Voltage-Based Maximum

Power Point Tracking Control

of PV System
MUMMADI VEERACHARY, Student Member, IEEE
TOMONOBU SENJYU, Member, IEEE
KATSUMI UEZATO
University of the Ryukyus
Japan
Photovoltaic (PV) generators exhibit nonlinear v-i
characteristics and maximum power (MP) points that vary
with solar insolation. An intermediate converter can therefore
increase efficiency by matching the PV system to the load and
by operating the solar cell arrays (SCAs) at their maximum
power point. An MP point tracking algorithm is developed using
only SCA voltage information thus leading to current sensorless
tracking control. The inadequacy of a boost converter for array
voltage based MP point control is experimentally verified and an
improved converter system is proposed. The proposed converter
system results in low ripple content, which improves the array
performance and hence a lower value of capacitance is sufficient
on the solar array side. Simplified mathematical expressions for
a PV source are derived. A signal flow graph is employed for
modeling the converter system. Current sensorless peak power
tracking effectiveness is demonstrated through simulation results.
Experimental results are presented to validate the proposed
method.
Manuscript received March 14, 2000; revised July 3, 2001; released
for publication July 26, 2001.
IEEE Log No. T-AES/38/1/02589.
Refereeing of this contribution was handled by I. Batarseh.
Authors address: Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru,
Nishihara-cho, Nakagami, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan.
0018-9251/02/$17.00 c 2002 IEEE
I. NOMENCLATURE
C, C
a
Filter, array capacitance
d
1
, d
2
Duty ratios of switch S
1
, S
2
D
P1
, D
P2
Diodes of individual boost cells
I
A
SCA current
I
Ab
SCA current with boost converter
I
Ad
SCA current with IDB converter
I
m
SCA current at maximum power
operation
I
ab
Average load current with boost converter
I
aid
Average load current with IDB converter
I
ph
Insolation dependent photo current
I
0
Cell reverse saturation current
L
1
, L
2
Inductances of individual boost cells
N
s
, N
p
Number of SCA cells in series, parallel
P
gb
, P
gd
SCA power output with boost, IDB
converter
P
m
Maximum power of the SCA
R
1
, R
2
Inductor series resistances
R
s
Cell series resistance
R Load resistance
S
1
, S
2
Switches of individual boost cells
V
Ab
, V
Ad
SCA voltage with boost, IDB converter
V
m
SCA voltage at maximum power
operation
V
ab
, V
aid
Average load voltage with boost, IDB
converter

