This document discusses research into using bloated slate aggregate as a lightweight aggregate in concrete. Physical properties of the aggregate were tested, including specific gravity, water absorption, and abrasion. Trial concrete mixes were prepared with different aggregate to cement and aggregate to sand ratios to determine the optimum mix. Cylinders were made and tested for compressive strength at 1, 7, and 28 days. The results showed that while bloated slate concrete has lower compressive strength than normal weight concrete, mixes with a 1:1.5:2.5 cement to sand to aggregate ratio and water to cement ratio of 0.5 provided adequate workability and strength for structural applications.
This document discusses research into using bloated slate aggregate as a lightweight aggregate in concrete. Physical properties of the aggregate were tested, including specific gravity, water absorption, and abrasion. Trial concrete mixes were prepared with different aggregate to cement and aggregate to sand ratios to determine the optimum mix. Cylinders were made and tested for compressive strength at 1, 7, and 28 days. The results showed that while bloated slate concrete has lower compressive strength than normal weight concrete, mixes with a 1:1.5:2.5 cement to sand to aggregate ratio and water to cement ratio of 0.5 provided adequate workability and strength for structural applications.
This document discusses research into using bloated slate aggregate as a lightweight aggregate in concrete. Physical properties of the aggregate were tested, including specific gravity, water absorption, and abrasion. Trial concrete mixes were prepared with different aggregate to cement and aggregate to sand ratios to determine the optimum mix. Cylinders were made and tested for compressive strength at 1, 7, and 28 days. The results showed that while bloated slate concrete has lower compressive strength than normal weight concrete, mixes with a 1:1.5:2.5 cement to sand to aggregate ratio and water to cement ratio of 0.5 provided adequate workability and strength for structural applications.
Deterministic seismic hazard assessment of 102 MW Shigo Kas HPP,
District Dir Pakistan
MUHAMMAD ABID 1 , KHAN SHAHZADA 1 , SALMAN AFZAL 2 1 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan Email: salmanafzalkhangmail!com Abstract: In this research study the engineering properties of locally available light weight aggregate, i.e. bloated slate aggregate in this study, were studied when utilized as a replacement for the conventional aggregates in concrete in order to achieve numerous engineering properties of resulting lightweight concrete. Physical properties of light weight aggregates, such as water absorption, specific gravity and loss angles abrasion values, were initially calculated and evaluated to check the feasibility of the local light weight aggregate for use as aggregate. Trial mixes of concrete batches were prepared and various engineering properties were determined during the plastic state and hardened state. These properties included workability, initial setting time, final setting time and compaction. Hardened concrete specimens were subected to uniaxial compressive testing for compressive strength determination. The results of both the plastic state testing and hardened concrete specimen indicated that the bloated slate aggregates can be used as light weight aggregate when used for preparing lightweight concrete structures. The study showed that the bloated slate aggregate when used in concrete mix imparted lower slump values, lower setting times as compared to the normal weight concrete mixes. !imilarly, the uniaxial compressive testing indicated that the concrete cylinders prepared in bloated slate aggregate possesses lower compressive strength values as compared to the normal weight concrete cylinders. "ifferent trial mixes were prepared and analyzed for uniaxial compressive testing along with the analysis of mode of failure under the application of loading. Keywords: "loate# slate aggregates, light weight aggregate, compressive strength 1 !ntrod"ction: !tructural lightweight aggregate concrete is an important and versatile material in modern construction. It has many and varied applications including multistory building frames and floors, bridges, offshore oil platforms, and Prestressed or precast elements of all types #$%. &any architects, engineers, and contractors recognize the