Gmat 1000 CR

Table of Content I
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GMAT.............................................................................................................................1
TEST A................................................................................................................................1
TEST B................................................................................................................................8
TEST C..............................................................................................................................16
TEST D.............................................................................................................................!
TEST I...............................................................................................................................""
TEST II..............................................................................................................................#$
TEST III............................................................................................................................#8
TEST 1..............................................................................................................................!6
TEST ..............................................................................................................................6#
TEST "..............................................................................................................................%
TEST #..............................................................................................................................8$
TEST !..............................................................................................................................88
TEST 6..............................................................................................................................&6
TEST %............................................................................................................................1$#
TEST 8.............................................................................................................................11
TEST &............................................................................................................................1$
TEST 1$..........................................................................................................................18
TEST 11..........................................................................................................................1"6
TEST 1..........................................................................................................................1##
TEST 1"..........................................................................................................................1!1
TEST 1#..........................................................................................................................1!8
TEST 1!..........................................................................................................................16#
TEST 16..........................................................................................................................1%1
TEST 1%..........................................................................................................................1%%
TEST 18..........................................................................................................................18#
TEST 1&..........................................................................................................................1&1
TEST $..........................................................................................................................1&%
'SAT..........................................................................................................................$!
TEST 1....................................................................................................................................$!
SECTI() I......................................................................................................................$!
SECTI() I*...................................................................................................................1#
TEST ....................................................................................................................................#
SECTI() II....................................................................................................................#
SECTI() I*...................................................................................................................""
TEST "....................................................................................................................................##
SECTI() I......................................................................................................................##
SECTI() I*...................................................................................................................!#
TEST #....................................................................................................................................6#
http://www.chasedream.com/ by Gemj
II Table of Content
SECTI() I......................................................................................................................6#
SECTI() III...................................................................................................................%6
TEST !....................................................................................................................................8%
SECTI() II....................................................................................................................8%
SECTI() *I...................................................................................................................&%
TEST 6...................................................................................................................................."$8
SECTI() II...................................................................................................................."$8
SECTI() III..................................................................................................................."18
TEST %...................................................................................................................................."&
SECTI() I......................................................................................................................"&
SECTI() I*..................................................................................................................."#1
TEST 8...................................................................................................................................."!
SECTI() II...................................................................................................................."!
SECTI() I*..................................................................................................................."6
TEST &...................................................................................................................................."%#
SECTI() I......................................................................................................................"%#
SECTI() I*..................................................................................................................."8!
TEST 1$.................................................................................................................................."&6
SECTI() II...................................................................................................................."&6
SECTI() I*...................................................................................................................#$%
TEST 11...................................................................................................................................#1&
SECTI() I......................................................................................................................#1&
SECTI() I*...................................................................................................................#&
TEST 1..................................................................................................................................##$
SECTI() II....................................................................................................................##$
SECTI() I*...................................................................................................................#!1
TEST 1"..................................................................................................................................#6
SECTI() I......................................................................................................................#6
SECTI() I*...................................................................................................................#%"
TEST 1#..................................................................................................................................#8#
SECTI() II....................................................................................................................#8#
SECTI() I*...................................................................................................................#&!
TEST 1!..................................................................................................................................!$6
SECTI() II....................................................................................................................!$6
SECTI() I*...................................................................................................................!18
TEST 16..................................................................................................................................!8
SECTI() II....................................................................................................................!8
SECTI() III...................................................................................................................!"&
TEST 1%..................................................................................................................................!!$
SECTI() III...................................................................................................................!!$
SECTI() I*...................................................................................................................!6$
by Gemj http://www.chasedream.com/
Table of Content III
TEST 18..................................................................................................................................!%$
SECTI() II....................................................................................................................!%$
SECTI() I*...................................................................................................................!8$
TEST 1&..................................................................................................................................!&$
SECTI() II....................................................................................................................!&$
SECTI() III...................................................................................................................6$1
TEST $..................................................................................................................................61
SECTI() II....................................................................................................................61
SECTI() III...................................................................................................................6
TEST 1..................................................................................................................................6""
SECTI() II....................................................................................................................6""
SECTI() III...................................................................................................................6##
TEST ..................................................................................................................................6!!
SECTI() II....................................................................................................................6!!
SECTI() III...................................................................................................................666
TEST "..................................................................................................................................6%%
SECTI() II....................................................................................................................6%%
SECTI() I*...................................................................................................................68%
TEST #..................................................................................................................................6&8
SECTI() I......................................................................................................................6&8
SECTI() I*...................................................................................................................%$&
TEST !..................................................................................................................................%$
SECTI() II....................................................................................................................%$
SECTI() I*...................................................................................................................%"1
TEST 6..................................................................................................................................%#1
SECTI() II....................................................................................................................%#1
SECTI() III...................................................................................................................%!
TEST %..................................................................................................................................%6
SECTI() II....................................................................................................................%6
SECTI() I*...................................................................................................................%%"
TEST 8..................................................................................................................................%8#
SECTI() II....................................................................................................................%8#
SECTI() III...................................................................................................................%&!
TEST +une $$1......................................................................................................................8$!
SECTI() II....................................................................................................................8$!
SECTI() III...................................................................................................................81!
TEST (ct $$1........................................................................................................................8%
SECTI() I......................................................................................................................8%
SECTI() I*...................................................................................................................8"%
TEST (ct $$........................................................................................................................8#8
SECTI() I......................................................................................................................8#8
I* Table of Content
SECTI() I*...................................................................................................................8!&
A)S,E-S.................................................................................................................8%$
GMAT.........................................................................................................................8%$
TEST A............................................................................................................................8%$
TEST B............................................................................................................................8%$
TEST C............................................................................................................................8%$
TEST D...........................................................................................................................8%$
TEST I.............................................................................................................................8%$
TEST II............................................................................................................................8%$
TEST III..........................................................................................................................8%$
TEST 1............................................................................................................................8%$
TEST ............................................................................................................................8%1
TEST "............................................................................................................................8%1
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TEST !............................................................................................................................8%1
TEST 6............................................................................................................................8%1
TEST %............................................................................................................................8%1
TEST 8............................................................................................................................8%1
TEST &............................................................................................................................8%1
TEST 1$..........................................................................................................................8%
TEST 11..........................................................................................................................8%
TEST 1..........................................................................................................................8%
TEST 1"..........................................................................................................................8%
TEST 1#..........................................................................................................................8%
TEST 1!..........................................................................................................................8%
TEST 16..........................................................................................................................8%
TEST 1%..........................................................................................................................8%
TEST 18..........................................................................................................................8%"
TEST 1&..........................................................................................................................8%"
TEST $..........................................................................................................................8%"
'SAT..........................................................................................................................8%"
TEST 1....................................................................................................................................8%"
SECTI() I......................................................................................................................8%"
SECTI() I*...................................................................................................................8%"
TEST ....................................................................................................................................8%"
SECTI() II....................................................................................................................8%"
SECTI() I*...................................................................................................................8%#
TEST "....................................................................................................................................8%#
SECTI() I......................................................................................................................8%#
SECTI() I*...................................................................................................................8%#
TEST #....................................................................................................................................8%#
Table of Content *
SECTI() I......................................................................................................................8%#
SECTI() III...................................................................................................................8%#
TEST !....................................................................................................................................8%#
SECTI() II....................................................................................................................8%#
SECTI() *I...................................................................................................................8%!
TEST 6....................................................................................................................................8%!
SECTI() II....................................................................................................................8%!
SECTI() III...................................................................................................................8%!
TEST %....................................................................................................................................8%!
SECTI() I......................................................................................................................8%!
SECTI() I*...................................................................................................................8%!
TEST 8....................................................................................................................................8%6
SECTI() II....................................................................................................................8%6
SECTI() I*...................................................................................................................8%6
TEST &....................................................................................................................................8%6
SECTI() I......................................................................................................................8%6
SECTI() I*...................................................................................................................8%6
TEST 1$..................................................................................................................................8%6
SECTI() II....................................................................................................................8%6
SECTI() I*...................................................................................................................8%6
TEST 11...................................................................................................................................8%%
SECTI() I......................................................................................................................8%%
SECTI() I*...................................................................................................................8%%
TEST 1..................................................................................................................................8%%
SECTI() II....................................................................................................................8%%
SECTI() I*...................................................................................................................8%%
TEST 1"..................................................................................................................................8%%
SECTI() I......................................................................................................................8%%
SECTI() I*...................................................................................................................8%8
TEST 1#..................................................................................................................................8%8
SECTI() II....................................................................................................................8%8
SECTI() I*...................................................................................................................8%8
TEST 1!..................................................................................................................................8%8
SECTI() II....................................................................................................................8%8
SECTI() I*...................................................................................................................8%8
TEST 16..................................................................................................................................8%8
SECTI() II....................................................................................................................8%8
SECTI() III...................................................................................................................8%&
TEST 1%..................................................................................................................................8%&
SECTI() III...................................................................................................................8%&
SECTI() I*...................................................................................................................8%&
*I Table of Content
TEST 18..................................................................................................................................8%&
SECTI() II....................................................................................................................8%&
SECTI() I*...................................................................................................................8%&
TEST 1&..................................................................................................................................88$
SECTI() II....................................................................................................................88$
SECTI() III...................................................................................................................88$
TEST $..................................................................................................................................88$
SECTI() II....................................................................................................................88$
SECTI() III...................................................................................................................88$
TEST 1..................................................................................................................................88$
SECTI() II....................................................................................................................88$
SECTI() III...................................................................................................................88$
TEST ..................................................................................................................................881
SECTI() II....................................................................................................................881
SECTI() III...................................................................................................................881
TEST "..................................................................................................................................881
SECTI() II....................................................................................................................881
SECTI() I*...................................................................................................................881
TEST #..................................................................................................................................881
SECTI() I......................................................................................................................881
SECTI() I*...................................................................................................................88
TEST !..................................................................................................................................88
SECTI() II....................................................................................................................88
SECTI() I*...................................................................................................................88
TEST 6..................................................................................................................................88
SECTI() II....................................................................................................................88
SECTI() III...................................................................................................................88
TEST %..................................................................................................................................88
SECTI() II....................................................................................................................88"
SECTI() I*...................................................................................................................88"
TEST 8..................................................................................................................................88"
SECTI() II....................................................................................................................88"
SECTI() III...................................................................................................................88"
TEST +une $$1.....................................................................................................................88"
SECTI() II....................................................................................................................88"
SECTI() III...................................................................................................................88"
TEST (ct $$1......................................................................................................................88#
SECTI() I......................................................................................................................88#
SECTI() I*...................................................................................................................88#
TEST (ct $$........................................................................................................................88#
SECTI() I......................................................................................................................88#
Table of Content *II
SECTI() I*...................................................................................................................88#
GMAT . 'SAT C- 1
How to find out answers for each question? Please see image
below:
GMAT
TEST A
Time ! minutes "! #uestions
1. M/. +anec01 I don2t belie3e Ste3enson will win the election fo/ 4o3e/no/. 5ew
3ote/s a/e willin4 to elect a business6an with no 7olitical e87e/ience to such a
/es7onsible 7ublic office.
Ms. Siu9da01 :ou2/e w/on4. The e87e/ience of /unnin4 a 6a;o/ co/7o/ation is a
3aluable 7/e7a/ation fo/ the tas0 of /unnin4 a state 4o3e/n6ent.
M. Siu9da02s /es7onse shows that she has inte/7/eted M/. +anec02s /e6a/0 to
i67l< which of the followin4=
>A? M/. +anec0 conside/s Ste3enson un@ualified fo/ the office of 4o3e/no/.