b
,
id
Efficiency of the boost, IDB converter
Solar insolation.
II. INTRODUCTION
The rapid trend of industrialization of nations and
increased interest in environmental issues recently
led us to explore the use of renewable forms such
as solar energy. Photovoltaic (PV) generation is
gaining increased importance as a renewable source
[12] due to its advantages like absence of fuel cost,
little maintenance, and no noise and wear due to the
absence of moving parts, etc. In particular, energy
conversion from solar cell arrays (SCAs) received
considerable attention in the last two decades. The
PV generator exhibits a nonlinear v-i characteristic,
and its maximum power (MP) point varies with the
solar insolation and temperature. At a particular solar
insolation, there is a unique operating point of the
PV generator at which its power output is maximum.
Therefore, for maximum utilization efficiency, it is
necessary to match the PV generator to the load such
that the equilibrium operating point coincides with the
MP point of the PV source. However, since the MP
point varies with insolation and seasons, it is difficult
to maintain MP operation at all solar insolations.
To overcome this problem, use of an intermediate
dc-dc converter is proposed [35], which continuously
262 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AEROSPACE AND ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS VOL. 38, NO. 1 JANUARY 2002
adjusts the voltage, current levels and matches the PV
source to the load.
The MP point tracking is applied to PV systems
to extract maximum available power from the
SCAs at all solar insolations. Different methods of
peak power tracking schemes have been proposed
by using different control strategies [69]. Boost
converter based MP point tracking using fuzzy
logic is reported [10]. These studies show that the
fuzzy control algorithm is capable of improving the
tracking performance as compared with conventional
methods. However, in fuzzy implementation several
parameters are selected on a trial and error basis,
which mainly depends on designer experience and
intuition. To overcome some of the disadvantages
mentioned above, a fuzzy neural network based MP
point tracking is proposed [11]. All these methods
depend on the SCA power output and/or load power
detection using the instantaneous voltage and current
information, requiring voltage and current sensors.
Neural network based real time MP tracking controller
for PV grid connected systems has been reported [12].
The studies emphasize that the SCA operating point
is shifted to its MP point by using a voltage control
type inverter, which utilizes the array voltage together
with pilot cell voltage information. Array voltage
based MP point tracking using dc-dc converters is
currently under investigation by various researchers.
This method of MP tracking has advantages like
straightforward array voltage measurement (which is
inexpensive as compared with the measurements of
solar insolation, and other environmental factors), no
need of current sensors, (which introduces losses and
complexity in the system) etc. The authors have tried
to implement boost converter array voltage based MP
point control. The experimental investigations show
that boost converters are not suitable for array voltage
based MP point tracking control as this leads to an
undesirable operation. An alternate converter scheme
(interleaved dual boost (IDB) converter) is proposed
by the authors for array voltage based MP extraction,
by simple addition of one more boost cell in parallel
to the existing boost cell and controlling these two
boost cells in an interleaved fashion.
The advantages of the present converter system
are 1) ripple cancellation both in the input and output
waveforms to the maximum extent possible, 2) lower
value of ripple amplitude, and high ripple frequency
in the resulting input and output waveforms, and 3)
reduced electromagnetic interference (EMI) because
of low ripple amplitude of SCA current. Although
the interleaving technique increases the number of
components, the actual increase of cost may not be
significant. This is because more boost cells can
share the current flow in the inductors and switching
devices, so lower current rating devices may be
employed. Further, parallel connection of converters
has many desirable properties such as reduced device
Fig. 1a. Experimental setup of PV system.
stresses, fault tolerance for the system, flexibility in
the system design, etc.
This paper presents MP point tracking of SCA
employing an intermediate interleaved dual boost
(IDB) converter using only the array voltage
information, eliminating the array current detection
and hence achieving current sensorless peak power
tracking. This paper is organized as follows.
In Section III, we present the development of
mathematical models for the PV generator and power
converters. Maximum power point tracking control
process is discussed in Section IV. Experimental
system description is given in Section V. Section VI
presents experimental results, and conclusions are
provided in Section VII.
III. MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF SYSTEM
Fig. 1(a) shows the overview of the combined
system, which mainly consists of SCA, IDB converter,
and data acquisition system. The analysis of the
system is carried out under the following assumptions.
1) Switching elements (MOSFET and diode) of
the converter are assumed to be ideal, i.e., forward
voltage drops and ON-state resistances of the switches
are neglected.
2) The equivalent series resistance of the
capacitance and stray capacitances are neglected.
3) Passive components (R, L, C) are assumed to be
linear, time invariant, and frequency independent.
4) The two parallel boost cells are identical and
operate in the continuous inductor current mode.
5) The switches (S
1
, S
2
) operate in interleaved
fashion.
Mathematical models for individual components
are developed in the following sections.
A. PV Generator Model
The PV generator is formed by the combination
of many PV cells connected in series and parallel to
provide the desired output voltage and current. This
VEERACHARY: VOLTAGE-BASED MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING CONTROL OF PV SYSTEM 263
PV generator exhibits a nonlinear insolation dependent
v-i characteristic, mathematically expressed for the
SCA consisting of N
s
cells in series and N
p
cells in
parallel [1] as
V
A
=I
A
R
s

N
s
N
p
!
+

N
s

ln
(
1 +
N
p
I
ph
I
A
N
p
I
0
)
(1)
where = (q=AKT), qelectric charge;
Acompletion factor; KBoltzmanns constant;
Tabsolute temperature; R
s
cell series resistance;
I
ph
photo current; I
0
cell reverse saturation current;
I
A
, V
A
are the SCA current and voltage, respectively.
For given values of SCA parameters, the V
A
I
A
characteristic depends on the solar insolation and the
MP point varies with the solar insolation. Rewriting
(1) as
V
A
=I
A
R
s

N
s
N
p
!
+

N
s

"
ln

I
pha
I
0

+ln

1
I
A
N
p
I
pha
!#
(2)
where I
pha
= I
ph
+I
0
. Expanding the term
ln(1 (I
A
=N
p
I
pha
)) into Taylor series and neglecting
higher order terms [5] results in the following
equation
V
A
=I
A

R
sg
+
2N
s
N
p
I
pha
!
+

N
s

ln

I
pha
I
0

:
(3)
Simplifying the above equation for the SCA current
results in the following equation.
I
A
=
1

R
sg
+
2N
s
N
p
I
pha
!