inherent economies and advantages offered by this material, as evident by the various impressive lightweight concrete structures found today throughout the world #'%. (ightweight concrete has strengths comparable to normal weight concrete, yet is typically ')* to +)* lighter #+%. !tructural lightweight concrete offers design flexibility and substantial cost savings by providing less dead load, improved seismic structural response, longer spans, better fire ratings, and thinner sections, decreased story height, smaller size structural members, less reinforcing steel, and lower foundation costs #,%. (ightweight concrete precast elements offer reduced transportation and placement costs #)%. -otary kiln process is generally used to process the natural or by. product material to make them a light weight material #/%. !ome times in rotary kiln process the material are discharged and cooled after which they are crushed up to re0uired gradation of aggregate size #1%. The resultant materials tend to be cubical or angular in shape having porous nature of structure. #2%. The bulk density of bloated slate aggregate is varying normally from '3 to ') lb4ft + depending on the nature of deposits of parent rock #5%. Their compressive strenght after '2days are varying from /33 psi to $)33 psi #5%. 2 Materia#s and Methods: $!1! %cc&rrence of "loate# slate: The slate selected in this research study was obtained from precambrian &anki formation, as depicted in 6igure $ #5%. The &anki formation consists of thick se0uence of !late and Phyllite slate with some intercalations of 0uartzite and lime stone. "olerite intrusions and 0uartz veins are found locally. It is bedded and fractured ointed and is extensively developed in the northern portion of 7ttock.8herat range, west of Indus river #$3%. 7 developed slate cleavage is prominent near &anki, 9iarat kaka sahib, 7ttock and :hairabad #$3%. &anganese dendrite and pyrite cubes are present in abundance in lower portions of the slates of &anki formation. (imestone occurs in pockets. 7nother important feature is the presence of 0uartz veins usually prominent near the northern part of &anki !harif.#$$% 2.2. Physical characteristics of bloated slate aggregate (course aggregate): !late is a metamorphic laminated clay rock available in huge 0uantities in Pakistan, was crushed up to ; in down <$'.)mm= and ensured proper gradation. These slates were brought to the Pakistan 8ouncil of !cientific and Industrial -esearch <P8!I-= laboratory and were bloated by rotary :illen method for its bloating involving $$33 o 8 temperature under control environment. !pecific >ravity <"ry= ? $.)32 !pecific >ravity <!aturated !urface "ry= ? $./3$ 7bsorption <!aturated !urface "ry= ? /.$2/* (os 7ngeles 7brasion ? ,'* 2.3. Preparation of trial mix for obtaining optimum mix Trial mixes were prepared to obtain optimum mix. "ifferent ratios were divided in to two sets@ first of all ratio of $A,A2 and $A+A/ was initially used. The basis for this initial selection is the locally used construction language for concrete works. Methods: 6irst trial was selected using local field terminology in which ratio used was $A,A2 <$part cementA ,parts sandA 2parts coarse aggregate= and $A+A/ <$part cementA +parts sandA /parts coarse aggregate= by weight as initial trial to have some basic information. "ue to high absorption of bloated slate aggregate it was thoroughly wetted and mixed with sand and cement but the mix was not properly mixed, due to which the cement sand mortar was prepared and then the wet aggregate were mixed with the paste. !lump test was carried out for different water cement ratios and was recorded. 8oncrete cylinders were prepared with the workability needed for construction of slabs. 7fter ', hours as the cylinders was removed from moulds, they showed a rough surface. 7 total of six cylinders were prepared and kept in water tank for curing. 7t 1 days, $, days and at '2 days one cylinder from each mix was tested for compressive strength of bloated slate concrete. 7fter analyzing the data the mix was made richer than the above ratios and two sets of cylinders were prepared and for that particular water cement ratio, slump criteria was the controlling factor. The w4c ratio for which the desired slump achieved was used for preparing cylinders for compressive strength testing. These sets having the ratios of $A'A, <$part cementA ' parts sandA ,parts coarse aggregate= and $A$.)A+ by weight. 