. Since
you are talking of a single bottle (small enough to be carried by a person), this will have no effect on the Moon.