19 Index PDF

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Index

Abbreviations 664
Acronyms 664
AISI specification:
allowable strength 80
allowable stress design (ASD) 1 22 25 79 80
147
bolted connections 479
bracing requirements for beams 297
combined axial load and bending 360 363 365
compression members 334
cylindrical tubular members 417
definitions of general terms 71
design basis 80
design strength 80
development of 1 22
effective design width 75 101 113 122 126
129 137 140 142 240
see also Effective design width
elements 72
see also Effective design width
flexural members 147 252 297
load and resistance factor design (LRFD) 25 79 82 148
load factors 84
loads 79 81
materials 39
nominal strength 79 81 83 85
resistance factors 77 80 86
safety factors 77 80 81
stiffeners:
edge 127
intermediate 125 135
shear 252
transverse 252
special tests 36
tension members 361
wall studs 550
welded connections 444 462
Allowable loads:
bolted connections:
bearing 484
shear and tension in bolts 487
spacing and edge distance 480
tension in connected part 481
thickness limitations 479
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compression members 334
cylindrical tubular members in compression 420
tension members 361
wall studs in compression 551
web design:
bearing stiffeners 252
crippling strength 276 279 282
shear strength 261 266
welded connections:
arc seam welds 454
arc spot welds 448
fillet welds 455
flare groove welds 458
groove welds 446
Allowable moments:
flexural members 147
wall studs 554
Allowable stress design (ASD) 79 147
Appendices 622
Applications
see also Cold-formed Sections
Arch 4 9 10 14
Area factor, Q
a
331
Aspect ratio 92 113

Beam-columns 365
AISI design criteria 376
amplification factor 367
coefficient Cm 367 379 381
coefficient CTF 374
critical moment 374
design of 382
flexural buckling 365
interaction formulas 365 374 378
shapes:
doubly symmetric 365
singly symmetric 369 371
torsional-flexural buckling 369
Beams 146
see also Flexural members
Bending brake 15
see also Forming methods
Bending coefficient, C
b
199 208
Bending strength 147
combined with shear strength 268
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combined with web crippling 283
inelastic reserve strength 177
initiation of yielding 148
Bend radius-to-thickness ratio 56 58
Bolted connections
see also Connections
Bolts:
high-strength 466 487
unfinished 466 487
Box sections 3 76 107 144 219
239 346 382
Bracing members 301
Bracing requirements for beams:
Continuous bracing 309
I-sections 309
single channels 297
Z-sections 307
Bridge forms 5 599
Buckling:
distortional 133 138
of beam-columns:
flexural 365
torsional, and torsional-flexural 369
of compression members:
flexural 313
torsional 317
torsional-flexural 317
lateral:
of box sections 220
doubly symmetric sections 195 207
of I-beams and channels 195 207
point symmetric sections 206 207
singly symmetric sections 29 195 207
unbraced compression flanges 221
of Z-shaped sections 206 235 238
local:
cylindrical tubes 410
effect of, on column strength 329
stiffened compression elements 28 71 72 89
unstiffened compression elements 28 71 72 117
of webs:
bending 111 267
combined bending and shear 268
combined web crippling and bending 283
crippling 32 271
shear 257
Buckling coefficients 91 94 113 114 118
125 141
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Building codes 26 27
Buildings, industrialized housing 9 13
modular systems 13
panelized systems 13
standardized buildings 9

