Biaxially Voided Bubble Deck Slab System and Other Conventional Floor Slab Systems

BIAXIALLY VOIDED BUBBLE DECK SLAB SYSTEM AND OTHER CONVENTIONAL FLOOR SLAB
SYSTEMS
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Department of Civil Engineering, M.S.R.I.T. Page 1
SYSTEMS
1.1 OVERVIEW
Reinforced concrete slabs are relatively thin, flat, structural elements, whose main
function is to transmit loading acting normal to their plane. Slabs are used as floors and
roofs of buildings, as walls in tanks and buildings, and as bridges to transmit relatively
heavy concentrated loading.
Reinforced concrete slabs are among the most common structural elements, but despite
the large number of slabs design and built, the details of the elastic and plastic behavior of
slabs are not always appreciated or properly taken into account. This occurs at least
partially because of the mathematical complexities of dealing with elastic equations,
especially for support conditions which realistically approximate those in building floor
slabs.
Regardless of which design method is used, the resulting slab must be serviceable at the
working load level, with deflections and cracking remaining within acceptable limits .slab
design methods are concerned largely with flexure, but the shear forces may also be a
limiting factor .The particular problem of shear is in beamless slabs, especially when
acting in combination with transfer of unbalanced moments from slabs to columns.
The bi-axially voided bubble deck technology is based upon the patented integration
technique - the direct way of linking air and steel. The bubble deck technology comprises
of a bi axial carrying hollow slab in which plastic balls serves the purpose of eliminating
concrete that has no carrying effect. n other words, it removes the non working dead
load, while maintaining bi axial strength.
This pro!ect report contains the details of innovative design, detailing and estimation of bi
axially voided bubble deck slab and a comparative study with conventional slab systems,
namely, beam slab and conventional flat slab.
SYSTEMS
1.2 OBJECTIVES
The main ob!ective of this pro!ect is to design and compare structural, economic, and
environmental panorama of the following floor slab systems "
#onventional beam slab system
#onventional flat slab system
$i-axially voided bubble deck system
n order to accomplish the advantages of the new bi-axially voided bubble deck floor slab
systems over other conventional floor slab systems.
1.3 Project Outl!e"
There are eight chapters in this pro!ect report. #hapter one gives introduction and
ob!ectives of this pro!ect. #hapter % provides literature review for this pro!ect. This chapter
gives the theory behind this pro!ect. #hapter & gives the information related to design and
detailing of flat slab system. #hapter ' gives the information about design and detailing of
conventional beam slab system. #hapter ( gives the information about design and
detailing of bi-axially voided bubble deck floor slab system. #hapter ) contains material
and economic estimation of all above mentioned floor slab systems. #hapter * contains
results and discussions. #hapter + gives conclusions on the experimental outcome and
the scope for future work.
SYSTEMS
C#$PTER 2
%ITER$TURE REVIEW
2.1 C%$SSI&IC$TION O& S%$BS
SYSTEMS
,ifferent types of load patterns and support conditions require different types of floor slab
systems. To accomplish this, the different types of floor slab systems used can be broadly
grouped into the following four classes "
a - #onventional beam slab system
b- .lat slab system
c- /ollow core floor slab system
d- $i-axially voided bubble deck floor slab system
Slabs can be classified as follows0
2.2 BE$' S%$B
Slabs supported on beams on all sides or selected sides of each poannel are generally
termed as beam slabs. n a beam slab system, it is quite easy to visuali1e the path from
load point to columns as being from slab to beam to column and them to compute realistic
moments and shears for the design of all members. 2 conventional beam slab system can
be classified as 0
3ne way slab
Two way slab
2 typical beam slab is shown in figure %.4
SYSTEMS
2.2 &%$T S%$BS
SYSTEMS
The term flat slab means a reinforced concrete slab with or without drops, supported
generally without beams, by columns with or without flared column heads. 2 flat slab may
be a solid slab or may have recesses formed on the soffit so that the soffit comprises a
series of ribs in two direction.
The following two methods are recommended by the code for determining the bending
moments in the slab panel0
1 ,irect design method 5,,6-
2 7quivalent frame method 57.6-
These methods are applicable only for two way rectangular slabs.
2.2.1 DIRECT DESI(N 'ET#OD
Department of Civil Engineering, M.S.R.I.T. Page !
SYSTEMS
,irect design method is a simplified procedure of determining the negative and positive
design moment at critical section in the slab. The code specifies that the following
conditions must be satisfied by the two way slab system for the application of direct
design method0
4- There must be at least three continuous spans in each direction.
%- 7ach panel must be rectangular, with the long to short span ratio not exceeding
%.8
3 The columns must not be offset by more than ten percent of span from either axis
between centre lines of successive columns. 2s shown in figure %.&.
4 The successive span length in each direction must not differ by more than 49&
rd
of
longer span.
(- The factored live load must not exceed three times the factored dead load.
Department of Civil Engineering, M.S.R.I.T. Page "
SYSTEMS
2.2.2. E)UIV$%ENT &R$'E 'ET#OD
The equivalent frame method 57.6- of design of two way beam supported slabs, flat
slabs, flat plates and waffle slab is a more general and more rigorous method than ,,6,
and is not sub!ected to the limitations of ,,6.

The equivalent frame concept simplifies the analysis of three dimensional reinforcement
concrete building by sub dividing it into a series of two dimensional frames centered on
column lines in longitudinal as well as transverse direction. The 7.6 differs from ,,6 in
Department of Civil Engineering, M.S.R.I.T. Page #
SYSTEMS
the determination of total :negative: and :positive: design moments in the slab panel for
the condition of gravity loading. /owever, the apportioning of the moments to column strip
and middle strip is common for both methods.
2.3 #O%%OW CORE S%$B
/ollow core slabs are pre fabricated, one way spanning, concrete elements with hollow
cylinders.