8ylinders were prepared in the same way as discussed above. 8ylinders were kept in water tank and from each mix they were tested after 1, $, and '2days for compressive strength. 7fter analyzing the data it was revealed that the ratio between $A'A, and $A$.)A+ should be adopted as optimum mix. &ore cylinders were prepared for the ratio of $A$.1A+.) by weight and tested after 1,$, and '2 days respectively after analyzing the data, as it was selected as optimum mix. $ %es"#ts and Disc"ssion '!1! "ehavior of (loate# slate aggregate: Bloated slate aggregates, which were crushed down to the re0uired gradation after bloating, have porous nature due to expansion. They have very rough surface and harsh to work with. The moisture absorption of /* shows its high porosity due to which it is difficult to mix it directly with dried matrix. If it is mixed in dry conditions with cement plus aggregate and then water is applied, they do not allow proper mixing and the workability of the mix is much reduced due high absorption of concrete. They make the concrete harden in short time. !o to avoid this, the aggregate should be applied with water according to its absorption and then they should be added with the water cement ratio. The obtained slate )ig&re 1: *ap of the *anki sharif )ormation +,- aggregate from the source was found covered slightly with &ica due to which its weight was higher than water. The unit weight <oven dried= was observed to be 5, lb4ft + which is lower than normal aggregate. The (os 7ngeles abrasion test showed results relatively better than they were expected as the aggregates can be broken by a slight hit on to the ground. The aggregates have less abrasion resistance to loading as compared to normal weight aggregate. It is very difficult to achieve the level of workability with normally used water to cement ratio which is 3.) due to roughness of the aggregate texture and porous nature. Chen the aggregate is broken into pieces before bloating, it has less porosity and has smooth surface which helps in achieving a level of workability. But after bloating if it is broken into pieces then it possess angular and harsh structure. '!$! .ater cement ratio an# worka(ility relation Trial batches were prepared to obtain the optimum mix to be used in the construction of light weight aggregate concrete members. "ifferent trials of water to cement ratio were conducted and results analyzed as depicted in 6igure ' and 6igure +. It is indicative from 6igure ' that at 3.) water4cement ratio the mix is very harsh and very difficult to produce slump and at 3.1' to 3.2 it gives some reasonable value of slump. 7bove these values the cement.sand mortar sets due to their heavier weight and the aggregates are bonded with each other due to the slurry in the pores of the aggregate. This serves as reinforcement in connecting the aggregate with each other. In other words the slump is achieved when some balanced amount of aggregates and mortar setting more than the mortar. This behavior is opposite to that normal weight aggregate mixes in which the aggregate sets which is termed as segregation. )ig&re $: /elationship (etween w0c 123a2is4 an# sl&mp 1y3a2is4 for 1:$:5 concrete )ig&re ': /elationship (etween w0c ratio 123a2is4 an# sl&mp 1y3a2is4 for 1:1!6:'!7 concrete '!'! 8etting time of (loate# slate aggregate concrete The setting time of the bloated slate aggregate concrete is almost half as compared to normal weight aggregate due to its nature. The final setting time is also affected in this. 8oncrete sets within +3 to ,3 minutes and also final setting time is reduced in this case up to 2 to 5 hours. The setting time is affected by 0uantity of aggregate and cement. '!5! Compaction of (loate# slate aggregate concrete It is very difficult to obtain smooth surface from Bloated slate aggregate concrete by application of vibrator as during vibration the aggregate comes to upper portion and the cement paste sits due to which the finished surface is not achieved although by rodding it give better results. 3.5. ompressi!e strength of bloated slate aggregate concrete 8ompressive strength of bloated slate aggregate is summarized in Table $ for different mixes in order to obtain optimum mix to be used in the construction hollow core light weight aggregated slab panels. 