>B? )o candidate without 7olitical e87e/ience has e3e/ been elected 4o3e/no/ of a
state.
>C? M/. +anec0 belie3es that 7olitical leade/shi7 and business leade/shi7 a/e
closel< analo4ous.
>D? A ca/ee/ s7ent in the 7u/suit of 7/ofit can be an i67edi6ent to one2s abilit< to
/un a state 4o3e/n6ent fai/l<.
>E? *ote/s 4ene/all< o3e/esti6ate the 3alue of 7olitical e87e/ience when selectin4
a candidate.
. ,hich of the followin4 best co67letes the 7assa4e below=
(ne ta8A/efo/6 7/o7osal that has 4ained inc/easin4 su77o/t in /ecent <ea/s is the
flat ta8B which would i67ose a unifo/6 ta8 /ate on inco6es at e3e/< le3el.
(77onents of the flat ta8 sa< that a 7/o4/essi3e ta8 s<ste6B which le3ies a hi4he/
/ate of ta8es on hi4he/Ainco6e ta87a<e/sB is fai/e/B 7lacin4 the 4/eate/ bu/den on
those bette/ able to bea/ it. Howe3e/B the 7/esent c/a9< @uilt of ta8 deductionsB
e8e67tionsB c/editsB and loo7holes benefits 7/i6a/il< the hi4hAinco6e ta87a<e/B
who is conse@uentl< able to /educe his o/ he/ effecti3e ta8 /ateB often to a le3el
below that 7aid b< the lowe/Ainco6e ta87a<e/. The/efo/eB CCCCCC
GMAT
>A? hi4he/Ainco6e ta87a<e/s a/e li0el< to lend thei/ su77o/t to the flatAta8
7/o7osal now bein4 conside/ed b< Con4/ess
>B? a flatAta8 s<ste6 that allowed no deductions o/ e8e67tions would
substantiall< inc/ease actual 4o3e/n6ent /e3enues
>C? the lowe/Ainco6e ta87a<e/ 6i4ht well be 7enali9ed b< the institution of a flatA
ta8 s<ste6 in this count/<
>D? the 7/o4/essi3e natu/e of ou/ 7/esent ta8 s<ste6 is 6o/e illuso/< than /eal
>E? the flat ta8 would actuall< be fai/e/ to the lowe/Ainco6e ta87a<e/ than an<
7/o4/essi3e ta8 s<ste6 could be
". As 7a/t of ou/ 7/o4/a6 to halt the influ8 of ille4al i66i4/antsB the ad6inist/ation
is 7/o7osin4 the c/eation of a national identit< ca/d. The ca/d would be a3ailable
onl< to D.S. citi9ens and to /e4iste/ed aliensB and all 7e/sons would be /e@ui/ed to
7/oduce the ca/d befo/e the< could be 4i3en a ;ob. (f cou/seB such a s<ste6 holds
the 7otentialB howe3e/ sli4htB fo/ the abuse of ci3il libe/ties. The/efo/eB all
7e/sonal info/6ation 4athe/ed th/ou4h this s<ste6 would be held st/ictl<
confidentialB to be /eleased onl< b< autho/i9ed 7e/sonnel unde/ a77/o7/iate
ci/cu6stances. Those who a/e in co67liance with D.S. laws would ha3e nothin4
to fea/ f/o6 the identit< ca/d s<ste6.
In e3aluatin4 the abo3e 7/o7osalB a 7e/son conce/ned about the 6isuse of
confidential info/6ation would be 6ost inte/ested in ha3in4 the autho/ cla/if< the
6eanin4 of which of the followin4 7h/ases=
>A? Eall 7e/sonsF >line !?
>B? Ehowe3e/ sli4htF >line %?
>C? Eci3il libe/tiesF >line 8?
>D? Ea77/o7/iate ci/cu6stancesF >line 11?
>E? ED.S. lawsF >line ?
#. At one ti6eB Eu/o7ean and +a7anese co67anies t/ied to i6itate thei/ A6e/ican
/i3als. Toda<B A6e/ican a77liance 6anufactu/e/s i67o/t Eu/o7ean scientists to
lead thei/ /esea/ch staffsG A6e/ican auto6a0e/s desi4n ca/s that 6i6ic the st<lin4
of Ge/6anB ItalianB and 5/ench i67o/tsG and A6e/ican elect/onics fi/6s boast in
thei/ ad3e/tisin4 of E+a7aneseAst<leF de3otion to @ualit< and /eliabilit<. In the
wo/ld of hi4h technolo4A? An A6e/ican ca6e/a co67an< clai6s in its 7/o6otional lite/atu/e to 7/oduce
ca6e/as Eas fine as the best Swiss i67o/ts.F
>B? An A6e/ican 6a0e/ of ste/eo co67onents desi4ns its 7/oducts to /ese6ble
those of a 7o7ula/ +a7anese fi/6.
>C? An A6e/ican 6anufactu/e/ of 3ideo 4a6es uses a b/and na6e chosen because
it sounds li0e a +a7anese wo/d.
GMAT . 'SAT C- "
>D? An A6e/ican 6a0e/ of tele3isions studies Ge/6anA6ade tele3isions in o/de/
to ado7t Ge/6an 6anufactu/in4 techni@ues.
>E? An A6e/ican 6a0e/ of f/o9en foods ad3e/tises its dinne/s as E-eal Eu/o7eanA
st<le ent/ees 7/e7a/ed b< fine 5/ench and Italian chefs.F
!. +ohnson is on fi/6 4/ound when he asse/ts that the ea/l< edito/s of Dic0inson2s
7oet/< often disto/ted he/ intentions. :et +ohnson2s ownB 6o/e faithfulB te8t is still
4uilt< of its own fo/6s of disto/tion. To standa/di9e Dic0inson2s often
indeci7he/able handw/itten 7unctuation b< the use of the dash is to /ende/
7e/6anent a casual 6ode of 7oetic 7h/asin4 that Dic0inson su/el< ne3e/ e87ected
to see in 7/int. It i67lies that Dic0inson chose the dash as he/ t<7ical 6a/0 of
7unctuation whenB in factB she a77a/entl< ne3e/ 6ade an< definiti3e choice at all.
,hich of the followin4 best su66a/i9es the autho/2s 6ain 7oint=
>A? Althou4h +ohnson is /i4ht in c/itici9in4 Dic0inson2s ea/l< edito/s fo/ thei/
disto/tion of he/ wo/0B his own te8t is 4uilt< of e@uall< se/ious disto/tions.
>B? +ohnson2s use of the dash in his te8t of Dic0inson2s 7oet/< 6isleads /eade/s
about the 7oet2s intentions.
>C? Because Dic0inson ne3e/ e87ected he/ 7oet/< to be 7ublishedB 3i/tuall< an<
atte67t at editin4 it 6ust /un counte/ to he/ intentions.
>D? Althou4h +ohnson2s atte67t to 7/oduce a 6o/e faithful te8t of Dic0inson2s
7oet/< is wellA6eanin4B his stud< of the 6ate/ial lac0s sufficient
tho/ou4hness.
>E? Dic0inson2s edito/sB includin4 +ohnsonB ha3e failed to deal ade@uatel< with
the 7/oble6 of deci7he/in4 Dic0inson2s handw/itten 6anusc/i7ts.
6. A law /e@ui/in4 co67anies to offe/ e67lo<ees un7aid ti6e off to ca/e fo/ thei/
child/en will ha/6 the econo6ic co67etiti3eness of ou/ nation2s businesses.
Co67anies 6ust be f/ee to set thei/ own e67lo<6ent 7olicies without 6andated
7a/entalAlea3e /e4ulations.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost se/iousl< wea0en the conclusion of
the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? A 7a/entalAlea3e law will se/3e to st/en4then the fa6il< as a social institution
in this count/<.
>B? Man< businesses in this count/< al/ead< offe/ e67lo<ees so6e fo/6 of
7a/ental lea3e.
>C? So6e of the count/ies with the 6ost econo6icall< co67etiti3e businesses
ha3e st/on4 7a/entalAlea3e /e4ulations.
>D? (nl< co67anies with one hund/ed o/ 6o/e e67lo<ees would be sub;ect to the
7/o7osed 7a/entalAlea3e law.
>E? In 6ost 7ollsB a 6a;o/it< of citi9ens sa< the< fa3o/ 7assa4e of a 7a/entalAlea3e
law.
# GMAT
%. If AB then B.
If BB then C.
If CB then D.
If all of the state6ents abo3e a/e t/ueB which of the followin4 6ust also be t/ue=
>A? If DB then A.
>B? If not BB then not C.
>C? If not DB then not A.
>D? If DB then E.
>E? If not AB then not D.
8. Dea/ A77licant1
Than0 <ou fo/ <ou/ a77lication. Dnfo/tunatel<B we a/e unable to offe/ <ou a
7osition in ou/ local 4o3e/n6ent office fo/ the su66e/. As <ou 0nowB fundin4 fo/
su66e/ ;obs is li6itedB and it is i67ossible fo/ us to offe/ ;obs to all those who
want the6. Conse@uentlA? The nu6be/ of a77licants fo/ su66e/ ;obs in the 4o3e/n6ent office e8ceeded
the nu6be/ of su66e/ ;obs a3ailable.
>B? The a77licant who /ecei3ed the lette/ was conside/ed hi4hl< @ualified.
>C? *e/< little fundin4 was a3ailable fo/ su66e/ ;obs in the 4o3e/n6ent office.
>D? The a77lication of the 7e/son who /ecei3ed the lette/ was conside/ed
ca/efull< befo/e bein4 /e;ected.
>E? Most of those who a77lied fo/ su66e/ ;obs we/e conside/ed @ualified fo/ the
a3ailable 7ositions.
&. Studies of fatal auto6obile accidents /e3eal thatB in the 6a;o/it< of cases in which
one occu7ant of an auto6obile is 0illed while anothe/ su/3i3esB it is the
7assen4e/B not the d/i3e/B who is 0illed. It is i/onic that the innocent 7assen4e/
should suffe/ fo/ the d/i3e/2s ca/elessnessB while the d/i3e/ often suffe/s onl<
6ino/ in;u/ies o/ none at all.
,hich of the followin4 is an assu67tion unde/l<in4 the /easonin4 in the 7assa4e
abo3e=
>A? In 6ost fatal auto6obile accidentsB the d/i3e/ of a ca/ in which an occu7ant is
0illed is at fault.
>B? D/i3e/s of auto6obiles a/e /a/el< 0illed in auto accidents.
>C? Most deaths in fatal auto6obile accidents a/e suffe/ed b< occu7ants of ca/s
/athe/ than b< 7edest/ians.
>D? Auto safet< e87e/ts should inc/ease thei/ effo/ts to 7/o3ide 7/otection fo/
those in the 7assen4e/ seats of auto6obiles.
GMAT . 'SAT C- !
>E? Auto6obile 7assen4e/s so6eti6es 7la< a cont/ibutin4 /ole in causin4 auto
accidents.
Questions 10-11 are based on the following
As one who has alwa<s belie3ed that t/uth is ou/ nation2s su/est wea7on in the
7/o7a4anda wa/ a4ainst ou/ foesB I a6 dist/essed b< /e7o/ts of Edisinfo/6ationF
ca67ai4ns b< A6e/ican intelli4ence a4ents in ,este/n Eu/o7e. In a disinfo/6ation
ca67ai4nB unt/uths a/e disse6inated th/ou4h 4ullible local ;ou/nalists in o/de/ to
da6a4e the inte/ests of ou/ ene6ies and 7/otect ou/ own. Those who defend this
7/actice sa< that l<in4 is necessa/< to counte/ So3iet disinfo/6ation ca67ai4ns ai6ed
at da6a4in4 A6e/ica2s 7olitical inte/ests. These a7olo4ists contend that one 6ust
fi4ht fi/e with fi/e. I would 7oint out to the a7olo4ists that the fi/e de7a/t6ent finds
wate/ 6o/e effecti3e.