N
s

ln

I
pha
I
0

V
A

(4)
where R
sg
= N
s
R
s
=N
p
. The equations (3) and (4) are
used in the simulation studies.
B. Boost Converter Model
The intermediate boost converter produces a
chopped output voltage and controls the average dc
voltage applied to the load. Further, the converter
continuously matches the output characteristic of the
PV generator to the input characteristic of the load.
The steady-state voltage and current relations of the
boost converter operating in continuous current mode
are
V
ab
=
V
Ab
(1 d)
(5)
I
ab
=
b
(1 d)I
Ab
(6)
where
b
is the efficiency of the boost converter,
V
Ab
, I
Ab
are the array voltage and current, respectively.
Transforming the load to the SCA side (Fig. 1(b)),
Fig. 1b. Equivalent circuit of system.
then the reflected equivalent load on the SCA side is
given by the following equation
R
eq
=
b
(1 d)
2
R (7)
i.e.,
V
Ab
I
Ab
=
b
(1 d)
2
R: (8)
Power extracted by the boost converter from the SCA
is
P
gb
=
V
2
Ab

b
(1 d)
2
R
: (9)
From the above expression the array power P
gb
depends on the load and converter duty ratio. For a
given load, the array power continuously increases
with duty ratio, theoretically resulting in minimum
power at d = 0 and infinite power at d = 1, at which
the SCA voltage collapses, leading to an undesirable
operation. Furthermore, the power P
gb
is continuously
increasing with duty ratio, and hence with this power
comparison method it may not be possible to reach
the MP point. To overcome this disadvantage an
identical boost branch is connected in parallel to
the existing one and controlls these two branches in
complementary fashion. The analytical discussion of
this converter is given in the following section.
C. IDB Converter Model
The intermediate IDB converter produces a
chopped output dc voltage and controls the average
dc voltage applied to the load. Further, the converter
continuously matches the output characteristic of the
PV generator to the input characteristic of the load so
that MP is extracted from the SCA. The steady-state
voltage and current relations of the IDB converter
operating in continuous current mode are derived
using signal flow graph (SFG) technique [13]. The
steady-state signal flow graph of the IDB converter is
obtained as shown in Fig. 2. Voltage gain is derived
by employing the well-known Masons gain formula.
To start with various possible forward paths and loops
are identified from the steady-state SFG (Fig. 2). The
forward paths transmittances formed by the nodes
264 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AEROSPACE AND ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS VOL. 38, NO. 1 JANUARY 2002
Fig. 2. Steady-state SFG of IDB converter.
(V
g
V
1
I
L1
I
0
V
0
), (V
g
V
2
I
L2
I
0
V
0
) are
P
1
=
d
2
R
R
1
(10)
P
2
=
d
1
R
R
2
: (11)
In this steady-state SFG two loops formed by the
nodes (V
2
I
L2
I
0
V
2
), (V
1
I
L1
I
0
V
0
V
1
) exist
and their loop transmittances are
L
1
=
Rd
2
1
R
2
(12)
L
2
=
Rd
2
2
R
1
: (13)
Applying Masons gain formula the steady-state
voltage gain obtained as
V
aid
V
Ad
=
R(R
1
d
1
+R
2
d
2
)
R
1
R
2
+R(R
1
d
2
1
+R
2
d
2
2
)
(14)
where d
1
, d
2
are the duty ratios of the switches
S
1
, S
2
, respectively. The IDB converter switching
devices (S
1
, S
2
) are activated in complementary mode
with duty ratios d
1
and d
2
, satisfying the relation
d
1
+d
2
= 1. If the two parallel boost cells are identical
(R
1
= R
2
= r; R r) then the above equation becomes
V
aid
=
V
Ad
(d
2
1
+d
2
2
)
: (15)
Substituting d
1
= d, d
2
= (1 d), the above equation
can be written as
V
aid
=
V
Ad
(2d
2
2d +1)
: (16)
Using power balance, the current expression is
obtained as
I
aid
=
id
(d
2
1
+d
2
2
)I
Ad
(17)
where
id
is the efficiency of the IDB converter,
V
Ad
, I
Ad
are the array voltage and current, respectively.
Transforming the load to the SCA side (Fig. 1b), then
the reflected equivalent load on the SCA side is given
by the following equation
R
eq
=
id
(2d
2
2d +1)
2
R (18)
i.e.,
V
Ad
I
Ad
=
id
(2d
2
2d +1)
2
R: (19)
Substituting the I
Ad
= I
A
expression (from (4)) in the
above expression then
V
Ad
=
[
id
(2d
2
2d +1)
2
R]