&I( 2.*
,ue to the pre fabrication, these are inexpensive and reduce building time, but can be
used only in one way spanning construction and must be supported by beams and9or
walls.
2.3.1 %I'IT$TIONS O& #O%%OW CORE S%$B
6anufactured
t requires higher capacity cranes
;revalence of post construction inflexibility
t has one way action
Department of Civil Engineering, M.S.R.I.T. Page 1$
SYSTEMS
t is suitable only for certain applications
2.+ BI,$-I$%%. VOIDED BUBB%E DEC/ S%$B S.STE'

The bi-axially voided bubble deck technology is based upon the patented integration
technique - the direct way of linking air and steel.
The bubble deck technology comprises of a bi axial carrying hollow slab in which plastic
balls serves the purpose of eliminating concrete that has no carrying effect. n other
words, it removes the non working dead load, while maintaining bi axial strength.
$y adopting the geometry of the ball in the mesh, an optimi1ed concrete construction is
obtained, with simultaneous maximum utility of both moment and shear 1ones.
The construction literally creates itself as a result of the geometry of two well known
components0
a Reinforcement
% /ollow plastic balls
SYSTEMS
<hen the top and bottom reinforcement are linked in the usual way, a geometrical and
statically stable bubble deck bubble-unit evolves.
The reinforcement catches, distributes and locks the balls in exact position, while the balls
shape the air volume, control the level of reinforcement and at the same time stabili1e the
spatial lattice. <hen the steel lattice unit is concreted, a monolithic bi-axial hollow slab is
obtained.
2.+.1 (ENER$% T#EOR.
2 bubble deck behaves like a solid slab, with true bi axial behavior, uniform in arbitrary
direction.
Tension and compression 1one is not influenced by the voids.
.orces can be distributed freely, with no singularities, in the three dimensional structure,
hence, making all concrete effective.
&01 2.2
SYSTEMS
<hen cutting out holes, the difference between the two deck types becomes obvious.
<ith one way span it is necessary to place beams around the hole to transport the forces
to principle beams.
SYSTEMS
Two way spans can be completely without beams.
&I( 2.3
2.+.2 TESTS $ND STUDIES
The bubble deck technology has been tested thoroughly. Results confirm that a bubble
deck slab behaves like a solid slab in every way.
2.+.2.1 S#E$R STREN(T#
Tests confirm that all concrete in the slab can be taken into account when calculating any
type of forces. .or safety reasons, it is recommended to use a factor of 8.) compared to
values of a solid slab of same height.
SYSTEMS
2.+.2.2 BENDIN( STREN(T# $ND DE&%ECTION BE#$VIOUR
2 bubble deck slab has the same bending strength as a solid slab of same height. The
bending stiffness is 8.=, compared to a solid slab. $ut since the weight of the slab is only
8.)( of a solid slab, the deflection will be considerably less.
2.+.2.3 $NC#ORIN(
Tests confirm that the balls have no influence on the anchoring values. The values are
exactly the same s for a solid slab.
2.+.2.+ &IRE
2 bubble deck slab can be tailored to meet any requirements by optimi1ing the actual
concrete cover.
The bubbles only slightly influence the patterns of heat transfer through the cover after a
certain time and distance from the bottom,. 2gain, a bubble deck behaves like a solid
slab.
T$B%E 2.1
2.+.2.* SOUND
SYSTEMS
>alues for air borne, impact sound 5vertical or hori1ontal- exists. $elow are the
representative values.
T$B%E 2.2

2.+.3 $u44le 5ec6 "la4 7er"o!"
The appropriate bubble deck slab version is engineered to suit building configuration,
span length between supports, applied loadings and vertical alignment of supports.
T$B%E 2.3
2.+.+ E%E'ENT T.PES
$ubble deck can be manufactured in three types of manufactured elements0
SYSTEMS
T?;7 2 " .@AR77 7@76BTS
<hen the bottom of the bubble reinforcement sandwich includes a *8mm thick pre cast
concrete layer acting as formwork within part of the finished slab depth replacing the need
for soffit shuttering. The elements are placed on temporary propping, loose !oint, the shear
and edge reinforcement added, perimeter and tolerance shuttered and then the remaining
slab depth concreted.
6ost commonly specified being suitable for the ma!ority of new-build pro!ects. Requires
fixed or mobile crane to lift into position due to weight of manufactured elements as
delivered to site.
T?;7 $-R7B.3R#767BT 63,C@7S
#omprising pre-fabricated Dbubble reinforcementE sandwiched elements. The modules are
placed on traditional site formwork, loose !oint, shear and edge reinforcement added and
then concrete in two stage to the full slab depth. Suitable for suspended ground floor slabs
and alteration9refurbishment pro!ects, particularly where site access is extremely
restricted. #an be manually lifted into position.
Department of Civil Engineering, M.S.R.I.T. Page 1!
SYSTEMS
T?;7 #-.BS/7, ;@2BFS
,elivered to the building site as complete pre-cast factory made slab elements with full
concrete thickness . These span in one direction only and require the inclusion of
supporting beams or walls within the structure.
2.+.* POST,TENSION
<hen mega spans are required 5above 4( meter- we can provide a post tension 5;T-
bubble deck solution. The above deflection limits can be increased by up-to &8 percent
with post-tension bubble deck slab.
2.+.2 (REEN CREDENTI$%S
$y virtually eliminating concrete in the middle of a slab bubble deck makes a significant
contribution to reducing environmental impact. Auidance from the 3,;6 requires the
direct environmental effects of building to be considered, including usage of natural
resources and emission resulting from construction. Bot only is concrete usage reduced
up-to (8 percent within a building structure but knock-on benefits can be reali1ed through
reduced foundation side. $ubble deck can make a a big contribution towards achieving
$R772B targets.
7very (888 m
%
of bubble deck floor slab can save0
4888 m
%
site concrete
4)) ready mix lorry trips
4*=+ tonnes of foundation loads "or 4= less piles
4*'( AG energy used in concrete production and haulage
%*+ tonnes of #3%- green house gases-emission
Department of Civil Engineering, M.S.R.I.T. Page 1"
SYSTEMS
C#$PTER 3
DESI(N O& &%$T S%$BS
$N$%.TIC$% P%$N
Department of Civil Engineering, M.S.R.I.T. Page 1#
SYSTEMS
&I( 3.1
3. DESI(N O& &%$T S%$B
8USIN( E)UIV$%ENT &R$'E 'ET#OD9
3.1 Sla4 thc6!e""
.or deflection control
d H
l
n 9 %) IS-'(), #lause %&.%.4J

Since drop is not provided
d H
l
n95%)K8.=- IS-'(), #lause %&.%.4J

d H )(8895%)K8.=-
d H %**.** mm

2pprox. d L %*( mm

SYSTEMS
Therefore , M d N %( 5clear cover-
, M %*( N %(
, M &88 mm

3.2 %oa5 Calculato!
Self weight of slab M %( K 8.& M *.( FB 9 m
%
.loor finish M 4 FB 9 m
%
@ive load M %.' FB 9 m
%
Total M 48.= FB 9 m
%
.actored load M 4.( K 48.= M 4).&( FB 9 m
%
3.3 E:u7ale!t &ra;e $!al<""