1$. The autho/ of the 7assa4e abo3e bases his conclusion on which of the followin4=
>A? A ci/cula/ definition of Edisinfo/6ationF
>B? An e8a67le of the ineffecti3eness of l<in4 as a wea7on in the 7/o7a4anda wa/
>C? An analo4< between t/uth and wate/
>D? An a77eal to the autho/it< of the fi/e de7a/t6ent
>E? An attac0 on the cha/acte/ of A6e/ican intelli4ence a4ents in ,este/n Eu/o7e
11. The autho/2s 6ain 7oint is that
>A? althou4h disinfo/6ation ca67ai4ns 6a< be effecti3eB the< a/e unacce7table
on ethical 4/ounds
>B? A6e/ica2s 6o/al standin4 in the wo/ld de7ends on its adhe/ence to the t/uth
>C? the te67o/a/< 7olitical 4ains 7/oduced b< disinfo/6ation ca67ai4ns
4ene/all< 4i3e wa< to lon4Ate/6 losses
>D? So3iet disinfo/6ation ca67ai4ns ha3e done little to da6a4e A6e/ica2s
standin4 in Eu/o7e
>E? disinfo/6ation ca67ai4ns do not effecti3el< se/3e the 7olitical inte/ests of the
Dnited States
1. A/e <ou still /eadin4 the othe/ news7a7e/ in town= Did <ou 0now that the Daily
Bugle is owned b< an outAofAtown business s<ndicate that couldn2t ca/e less about
the 7eo7le of Gotha6 Cit<= -ead the Daily ClarionB the onl< real 3oice of the
7eo7le of Gotha6 Cit<J
,hich of the followin4 6ost di/ectl< /efutes the a/4u6ent /aised in the
ad3e/tise6ent abo3e=
>A? (3e/ half of the ad3e/tisin4 /e3enues of the Daily Clarion co6e f/o6 fi/6s
whose head@ua/te/s a/e located outside of Gotha6 Cit<.
>B? The Daily Clarion usuall< de3otes 6o/e of its 7a4es to outAofAtown news than
does the Daily Bugle.
6 GMAT
>C? )ea/l< #$ 7e/cent of the /eade/s of the Daily Clarion /eside outside the li6its
of Gotha6 Cit<.
>D? The edito/AinAchief and all the othe/ 6e6be/s of the edito/ial staff of the
Daily Bugle ha3e li3ed and wo/0ed in Gotha6 Cit< fo/ ten <ea/s o/ 6o/e.
>E? The Daily Bugle has been 7ublished in Gotha6 Cit< fo/ a lon4e/ ti6e than
has the Daily Clarion.
Questions 13-14 are based on the following.
The ea/th2s /esou/ces a/e bein4 de7leted 6uch too fast. To co//ect thisB the Dnited
States 6ust 0ee7 its /esou/ce consu67tion at 7/esent le3els fo/ 6an< <ea/s to co6e.
1". The a/4u6ent abo3e de7ends on which of the followin4 assu67tions=
>A? Ie/ ca7ita /esou/ce consu67tion in the Dnited States is at an allAti6e hi4h.
>B? The Dnited States wastes /esou/ces.
>C? The Dnited States uses 6o/e /esou/ces than an< othe/ count/<.
>D? The Dnited States i67o/ts 6ost of the /esou/ces it uses.
>E? Cu/bin4 D.S. /esou/ce consu67tion will si4nificantl< /eta/d wo/ld /esou/ce
de7letion.
1#. ,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost st/en4then the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? )ew /esou/ce de7osits a/e constantl< bein4 disco3e/ed.
>B? The Dnited States consu6es oneAthi/d of all /esou/ces used in the wo/ld.
>C? (the/ count/ies need econo6ic de3elo76ent 6o/e than the Dnited States
does.
>D? (the/ count/ies ha3e a4/eed to hold thei/ /esou/ce consu67tion at 7/esent
le3els.
>E? The Dnited States has been conse/3in4 /esou/ces fo/ se3e/al <ea/s.
1!. Alba1 I don2t intend to 3ote fo/ Senato/ 5/an0 in the ne8t election. She is not a
st/on4 su77o/te/ of the wa/ a4ainst c/i6e.
Ta61 But Senato/ 5/an0 s7onso/ed the latest antic/i6e law 7assed b< the Senate.
Alba1 If Senato/ 5/an0 s7onso/ed itB it can2t be a 3e/< st/on4 antic/i6e law.
,hich of the followin4 identifies the 6ost se/ious lo4ical flaw in Alba2s
/easonin4=
>A? The facts she 7/esents do not su77o/t he/ conclusion that Senato/ 5/an0 is soft
on c/i6e.
>B? She assu6es without 7/oof that c/i6e is the 6ost i67o/tant issue in the
u7co6in4 election.
>C? She a/4ues in a ci/cleB usin4 an unsu77o/ted asse/tion to dis6iss conflictin4
e3idence.
>D? She attac0s Senato/ 5/an0 on 7e/sonal 4/ounds /athe/ than on he 6e/it as a
GMAT . 'SAT C- %
7olitical leade/.
>E? In decidin4 not to 3ote fo/ Senato/ 5/an0B she fails to conside/ issues othe/
than c/i6e.
16. ,hich of the followin4 best co67letes the 7assa4e below=
the 6ost se/ious flaw in tele3ision2s co3e/a4e of election ca67ai4ns is its
tendenc< to focus on the ho/seA/ace side of 7oliticsKthat isB to concent/ate on the
@uestion E,ho2s winnin4=F at the e87ense of substanti3e co3e/a4e of the issues
and the candidates2 7ositions on the6. The endless inte/3iews with ca67ai4n
6ana4e/sB discussions of ca67ai4n st/ate4iesB andB es7eciallA? a sho/tenin4 of the len4th of election ca67ai4ns to a 7e/iod of si8 wee0s
>B? a st/in4ent li6it on ca67ai4n s7endin4
>C? a /eduction in the tele3ision co3e/a4e of o7inion 7olls du/in4 election
ca67ai4ns
>D? the 7ublication and dist/ibution of 3ote/Aeducation lite/atu/e to info/6 the
7ublic about each candidate2s 7osition on the 6a;o/ issues
>E? a li6it on the len4th and nu6be/ of 7olitical ad3e/tise6ents b/oadcast on
tele3ision
1%. ,ith I/o7osition 1"B if <ou bou4ht <ou/ house 11 <ea/s a4o fo/ L%!B$$$B <ou/
7/o7e/t< ta8 would be a77/o8i6atel< L&1# a <ea/ >1 7e/cent of L%!B$$$ inc/eased
b< 7e/cent each <ea/ fo/ 11 <ea/s?G and if <ou/ nei4hbo/ bou4ht an identical
house ne8t doo/ to <ou fo/ L$$B$$$ this <ea/B his ta8 would be LB$$$ >1 7e/cent
of L$$B$$$?. ,ithout I/o7osition 1"B both <ou and <ou/ nei4hbo/ would 7a<
L6B$$$ a <ea/ in 7/o7e/t< ta8es >" 7e/cent of L$$B$$$?.
,hich of the followin4 is the conclusion fo/ which the autho/ 6ost li0el< is
a/4uin4 in the 7assa4e abo3e=
>A? I/o7osition 1" is unconstitutional because it i67oses an une@ual ta8 on
7/o7e/ties of e@ual 3alue.
>B? If I/o7osition 1" is /e7ealedB e3e/< ho6eowne/ is li0el< to e87e/ience a
substantial inc/ease in 7/o7e/t< ta8es.
>C? B< 7/e3entin4 inflation f/o6 d/i3in4 u7 7/o7e/t< 3aluesB I/o7osition 1" has
sa3ed ho6eowne/s thousands of dolla/s in 7/o7e/t< ta8es.
>D? If I/o7osition 1" is not /e7ealedB identical 7/o7e/ties will continue to be ta8ed
at diffe/ent /ates.
>E? I/o7osition 1" has benefited so6e ho6eowne/s 6o/e than othe/s.
At an eno/6ous /esea/ch costB a leadin4 che6ical co67an< has de3elo7ed a
6anufactu/in4 7/ocess fo/ con3e/tin4 wood fibe/s into a 7lastic. Acco/din4 to the
8 GMAT
co67an<B this new 7lastic can be used fo/B a6on4 othe/ thin4sB the hulls of s6all
sailboats. But what does the co67an< thin0 sailboat hulls used to be 6ade of= Su/el<
the 6ania fo/ hi4h technolo4< can sca/cel< 4o fu/the/ than this.
18. The autho/2s o7inion of the 6anufactu/in4 7/ocess desc/ibed in the 7assa4e is
based 7/i6a/il< on the fact that
>A? 7lastic is unli0el< to be du/able enou4h fo/ hi4hA@ualit< sailboat hulls
>B? the /esea/ch costs of de3elo7in4 the 7/ocess outwei4h an< sa3in4s 7ossible
f/o6 the use of the 7lastic
>C? a s6all sailboat is not no/6all< /e4a/ded as a hi4hAtech 7/oduct
>D? hulls fo/ s6all sailboats can be 6ade f/o6 wood without con3e/tin4 it into
7lastic
>E? 6an< othe/ s7he/es of hu6an acti3it< a/e in fa/ 4/eate/ need of technolo4ical
/esea/ch
1&. ,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost se/iousl< wea0en the autho/2s
conclusion=
>A? The 7lastic 7/oduced b< the 7/ocess is conside/abl< li4hte/B st/on4e/B and
6o/e wate/ti4ht than wood.
>B? The wood used in 7/oducin4 the 7lastic is itself in inc/easin4l< sho/t su77l<.
>C? The cost of the 6anufactu/in4 7/ocess of the 7lastic inc/eases the cost of
7/oducin4 a sailboat hull b< 1$ to 1! 7e/cent.
>D? Much of the cost of the /esea/ch that de3elo7ed the new 7/ocess will be
w/itten off fo/ ta8 7u/7oses b< the che6ical co67an<.
>E? The de3elo76ent of the new 7lastic is e87ected to hel7 6a0e the che6ical
co67an< an i67o/tant su77lie/ of boatAbuildin4 6ate/ials.
$. A <oun4 6an ea4e/ to beco6e a 6aste/ swo/ds6an ;ou/ne<ed to the ho6e of the
4/eatest teache/ of swo/ds6anshi7 in the 0in4do6. He as0ed the teache/B EHow
@uic0l< can <ou teach 6e to be a 6aste/ swo/ds6an=F The old teache/ /e7liedB EIt
will ta0e ten <ea/s.F DnsatisfiedB the <oun4 6an as0edB E,hat if I a6 willin4 to
wo/0 ni4ht and daA? hu6ilit<
>B? willin4ness to wo/0 ha/d
>C? /es7ect fo/ one2s elde/s
>D? 7atience
>E? dete/6ination
TEST B
GMAT . 'SAT C- &
1. Below is an e8ce/7t f/o6 a lette/ that was sent b< the chai/6an of a co/7o/ation
to the stoc0holde/s.
A nu6be/ of cha/4es ha3e been /aised a4ainst 6eB so6e se/iousB so6e t/i3ial.