Channels
see also Cold-formed sections
Cold-formed sections:
advantages of 1
applications of 1 3
depth of 3 4 7 18
design considerations of 28
development of 1 22 619
framing members 3 619
method of forming 15
shapes:
angles 3 313 321
box sections 3 72 76 108 116
219 239 346 383
C-sections
see also Channels
channel sections 3 19 36 72 74
76 123 127 133 142
155 207 217 235 238
255 291 297 321 326
337 352 371 399
corrugated sheets 5 588
cylindrical tubes 3 408
hat sections 3 76 89 106 149
164 180 207 276 321
369
I-sections 3 72 76 149 195
207 211 239 249 282
309 320 348 390
panels and decks 4 11 603
T-sections 3 321
tubular sections
see also Box sections
Z-sections 3 19 76
see also Z-sections
thickness 1 3 4 7 32
35 42 75
types of 3
Cold roll forming 17
Cold work of forming:
effect on mechanical properties 37 54
utilization of cold work 58 176 333
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Columns 312
see also Compression members
Combined axial load and bending 360
see also Beam-columns
Combined compressive axial load and bending 365
Combined web crippling and bending 283
Compact sections 59 200 313 360
Composite design:
advantages 600
composite beam with steel-deck-reinforced slab 7 602
steel-deck-reinforced slab 601
Compression elements:
multiple-stiffened 73 125 135
stiffened 28 72 89
subelement 73 125 135
unstiffened 28 31 72 117
Compression members 312
design of 312 346
distortional buckling 341
doubly symmetric shapes 320 346
effect of cold work 333
effect of diaphragm-bracing 357 546
effect of local buckling 329
effective length factor 342
Euler formula 313
flexural buckling 313
effect of local buckling 329
elastic buckling 313
inelastic buckling 315
nonsymmetric sections 328
one flange fastened to deck 337
point symmetric sections 75 328
Q-factor 330
singly symmetric shapes 321
slenderness ratio 314 340
torsional buckling 317
torsional-flexural buckling 75 317
unified approach 332
wall studs:
attachments for 357
non-load bearing 357
yielding 313
Computer-aided design 615
Connections 31 430
bolted 31 466
design of 488
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shear lag effect 482
spacing and edge distance 480
types of failure 467
for I-beams 514
for I- or box-shaped compression members 512
press-joints 509
riveted connections 507
rosette-joints 509
rupture failure 510
screws 502
spacing in compression elements 521
types of connections 430
welded 31 53 430
arc welds 431
arc seam welds 440 454
arc spot welds (puddle welds) 433 448
design of 450 456 461
fillet welds 441 455
flare groove welds 442 458
groove welds 446
welding symbols 433
projection welding 462
resistance welds 31 462
spot welding 462
Conversion table 666
Corners:
properties and dimensions 34 151
yield point 54 58
Corrosion protection 32
Corrugated sheets:
applications 5 588
arc- and tangent-type 589
design of 589 599
section properties 589
trapezoidal-type 588 599
Cross-sectional property _y 644
Cylindrical tubular members 408
applications 3
bending strength 422
column buckling 409
design of 423
local buckling 410 417
axial compression 411 420
bending 416 422
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combined loading 417 423
torsion 416
transverse shear 416
postbuckling behavior (snap through buckling) 414
type of 408
fabricated tubes 408
manufactured tubes 408

Decision table 617
Decks 2 4 27
Deflection of flexural members 189
Depth of sections 3 4 7 18
Design basis:
Allowable stress design (ASD) 80
Load and resistance factor design (LRFD) 82
Design formats:
for ASD method 81
for LRFD method 83
Design manual 26 66
Design specifications:
in foreign countries 27
in the United States
see also AISI specification
Design strength 80 81 85
Doubly symmetric sections 76 149 195 207 320
336 360
Drainage structures 588
Ductility 50 54

Economic design 37
Edge stiffeners
see also Stiffeners
Effective design width 75 95 111 120 125
135 140
beam webs 113
due to shear lag
(for both compression and tension flanges) 239
elements with more than one intermediate stiffener 135
elements with one intermediate stiffener 125
influence of:
impact loading 110
initial imperfection 109
stiffened elements under uniform compression 31 95
stiffened elements with stress gradient 113
uniformly compressed elements with an edge
stiffener 127
uniformly compressed elements with circular holes 140
unstiffened elements under uniform compression 31 120
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unstiffened elements with stress gradient 124
Effective length
see also Compression members
End bearing
see also Flexural members, webs, web crippling
Equivalent column

Factor of safety
see also Safety factor
Factor of safety for shear diaphragms 538
Flange curling 249
Flat width 73
Flat width-to-thickness ratio 28 31 33 73
Flexural members 146
AISI design criteria 147 177 207 219 226
236 238 240 249 252
261 266 270 279
allowable stress design (ASD) 147
bending strength 147
economic design 188
effect of cold work 176
lateral-torsional buckling strength 195
one-flange through-fastened to sheathing 235
one-flange fastened to a standing roof system 238
section strength 148
bracing requirements 297
deflection of 189
design of 146
equivalent column 228
inelastic reserve capacity 177
load and resistance factor design (LRFD) 148
lateral-torsional buckling 195
laterally unbraced compression flanges 221
local buckling
see also Buckling
multiple-stiffened flange 31 170
shear center 298 625
shear lag 239
stiffened flange 155 164 182
torsional analysis 310 625
types of cross-section:
box sections 108 116 219 245
channels 123 133 142 155 195
217 255 274 297 306
see also C-sections
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hat sections 106 149 164 180 182
274
I-sections 149 150 195 211 242
280 288 309
U-sections 221
Z-shapes 206 274 290 307
unstiffened flange 150 185
unusually short spans 239
unusually wide flange 239
webs:
bending 111 267
combined bending and shear 268
combined web crippling and bending 283
effect of holes 142 266 276
shear 255
stiffeners 252
web crippling 32 271
Floor panels 4 11
see also Cold-formed sections, shapes, panels and decks
Folded plate roof
see also Shell roof structures
Form factor, Q 333
see also Compression members,
flexural buckling, local buckling
Forming methods:
bending brake 15
cold roll forming 15 17 20
press brake 15 21