R
sg
+
2N
s
N
p
I
pha
!

N
s

ln

I
pha
I
0

V
Ad

:
(20)
On simplification the array voltage equation becomes
V
Ad
=
[
id
(2d
2
2d +1)RN
s
]
[K +
id
(2d
2
2d +1)R]

ln

I
pha
I
0

(21)
where K = (R
sg
+(2N
s
=N
p
I
pha
)). Power extracted by
the IDB converter from the SCA is
P
gd
=
V
2
Ad
R
eq
: (22)
Substituting (18) and (21) in (22) then the resulting
SCA power expression is
P
gd
=
(
id
RN
2
s
)

2
[K +
id
(2d
2
2d +1)R]
2

ln

I
pha
I
0

2
:
(23)
From (23) it can be noticed that, for given values
of the array parameters and load, the SCA power
(P
gd
) depends on the duty ratio of the IDB converter.
Suitable adjustment of converter duty ratio results in
V
Ad
= V
m
, which in turn results in extraction of MP
from the SCA.
IV. MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING
CONTROL PROCESS
The control flow chart is given in Fig. 3, which
controls the tracking process of the PV supplied
converter system. The tracking process can be started
by outputting the command signal either 0 or 5 V to
the pulsewidth modulation (PWM) generator, which
corresponds to duty ratio of zero or one, respectively.
Whatever may be the duty ratio (0-1) the array power
(P
g
) is computed from the (22) using the already
VEERACHARY: VOLTAGE-BASED MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING CONTROL OF PV SYSTEM 265
Fig. 3. Flow chart for MP point tracking.
sensed array voltage. Change (increase or decrease)
the duty ratio and then measure the instantaneous
array power. This power is compared with the
previous power and a decision on whether to increase
or decrease the duty ratio is taken depending on the
location of the operating point and direction of its
movement as indicated in Fig. 4. As a consequence,
there are four possibilities (two if the operating
point is left of the MP point, two if the operating
point is right of the MP point) for the operating
point movement. The duty ratio control signal is
continuously adjusted to maximize the array power
by following the equation d = d d. The sign of
the incremental duty ratio (d) is determined by
the incremental power (P) and operating point
movement as indicated in Fig. 4. If P is positive
and the operating point is left of MP point, then
d = (d +d), otherwise d = (d d). Along similar
lines, if the P is negative and the operating point is
left of the MP point, then d = (d +d), otherwise d =
(d d). This tracking control process repeats
itself until the peak power point is reached and
then oscillates within an allowable range about
this point. In the simulated MP point tracking
process the instantaneous array voltage and power
are computed employing the models developed in
preceding sections, whereas in real time computer
implementation the instantaneous array voltage,
power information is obtained by means of
data acquisition system. The MP point tracking
process both in simulation and real time computer
implementation are same except the above mentioned
difference.
Fig. 4. Power tracking process with duty ratio.
V. EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
The basic configuration of the proposed PV system
is shown in Fig. 1(a). The data acquisition system
is set up by using PC, interface AZI-3503 card,
which mainly consists of 8-channel 12-bit A/D, D/A
converters. For power measurements a digital power
meter (YOKOGAWA-WT130) is used, through which
a GPIB interface is connected to the PC to record the
SCA power data. The PWM modulator is a voltage
comparator made of LF311 operational amplifier.
The reference signal to this comparator is the signal
obtained from the D/A converter, generated by means
of the MPPT algorithm. A synthesized YOKOGAWA
function generator (FG120) was used to obtain phase
displaced triangular carrier signals to the PWM
generator. The experimental prototype circuit was built
with an International Rectifier IRF530N MOSFET
with suitable driver circuit, and the diode FML-32S.
The artificial sun is realized in the laboratory by
means of incandescent lamp set. Further, the solar
insolation level illuminated on the solar panel is
