Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Irina Dezhina
Leading Researcher, Ph.D.
Institute for the Economy in Transition
Moscow, Russia
dezhina@crdf.ru
CONTENTS
1. R&D, Graduate Education and Innovative
Activity in Russia: Major Indicators.
2. Periodization of Government Reforms.
3. Attempts to Reform Organizational Structure.
4. New Mechanisms of Financing.
5. Human Resources Policy.
6. Government Innovation Policy.
7. Strengths and Weaknesses of the National
Innovation System in Russia.
Organizations Conducting R&D
in Russia
Type of organization 1992 1995 2000 2004
70,0
60,0
50,0
% 40,0
30,0 20,5
11,5 12,8
20,0
4,9
10,0 0,6 1,6 0,6 0,9
0,0
Federal Private Public-Private Joint Russian- Other
Foreign
1995 2004
Gross Domestic Expenditures on
R&D: Russia and Other Countries
Hungary 0,95
Ukraine 1,13
Czech Republic 1,26
Russia 1,29
UK 1,89
France 2,19
Germany 2,55
Switzerland 2,57
USA 2,6
Korea 2,64
Japan 3,15
Finland 3,49
Sweden 3,98
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5
% GDP
Business Enterprise and
Government Expenditures on R&D
(data for 2003)
70 62
60
54
60
50 40
40 30
%
23
30
20
10
0
OECD countries Eastern Europe Russia
Business enterprise expenditures Government expenditures
Fundamental Research in Russian
Universities and Academic Institutes
(in percent to the total expenditures on fundamental research)
60,0
50,0
40,0
30,0
20,0
12,0 13,8
12,3 15,4
10,0
12,8
0,0
Academic institutes
2000
2001 Universities
2002
2003
2004
Researchers in Russia: Actual
Number and Dynamics to the
Previous Year
102,0 430000
425954
425000
101,4 422176
101,0
420000
100,0
414676 415000
% to previous year
409775
headcount
410000
99,1
99,0
98,8
405000
401425
98,0 400000
98,1 98,0
395000
97,0
390000
96,0 385000
Hungary 0,22
Russia 0,82
Italy 3
Canada 3,75
France 4,87
Germany 7,14
Japan 7,29
UK 8,23
USA 43,68
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Research Productivity
80 1,4
74
70 1,2
1,27
1,17
60
1
50 47
0,8
39 38
40
0,68 0,6
0,62 32
30
0,4
20
10 0,2
0,16
0 0
Russia Slovakia Poland Hungary Czech Republic
Personnel in R&D per 10 000 economically active population (2003)
Publications per researcher during 1996-1999
Patent Applications Granted by
USPTO / Million population
(2003-2004)
USA 320,70
Japan 289,87
G7 146,81
Hungary 5,16
Russia 1,21
Ukraine 0,44
Moldov a 0,41
10,0%
8,0%
6,2%
6,0%
4,0%
2,0%
0,0%
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Survey Data About Innovative
Activity at Industrial Enterprises
Compared to Goscomstat (10,5% in 2004)
other surveys give different results:
§ IET Survey, 2003: 43%
§ IET Survey, 2005: 50%
§ Survey of Russian Economic Barometer
(2003-2005): 40-45%
§ HSE Survey, 2005: 37%
Small Innovative Enterprises
Registered at Economic Sector
“Science and Scientific Services”
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004