History:
cold-formed steel construction 1 22
specification 1 22 27
Housing
see also Residential construction
Hyperbolic paraboloid roof 5 13 526 575
see also Shell roof structures

Impact loading 110
Industrialized housing 13
Inelastic reserve capacity of beams
Initial imperfection 109 551
Initiation of yielding 148
Interaction formulas:
for bending and shear 268
for compressive axial load and bending 365
for cylindrical tubular members 408
for shear and tension in bolts 486
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for tensile axial load and bending 361
for web crippling and bending 283
I-sections
see also Cold-Formed sections

Joists 4 605

Large deflection theory 95
Lateral-torsional buckling of beams 195
see also Buckling
Laterally unbraced compression flanges 221
Length-to-width ratio of plate 92 113 118 125 240
260 273
Limiting flat-width-to-thickness ratio:
stiffened compression elements 74
unstiffened compression elements 74
webs 74
Linear method 33
Load 81
Load and resistance factor design (LRFD) 79 82
Load combinations 81 84
Load factors 84
Local buckling:
compression members 71 117 144 329
perforated elements 139 266 279 550
stiffened compression elements 28 71 89
unstiffened compression elements 28 71 117
uniformly compressed elements with stiffeners 125
webs 111

Materials 39
Mechanical properties:
Bauschinger effect 56
ductility 40 50 54
effect of strain rate 68
effect of temperature 65
elongation 42 50
fatigue strength 40 54
influence of cold work 37 54 58
modulus of elasticity 40 41 65
proportional limit 48 67
residual stress 67
shear modulus 49 164 177 263
strain aging 54 56
strain hardening 48 54 56
stress-strain characteristics 40 48 54 58 67
tangent modulus 40 48 315
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tensile strength 40 42 50 54 58
65 68
toughness 40 54
weldability 40 53
yield point or yield strength 40 42 48 50 54
58 65 68
Metal buildings, pre-engineered 9
Modular systems 13
Moment:
bending moment 147
critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling 196
plastic 177 200
yield 148 177 200
Moment of inertia:
of compression members 314 333
of flexural members 150 189 195
minimum requirements for:
edge stiffeners 127
intermediate stiffeners 125 135
shear stiffeners 254
Moment redistribution of continuous beams 296
Moment-to-weight ratios 189
Multiple-stiffened element 73

Neutral axis 149
Nomenclature 646
Nominal load 79
Nominal moments:
flexural members:
beams having one flange through-fastened to
deck or sheathing 147 235
beam having one flange fastened to a standing
seam roof system 147 238
lateral-torsional buckling strength 147 195 207
section bending strength 147 148
Nominal strength:
bolted connections:
bearing strength 473 484
shear and tension in bolts 478 486
tension in connected part 475 481
compression members:
flexural buckling 313 334
torsional buckling 317 336
torsional-flexural buckling 317 336
cylindrical tubular members in compression 420
flexural members:
web crippling 271 274 280
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web shear strength 257 261 266
tension members 361
welded connections:
arc seam welds 454
arc spot welds 448
fillet welds 455
flare groove welds 458
groove welds 446
resistance welds 462
Noncompact sections 339
Nonsymmetric sections 328 336

Optimum properties 37

Panels 2 4 52
Perforated members 139 266 279 550
Plastic design 33 177 200
Plasticity reduction factor 93 413 416 611
Plate buckling:
long plate 94 259
rectangular plate 90 259
square plate 90 93
Point symmetric sections 75 206 328
Poissons ratio 90 250 258 261 272
411 416
Polar radius of gyration 203 209 319 329 369
Postbuckling strength:
perforated elements 139
stiffened compression elements 28 95
unstiffened compression elements 28 120
web element subjected bending 113
Proportional limit
see also Mechanical properties
Purlins 51 236 238 297 307

Reduced modulus method 315
References 667
Reliability index 86
Research:
foreign countries 27
the United States 22
Residential construction:
AISI residential manual 620
applications of 619
framing standards 621
prescriptive method 619
Residual stress 67
Resistance factor 77 80 83 86
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Roof deck 2 4
Rupture:
shear 510
tension 511
block shear 511