adjusted by controlling the power to this incandescent
lamp set.
VI. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The simple boost converter is not able to track MP
point by sensing only the array voltage information.
This is because the equivalent load impedance (in
(7)) seen by the SCA is continuously decreasing with
increasing the duty ratio. Further, from the (9) for a
given load, the array power continuously increases
with the duty ratio, resulting in minimum power at
d = 0 and infinite power at d = 1, which is physically
an unrealizable condition. This phenomena is verified
experimentally and the corresponding characteristics
are shown in Fig. 5. To overcome this disadvantage
and to extract MP from the SCA using only the
array voltage, an identical boost cell is connected
in parallel to the existing boost cell as shown in
the experimental setup (Fig. 1(a)). These two boost
branches are controlled in an interleaved fashion using
phase shift between the gate signals. This converter
266 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AEROSPACE AND ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS VOL. 38, NO. 1 JANUARY 2002
Fig. 5. Array characteristics with boost converter.
Fig. 6. Experimental V
A
I
A
characteristics of SCA module for
different solar insolations.
is capable of reducing the ripple in the source current
EMI and avoids the discontinuous input current mode
even though the individual boost branches enter into
discontinuous current mode.
Prototype PV-supplied converter (SCA and
converter parameters are given in Table I) system
was bread boarded to study the array voltage
based maximum power point tracking. The V
A
I
A
characteristics of the experimental PV generator for
three different solar insolations (
2
= 30%,
3
=
60%, and
5
= 100%) are shown in Fig. 6. The 100%
solar insolation represents a standard intensity of
1000 W/m
2
. The data acquisition system measures
the instantaneous array voltage information. For a
given load, the MP point control algorithm computes
the SCA power (P
g
) from the known instantaneous
array voltage information V
g
. The algorithm tracks
the maximum power point continuously by adjusting
the converter duty ratio such that the array power is
maximum. At solar insolation
5
the experimental
power tracking characteristic is shown in Fig. 7. For
verification, the output power of the SCA is measured
by sensing the SCA voltage and current. The power
characteristic so obtained is superimposed in the same
figure. These two characteristics are closely matching
each other. Slight discrepancies may be due to errors
in the measuring system, drops in parasitics, etc.
The simulation program was developed in
the MATLAB environment for the PV-supplied
Fig. 7. Comparison of experimental SCA power tracking
characteristics.
TABLE I
SCA and Converter Parameters
N
p
1
N
s
27
R
s
0.04
13.68 V
1
I
o
0.00045 A
R
1
0.044
R
2
0.063
L
1
0.250 mH
L
2
0.250 mH
C 220 F
C
a
2200 F
f
s
25 kHz
R 50
converter system (shown in Fig. 1(a)). Comprehensive
simulation studies were made to investigate the
influence of IDB converter as an intermediate
MP point tracker for the PV supplied system. A
simulation software is developed for MP point
tracking employing the equations derived in the
preceding sections and the control flow chart given in
Fig. 3. In these studies the PV array is simulated using
(3) and (4). The simulated dynamic MP point tracking
characteristics at 100% solar insolation are plotted in
Figs. 8 and 9. At this solar insolation the experimental
dynamic MP tracking characteristics are also obtained
and they are superimposed in Figs. 8 and 9. The
simulation and experimental results are in close
agreement. Discrepancies between simulation and
experimental results may be due to 1) the difficulties
in realizing the identical solar insolation conditions
in the experimental setup, and 2) the fact that the
analysis was made on the assumption that the two
boost branches are identical.
The experimental array power tracking
characteristics for three different solar insolations (
2
,