2long B-S direction

6iddle strip

SYSTEMS
&0 3.2
.ixed end moment

6f-ab M w K l
%
9 4%

M - =+.4 K ).(
%
9 4%
M - &'(.&= FB-m
I,ue to symmetry fixed end moments are same for all spansJ
,istribution factor 5,. Table-
Span F OF ,. M F 9 OF
2
%
$
%
9 ).( 8.4( 4
$
%
2
%
$
%
#
%
9 ).(
9 ).(
8.&
8.(
8.(
,
%
#
%
,
%
7
%
9 ).(
9 ).(
8.&
8.(
8.(
7
%
.
%
9 ).(
8.&
8.(
SYSTEMS
7
%
,
%
9 ).( 8.(
.
%
7
%
.
%
A
%
9 ).(
9 ).(
8.&
8.(
8.(
A
%
.
%
9 ).( 8.4( 4
T$B%E 3.1
6oment ,istribution Table

Goint 2
%
$
%
#
%
,
%
7
%
.
%
A
%
Span 2
%
$
%
$
%
2
%
$
%
#
%
#
%
$
%
#
%
,
%
,
%
#
%
,
%
7
%
7
%
,
%
7
%
.
%
.
%
7
%
.
%
A
%
A
%
.
%
,. 4 8.( 8.( 8.( 8.( 8.( 8.( 8.( 8.( 8.( 8.( 4
.76 -&'( &'( -&'( &'( -&'( &'( -&'( &'( -&'( &'( -&'( &'(
.inal
6ome
nt
-&'( &'( -&'( &'( -&'( &'( -&'( &'( -&'( &'( -&'( &'(
T$B%E 3.2
Since 2 and A are fixed ends and also due to symmetry, all moments are balanced,
hence fixed end moments are equal to final moments

.or edge strip
SYSTEMS

&0 3.3
.ixed end moment
6f-ab M w K l
%
9 4%
M - '=.8( K ).(
%
9 4%
M - 4*%.*8 FB - m

2$ 9 ).( 8.4( 4
$2
$#
9 ).(
9 ).(
8.&
8.(
8.(
,#
,7
9 ).(
9 ).(
8.&
8.(
8.(
7.
7,
9 ).(
9 ).(
8.&
8.(
8.(
.7
.A
9 ).(
9 ).(
8.&
8.(
8.(
A. 9 ).( 8.4( 4
Ta4le 3.3

Goint 2 $ # , 7 . A
Span 2$ $2 $# #$ #, ,# ,7 7, .7 A.
SYSTEMS
7. .A
,. 4 8.( 8.( 8.( 8.( 8.( 8.( 8.( 8.( 8.( 8.( 4
.76 -4*% 4*% -4*% 4*% -4*% 4*% -4*% 4*% -4*% 4*% -4*% 4*%
.inal
6omen
t
-4*% 4*% -4*% 4*% -4*% 4*% -4*% 4*% -4*% 4*% -4*% 4*%
T$B%E 3.+
Since 2 and A are fixed ends and also due to symmetry, all moments are balanced,
2long 7-< direction

7,A7 STR;
&0 3.*
.ixed 7nd 6oment
6f-a4a% M w K l
%
9 4%
M - (&.4& K )
%
9 4%
M -4(&.&= FB - m
SYSTEMS
Goint Span F =F ,. M F 9 OF
2
4
2
4
2
%
9 ) 8.4)) 4
2
%
2
%
2
4
2
&
2
%
9 )
9 )
8.&&
8.(
8.(
2
&
2
&
2
%
9 ) 8.4)) 4
Ta4le 3.*
Since 24 and 2& are fixed ends and also due to symmetry, all moments are balanced,
Ta4le 3.2
6, STR;
&0 3.2
.ixed 7nd 6oment
6.-$4$% M < K l
% 9
4%
M -48).%* K )
%
9 4%
M -&4+.+%( FB " m
Goint 2
4
2
%
2
&
Span 2
4
2
%
2
%
2
4
2
%
2
&
2
&
2
%
,. 4 8.( 8.( 4
.76 -4(=.&= 4(=.&= -4(=.&= 4(=.&=
.inal 6oment -4(=.&= 4(=.&= -4(=.&= 4(=.&=
SYSTEMS
$
4
$
4
$
%
9 ) 8.4)) 4
$
%
$
%
$
4
$
&
$
%
9 )
9 )
8.&&
8.(
8.(
$
&
$
&
$
%
9 ) 8.4)) 4
Ta4le 3.3
Ta4le 3.>
,ue to symmetry of span and supports, maximum positive moment will occur at centre
&0 3.3
6
Nive
M w K l
%
9 +
M =+.4 K ).(
%
9 +
M (4+.8= FB " m
Goint $
4
$
%
$
&
Span $
4
$
%
$
%
$
4
$
%
$
&
$
&
$
%
,. 4 8.( 8.( 4
.76 -&4+.%( &4+.%( - &4+.%( &4+.%(
.inal 6oment -&4+.%( &4+.%( -&4+.%( &4+.%(
SYSTEMS
3.+ 'o;e!t Calculato!
B-S direction
Begative moment calculation 5for mid strip along B-S dir-
.rom left support , 6
-ive
M 6l " 5=+.4 K 8.&(
%
9 %-
M -&'(.&= - ).88+
M -&(4.&= FB " m
5Since all the spans are symmetrical, moment from right support will be equal to moment
from left support-
Total design moment, for span 5face to face- , 6o M w K ln 9 +
M =+.4 K (.+ 9 +
M *4.4%( FB - m
#alculation of 2st 5B-S direction-
2dopting 6
Nive
for calculation of 2st, since its value is highest and reducing it by 48P in
accordance with clause &4.'.&.' of S " '().
6u M 8.=8 K (4+.8=
M ')).%+ FB " m
6u 9 bd
%
M ')).%+ K 48 Q ) 9 5)888 K %*(
%
-
M 4.8(
5Csing .ck M &8, from table ' of S; " )-
pt M 8.&8'
#onsidering 4m strip
2st M pt K b K d 9 488
M 8.&8' K 4888 K %*( 9 488
M +&) mm
%
Csing 4)mm bars
Spacing M 5R K 4)
%
9 '- K 4888 9 +&)
SYSTEMS
M %'8 mm
7-< ,irection
,ue to symmetry, maximum positive moment will occur at centre
6
Nive
M w K l
%
9 +
M 48).%* K )
%
9 +
M '*+.%4 FB " m
6aximum negative moment,
-ive
M 6l " w K l
%
9%
M -&4+.+% " 548).%* K 8.&(
%
9 %-
M -&%(.&& FB " m
Total design moment, 6o M w K ln 9 +
M 48).%*( K (.& 9 +
M *8.'4 FB " m
#alculation of 2st 57-< direction-
2dopting 6
Nive