Indi3iduals see0in4 to cont/ol the co/7o/ation fo/ thei/ own 7u/7oses ha3e
de6anded 6< /esi4nation. -e6e6be/ that no cou/t of law in an< state has found
6e 4uilt< of an< c/i6inal offense whatsoe3e/. In the A6e/ican t/aditionB as <ou
0nowB an indi3idual is conside/ed innocent until 7/o3en 4uilt<. 5u/the/6o/eB as
the co/7o/ation2s unb/o0en si8A<ea/ /eco/d of 4/owth will showB 6< conduct of
6< official duties as chai/6an has onl< hel7ed enhance the success of the
co/7o/ationB and so benefited e3e/< stoc0holde/.
,hich of the followin4 can be 7/o7e/l< infe//ed f/o6 the e8ce/7t=
>A? The chai/6an belie3es that all those who ha3e de6anded his /esi4nation a/e
6oti3ated b< desi/e to cont/ol the co/7o/ation fo/ thei/ own 7u/7oses.
>B? An< 6isdeeds that the chai/6an 6a< ha3e co66itted we/e 6oti3ated b< his
desi/e to enhance the success of the co/7o/ation.
>C? The chai/6an is innocent of an< c/i6inal offense.
>D? The co/7o/ation has e87anded steadil< o3e/ the 7ast si8 <ea/s.
>E? An< le4al 7/oceedin4s a4ainst the chai/6an ha3e /esulted in his ac@uittal.
. In the <ea/s since the cit< of 'ondon i67osed st/ict ai/A7ollution /e4ulations on
local indust/<B the nu6be/ of bi/d s7ecies seen in and a/ound 'ondon has
inc/eased d/a6aticall<. Si6ila/ ai/A7ollution /ules should be i67osed in othe/
6a;o/ cities.
Each of the followin4 is an assu67tion 6ade in the a/4u6ent abo3e EHCEIT1
>A? In 6ost 6a;o/ citiesB ai/A7ollution 7/oble6s a/e caused al6ost enti/el< b<
local indust/<.
>B? Ai/A7ollution /e4ulations on indust/< ha3e a si4nificant i67act on the @ualit<
of the ai/.
>C? The ai/A7ollution 7/oble6s of othe/ 6a;o/ cities a/e basicall< si6ila/ to those
once suffe/ed b< 'ondon.
>D? An inc/ease in the nu6be/ of bi/d s7ecies in and a/ound a cit< is desi/able.
>E? The inc/eased si4htin4s of bi/d s7ecies in and a/ound 'ondon /eflect an actual
inc/ease in the nu6be/ of s7ecies in the a/ea.
". ,hich of the followin4 best co67letes the 7assa4e below=
In o77osin4 4o3e/n6ent /e4ulation of businessB conse/3ati3es often a77eal to the
+effe/sonian ideal of li6ited 4o3e/n6entB e87/essin4 the wish that 4o3e/n6ent
would E4et off the bac0s of the A6e/ican 7eo7le.F :etB 7a/ado8icallA? a /etu/n to the /est/icti3e se8ual 6o/alit< of the *icto/ian e/a
1$ GMAT
>B? a st/en4thenin4 of the /ole of the fa6il< in settin4 6o/al no/6s fo/ societ<
>C? a li6itation on the a6ount of se8uall< 7/o3ocati3e 6ate/ial a77ea/in4 in
boo0sB 6oti3esB and tele3ision shows
>D? 4/eate/ f/eedo6 fo/ indi3iduals to choose thei/ own wa< of handlin4 se8ual
issues
>E? an inc/eased 4o3e/n6ental /ole in the /e4ulation and cont/ol of 7/i3ate se8ual
beha3io/
Questions 4-5 are based on the following
In an e87e/i6entB two diffe/ent t<7es of /eco/ded 6usic we/e 7la<ed fo/ neonates in
ad;acent nu/se/ies in a hos7ital. In nu/se/< AB classical 6usic was 7la<edG in nu/se/<
BB /oc0 6usic was 7la<ed. Afte/ two wee0sB it was found that the babies in nu/se/< A
c/ied lessB suffe/ed fewe/ 6ino/ ail6entsB and 4ained 6o/e wei4ht than did the babies
in nu/se/< B.
#. In e3aluatin4 the 3alidit< of the conclusion su44ested b< the e87e/i6ent abo3eB it
would be 6ost i67o/tant to 0now which of the followin4=
>A? The 6usical 7/efe/ences of the 7a/ents of the two 4/ou7s of newbo/ns
>B? ,hethe/ the newbo/ns in both nu/se/ies we/e e@uall< health< and ha77< at
the sta/t of the e87e/i6ent
>C? ,hethe/ loud /oc0 6usic can da6a4e the hea/in4 of newbo/ns
>D? ,hat the a3e/a4e wei4ht of the neonates was befo/e and afte/ the e87e/i6ent
>E? ,hethe/ the 6usic was 7la<ed in the nu/se/ies at all ti6es o/ onl< at ce/tain
ti6es
!. ,hich of the followin4 additional e87e/i6ental data would su77o/t the
h<7othesis that classical 6usic is beneficial to the de3elo76ent of newbo/n=
>A? The neonates in a nu/se/< whe/e no 6usic was 7la<ed fa/ed bette/ than those
in nu/se/< B.
>B? )u/se/< A contained 1! 7e/cent 6o/e 7/e6atu/e babies than nu/se/< B.
>C? The newbo/ns in nu/se/< A c/ied lessB suffe/ed fewe/ 6ino/ ail6entsB and
4ained 6o/e wei4ht than did newbo/ns in a nu/se/< with no 6usic.
>D? The 6usic 7la<ed in nu/se/< A was loude/ than that 7la<ed in nu/se/< B.
>E? The /atio of nu/ses to newbo/ns in nu/se/< B was 1 to #G in nu/se/< AB it was 1
to 6.
6. The ancient cit< of Ce7hesa was not bu/ied b< an e/u7tion of Mt. A6nos in A.D.
"1$B as so6e belie3e. The e/u7tion in the <ea/ "1$ da6a4ed the cit<B but it did not
dest/o< it. Ce7hesa su/3i3ed fo/ anothe/ centu/< befo/e it finall< 6et its
dest/uction in anothe/ e/u7tion a/ound A.D. #1!.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost st/en4then the autho/2s clai6 that the
cit< of Ce7hesa was not bu/ied b< the e/u7tion of Mt. A6nos in A.D. "1$=
GMAT . 'SAT C- 11
>A? The cit< of Ce7hesa is 6entioned in a histo/ical wo/0 0nown to ha3e been
w/itten in A.D. #$$.
>B? Coins bea/in4 the i6a4e of an e67e/o/ who li3ed a/ound A.D. #1$ ha3e been
disco3e/ed in the /uins of Ce7hesaB which we/e 7/ese/3ed b< the cinde/s and
ashes that bu/ied the cit<.
>C? Geolo4ical e3idence shows that the e/u7tion of Mt. A6nos in A.D. #1!
de7osited a 1$AfootAthic0 la<e/ of la3a on the cit< of Ce7hesa.
>D? A/two/0s f/o6 the cit< of Ce7hesa ha3e been found in the /uins of anothe/
cit< 0nown to ha3e been dest/o<ed in A.D. #$.
>E? A histo/ical wo/0 w/itten in A.D. #"$ /efe/s to the e/u7tion of Mt. A6nos in
A.D. #1!.
%. +une is talle/ than M/istin.
'ett< is talle/ than Ma/ia.
Ma/ia is sho/te/ than )anc<.
M/istin and )anc< a/e e8actl< the sa6e hei4ht.
If the info/6ation abo3e is t/ueB which of the followin4 6ust also be t/ue=
>A? 'ett< is talle/ than )anc<.
>B? 'ett< is talle/ than +une.
>C? M/istin is sho/te/ than 'ett<.
>D? +une is talle/ than Ma/ia.
>E? M/istin is sho/te/ than Ma/ia.
8. Cu//ent fa/6 7olic< is institutionali9ed 7enali9ation of consu6e/s. It inc/eases
food 7/ices fo/ 6iddleA and lowAinco6e fa6ilies and costs the ta87a<e/ billions
of dolla/s a <ea/.
,hich of the followin4 state6entsB if t/ueB would 7/o3ide su77o/t fo/ the autho/2s
clai6s abo3e=
I. 5a/6 subsidies a6ount to /ou4hl< L$ billion a <ea/ in fede/al 7a<outs and
L1 billion 6o/e in hi4he/ food 7/ices.
II. Acco/din4 to a stud< b< the De7a/t6ent of A4/icultu/eB each L1 of benefits
7/o3ided to fa/6e/s fo/ ethanol 7/oduction costs consu6e/s and ta87a<e/s
L#.
III. The a3e/a4e fullAti6e fa/6e/s ha3e an a3e/a4e net wo/th of o3e/ L"$$B$$$.
>A? I onl<
>B? II onl<
>C? III onl<
>D? I and II onl<
>E? IB IIB and III
&. -e3a1 Dsin4 e8t/aneous incenti3es to 4et teena4e/s to chan4e thei/ attitude towa/d
1 GMAT
school and schoolwo/0 won2t wo/0. Ta0e the 7/o4/a6 in ,est *i/4iniaB fo/
instanceB whe/e the< t/ied to /educe thei/ d/o7out /ate b< /e3o0in4 the d/i3in4
licenses of 0ids who left school. The 7/o4/a6 failed 6ise/abl<.
Anne1 It2s t/ue that the ,est *i/4inia 7/o4/a6 failedB but 6an< schools ha3e
de3ised incenti3e 7/o4/a6s that ha3e been 3e/< successful in i67/o3in4
attendance and /educin4 disci7line 7/oble6s.
Acco/din4 to AnneB the wea0 7oint in -e3a2s clai6 is that it
>A? fails to conside/ the 7ossibilit< that the 6a;o/it< of 7otential d/o7outs in ,est
*i/4inia do not ha3e d/i3in4 licenses
>B? doesn2t 7/o3ide an< e8act fi4u/es fo/ the d/o7out /ate in ,est *i/4inia befo/e
and du/in4 the 7/o4/a6
>C? i4no/es a substantial bod< of e3idence showin4 that 7a/ents and e67lo<e/s
ha3e been usin4 e8t/insic incenti3es with 7ositi3e /esults fo/ <ea/s
>D? assu6es that a 7ositi3e incenti3eKa 7/i9e o/ a /ewa/dKwill be no 6o/e
effecti3e than a ne4ati3e incenti3eB li0e the /e3o0in4 of a d/i3in4 license
>E? is based on a sin4le e8a67leB the incenti3e 7/o4/a6 in ,est *i/4iniaB which
6a< not be t<7ical
1$. In 6an< su/3e<sB A6e/ican consu6e/s ha3e e87/essed a willin4ness to s7end u7
to 1$ 7e/cent 6o/e fo/ 7/oducts that a/e ecolo4icall< sound. Encou/a4ed b< such
su/3e<sB BleachA( Co/7o/ation 7/o6oted a new laund/< dete/4entB BleachA(
G/eenB as safe/ fo/ the en3i/on6ent. BleachA( G/een cost ! 7e/cent 6o/e than
t<7ical dete/4ents. Afte/ one <ea/B BleachA( G/een had failed to ca7tu/e a
si4nificant sha/e of the dete/4ent 6a/0et and was withd/awn f/o6 sale.