6or various mixes '2 days compressive strength varies from +23psi to $,)3psi. It can be seen that the strength is affected very much by increasing cement content keeping the sand content constant up to a limit where the failure of aggregate take place. 6urther increasing the content though increases the strength but not very effectively as shown in Table $, that the failure of aggregate occurs in the ratio of $A'A, and $A$.)A+. This means that due to the increase in cement content increases a very little increment in strength of aggregate by occupying the pores with in the aggregate structure. Table $A &ix ratios v4s strength performance %atios & da's strength 1( da's strength 2) da's strength *ai#"re +atterns $A+A/ )3) psi /)3 psi 1$' psi 6ailure of mortar $A'A, 253 psi $3$' psi $'') psi Partial aggregate and bond failure $A$.)A+ $3$3 psi $'3) psi $,'' psi 7ggregate $A$.1A+.) 51, psi $$3) psi $+/) psi 7ggregate The compressive strength of the bloated slate aggregate concrete is greater in first $, days. Chile it has normal distribution, not too scattered which is contributed by the presence of sand as from previous studies on no fines bloated slate aggregate having variations in the strength of cylinders. By volume mix proportioning more strength may be obtained but then there is no considerable reduction in weight of light weight aggregate concrete. The ratio of $A'A, by weight of <cement, sand and aggregate= for normal concrete gives +333 psi strength and the failure occurs by bond separation. ( ,onc#"sion and %ecommendation: ,onc#"sions: $. Bloated slate when crushed before bloating has workability much more than when are crushed after bloating. 7s the optimum water to cement ratio in former case was 3.)) while in the later it was 3.1+. '. Dvery bloated slate aggregate concrete mix has its own optimum water4cement ratio below or above which there is no appreciable workability. +. The strength of bloated slate aggregate varies with cement contents. ,. The bloated slate aggregate concrete has ')* less weight than that of normal weight aggregate concrete. ). The setting time of bloated slate aggregate concrete is almost half as compared to that of normal weight aggregate concrete. /. If mixture proportioning is done by weight for the lightweight aggregate concrete then the strength achieved is less but weight reduction is more in the case of volumetric batching. 1. The failure of bloated slate concrete is abrupt as compared to that of normal weight aggregate. %ecommendations: $. &ore refined testing is re0uired to study the behavior of concrete in which normal weight aggregate are replaced by bloated slate aggregates. '. !ome of the bloated slates aggregates were covered by &ica due to which its weight was more than pure bloated slates. The investigation of pure bloated slates should also be carried out. %eferences: #$% Eewman and Fwens, GProperties of lightweight concreteH. In Eewman, I. and 8hoo, B.!. <eds.= 7dvanced 8oncrete Technology, Butterworth. Heinemann, Burlington, Jermont, K!7, '33+. #'% >hafoori, E. and "utta, !., <$55)b=, (aboratory investigation of compacted no.fines concrete for paving materials. Iournal of materials in civil engineering, 1<+=, pp $2+.$5$. #+% !ommerville, I., 8raig, E. and 8harles, 7., <'3$$=, Eo.fines concrete in the K: social housing stockA )3 years on. !tructural !urvey, '5<,=, pp '5,.+3'. #,% 6rancis, 7.&., <$5/)=, Darly concrete buildings in Britain. 8oncrete and 8onstructional Dngineering, /3<'=, pp 1+.1). #)% G>uide for !tructural (ightweight 7ggregate 8oncreteH. 78I '$+-.21, 7merican 8oncrete Institute, "etroit, &ichigan. $521. #/% G7dvantages of !tructural (ightweight 7ggregate 8oncreteH. Dxpanded 8lay, !hale and !late Institute, www.escsi.org #1% Hassan, 7., $513. 8rushing strength of concrete made from locally expanded clay aggregate. Cest Pakistan. Dngineering 8ongress, (ahore, $), +5.,5. #2% Hassan, 7., $51'. Pilot plant for expanded clay aggregate. Dngineering Eews, $1, ,+.)$. #5% Hussain, 7., $52$. 7n introductory note on prospects and potential for lightweight aggregates in Pakistan. >eological !urvey of Pakistan Knpublished -eport, ,. #$3% Hussain, 7., 8haudhry, &. 7., !iddi0i, 6. 7., 9ubair, &., $52+. (ightweight aggregate@ 7 study of raw material in Pakistan, Islamabad. Peshawar region. >eological !urvey of Pakistan -ecords, //. #$$% -ubina Bil0ees, Pirzada Eaeem, Tazeem :han and &. &uhammad Iunaid,. G Dngineering tests of aggregate from (ightweight Dxpanded !late of &anki 6ormationH Iournal of Himalayan Darth !ciences ,,<'= <'3$$= )+./3