6C M .=8K'*+.%4
M '&8.&= FB-m
6C9bKd
%
M '&8.&=K48Q)95)(88K%*(-

M 8.=8

pt M 8.%(=
SYSTEMS
M 8.%(=K4888K%*(9488
M *4%.%( mm
%
Csing 4)mm bars
Spacing M 5R K 4)
%
9 '- K 4888 9 *4%.%(
M %+8mm
&.'.4 Shear check
v M >C 9bKd
M5 &4+.+% K % K 48
&
-95 )888K %*(-
M 8.&+ B9mm
%
.or 4882st9bd M 8.&8'
Referring to table 4= of S-'()
# M 8.'8
/ence # S v
Therefore S2.7
Detal!0 o? ?lat "la4
SYSTEMS
&0 3.>
SYSTEMS
C#$PTER +
DESI(N O& CONVENTION$%
BE$' S%$B
+. De"0! o? Co!7e!to!al Bea; Sla4
8U"!0 l;t "tate ;etho59
+.1 De"0! o? "la4

+.1.2 Chec6 &or o!e @a< A t@o @a< t<pe o? "la4
Ratio of longer span to shorter span M ly 9 lx M ).(9)
SYSTEMS
M 4.8+ S %
Therefore slab is designed as two way slab.
@x M )m
@y M ).(m
#onsider 4m strip
2ssume slab thickness M4(8mm
Csing 4(mm clear cover with 48mm bar
d M 4(8-4(-489% M 4&8mm

+.1.3 loa5 calculato!
,ead load M 8.4(K%( M &.*( FB9m
%
@ive load M %.' FB9m
%
.loor finish M 4 FB9m
%
Total load M *.4( FB9m
%

Cltimate load M 4.( K *.4( M 48.*%( FB9m
%

+.1.+ Calculato! o? ;o;e!t co,e??ce!t
4.8 4.8+ 4.4
B
C
8.8)% 8.8*4) 8.8*'
B
<
8.8)% 8.8)4% 8.8)4
Ta4le +.1
+.1.* Calculato! o? ;o;e!t"
6T M 8.8*4) K 48.*%( K )
%

M %*.)' FB-m
6y M 8.8)4% K 48.*%( K )
%

M %&.)& FB-m
6 max M %*.)' FB-m
+.1.2 Chec6 ?or 5epth
SYSTEMS
6C M 58.&) K Tu-max 5 4-8.'%5Tu-max 9d--bKd
%
fck -9 d
%*.)' K48
)
M 8.&)K8.'+5 4-8.'%K8.'+-K4888Kd
%
K %8
d M +4.*%mm U 4(8mm
/ence safe
;rovide , M4(8mmV d M4&8mm
.rom S-'() V ;g *)
6 M %=.)) FB-m
Spacing M 448mm
;rovide 48mm bar W 448mm c9c along long direction and short direction
+.2 DESI(N O& BE$'S
2R72 3. 4 N % M %K55).( N 8.(-9%K&-
M %4 m
&

>olume M %4 K 8.4(
M &.4( m
&
<eight M %( K &.4(
M *+.*( FB
Cniformly distributed load M *+.)( 9 ).(
M 4%.4% FB 9 m
+.2.1 Depth Calculato!
.or simply supported beam 5clause %&.%.% of S - '()-
@ 9 d M %8
d M )(88 9 %8
2pprox. d L &%( mm
Therefore , M d N (8 5clear cover-
SYSTEMS
, M &%( N (8
, M &*( mm
2ssuming width, b M %&8mm
+.2.2 %oa5 Calculato!
Self weight of slab M %( K 8.&*( K 8.%& M %.4) FB 9 m
%
,ead load due to slab M 4%.4% FB 9 m
%
%
%
Total M 4*.)+ FB 9 m
%
.actored load M 4.( K 4*.)+ M %).(% FB 9 m
%
6oment 6u M w K l
%
9 +

M %).(% K ).(
%
9 +
M 4'8.8) FB "m

Shear force at support, >u M w K l 9 %
M %).(% K ).( 9 %
M +).4= FB
@imiting value of moment,
6ulim M 8.&) K Tumax K54- 8.'%Tumax9d-bd
%
fck 9d
Referring to clause &+.4 of S " '()
.or .e '4(, Tumax9d M 8.'+
6ulim M 8.&) K 8.'+ 54-8.'%K8.'+-K%&8K&%(
%
K%8
M )*.8&& FB " m
6u S 6ulim, hence design as doubly reinforced section

Tumax M 8.'+ K &%(
M 4() mm
SYSTEMS

+.2.3 Calculato! o? area
#ompression steel
Strain M 8.88&( 5Tumax " d:-9Tumax
M 8.88&( 54() " (8-94()
M%.&* K 48
-&

.rom S; 4), figure &
Stress, .sc M &+8 B9mm
%
6u - 6ulim M .sc K 2sc 5d-d:-
48Q
)
54'8.8) " )*.8&- M &+8 K 2sc 5&%( - (8-
2scM )=+.+( mm
%
Csing %8mm bars

Bumber of bars M )=+.+( 9 5R K %8
%
9 '-

M %.%& L & bars
/ence provide & bars of %8mm as compression steel
Tension steel
Tu 9 d M Tumax 9 d M5 8.+* fy2st4- 958.&) fck bd-
8.'+ M 58.+* K '4( K 2st4- 9 58.&) K %8 K %&8 K &%( -
2st4M*4(.(4mm
%
2st% M 2sc K fsc 958.+* fy-
M )=+.+( K &+8 9 58.+* K '4(-
M *&(.(& mm
%
Total area of tension steel , 2sc M 2sc4 N 2st%
M *4(.(4 N *&(.(&
M 4'(4.8' mm
%
Csing %%mm bars