,hich of the followin4 @uestions is 'EAST li0el< to be /ele3ant in dete/6inin4
the /easons fo/ the failu/e of BleachA( G/een=
>A? How effecti3e as a dete/4ent was BleachA( G/een=
>B? How 6an< othe/ dete/4ents on the 6a/0et we/e 7/o6oted as safe fo/ the
en3i/on6ent=
>C? How 6uch 6o/e did BleachA( G/een cost to 6anufactu/e than o/dina/<
dete/4ents=
>D? To what e8tent did consu6e/s acce7t the 3alidit< of BleachA( G/een
ad3e/tised and 7/o6oted to consu6e/s=
>E? How effecti3el< was BleachA( G/een ad3e/tised and 7/o6oted to consu6e/s=
11. The bu/den of 6aintainin4 the D.S. hi4hwa< s<ste6 falls dis7/o7o/tionatel< on
the t/uc0in4 indust/<. T/uc0s /e7/esent onl< about 1$ 7e/cent of the 3ehicles on
D.S. /oads. :et /oad use ta8es assessed on t/uc0s a6ount to al6ost half the ta8es
7aid fo/ hi4hwa< u70ee7 and /e7ai/.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost wea0en the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? The t/uc0in4 indust/< has en;o<ed /eco/d afte/Ata8 7/ofits in th/ee of the 7ast
fou/ <ea/s.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 1"
>B? Because of thei/ wei4htB t/uc0s cause o3e/ !$ 7e/cent of the da6a4e sustained
b< hi4hwa< su/faces each <ea/.
>C? ,ithout an econo6icall< 3iable t/uc0in4 indust/D? -oad use ta8es 7aid b< t/uc0in4 co67anies ha3e dec/eased b< " 7e/cent o3e/
the 7ast fi3e <ea/s.
>E? Due to <ea/s of ne4lectB D.S. hi4hwa<s toda< a/e badl< in need of 6a;o/
/e7ai/s and /ebuildin4.
1. The u7co6in4 7/esidential election in the ,est Af/ican /e7ublic of Ganelon is of
4/a3e conce/n to the D.S. State De7a/t6ent. Ganelon 7/esentl< has st/on4
7olitical and 6ilita/< ties to the Dnited States. Howe3e/B the Socialist 7a/t< is
widel< e87ected to win the electionB leadin4 to fea/s that Ganelon will soon b/ea0
awa< f/o6 the 7/oAA6e/ican bloc and ado7t a nonali4ned o/ o7enl< antiA
A6e/ican stance.
,hich of the followin4 is an assu67tion 6ade in the 7assa4e abo3e=
>A? A Socialist 7a/t< 4o3e/n6ent in Ganelon is 6o/e li0el< to o77ose the Dnited
States than is a nonASocialist 7a/t< 4o3e/n6ent.
>B? The 7eo7le of the Dnited States /eco4ni9e thei/ nation2s inte/est in the
7olitical stabilit< of ,est Af/ica.
>C? A wea0enin4 of D.S. 7olitical ties with Ganelon could ha3e se/ious
conse@uences fo/ D.S. /elations with othe/ Af/ican nations.
>D? The Socialist 7a/t< leade/s in Ganelon belie3e that thei/ nation2s inte/ests
would best be se/3ed b< an alliance with antiAA6e/ican fo/ces.
>E? The Socialist 7a/t< will win the u7co6in4 election in Ganelon.
1". )o nation can lon4 su/3i3e unless its 7eo7le a/e united b< a co66on ton4ue. 5o/
7/oofB we need onl< conside/ CanadaB which is bein4 to/n asunde/ b< conflicts
between 5/enchAs7ea0in4 Nuebec and the othe/ 7/o3incesB which a/e do6inated
b< En4lish s7ea0e/s.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost effecti3el< challen4es the autho/2s
conclusion=
>A? Conflicts o3e/ lan4ua4e ha3e led to 3iolent clashes between the Bas@ueA
s7ea0in4 6ino/it< in S7ain and the S7anishAs7ea0in4 6a;o/it<.
>B? I/o7osals to decla/e En4lish the official lan4ua4e of the Dnited States ha3e
6et with /esistance f/o6 6e6be/s of His7anic and othe/ 6ino/it< 4/ou7s.
>C? Econo6ic and 7olitical diffe/encesB alon4 with lin4uistic onesB ha3e
cont/ibuted to the 7/o3incial conflicts in Canada.
>D? The 7ublic of IndiaB in e8istence sine 1&#8B has a 7o7ulation that s7ea0s
hund/eds of diffe/entB thou4h /elatedB lan4ua4es.
>E? Swit9e/land has su/3i3ed fo/ nea/l< a thousand <ea/s as a ho6e fo/ s7ea0e/s
of th/ee diffe/ent lan4ua4es.
1# GMAT
1#. As an e87e/ienced labo/ o/4ani9e/ and the fo/6e/ head of one of the nation2s
6ost 7owe/ful labo/ unionsB G/a<son is an e8cellent choice to chai/ the new
council on businessAlabo/ /elations.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost st/en4then the conclusion abo3e=
>A? The new council 6ust ha3e the su77o/t of the nation2s labo/ leade/s if it is to
succeed.
>B? Du/in4 his <ea/s as a labo/ leade/B G/a<son established a /eco/d of 4ood
/elations with business leade/s.
>C? The chai/ of the new council 6ust be a 7e/son who can co66unicate di/ectl<
with the leade/s of the nation2s la/4est labo/ unions.
>D? Most of the othe/ 6e6be/s of the new council will be /e7/esentati3es of
business 6ana4e6ent inte/ests.
>E? An unde/standin4 of the needs and 7/oble6s of labo/ is the onl< @ualification
necessa/< fo/ the ;ob of chai/in4 the new council.
1!. In the effo/t to fi/e a Ci3il Se/3ice e67lo<eeB his o/ he/ 6ana4e/ 6a< ha3e to
s7end u7 to L1$$B$$$ of ta8 6one<. Since Ci3il Se/3ice e67lo<ees 0now how
ha/d it is to fi/e the6B the< tend to loaf. This e87lains in la/4e 7a/t wh< the
4o3e/n6ent is so inefficient.
It can be 7/o7e/l< infe//ed on the basis of the state6ents abo3e that the autho/
belie3es which of the followin4=
I. Too 6uch ;ob secu/it< can ha3e a ne4ati3e influence on wo/0e/s.
II. Mo/e 4o3e/n6ent wo/0e/s should be fi/ed.
III. Most 4o3e/n6ent wo/0e/s a/e Ci3il Se/3ice e67lo<ees.
>A? I onl<
>B? I and III onl<
>C? II onl<
>D? IB IIB and III
>E? III onl<
16. So6e co66entato/s co67lain that a Eliti4ation e87losionF in the 7ast decade has
led to un/easonabl< hi4h costs fo/ D.S. businesses b< encou/a4in4 6o/e 7/oduct
liabilit< suits a4ainst 6anufactu/e/s. Howe3e/B these co67laints a/e based 6ainl<
on 6<th. Statistics show that the nu6be/ of successful 7/oduct liabilit< suits has
/e6ained al6ost the sa6eB and the a3e/a4e su6 awa/ded in da6a4es has 4/own
no faste/ than the inflation /ate.
>A? The nu6be/ of unsuccessful suits has s0</oc0etedB i67osin4 hu4e new le4al
e87enses on businesses.
>B? Se3e/al of the la/4est awa/ds e3e/ 6ade in 7/oduct liabilit< cases occu//ed
within the last two <ea/s.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 1!
>C? The /ise of the consu6e/ 6o3e6ent has encou/a4ed citi9ens to see0 le4al
/ed/ess fo/ 7/oduct flaws.
>D? 'aw<e/s often unde/ta0e 7/oduct liabilit< cases on a contin4enc< basisB so
thei/ 7a<6ent is based on the si9e of the da6a4es awa/ded.
>E? +u/ies often awa/d da6a4es in 7/oduct liabilit< suits out of e6otional
s<67ath< fo/ an in;u/ed consu6e/.
1%. -onald1 Acco/din4 to 6< anal<sis of the national econo6<B housin4 7/ices should
not inc/ease du/in4 the ne8t si8 6onths unless inte/est /ates d/o7 si4nificantl<.
Ma/01 I disa4/ee. (ne <ea/ a4oB when inte/est /ates last fell si4nificantlA? housin4 7/ices will /ise onl< if inte/est /ates fall
>B? if inte/est /ates fallB housin4 7/ices 6ust /ise
>C? inte/est /ates and housin4 7/ices tend to /ise and fall to4ethe/
>D? inte/est /ates a/e the onl< si4nificant econo6ic facto/ affectin4 housin4 7/ices
>E? inte/est /ates a/e li0el< to fall si4nificantl< in the ne8t si8 6onths
18. It2s ti6e we sto77ed sea/chin4 fo/ new statistics to su44est that we a/e not
s7endin4 enou4h on education. In factB education s7endin4 inc/eased "$ 7e/cent
o3e/all du/in4 the last decade.
>A? Des7ite inc/eased s7endin4 on educationB en/oll6ent in ou/ ele6enta/< and
seconda/< schools declined about # 7e/cent du/in4 the last ten <ea/s.
>B? (u/ s7endin4 on 4asoline inc/eased 6o/e than 1$$ 7e/cent du/in4 the last
decade.
>C? ,hen ad;usted fo/ inflationB ou/ 7e/A7u7il e87enditu/e on education this <ea/
is less than it was ten <ea/s a4o.
>D? Ele3en othe/ econo6icall< de3elo7ed nations s7end 6o/e on education than
we do.
>E? The achie3e6ent le3els of ou/ students ha3e been declinin4 steadil< since
1&6$B and the last decade 7/oduced no /e3e/sal in this t/end.
1&. The D.S. census is not 7e/fect1 thousands of A6e/icans 7/obabl< 4o uncounted.
Howe3e/B the basic statistical 7o/t/ait of the nation 7ainted b< the census is
accu/ate. Ce/tainl< so6e of the 7oo/ 4o uncountedB 7a/ticula/l< the ho6elessG but
so6e of the /ich 4o uncounted as wellB because the< a/e often ab/oad o/ t/a3elin4
between one /esidence and anothe/.
,hich of the followin4 is an assu67tion on which the a/4u6ent abo3e de7ends=
>A? Both the /ich and the 7oo/ ha3e 7e/sonal and econo6ic /easons to a3oid
bein4 counted b< the census.
16 GMAT
>B? All A6e/icans 6a< /easonabl< be classified as eithe/ 7oo/ o/ /ich.
>C? The 7e/centa4e of 7oo/ A6e/icans uncounted b< the census is close to the
7e/centa4e of /ich A6e/icans uncounted.
>D? The nu6be/ of ho6eless A6e/icans is a77/o8i6atel< e@ual to the nu6be/ of
/ich A6e/icans.
>E? The 7/i6a/< 7u/7ose of the census is to anal<9e the econo6ic status of the
A6e/ican 7o7ulation.
$. ,hich of the followin4 best co67letes the 7assa4e below=
In toda<2s 7lu/alistic societ<B te8tboo0 7ublishe/s find the6sel3es in an
inc/easin4l< unco6fo/table 7osition. Since the schools a/e /e4a/ded as a
/e7osito/< of societ<2s 6o/al and cultu/al 3aluesB each 4/ou7 within societ<
wishes to 7/e3ent an< 6ate/ial that offends its own 3alues f/o6 a77ea/in4 in
te8tboo0s. As a /esultB stance on an issue is ce/tain to /un afoul of one 4/ou7 o/
anothe/. And since te8tboo0 7ublishe/s 6ust /el< on co66unit< 4oodwill to sell
thei/ boo0sB it is ine3itable thatCCCCCC
>A? fewe/ and fewe/ 7ublishe/s will be willin4 to ente/ the financiall< unce/tain
te8tboo0 indust/<
>B? the ethical and 6o/al content of te8tboo0s will beco6e inc/easin4l< neut/al
and bland
>C? 6o/e and 6o/e 7/essu/e 4/ou7s will a/ise that see0 to influence the content of
te8tboo0s
>D? the 4o3e/n6ent will be fo/ced to inte/3ene in the inc/easin4l< /anco/ous
debate o3e/ the content of te8tboo0s
>E? school boa/dsB teache/sB and 7/inci7als will find it nea/l< i67ossible to choose
a6on4 the 3a/iet< of te8tboo0s bein4 offe/ed
TEST C
Questions 1-! are based on the following.