Safety factor 77 80 81 88
see also Flexural members, Compression members,
Cylindrical tubular members,
Connections, and Shear diaphragms
Screw connections
St. Venant torsion constant 196 209 319
Section strength:
inelastic reserve capacity 177
beams having one flange fastened to deck 235
beams having one flange fastened to standing
seam roof 236
Sectional properties 31 33 150 151 154
164 169
Serviceability 88
Shear buckling:
perforated plates 139
rectangular plates 93
Shear center 298 625
Shear diaphragms:
applications of 526
deflection 530 540
design of 537
factor of safety 538
research 527
shear strength 528 536
special consideration 540
stiffness 530 536
tests 530
Shear lag:
effective width 239
bolted connections 482
welded connections 465
Shear modulus
see also Mechanical properties
Shear strength
combined with bending 270
webs with holes 266
webs without holes 261
Shear yielding 257
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Shell roof structures 5 567
folded plate roof 5 567
advantages of 567
analysis and design of 569
deflection of 571
research 573
truss type 575
types of 568
Williot diagram 571
hyperbolic paraboloid roof 5
analysis and design 579
applications of 5 575
curvilinear grid frame type 586
research 585
types of 578
Singly symmetric shapes 3
see also Channels
Slenderness ratio, maximum limit
for compression members 340
Space frames 3 8 9
Specifications and recommendations:
American Institute of Steel Construction 25 48 59
American Iron and Steel Institute
see also AISI specification
American Society of Civil Engineers:
composite slabs 27 602
stainless steel structural members 26 94 610
American Society for Testing and Materials 39 42 624
American Welding Society 53 431 462
Australian 27
Austrian 27
British 27
Canadian 27
Canadian Sheet Steel Building Institute 13 21 27
Chinese 27
Composite slab design 27
Czechoslovakian 27
Dutch 27
European Convention for Construction Steelwork 27
Finnish 27
French 27
German 27
Indian 27
Japanese 27
Metal Building Manufacturers Association 10 19 27
Metal Construction Association 27
New Zealand 27
Rack Manufacturers Institute 27
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Research Council on Structural Connections 466
Romanian 27
Russian 27
South African 27
Stainless steel design 26 607
applications of 607
design criteria 26 610
stress-strain curves of stainless steels 607 612
Standing seam roof system 7
Steel Deck Institute 27
Steel Joist Institute 27
Swedish 27
Spring constant 224 226 309
Standardized buildings 9
Stiffened compression elements
see also Compression element
Stiffeners:
edge stiffeners:
effective width and area 127
other than simple lip 30 129
simple lip 30 127
insufficient stiffeners 135
intermediate stiffeners 30 125 135
effective stiffeners 136
effective area 138
minimum moment of inertia 135
multiple-intermediate stiffeners 135
web stiffeners 252
Stiffness 189
deflection of 189
Strength:
design strength 80 83 85
nominal strength 79 81 85
required strength 79 81 83
Stress, definitions of 75
Stress factor, Q
s
331
Stress-strain curves 40 48 58 68 608
613
Structural economy 125 188
Subelement
see also Compression element, subelement
Successive approximation 150 165 563

Tangent modulus method 315
Tension members 59 361
combined tensile load and bending 363
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nominal tensile strength 361
Tests:
confirmation 79
flat elements 66
full sections 66
performance 79
shear diaphragms 530
special cases 36
Thickness:
base metal 75 622
coating 32 624
galvanized sheet 594 623
uncoated sheets 594 623
Tolerances 18
Torsion 525
Torsional analysis of beams
Torsional buckling 317
Torsional-flexural buckling 75 317
Torsional rigidity 29 319
Truss-panel system 4 15
Types, cold-formed sections 3

Unstiffened compression elements 28 30 72 117 150
185
Unsymmetric shapes 328 336

Virgin steel 79
Virgin steel properties 40 42 54 79
Virtual hole method for C-section webs with holes 142

Wall panels 2 4 11 16 18
see also Corrugated sheets; Shear diaphragms
Wall studs 357 547
Warping constant 196 319 329 628
Warping rigidity 319
Wavelength 92 93
lateral buckling 234
local buckling 92 93
Web crippling 32 271
webs with holes 279
web without holes 274 280
Weld connections 430
Weldability 53
Welds:
arc 431
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resistance 462
Width-to-thickness ratio
see also Flat-width-tothickness ratio
Wind load:
load factor for the LRFD method 84
reduction of resulting force for the ASD method 82

Yield point or yield strength 40 42 48 50 54
58 65 68 75
reduced yield point for multiple-web configurations 52

Z-sections 3 19 76 206 235
328 337 238 290 307
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