Bo of bars M 4'(4.8' 9 5R K %%
%
9 '-
M &.+4 L ' bars
SYSTEMS
;rovide ' bars of %%mm as tension steel
+.2.+ De"0! ?or "hear
X
>u M +).4= FB
b M %&8 mm
d M &%( mm
2ctual steel M ' K R K%%
%
9 '
M 4(%8.(& mm
%
v M >u 9 bd

M +).4= K 48 Q
&
95 %&8 K &%(-

M 4.4* B 9 mm
%

488 2st 9 bd M 488 K 4(%8.(& 9 5%&8 K &%8-
M %.8&
Referring to table 4= of S '(), for 6%8,
c M 8.*=
c U v
/ence provide shear reinforcement
Csing >us M 8.+* K fy K 2sv K d 9 Sv
Csing % legged , + mm stirrups,
2sv M % K R K +
%
9 '
M 488.(& mm
%
>us M >u - c bd
M +).4= K 48Q
&
"58.*= K %&8 K &%(-
M %*.4& K 48 Q
&
B
%*.4& K 48 Q
&
M 8.+* K '4( K 488.(& K &%( 9 S>
Sv M '&'.)+ mm
SYSTEMS
$ut, 2s per S '(), maximum spacing M 8.*( K d
M 8.*( K &%(
M %'&.*( mm
3R &88 mm
/ence provide % @ +mm W &88mm c9c stirrups
Detal!0 o? co!7e!to!al 4ea; "la4
SYSTEMS
&0 +.1
SYSTEMS
&0 +.2
SYSTEMS
C#$PTER *
DESI(N O& BUBB%E DEC/ S%$B
*. De"0! O? Bu44le Dec6 Sla4
SYSTEMS
*.1Sla4 thc6!e""
.or deflection control
6odifying l 9 d ratio by 8.( I$S+448, product introductionJ
d H
l
n 9 5%)K8.=K4.(- IS-'(), #lause %&.%.4J
d H )(88 9 5&(.4-
d H 4+(.4= mm
2pprox. d L 4=8 mm
Therefore , M d N %8 5clear cover- considering
, M 4=8 N %8
, M %48 mm

;rovide , M %&8 mm 5considering slab version $, %&8-
/ence , d M %&8 " %( M %8( mm
5%(mm cover provides )8 min of fire resistance-
*.2 %oa5 Calculato!
Self weight of slab M %( K 8.%& K%9 & M &.+& FB 9 m
%
%
%
Total M *.%& FB 9 m
%
.actored load M 4.( K *.%& M 48.+'( FB 9 m
%
*.3 E:u7ale!t &ra;e $!al<""
SYSTEMS
2long B-S direction

.or middle strip
&0 *.1
.ixed end moment
6f-ab M w K l
%
9 4%

M - )(.8* K ).(
%
9 4%
M - %%=.4 FB-m
2
%
$
%
9 ).( 8.4( 4
$
%
2
%
$
%
#
%
9 ).(
9 ).(
8.&
8.(
8.(
,
%
#
%
,
%
7
%
9 ).(
9 ).(
8.&
8.(
8.(
7
%
.
%
7
%
,
%
9 ).(
9 ).(
8.&
8.(
8.(
.
%
7
%
.
%
A
%
9 ).(
9 ).(
8.&
8.(
8.(
A
%
.
%
9 ).( 8.4 4
Ta4le *.1

SYSTEMS
Goint 2
%
$
%
#
%
,
%
7
%
.
%
A
%
Span 2
%
$
%
$
%
2
%
$
%
#
%
#
%
$
%
#
%
,
%
,
%
#
%
,
%
7
%
7
%
,
%
7
%
.
%
.
%
7
%
.
%
A
%
A
%
.
%
,. 4 8.( 8.( 8.( 8.( 8.( 8.( 8.( 8.( 8.( 8.( 4
.76 -%%= %%= -%%= %%= -%%= %%= -%%= %%= -%%= %%= -%%= %%=
.inal
6ome
nt
-%%= %%= -%%= %%= -%%= %%= -%%= %%= -%%= %%= -%%= %%=
Ta4le *.2
Since 2 and A are fixed ends and also due to symmetry, all moments are
balanced, hence fixed end moments are equal to final moments

.or edge strip
&0 *.2
.ixed end moment
6f-ab M w K l
%
9 4%
M - &%.(&( K ).(
%
9 4%
M - 44'.(( FB - m
SYSTEMS
2$ 9 ).( 8.4( 4
$2
$#
9 ).(
9 ).(
8.&
8.(
8.(
,#
,7
9 ).(
9 ).(
8.&
8.(
8.(
7.
7,
9 ).(
9 ).(
8.&
8.(
8.(
.7
.A
9 ).(
9 ).(
8.&
8.(
8.(
A. 9 ).( 8.4( 4
Ta4le *.3
Goint 2 $ # , 7 . A
Span 2$ $2
$#
#$
#,
,#
,7
7,
7.
.7
.A
A.
,. 4 8.( 8.( 8.(
8.(
8.(
8.(
8.(
8.(
8.(
8.(
4
.76 -44'.( 44'.(-
44'.(
44'.(-
44'.(
44'.(-
44'.(
44'.(-
44'.(
44'.(-
44'.(
44'.(
.inal
6oment
-44'.( 44'.(-
44'.(
44'.(-
44'.(
44'.(-
44'.(
44'.(-
44'.(
44'.(-
44'.(
44'.(
Ta4le *.+
Since 2 and A are fixed ends and also due to symmetry, all moments are
balanced, hence fixed end moments are equal to final moments
2long 7-< direction

7,A7 STR;
SYSTEMS
&0 *.3
.ixed 7nd 6oment
6f-a4a% M w K l
%
9 4%
M - &(.%' K )
%
9 4%
M -48(.*% FB - m
Goint Span k =F ,. M F 9 OF
2
4
2
4
2
%
9 ) 8.4)) 4
2
%
2
%
2
4
2
&
2
%
9 )
9 )
8.&&
8.(
8.(
2
&
2
&
2
%
9 ) 8.4)) 4
Ta4le *.*
Ta4le *.2
Since 24 and 2& are fixed ends and also due to symmetry, all moments are balanced,
Goint 2
4
2
%
2
&
Span 2
4
2
%
2
%
2
4
2
%
2
&
2
&
2
%
,. 4 8.( 8.( 4
.76 -48(.*% 48(.*% -48(.*% 48(.*%
.inal 6oment -48(.*% 48(.*% -48(.*% 48(.*%
SYSTEMS
6, STR;
&0 *.+
.ixed 7nd 6oment
6.-$4$% M < K l
%
9 4%
M -*8.'=K )
%
9 4%
M -%44.'* FB " m

