GURUDEVA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

EE 010 304 Electrical Measurements and Measuring Instruments
Module 3

Measurement of resistance, power & energy, Measurements of low, medium & high
resistance, Measurement of earth resistance - Earth Megger - Dynamometer type
Wattmeter, Error & compensation single phase energy meter errors & compensation three phase
Energy meter ( construction only) Electronic energy meter ( block diagram )
Trivector meters, Maximum Demand meters and TOD meters ( concepts only) , Power factor Meters

Text Books
T
1
-Sawhney A K, Electrical and Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements,DhanpatRai&
Co.(19
th
Edition-2012(reprint))
T
2
- R K Rajput, Electrical Measurements and Measuring Instruments,S Chand(1
st
Edition-
2009(reprint))



TOPIC
T1 T2
Classification of Resistance

421 474
Measurements of low resistance :
Ammeter-Voltmeter method
Potentiometer Method
Kelvins Double bridge method

433
421
455
434-435
474
475
476
477-480
Measurements of medium resistance :
Ammeter-Voltmeter method
Substitution Method
Wheatstone bridge
Carey-Foster slide wire bridge
method

421
421
423
424
428
480
481
481
482
485
Measurements of high resistance :
Direct deflection method
Loss of Charge Method
Megaohm bridge

437
438-439
440-441
441-442

486
486
489
493
Measurement of earth resistance:
Fall of Potential method
Earth Megger/Earth tester
443
444
445
497
-
498
Dynamometer type Wattmeter
Errors in dynamometer wattmeter
Low power factor electro dynamometer type
wattmeters
352-353
354-358
362-363
283-286
288-292
298


Energy meters and Measurement of Energy
Essential Characteristics of
Energymeter
Single phase Energy meter (with
phasor diagram)
Errors,compensation& adjustments
Poly phase Energy meters(Three
phase)
Testing of Energy meters

-

382-384

384-388
388

396-397
332
332

334-337

337-340
340

352-357
Electronic energy meter ( block diagram
Refer notes
Trivector meters 394-395 352
Maximum Demand meters 389-391 347-349
TOD meters
Refer notes
Power factor Meters
Dynamometer type power factor
meter
Moving Iron power factor meter
Rotating field type
Alternating field type

405
405-407

407
407-408
408

357
358

360
360
361

Study problems relating to Single phase Energy meter

ELECTRONIC ENERGY METER

The measurement of energy can be done by using an Electronic Energy meter.
Such an Energy meter uses ICs.
Energy is defined as the total power delivered or consumed over a time period.
So the measurement can be done by measuring the power and time over which it is consumed.
A functional block diagram of an electronic Energy meter is shown in fig.






Basically, the avg. Power is equal to the mean product of the instantaneous voltage across load
and instantaneous current through it.
By using potential divider, the supply voltage is brought to the required level. This voltage is
the scaled appropriately in the required range by using voltage scaling device. While the current
scaling device scale the load voltage which is proportional to load current
Both these scaled voltages are connected to the voltage and current multiplier unit.
This unit outputs the current as a result of the product of the voltage and current.
The current proportional to an instantaneous power is applied to the voltage controlled
oscillator. It works on the principle of constant current charging of the capacitor.
As the voltage controlled oscillator is basically voltage to frequency converter, it produces
Square wave output. The frequency of this square wave is proportional to output current of
voltage current multiplier. Thus the power dependent current and frequency dependent current
decides the value of consumed energy.
The analog signal is converted by using Analog to Digital Converter
The display unit display energy in watt-hours

Advantages

1. High Sensitivity
2. No frictional loss
3. More robust than that of the conventional mechanical meters
4. High accuracy
5. Less loading effect
6. High frequency range


TOD METERS (Time of Day Meters)

An electric company supplies electricity to various types of loads including domestic,
commercial and industrial loads. The load varies over the various time periods of the day. For
some time the load is maximum while for some time it is minimum.
The hours for which the load is high are called peak hours while the hours for which the
load is less is called off peak hours.
During on peak hours the company has to satisfy the highest demand to meet the load.
This creates a lot of difficulties for the company.
Time of Day metering also known as Time of Usagemetering involves dividing the day,
month and year into tariff slots and with higher rates at peak load periods and low tariff rates at
off peak load periods
A special metering arrangement is provided to measure the electric consumption during
the various time zones of the day including on peak and off peak hours.
The trivector meter itself can be provided with the capability of monitoring and
measuring the time of use of the electrical energy over a day. It is provided with the Time of Day
register which is capable of programming for various time zones including on peak and off peak
hours.
The TOD meter is suitable for recording and indicating consumption of electricity during
the specified time periods of the day. Thus the trivector meter with such an arrangement is called


TOD meter. It is provided with a memory in which it stores this data of electricity consumed for
various time zones of the day.
The no. of timings of these TOD time zones are programmable in a meter.
At present the time zones are
Time zone A: 00.00 to 06.00 Hrs. & 22.00 to 24.00 Hrs.
Time zone B: 06.00 to 09.00 Hrs. & 12.00 to 18.00 Hrs.
Time zone C: 09.00 to 12.00 Hrs.
Time zone D: 18.00 to 22.00 Hrs.
This can be used to automatically control usage on the part of the consumer (resulting in
automatic load control).This also allows the utilities to plan their infrastructure appropriately