,e ha3e hea/d a 4ood deal in /ecent <ea/s about the declinin4 i67o/tance of the two
6a;o/ 7olitical 7a/ties. It is the 6ass 6ediaB we a/e toldB that decide the outco6e of
electionsB not the 7owe/ of the 7a/ties. But it is wo/th notin4 that no inde7endent o/
thi/dA7a/t< candidate has won an< i67o/tant election in /ecent <ea/sB and in the last
nationwide ca67ai4nB the two 6a;o/ 7a/ties /aised and s7ent 6o/e 6one< than e3e/
befo/e in su77o/t of thei/ candidates and 7latfo/6s. It see6s clea/ that /e7o/ts of the
i66inent de6ise of the twoA7a/t< s<ste6 a/e 7/e6atu/e at best.
1. ,hich of the followin4 is an assu67tion 6ade in the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? The a6ount of 6one< /aised and s7ent b< a 7olitical 7a/t< is one 3alid
c/ite/ion fo/ ;ud4in4 the influence of the 7a/t<.
>B? A si4nificant inc/ease in the nu6be/ of thi/dA7a/t< candidates would be
GMAT . 'SAT C- 1%
e3idence of a decline in the i67o/tance of the two 6a;o/ 7a/ties.
>C? The twoA7a/t< s<ste6 has cont/ibuted si4nificantl< to the stabilit< of the
A6e/ican 7olitical st/uctu/e.
>D? The 6ass 6edia tend to fa3o/ an inde7endent o/ thi/dA7a/t< candidate o3e/ a
candidate f/o6 one of the two 6a;o/ 7a/ties.
>E? The 6ass 6edia a/e /elati3el< uni67o/tant in decidin4 the outco6e of 6ost
elections.
. ,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost st/en4then the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? The 7e/centa4e of 3ote/s /e4iste/ed as inde7endents is hi4he/ toda< than e3e/
befo/e.
>B? In a /ecent 7/esidential ca67ai4nB fo/ the fi/st ti6e e3e/B an inde7endent
candidate was in3ited to a77ea/ in a tele3ised debate with the 6a;o/A7a/t<
candidates.
>C? E3e/< cu//ent 6e6be/ of the D.S. Senate was elected as the candidate of one
of the two 6a;o/ 7a/ties.
>D? In a /ecent o7inion 7ollB 6ost 3ote/s stated that a candidate2s 7a/t< affiliation
was an insi4nificant facto/ in ;ud4in4 his o/ he/ fitness fo/ office.
>E? In the last fou/ <ea/sB the outco6e of se3e/al statewide elections has been
dete/6ined b< the st/en4th of the thi/dA7a/t< 3ote.
". Is<cholo4ists conducted a se/ies of e87e/i6ents to test the effect u7on
schoolchild/en of 3iolence in fil6s. In the fi/st e87e/i6entB 4/a66a/ school
child/en we/e shown a fil6 that included scenes of a 6ale teena4e/ en4a4in4 in
3iolent acts a4ainst othe/sB such as 7unchin4B 7ushin4B and 0ic0in4. Du/in4 a f/eeA
7la< session followin4 the fil6 3iewin4B # 7e/cent of the child/en we/e obse/3ed
to en4a4e in one o/ 6o/e 3iolent acts si6ila/ to those in the fil6. In a second
e87e/i6entB a diffe/ent 4/ou7 of child/en was shown a si6ila/ fil6 featu/in4 a
fe6ale teena4e/. (nl< 1# 7e/cent of the child/en we/e obse/3ed beha3in4
3iolentl< afte/wa/d. The 7s<cholo4ists concluded that child/en a/e 6o/e li0el< to
i6itate 3iolent beha3io/ on fil6 when a 6ale 6odel is shown than when a fe6ale
6odel is shown.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost se/iousl< wea0en the 7s<cholo4ists2
conclusion=
>A? In both e87e/i6entsB the 3icti6s of the fil6ed 3iolence included both 6ales
and fe6ales.
>B? In the second e87e/i6entB 8 7e/cent of the child/en a77ea/ed u7set du/in4
the 3iewin4 the 3iolent fil6 scenes.
>C? The fi/st 4/ou7 included 1& 6ale students and $ fe6ale studentsG the second
4/ou7 included $ 6ale students and 1 fe6ale students.
>D? In the fi/st 4/ou7B !8 7e/cent of the child/en a77ea/ed bo/ed du/in4 the
showin4 of the fil6B and 1 7e/cent fell aslee7.
18 GMAT
>E? The 7e/centa4e of child/en 0nown to ha3e disci7line 7/oble6s 7/io/ to the
e87e/i6ent was 4/eate/ in the fi/st 4/ou7 than in the second 4/ou7.
#. Mainline Ai/wa<s was bou4ht b< its e67lo<ees si8 <ea/s a4o. Th/ee <ea/s a4oB
Mainline hi/ed NualiCo Ad3e/tisin4 A4enc< to handle its 7/o6otions and
ad3e/tisin4 di3ision. Toda< Mainline2s 7/ofits a/e o3e/ $ 7e/cent hi4he/ than
the< we/e fi3e <ea/s a4o and 1$ 7e/cent hi4he/ than the< we/e th/ee <ea/s a4o.
E67lo<ee owne/shi7 and a 4ood ad3e/tisin4 a4enc< ha3e co6bined to 6a0e
Mainline 6o/e 7/ofitable.
,hich of the followin4 best desc/ibes the wea0 7oint in the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? It fails to establish a causal connection between the chan4e in owne/shi7 at
Mainline Ai/wa<s and the hi/in4 of NualiCoB on the one handB and the /ise in
Mainline2s 7/ofitsB on the othe/.
>B? It 7/esents no e3idence showin4 that e67lo<eeAowned ai/lines a/e an< 6o/e
7/ofitable than othe/ ai/lines.
>C? It assu6es that the 7/ofits of Mainline Ai/wa<s will continue to /ise.
>D? It 4i3es no e8act fi4u/es fo/ the cu//ent 7/ofits of Mainline Ai/wa<s.
>E? It fails to e87lain how the 7/ofits of Mainline Ai/wa<s a/e calculated.
!. At 6an< colle4es toda<B /e4ulations ha3e been i67osed that fo/bid the use in
s7eech o/ 7/int of lan4ua4e that EoffendsF o/ EinsultsF the 6e6be/s of an< 4/ou7B
es7eciall< wo6en and /acialB ethnicB and /eli4ious 6ino/ities. Althou4h these
/e4ulations a/e defended in the na6e of Ede6oc/ac<BF the< /est/ict f/eedo6 of
s7eech and the 7/ess in a wa< that o77oses the t/ue s7i/it of de6oc/ac<.
The a/4u6ent abo3e atte67ts to 7/o3e its case 7/i6a/il< b<
>A? i67u4nin4 the c/edentials of an o77onent
>B? 7/o3idin4 e8a67les that su77o/t a theo/etical 7/inci7le
>C? ta0in4 ad3anta4e of inconsistencies in the definition of Ede6oc/ac<F
>D? /e3ealin4 a cont/adiction in an o77osin4 7oint of 3iew
>E? a77ealin4 to the 7at/iotic feelin4s of its audience
6. In 1&8$B a Danish tenAO/e coin 6inted in 1%#% was sold at auction fo/ L8B$$$.
Eleano/ Bi8b< owns anothe/ Danish tenAO/e coin 6inted in 1%#%. ,hen she 7uts
it on the 6a/0et ne8t wee0B it will fetch a 7/ice o3e/ L18B$$$.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost wea0en the conclusion d/awn abo3e=
>A? Since 1&8$B the a3e/a4e 7/ice fo/ /a/e coins has inc/eased b< o3e/ 1!$
7e/cent.
>B? The/e a/e onl< fou/ coins li0e the one in @uestion in the enti/e wo/ld.
>C? Since 1&8$B the consu6e/ 7/ice inde8 has /isen b< o3e/ 1!$ 7e/cent.
>D? In 1&86B a 7/e3iousl< un0nown cache of one hund/ed coins ;ust li0e the one
in @uestion was found.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 1&
>E? Thi/t< 7/o6inentB wealth< coin collecto/s a/e e87ected to bid fo/ Bi8b<2s
coin.
%. Me/co has been in business lon4e/ than )olen. IncB (lean Indust/ies was founded
<ea/s befo/e the Iotte/ Co67anA? (lean Indust/ies has been in business fo/ 6o/e <ea/s than Me/co.
>B? (lean Indust/ies has been in business fo/ 6o/e <ea/s than the Nua/les
Co/7o/ation.
>C? )olenB Inc.B has not been in business fo/ as 6an< <ea/s as (lean Indust/ies.
>D? Me/co has been in business fo/ 6o/e <ea/s than the Iotte/ Co67an<.
>E? )olenB Inc.B has not been in business fo/ as 6an< <ea/s as the Iotte/
Co67an<.
A 7/i6a/< facto/ in 7e/7etuatin4 the low sala/ies of wo6en wo/0e/s has been
thei/ se4/e4ation in the soAcalled 7in0Acolla/ occu7ationsB such as nu/sin4B
teachin4B lib/a/< scienceB and sec/eta/ial wo/0. Ia/tl< because these ;obs ha3e
t/aditionall< been held b< wo6enB thei/ sala/< le3els ha3e been de7/essedB andB
des7ite inc/eased atte67ts to unioni9e these wo/0e/s in /ecent <ea/sB thei/ 7a<
continues to la4. Mo/eo3e/B althou4h a la/4e 7e/centa4e of wo6en than e3e/
befo/e a/e now ente/in4 and /e6ainin4 in the ;ob 6a/0etB 6ost continue to
4/a3itate towa/d the 7in0Acolla/ fieldsB des7ite the lowe/ sala/ies. It see6s clea/B
the/efo/eB that if the a3e/a4e sala/ies of wo6en wo/0e/s a/e to a77/oach those of
6enB CCCCCC
>A? labo/ unions 6ust /edouble thei/ effo/ts to i67/o3e the lot of wo/0in4 wo6en
>B? societ<2s 7e/ce7tion of 7in0Acolla/ ;obs as less i67o/tant and less de6andin4
than othe/ ;obs 6ust be chan4ed
>C? 6o/e 6en 6ust be encou/a4ed to ente/ fields t/aditionall< occu7ied b<
wo6en
>D? the nu6be/ of ;obs in the 7in0Acolla/ fields /elati3e to the si9e of the wo/0
fo/ce as a whole 6ust be 6a/0edl< inc/eased
>E? 6o/e wo6en 6ust ente/ occu7ations othe/ than those t/aditionall< /ese/3ed
fo/ the6
&. Dete/6inin4 the authenticit< of 7u/7o/ted 7/eAColu6bian a/tifacts is ne3e/ eas<.