$
4
$
4
$
%
9 ) 8.4)) 4
$
%
$
%
$
4
$
&
$
%
9 )
9 )
8.&&
8.(
8.(
$
&
$
&
$
%
9 ) 8.4)) 4
Ta4le *.*
SYSTEMS
Ta4le *.2
,ue to symmetry of span and supports, maximum positive moment will occur at centre
&0 *.*
>a M )(.8'K).(9%
M%44.'* FB
6
Nive
M w K l
%
9 +
M =+.4 K ).(
%
9 +
M (4+.8= FB " m
*.+ 'o;e!t Calculato!
B-S direction
Begative moment calculation 5for mid strip along B-S dir-
-ive
M 6l " 5)(.8* K 8.&(
%
9 %-
M -%%=.4- &.=+
M -%&&.8+ FB " m
5Since all the spans are symmetrical, moment from right support will be equal to moment
from left support-
Goint $
4
$
%
$
&
Span $
4
$
%
$
%
$
4
$
%
$
&
$
&
$
%
,. 4 8.( 8.( 4
.76 -%44.'* %44.'* - %44.'* %44.'*
.inal 6oment -%44.'* %44.'* - %44.'* %44.'*
SYSTEMS
Total design moment, for span 5face to face- , 6o M w K ln 9 +
M )(.8* K (.+ 9 +
M '*.4* FB - m
#alculation of 2st 5B-S direction-
2dopting 6
Nive
6u M 8.=8 K &'&.8+
M &8+.**% FB " m
6u 9 bd
%
M &8+.**% K 48 Q ) 9 5)888 K %8(
%
-
M 4.%(
pt M 8.&)(
M 8.&)( K 4888 K %8( 9 488
M *'+.%( mm
%
Csing 4)mm bars
Spacing M 5R K 4)
%
9 '- K 4888 9 *'+.%(
M %*8 mm
7-< ,irection
,ue to symmetry, maximum positive moment will occur at centre
6
Nive
M w K l
%
9 +
M *8.'= K )
%
9 +
M &4*.%8 FB " m
6aximum negative moment,
-ive
M 6l " w K l
%
9%
SYSTEMS
M -%44.'* " 5*8.'=K 8.&(
%
9 %-
M -%4(.*+ FB " m
Total design moment, 6o M w K ln 9 +
M *8.'=K (.& 9 +
M ').)= FB " m
#alculation of 2st 57-< direction-
2dopting 6
Nive

6C M .=8K&4*.%
M %+(.'+ FB-m
6C9bKd
%
M %+(.'+K48Q)95)(88K%8(-

M 4.8(

pt M 8.&8'
M 8.&8'K4888K%8(9488
M )%&.% mm
%
Csing 4)mm bars
Spacing M 5R K 4)
%
9 '- K 4888 9 )%&.%
M &%( mm
SYSTEMS
Detal!0 o? 4u44le 5ec6
&0 *.2
SYSTEMS
C#$PTER 2
COSTIN( $ND ESTI'$TION
2.1 &%$T S%$B
).4.4 Reinforcement
2long B-S ,irection
SYSTEMS
@ength of main reinforcement
@M l N % K 8.(Kd- %c
M &=*88N %K8.(K4.( " %K%(
M &=))) mm
@ength of crank bar

@ M l-%c N% K8.(d N% K=d4 5d4 M , -%c-d M &88-(8-4) M%&' mm-
M &=*88- %K%( N%K8.(K4)N%K=K%&'
M '&+*+mm

Bumber of main reinforcement M 55span9spacing-N4-9%
M 554%.*98.%'9%-N4-9%
M %* bars
Bumber of cranked bars M ('-%*
M %* bars

2long 7-< direction
@ength of main reinforcement,
@ M l N %K8.(d-%c
M4%*88 N %K8.(K4) -%K%(
M4%))) mm
@ength of cranked bar,
@ M l " %c N %K8.(Kd N%K=Kd4
M 4%*88 -(8 N%K8.(K4) N%K=K%&'
M 4)+*+mm
M 55&=.*98.%'-N4-9%
SYSTEMS
M +' bars
Bumber of cranked bars M 4)*-+'
M +& bars
Ta4le 2.1
Reinforcement Bumber @ength
5m-
<eight9meter
8.)4)d
%
M8.)4)K4.)
%
Total weight
5kilogram, kg-
B-S direction
6ain
#ranked
%*
%*
&=.*
''
4.(*
4.(*
4)+&
4+)(
7-< direction
6ain
#ranked
+'
+&
4%.*
4).=
4.(*
4.(*
4)*(
%%8%
T3T2@ M *'%(
).4.% #3B#R7T7
>olume M4%*88 K&=*88 K&88
M 4(4.& m
&
Ta4le 2.2
;articular Yuantity Rate 5Rs- 2mount 5Rs-
Steel *.'%( 6 Ton '%888 &,44,=(8
#oncrete 4(4.& m
&
&(88 (,%=,((8

T3T2@ M +,'4,(88
2.1 BUBB%E DEC/ S%$B

).%.4 $ottom Reinforcement
2long B-S ,irection
SYSTEMS
@M l N % K 8.(Kd- %c
M &=*88N %K8.(K4.( " %K%(
M &=))) mm
@ength of crank bar

@ M l-%c N% K8.(d N% K=d4 5d4 M , -%c-d M %&8-(8-4) M4)' mm-
M &=*88- %K%( N%K8.(K4)N%K=K4)'
M '%)4+mm
2long 7-< direction
@ength of cranked bar,
@ M l " %c N %K8.(Kd N%K=Kd4
M 4%*88 -(8 N%K8.(K4) N%K=K4)'
M 4()4+mm
).%.% Top Reinforcement
2long B-S direction
@ M l N % K 8.(Kd- %c
M &=*88N %K8.(K) " %K%(
M &=)() mm
@ength of crank bar

@ M l-%c N% K8.(d N% K=d4 5d4 M , -%c-d M %&8-(8-)M4*' mm-
M &=*88- %K%( N%K8.(K)N%K=K4*'

M '%*++mm
SYSTEMS
2long 7-< direction


@ M l N % K 8.(Kd- %c
M 4%*88N %K8.(K) " %K%(
M 4%)() mm
@ength of crank bar

@ M l-%c N% K8.(d N% K=d4 5d4 M , -%c-d M %&8-(8-)M4*' mm-
M 4%*88- %K%( N%K8.(K)N%K=K4*'
M 4(*++mm
Bumber of bars
2long B-S direction 5bottom reinforcement-
Bumber of main reinforcement M 55span9spacing- N 4-9%
M 554%.*98.%*-N4-9%
M %' bars
Bumber of #ranked bar M '+-%'