3
and
5
) are also obtained as shown in Fig. 10. For
verification of the MP points of the SCA, experiments
were conducted on the SCA by connecting a variable
load resistance. The experimental MP points obtained
at different solar insolations are tabulated in Table
VEERACHARY: VOLTAGE-BASED MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING CONTROL OF PV SYSTEM 267
Fig. 8. Comparison of experimental and simulated SCA power
tracking characteristics.
Fig. 9. Comparison of experimental and simulated duty ratio
tracking characteristics.
Fig. 10. SCA power tracking characteristics for different solar
insolations.
II. Comparing the tracking characteristics (Fig. 10)
with MP points, it can be noticed that the duty ratio of
the converter is so adjusted such that MP is extracted
from the SCA. Experimental studies are also made to
observe the effectiveness of the developed tracking
algorithm for changing solar insolations. Experimental
observations (Fig. 11) show that the developed
algorithm is capable of tracking MP point even for
variable solar insolations. The tracking capability of
the IDB converter system is verified under partial
shading conditions also. For illustration, array power
tracking characteristics when few cells (4) are shaded
by 50% are shown in Fig. 12. Under this condition the
TABLE II
Experimental Maximum Power Points of SCA
% Solar Insolation Maximum Power (W)

1
2.65

2
8.17

3
17.63

4
21.44

5
23.03
Fig. 11. SCA power tracking characteristic for variable solar
insolations.
Fig. 12. Experimental SCA power tracking characteristic for
partial shading conditions.
SCA power output decreases and settles to a new MP
point as evidenced by Fig. 12.
VII. CONCLUSIONS
Current sensorless SCA voltage based on a MP
point tracking algorithm is developed for an IDB
converter supplied PV system. Analytical expressions
for the SCA, and power output expressions with
converters are derived. The SFG approach is used
in modeling the IDB converter. Simulation and
experimental results for MP tracking are presented
for changing solar insolations and partial shading
conditions. The inadequacy of the boost converter
for array voltage based MP point tracking scheme
is verified. The experimental results demonstrate
that in the array voltage based peak power tracking
268 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AEROSPACE AND ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS VOL. 38, NO. 1 JANUARY 2002
scheme the IDB converter is suitable for extracting
MP from the SCA as compared with boost converter
supplied PV system. Furthermore, the use of an IDB
converter avoids the discontinuous input current mode
of operation and reduces the ripple in the array input
current. As a consequence the reduced ripple in the
array current results in improved SCA performance.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The first author wishes to acknowledge the
Government of Japan for granting MONBUSHO
scholarship and JNT University authorities for
permission to attend these research studies.
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VEERACHARY: VOLTAGE-BASED MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING CONTROL OF PV SYSTEM 269
Mummadi Veerachary was born in Survail, AP, India in 1968. He obtained
his Bachelors degree from College of Engineering Anantapur, JNT University,
Hyderabad, India, in 1992 and Master of Technology from Regional Engineering
College, Warangal, India in 1994.
In 1994 he joined as an Assistant Professor in the Dept. of Electrical
Engineering, JNTU College of Engineering, Anantapur, India. Presently, he
is at the Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of the
Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan for his research studies. His fields of interest are power
electronics, modeling and simulation of power electronics and application to
photovoltaic solar energy utilization.
Mr. Veerachary was the recipient of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society
student travel grant award for the year 2001.
Tomonobu Senjyu was born in Saga prefecture, Japan, in 1963. He received
the B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from University of the
Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan, in 1986 and 1988, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree
in electrical engineering from Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan, in 1994.
Since 1988, he has been with the Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, where he is
currently a Professor. His research interests are in the areas of stability of ac
machines, advanced control of electrical machines, and power electronics.
Dr. Senjyu is a member of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan.
Katsumi Uezato was born in Okinawa prefecture, Japan, in 1940. He received
the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from the University of the Ryukyus,
Okinawa, Japan, in 1963, the M.S. degree in electrical engineering from
Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan, in 1972, and the Ph.D. degree in
electrical engineering from Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan, in 1983.
Since 1972, he has been with the Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, where he
is currently a Professor. He is engaged in research on stability, control of
synchronous machines and power electronics.
Dr. Uezato is a member of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan.
270 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AEROSPACE AND ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS VOL. 38, NO. 1 JANUARY 2002