Ca/bonA1# datin4 of these a/tifacts is often i67ossible due to conta6ination b<
/adioacti3e 7alladiu6 >which occu/s natu/all< in the soils of Cent/al and South
A6e/ica?. Howe3e/B histo/ians and anth/o7olo4ists ha3e e3ol3ed two /eliable
c/ite/iaB whichB utili9ed in co6binationB ha3e 7/o3en effecti3e fo/ datin4 these
a/tifacts. 5i/stB because authentic 7/eAColu6bian a/tifacts cha/acte/isticall< occu/
$ GMAT
in a coa/seB 4/anula/ 6at/i8 that is shifted b< 6a;o/ ea/th@ua0esB the< often
e8hibit the uni@ue sc/atch 7atte/ns 0nown as gridding. In additionB t/ue 7/eA
Colu6bian a/tifacts show a da/0enin4 in su/face colo/ that is caused b< centu/ies
of e87osu/e to the 6inute a6ounts of 6a4nesiu6 in the soil of the A6e/icas.
The c/ite/ia abo3e would be 'EAST useful in ;ud4in4 the authenticit< of which
of the followin4=
>A? An a8 head of blac0 obsidianB unea/thed f/o6 a 0itchen 6idden
>B? A 7otte/< bowl with a /ed oche/ desi4nB found in the /uins of a te67le
>C? A set of 4old ea/ wei4htsB o/na6ented with ;as7e/ 7endants
>D? A blac0 feathe/ ca7e f/o6 a 0in42s bu/ial 3ault
>E? A 6ulticolo/ed wo3en sash found nea/ the 4/a3esite of a sla3e
5/o6 ti6e to ti6eB the 7/ess indul4es in outbu/sts of indi4nation o3e/ the use of false
o/ 6isleadin4 info/6ation b< the D.S. 4o3e/n6ent in su77o/t of its 7olicies and
7/o4/a6s. )o one endo/ses needless dece7tion. But conside/ this histo/ical analo4<. It
is 0nown that Ch/isto7he/ Colu6busB on his fi/st 3o<a4e to the )ew ,o/ldB
delibe/atel< falsified the lo4 to show a sho/te/ sailin4 distance fo/ each da< out than
the shi7s had actuall< t/a3eled. In this wa<B Colu6bus was able to con3ince his
s0e7tical sailo/s that the< had not sailed 7ast the 7oint at which the< e87ected to find
the sho/es of India. ,ithout this dece7tionB Colu6bus2s sailo/s 6i4ht well ha3e
6utiniedB and the )ew ,o/ld 6i4ht ne3e/ ha3e been disco3e/ed.
1$. The autho/ of the 7assa4e abo3e assu6es each of the followin4 EHCEIT1
>A? Go3e/n6ent dece7tion of the 7/ess is often 6oti3ated b< wo/th< ob;ecti3es.
>B? ,ithout 4o3e/n6ent dece7tionB 7o7ula/ su77o/t fo/ wo/thwhile 4o3e/n6ent
7olicies and 7/o4/a6s 6i4ht well fade.
>C? Attac0s on the 4o3e/n6ent b< the 7/ess a/e often 7oliticall< 6oti3ated.
>D? Dece7tion fo/ dece7tion2s sa0e should not be condoned.
>E? A 4/eate/ 4ood 6a< so6eti6es /e@ui/e acce7tance of a lesse/ e3il.
11. ,hich of the followin4 is the 6ain wea0ness of the histo/ical analo4< d/awn in
the 7assa4e abo3e=
>A? The sailo/s in Colu6bus2s c/ew ne3e/ 0new that the< had been decei3edB
while 4o3e/n6ent dece7tion is 4ene/all< unco3e/ed b< the 7/ess.
>B? A shi72s lo4 is a /eco/d intended 6ainl< fo/ use b< the ca7tainB while 7/ess
/e7o/ts a/e 4ene/all< disse6inated fo/ use b< the 7ublic at la/4e.
>C? The 6e6be/s of a shi72s c/ew a/e selected b< the ca7tain of the shi7B while
those who wo/0 in the 7/ess a/e selfAselected.
>D? The c/ew of a shi7 is /es7onsible fo/ the success of a 3o<a4eB while the 7/ess
is not /es7onsible fo/ the use othe/s 6a0e of the factual info/6ation it
7ublishes.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 1
>E? In a de6oc/ac<B the 7eo7le a/e e87ected to 7a/tici7ate in the nation2s 7olitical
decision 6a0in4B while the 6e6be/s of a shi72s c/ew a/e e87ected si67l< to
obe< the o/de/s of the ca7tain.
Mona/ch butte/fliesB whose a3e/a4e life s7an is nine 6onthsB 6i4/ate f/o6 the
6idweste/n Dnited States to selected fo/ests outside Me8ico Cit<. It ta0es at least
th/ee 4ene/ations of 6ona/chs to 6a0e the ;ou/ne<B so the 4/eatA4/eatA
4/andchild/en who finall< a//i3e in the Me8ican fo/ests ha3e ne3e/ been the/e
befo/e. :et the< /etu/n to the sa6e t/ees thei/ fo/ebea/s left. Scientists theo/i9e
that 6ona/chsB li0e ho6in4 7i4eonsB 6a7 thei/ /outes acco/din4 to the ea/th2s
elect/o6a4netic fields. As a fi/st ste7 in testin4 this theo/<B le7ido7te/ists 7lan to
install a lowA3olta4e t/ans6itte/ inside one 4/o3e of Ebutte/fl< t/eesF in the
Me8ican fo/ests. If the butte/flies a/e eithe/ es7eciall< att/acted to the 4/o3e with
the t/ans6itte/ o/ es7eciall< /e7elled b< itB le7ido7te/ists will ha3e e3idence
thatCCCCCC
>A? 6ona/ch butte/flies ha3e b/ainsB howe3e/ 6inuscule
>B? 6ona/ch butte/flies a/e sensiti3e to elect/icit<
>C? lowA3olta4e elect/icit< can affect butte/fliesB whethe/ 7ositi3el< o/ ad3e/sel<
>D? 6ona/chs 6a7 thei/ /outes acco/din4 to the ea/th2s elect/o6a4netic fields
>E? 6ona/chs co66unicate in inte/4ene/ationall< 3ia elect/o6a4netic fields
1". In 4ene/alB a 7/ofessional athlete is offe/ed a 6illionAdolla/ cont/act onl< if he o/
she has ;ust co67leted an unusuall< successful season. Howe3e/B a stud< shows
that an athlete si4nin4 such a cont/act usuall< suffe/s a decline in 7e/fo/6ance the
followin4 season. This stud< su77o/ts the theo/< that a 6illionAdolla/ cont/act
tends to wea0en an athlete2s desi/e to e8cel b< di6inishin4 his o/ he/ econo6ic
incenti3e.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost st/en4then the conclusion d/awn
abo3e=
>A? (n the a3e/a4eB athletes whose cont/acts call fo/ /elati3el< s6all sala/ies with
7ossible bonuses fo/ outstandin4 achie3e6ent 7e/fo/6 bette/ than othe/
athletes.
>B? Athletes a/e 4ene/all< offe/ed 6illionAdolla/ cont/acts 6ainl< because of the
inc/eased tic0et sales and othe/ /e3enues the< 4ene/ate.
>C? Man< 7/ofessional athletes ha3e ca/ee/s 6a/0ed b< <ea/AtoA<ea/ fluctuations
in thei/ o3e/all le3els of 7e/fo/6ance.
>D? (n the a3e/a4eB hi4he/Asala/ied athletes tend to ha3e lon4e/ and 6o/e
successful 7/ofessional ca/ee/s than do lowe/Asala/ied athletes.
>E? Si8 of the ten leadin4 batte/s in the )ational 'ea4ue this season si4ned
6illionAdolla/ cont/acts du/in4 the offAseason.
1#. D/. A1 The new influen9a 3accine is useless at best and 7ossibl< dan4e/ous. I
GMAT
would ne3e/ use it on a 7atient.
D/. B1 But th/ee studies 7ublished in the "ournal of #edi$al %sso$iates ha3e /ated
that 3accine as unusuall< effecti3e.
D/. A1 The studies 6ust ha3e been fault< because the 3accine is wo/thless.
In which of the followin4 is the /easonin4 6ost si6ila/ to that of D/. A=
>A? Th/ee of 6< 7atients ha3e been ha/6ed b< that 3accine du/in4 the 7ast th/ee
wee0sB so the 3accine is unsafe.
>B? +e//old +e/se< /eco66ends this 6il0B and I don2t t/ust +e//old +e/seC? ,in499 tennis balls 7e/fo/6 best because the< a/e fa/ 6o/e effecti3e than an<
othe/ tennis balls.
>D? I26 bu<in4 *i6 *ita6ins. Docto/s /eco66end the6 6o/e often than the<
/eco66end an< othe/ 3ita6insB so *i6 *ita6ins 6ust be 4ood.
>E? Since Dni3e/sit< of Muldoon 4/aduates sco/e about $ 7e/cent hi4he/ than
a3e/a4e on the GMATB Sheila 'eeB a Dni3e/sit< of Muldoon 4/aduateB will
sco/e about $ 7e/cent hi4he/ than a3e/a4e when she ta0es the GMAT.
1!. Bill1 S6o0eAdetectin4 fi/e ala/6s can sa3e li3es. I belie3e that e3e/< a7a/t6ent in
this cit< should be /e@ui/ed b< law to be e@ui77ed with a s6o0e detecto/.
+oe1 I disa4/ee with <ou/ 7/o7osal. S6o0e detecto/s a/e ;ust as i67o/tant fo/
safet< in 7/i3ate houses as the< a/e in a7a/t6ent.
5/o6 this e8chan4eB it can be infe//ed that +oe has inte/7/eted Bill2s state6ent to
6ean that
>A? the cit< should be /es7onsible fo/ 7/o3idin4 s6o0e detecto/s fo/ a7a/t6ents
>B? /esidences outside the cit< should not be e@ui77ed with s6o0e detecto/s
>C? onl< a7a/t6ents should be e@ui77ed with s6o0e detecto/s
>D? the /is0 of fi/e is not as 4/eat in 7/i3ate houses as it is in a7a/t6ents
>E? the /ate of death b< fi/e is unusuall< hi4h in the cit< in @uestion
16. In 1&86B the cit< of 'os Diablos had $ da<s on which ai/ 7ollution /eached
unhealthful a6ounts and a s6o4 ale/t was 7ut into effect. In ea/l< 1&8%B new ai/
7ollution cont/ol 6easu/es we/e enactedB but the cit< had s6o4 ale/ts on "1 da<s
that <ea/ and on "& da<s the followin4 <ea/. In 1&8&B howe3e/B the nu6be/ of
s6o4 ale/ts in 'os Diablos d/o77ed to si8teen. The 6ain ai/ 7ollutants in 'os
Diablos a/e o9one and ca/bon 6ono8ideB and since 1&86 the le3els of both ha3e
been 6onito/ed b< 4as s7ect/o4/a7h<.
,hich of the followin4 state6entsB assu6in4 that each is t/ueB would be 'EAST
hel7ful in e87lainin4 the ai/ 7ollution le3els in 'os Diablos between 1&86 and
1&8&=
>A? The 1&8% ai/ 7ollution cont/ol 6easu/es enacted in 'os Diablos we/e 7ut into
effect in )o3e6be/ of 1&88.
GMAT . 'SAT C- "
>B? In Dece6be/ of 1&88 a new and fa/ 6o/e accu/ate 4as s7ect/o6ete/ was
in3ented.
>C? In 5eb/ua/< of 1&8&B the Iollution Cont/ol Boa/d of 'os Diablos /e3ised the
scale used to dete/6ine the a6ount of ai/ 7ollution conside/ed unhealthful.
>D? In 1&88 the 6a<o/ of 'os Diablos was found to ha3e acce7ted la/4e ca67ai4n
donations f/o6 local indust/ies and to ha3e e8e67ted those sa6e indust/ies
f/o6 ai/ 7ollution cont/ol 6easu/es.