M%' bars

2long 7-< direction 5bottom reinforcement-
M 55&=.*98.%*-N4-9%
M *' bars

Bumber of cranked bar M 4'+-*'
M*' bars
2long B-S direction 5top reinforcement-
Bumber of main reinforcement M55span9spacing-N4-9%
M 55&=.*98.%-N4-9%
M 4== bars
SYSTEMS
2long 7-< direction 5top reinforcement-
M 554%.*98.%-N4-9%
M )' bars
,etails of bottom reinforcement 5 using fe'4( steel-
Ta4le 2.3
5m-
<eight9meter
8.)4)d
%
M8.)4)K4.)
%
Total weight
5kilogram, kg-
B-S direction
6ain '+ &=.* 4.(* %==%
7-< direction
6ain 4'+ 4%.* 4.(* %=(8
T3T2@ M (='%
,etails of top reinforcement 5using fe%(8steel-
Table ).'
5m-
<eight9meter
8.)4)d
%
M8.)4)K8.)
%
Total weight
5kilogram, kg-
B-S direction
6ain )' &=.) 8.%% ((+
7-< direction
6ain 4== 4%.) 8.%% ((%
SYSTEMS
T3T2@ M 4448
).%.& #oncrete
Total volume M 4%*88 K&=*88K%&8
M 44(.=) m
&
Bumber of balls
2long B-S direction M 5span 9 spacing--4
M 5&=.*98.%--4
M 4=*.(

L 4=+ balls
2long 7-< direction M 5span9spacing--4

M 54%.*98.%--4

M )%.(

L )& balls

Total M 4=*K)%

M 4%,%4' balls

Reduction at column

Solid slab is to be provided for areas of high shear that is 49)
th
of the distance from centre
to centre of column.
Therefore, area of 4 column M %888 K%4)).
Bumber of balls M 5%888K%4)).)-95%888 K%888-
M %8.+&

L %4 balls
Bumber of equivalent columns units M 4K(N8.(K4% N8.%(K'

M (N)N4

SYSTEMS
M 4%
Bumber of balls to be reduced M4%K %4
M %(% balls
Therefore, total number of balls actually provided
M 4%,%4' "%(%
M 44,=)%
>olume of one ball M 5' KR Kr
&
-9&
M 5'K R K8.8=8
&
-9&
M &.8( K 48
-&
m
&
/ence, volume of concrete M 44(.=) -&).(&
M *=.'& m
&
2bstract
Ta4le 2.*
Steel 5fe
'4(
- (.='% 6 Ton '%888 %,'=,()'
Steel 5fe
%(8
- 4.44 6 Ton '%888 '),)%8
#oncrete *=.'& m
&
&(88 %,*+,88(
$alls 44,=)% @ump-sump &8,888

T3T2@ M ),8',4+=
2.3 BE$' S%$B
2.3.1 S%$B
#oncrete
>olume of concrete M ).%(K (.*( K8.4(
M (.&= m
&
Total M 4% K (.&=

M )'.)+ m
&
Reinforcement
2long B-S direction
SYSTEMS
Bumber of main bars M 55span9spacing-N4-9%
M 55(.*(98.44-N4-9%
M %* bars
#ranked M ('-%*
M %* bars
@ M l N % K 8.(Kd- %c
M )%(8N %K8.(K4 " %K%(
M )%48 mm

@ength of crank bar
@ M l-%c N% K8.(d N% K=d4

5d4 M , -%c-d M 4(8-(8-48M =8 mm-
M )%(8- %K%( N%K8.(K48N%K=K=8
M *+&8mm
2long 7-< direction
Bumber of main bars M 55span9spacing-N4-9%
M 55).+(98.44-N4-9%
M %= bars
#ranked M (=-%=
M &8 bars
@ M l N % K 8.(Kd- %c
M (*(8N %K8.(K48 " %K%(
M (*48 mm
SYSTEMS

@ength of crank bar

@ M l-%c N% K8.(d N% K=d4
5d4 M , -%c-d M 4(8-(8-48M =8 mm-
M (*(8- %K%( N%K8.(K48N%K=K=8
M *&&8mm
2.3.2 Bea;
2long B-S direction
@ M l N % K 8.(Kd- %c
M )(88N %K8.(K48 " %K%(
M )')8 mm

@ength of the stirrups
@ M % 5 l4 N l% - N % K =Kd
M %54+8N%*(- N%K=K+
M 48(' mm
Bumber of stirrups M 5).(98.&-N4
M %&
2long 7-< direction
@ M l N % K 8.(Kd- %c
M )888N %K8.(K48 " %K%(
M (=)8 mm
Bumber of stirrups M 5)98.&- N 4
M %4
SYSTEMS
>olume of concrete for beam M 4+5).(K8.%&K8.&*(-
M 4'5)K8.%&K8.&*(-
M 4*.'& m
&
,etails of reinforcement
Ta4le 2.2
5m-
<eight9meter Total weight
5kilogram, kg-
Sla4
B-S direction
6ain
#ranked
7-< direction
6ain
#ranked
4%K%*M&%'
4%K%*M&%'
4%K%=M&'+
4%K&8M&)8
).%
*.+
(.*
*.&
8.)4)
8.)4)
8.)4)
8.)4)
4%&)
4()8
4%%%
4)4=
Bea;
B-S direction
Top 4+K&M(' ).( %.') +)(
SYSTEMS
$ottom
7-< direction
Top
$ottom
Stirrup
4+K'M*%
4'K&M'%
4'K'M()
*8+
).(
)
)
4.8(
%.=+
%.')
%.=+
8.&=
4&=(
)%4
4884
%=8
T3T2@ M =+8=
Total quantity of concrete M4*.&' N)'.)+
M +%.8% m
&

2bstract
Ta4le 2.3
Steel =.+ 6 Ton '%888 ',44,)88
#oncrete +%.8% m
&
&(88 %,+*,8*8

T3T2@ M ),=+,)*8
2.+ $BSTR$CT
T?;7 >3@C67 R2T7 263CBT5 RS-
&%$T S%$B
Steel
#oncrete
*.'%( 6-Ton
4(4.& m
&
'%888
&(88
&,44,+(8
(,%=,((8
BE$' S%$B
Steel =.+ 6-Ton '%888 ',44,)88
SYSTEMS
#oncrete +%.8% m
&
&(88 %,+*,8*8
BUBB%E DEC/S%$B
Steel 5fe
'4(
-
#oncrete
Recycled plastic
Steel 5fe
%(8
-
(.=' 6-Ton
*=.'& m
&
44,=)%
4.44 6-Ton
'%888
&(88
@ump-sump
'%888
%,'=,'+8
%,*+,88(
&8,888
'),)%8
Ta4le 2.>
C#$PTER 3
SYSTEMS
RESU%TS $ND DISCUSSION
*.1 IINTRODUCTION
,esign and analysis of three types of slabs was done using their respective design
considerations. #osting and estimation was carried out to compute and compare the
structural, economic and environmental results. The outcome of the comparison is
presented in this chapter.
3.2 T#IC/NESS O& S%$B
$ased on the design outcome 5given in chapter &,',(- comparison of thickness of slab for
the different type of floor slab systems is plotted in the figure *.4.

SYSTEMS
&0 3.1
Araph shows that bubble deck slab has considerably less thickness as compared to
conventional flat slab. Tough the conventional beam slab has least thicknessV the addition
of beam nullifies the advantage.
3.3 )U$NTIT. O& CONCRETE
$ased on the design outcome 5given in chapter )- comparison of quantity of concrete
used in slab for the different type of floor slab systems is plotted in the figure *.%.
&0 3. 2
Araph shows, the conventional flat slab system uses highest amount of concrete and
conventional beam slab system and bubble deck slab uses equal amount of concrete. $ut
addition of beams in conventional beam slab system nullifies this advantage.
3.+ )U$NTIT. O& STEE%
$ased on the design outcome 5given in chapter )- comparison of quantity of steel used in
slab for the different type of floor slab systems is plotted in the figure *.&

& 03.3
SYSTEMS
.rom the graph we conclude that the bubble deck slab used least amount of steel and
usage of steel in conventional beam slab is maximum.
3.* TOT$% )U$NTIT. 2B, 7#3B36#S O& '$TERI$%S
.igure *.' shows the diagrammatic comparison of quantity of steel as well as quantity of
concrete used in different type of slab systems
&0 3.+
&0 3.*
.igure *.( shows the comparison of cost of concrete and cost of steel in slabs for different
types of floor slab systems. t can be seen that the bubble deck slab has least cost of both
steel and concrete as compared to conventional flat slab and conventional beam slab
3.2 ENVIRON'ENT$% CO'P$RISON
Table *.4 shows the #3% emissions for different types of slabs at given slab thickness
The table gives relevant data with reference to designed slabs as the thickness of slabs in
table are identical to the slabs designed
SYSTEMS
Ta4le 3.1
.rom table *.4 we conclude that #3% emission for bubble deck slab is least and that for
conventional flat slab is most. .igure *.' shows the diagrammatic comparison of quantity
of steel as well as quantity of concrete used in different type of slab systems
SYSTEMS
C#$PTER >
CONC%USIONS $ND SCOPE &OR &UTURE WOR/
SYSTEMS
>.1 CONC%USIONS
2 floor slab was designed using three different floor slab systems, namely conventional
beam slab system, conventional flat slab system, new bubble deck floor slab system.
,esign and estimation was carried out for all the three types of slab systems. 3n the basis
of this work the following conclusions are drawn.
').& P of #oncrete was saved by using bubble deck slab instead of conventional
flat slab system
&+.* P of steel was saved in bubble deck slab system as compared to
conventional beam slab system.
2lmost %8 6.tones of #3% emission was reduced by use of bubble deck
technology
ntangibles " other intangible benefits derived from the use of bubble deck
technology are "
4- ncrease in number of floors due to less slab thickness
2 Reduction in foundation depth and si1e, which alsoi reduces the earthwork
excavation.
&- Reduction in number of columns used and larger spans are possible
Department of Civil Engineering, M.S.R.I.T. Page !$
SYSTEMS
>.2 SCOPE &OR &UTURE WOR/
The present study on bi-axially voided bubble deck slab system has the following scope
for further improvement
,esign can be improved so as to provide bubbles at the areas of high punching
shear
The technology can be extended to design of rigid pavements and design of
foundation slabs.
Department of Civil Engineering, M.S.R.I.T. Page !1
SYSTEMS
$PPENDI- $
SYSTEMS

.ig 2.4 $all diameter
.ig 2.% $ending strength design
SYSTEMS
.ig 2.& $ending stiffness
.ig 2.' Shear capacity
.ig 2.( Shear capacity
SYSTEMS

.ig 2.) Bominal cover to meet specified period of fire resistance
.ig 2.* 6inimum permissible values of Zc
SYSTEMS
.ig 2.+ ,esign shear strength of concrete
.ig 2.= 6aximum shear stress

SYSTEMS
.ig 2.48 $ending moment coefficient for slab spanning in two directions at right angles,
simply supported on four sides
Department of Civil Engineering, M.S.R.I.T. Page !!
SYSTEMS
BIB%O(R$P#.
RE&ERENCES
Department of Civil Engineering, M.S.R.I.T. Page !"
SYSTEMS
I4J S CBBFRS/B2 ;@@2, ,7>,2S 67B3B 54===- Reinforced concrete design, Tata
6cgraw /ill.
I%J ;.#. >arghese 5%88=- ,esign of Reinforced #oncret .oundations, ; / ndia.
I&J S.S. $havikatti 5%88=- 2dvanced R## ,esign 5R## >olume-ii-, Bew 2ge nternational
;ublishers.
I'J ndian Standard ;lain and Reinforced #oncrete " #ode of ;ractice 5.3CRT/
R7>S3B- S '()0%888.
I(J 2# code &4+-8%,%88%.
I)J Bederlands $>-YR code.
I*J $ubbledeck >oided .lat slab solutions Technical 6anual and ,ocuments 5Gune, %88+-
I+J $ritish Standard code +448.
Department of Civil Engineering, M.S.R.I.T. Page !#

Biaxially Voided Bubble Deck Slab System and Other Conventional Floor Slab Systems

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Biaxially Voided Bubble Deck Slab System and Other Conventional Floor Slab Systems

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

BIAXIALLY VOIDED BUBBLE DECK SLAB SYSTEM AND OTHER CONVENTIONAL FLOOR SLAB

Você também pode gostar