>E? E8cess o9one and ca/bon 6ono8ide /e@ui/e a 6ini6u6 of two <ea/s to b/ea0
down natu/all< in the at6os7he/e abo3e a 4i3en a/ea.
1%. In a 6a/0etin4 stud<B consu6e/s we/e 4i3en two unlabeled ca/tons of laund/<
dete/4ent. (ne ca/ton was b/i4ht 4/een and <ellowG the othe/ was d/ab b/own and
4/a<. Afte/ usin4 the dete/4ent in the two ca/tons fo/ one 6onthB 8" 7e/cent of the
consu6e/s in the stud< /e7o/ted that the dete/4ent in the b/i4ht 4/een and <ellow
ca/ton cleaned bette/. This stud< shows that 7ac0a4in4 has a si4nificant i67act on
consu6e/s2 ;ud46ent of the effecti3eness of a laund/< dete/4ent.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost st/en4then the conclusion d/awn in
the 6a/0etin4 stud<=
>A? The dete/4ent in the b/i4ht ca/ton contained bleach c/<stalsG the dete/4ent in
the d/ab ca/ton did not.
>B? The dete/4ents in the two ca/tons we/e the sa6e.
>C? The dete/4ents in the two ca/tons we/e diffe/entB but the< had both been
labo/ato/< tested.
>D? The dete/4ent in the d/ab ca/ton was a 7o7ula/ na6e b/andG the dete/4ent in
the b/i4ht ca/ton was 4ene/ic.
>E? The dete/4ent in the d/ab ca/ton was 4ene/icG the dete/4ent in the b/i4ht ca/ton
was a 7o7ula/ na6e b/and.
18. Don2sB a chain of su7e/6a/0etsB has ente/ed into an a4/ee6ent in which -ose
Co67ute/s will sell Don2s an unli6ited nu6be/ of its least e87ensi3e IC2s at oneA
fou/th the /e4ula/ wholesale 7/ice. In /etu/nB Don2s has a4/eed to 7u/chase all of
its scanne/s and othe/ elect/onic info/6ationA7/ocessin4 e@ui76ent f/o6 -ose o/
f/o6 (6ic/onB -ose Co67ute/s2 7a/ent co67an<B fo/ the ne8t ten <ea/s. Don2s
will offe/ a -ose IC f/ee to an< school that tu/ns in Don2s /e4iste/ /ecei7ts
totalin4 L1$$B$$$ within the ne8t si8 6onths. The 3iceA7/esident in cha/4e of
ad3e/tisin4 fo/ Don2s e87ects that the co67ute/ 4i3eawa< will ob3iate the need
fo/ a 6assi3e new ad3e/tisin4 ca67ai4n fo/ the ne8t si8 6onths and that Don2s
can 6a0e u7 the e87enditu/es fo/ the IC2s b< w/itin4 the6 off its inco6e ta8es as
cha/itable donations.
The 7lans fo/6ulated b< Don2s assu6e each of the followin4 EHCEIT1
>A? The 7/ices that -ose o/ (6ic/on cha/4es Don2s fo/ info/6ationA7/ocessin4
e@ui76ent o3e/ the ne8t ten <ea/s will be lowe/ than those cha/4ed b< othe/
# GMAT
co67anies.
>B? The ta8 laws will not be chan4ed to e8clude o/ lessen the 3alue of cha/itable
donations as ta8 w/iteAoffs.
>C? Schools will be sufficientl< att/acted b< Don2s co67ute/ 4i3eawa< offe/ that
teache/s will u/4e students to sho7 at Don2s.
>D? -ose will be able to su77l< Don2s with a sufficient nu6be/ of IC2s to 6eet
the de6and 4ene/ated b< schools that collect Don2s /ecei7ts totalin4
L1$$B$$$.
>E? The effect of the co67ute/ 4i3eawa< offe/ on Don2s business will be
co67a/able to that of a 6a;o/ ad3e/tisin4 ca67ai4n.
1&. Manufactu/e/s of household a77liances a/e still u/4in4 the 7ublic to 7u/chase
food 7/ocesso/s. The 3a/ious 6anufactu/e/s2 ad3e/tise6ents all 7oint out that the
7/ices of these a77liances a/e now lowe/ than e3e/ and that each food 7/ocesso/
co6es with a lifeti6e se/3ice wa//ant<. In additionB 6an< 6anufactu/e/s offe/
si9able /ebates to custo6e/s who 7u/chase food 7/ocesso/s within a 4i3en ti6e
7e/iod. ,ith these incenti3esB the ad3e/tise6ents contendB 7eo7le can ha/dl<
affo/d not to 7u/chase food 7/ocesso/s.
,hich answe/ choice is a lo4icall< 7/io/ issue that the 6anufactu/e/s2
ad3e/tise6ents fail to add/ess=
>A? ,hethe/ the cost of /e7ai/s to the food 7/ocesso/s o3e/ the <ea/s will cancel
out the sa3in4s cu//entl< bein4 offe/ed
>B? ,hethe/ 7otential custo6e/s ha3e enou4h uses fo/ food 7/ocesso/s to ;ustif<
7u/chasin4 the6
>C? ,hethe/ the heads of the co67anies 6anufactu/in4 food 7/ocesso/s own food
7/ocesso/s the6sel3es
>D? ,hethe/ the food 7/ocesso/s cu//entl< bein4 ad3e/tised will be outdated
within the ne8t fi3e <ea/s
>E? ,hethe/ accesso/ies and /e7lace6ent 7a/ts will be /eadil< a3ailable at /etail
outlets
$. Since the in3ention of di4ital /eadoutB 6achine desi4ne/s ha3e /ushed to /e7lace
con3entional dials and 4au4es with di4ital units. :et the di4ital 4au4e has
d/awbac0s in so6e situations. Since it 7/esents an e8act nu6e/ic 3alueB it 6ust be
decoded and anal<9ed b< a hu6an o7e/ato/G its 6eanin4 cannot be /ead in an
instantaneous scannin4. An analo4 dial o/ 4au4e can be 6a/0ed with /ed to ale/t
the o7e/ato/ when a 3alue is ente/in4 a dan4e/ 9oneG a di4ital 4au4e cannot. And
it is difficult to tell whethe/ a di4ital /eadout is inc/easin4 o/ dec/easin4 o3e/
ti6eB while the u7 o/ down 6o3e6ent of a 7ointe/ on an analo4 4au4e can be
@uic0l< and easil< obse/3ed.
The autho/ of the 7assa4e abo3e would 7/obabl< /eco66end the use of di4ital
4au4e in cases when
GMAT . 'SAT C- !
I. wa/nin4 of a sudden /ise o/ fall in 3alue is needed
II. an o7e/ato/ 6ust /ead and inte/7/et se3e/al 4au4es within a few seconds
III. a 7/ecise nu6e/ic 3alue is essential
>A? I onl<
>B? III onl<
>C? I and III onl<
>D? II and III onl<
>E? IB IIB and III
TEST D
1. Cont/a/< to the state6ents of labo/ leade/sB the cent/al econo6ic 7/oble6 facin4
A6e/ica toda< is not the dist/ibution of wealth. It is 7/oducti3it<. ,ith the
7/oducti3it< of D.S. indust/< sta4nantB o/ e3en declinin4 sli4htl<B the econo6ic
7ie is no lon4e/ 4/owin4. 'abo/ leade/sB of cou/seB 7oint to what the< conside/ an
unfai/ dist/ibution of the slices of 7ie to ;ustif< thei/ de6ands fo/ fu/the/ inc/eases
in wa4es and benefits. And in the 7astB when the 7ie was still 4/owin4B
6ana4e6ent could affo/d to ac@uiesce. )o lon4e/. Dntil 7/oducti3it< /esu6es its
4/owthB the/e can be no ;ustification fo/ fu/the/ inc/eases in the co67ensation of
wo/0e/s.
,hich of the followin4 state6ents b< a labo/ leade/ focuses on the lo4ical
wea0ness in the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? Althou4h the econo6ic 7ie is no lon4e/ 4/owin4B the 7o/tion of the 7ie
allocated to A6e/ican wo/0e/s /e6ains un;ustl< s6all.
>B? If 6ana4e6ent fails to acco66odate the de6ands of wo/0e/sB labo/ leade/s
will be fo/ced to call st/i0es that will c/i77le the o7e/ation of indust/<.
>C? Althou4h 7/oducti3it< is sta4nantB the D.S. 7o7ulation is 4/owin4B so that the
absolute si9e of the econo6ic 7ie continues to 4/ow as well.
>D? As a labo/ leade/B I can be conce/ned onl< with the needs of wo/0in4 7eo7leB
not with the 7/oble6s faced b< 6ana4e6ent.
>E? The sta4nation of D.S. indust/< has been caused la/4el< b< facto/sKsuch as
fo/ei4n co67etitionKbe<ond the cont/ol of A6e/ican wo/0e/s.
. 5/eud2s theo/ies of the wo/0in4s of the 6indB while b/illiant fo/ thei/ da<B we/e
fo/6ulated befo/e 6ost of this centu/<2s 4/eat ad3ances in neu/o7h<siolo4< and
bioche6ist/<. Toda<B we ha3e a fa/ dee7e/ unde/standin4 of the biolo4ical
co67onents of thou4htB e6otionB and beha3io/ than was d/ea6ed of ei4ht< <ea/s
a4o. It would be foolish to continue 7a//otin4 5/eud2s 7s<cholo4ical theo/ies as if
these ad3ances had ne3e/ occu//ed.
It can be infe//ed f/o6 the 7assa4e abo3e that the autho/ would be 6ost li0el< to
fa3o/
6 GMAT
>A? the abandon6ent of 6ost of 5/eud2s theo/ies
>B? a 4/eate/ /eliance on biolo4ical /athe/ than 7s<cholo4ical e87lanations of
beha3io/
>C? a c/itical /ee8a6ination of 5/eud2s 7lace in the histo/< of 7s<cholo4<
>D? a /ee8a6ination of 5/eud2s theo/ies in the li4ht of conte67o/a/< biolo4<
>E? inc/eased financial su77o/t fo/ studies in neu/o7h<siolo4< and bioche6ist/<
". To a3oid a hostile ta0eo3e/ atte67tB the boa/d of di/ecto/s of ,ellcoB Inc.B a
7/o3ide/ of life and health insu/anceB 7lanned to ta0e out la/4e loans and use the6
to 7u/chase a 7ublishin4 co67an<B a chocolate facto/<B and a nationwide chain of
6o3ie theate/s. The di/ecto/s antici7ated that these 7u/chase initiall< would
7lun4e the co/7o/ation dee7 into debtB /ende/in4 it unatt/acti3e to those who
wanted to ta0e it o3e/B but that steadil< /isin4 insu/ance /ates would allow the
co67an< to 7a< off the debt within fi3e <ea/s. MeanwhileB /e3enues f/o6 the
th/ee new businesses would enable the co/7o/ation as a whole to continue to 6eet
its inc/eased o7e/atin4 e87enses. Dlti6atel<B acco/din4 o the di/ecto/s2 7lanB the
di3e/sification would st/en4then the co/7o/ation b< 3a/<in4 the sou/ces and
schedules of its annual /e3enues.
,hich of the followin4B assu6in4 that all a/e e@uall< 7ossibleB would 6ost
enhance the chances of the 7lan2s success=
>A? A wides7/ead d/ou4ht dec/eases the a3ailabilit< of cacao beansB f/o6 which
chocolate is 6anufactu/eB di3in4 u7 chocolate 7/ices wo/ldwide.
>B? )ew 4o3e/n6ent /e4ulations /e@ui/e a "$ 7e/cent ac/ossAtheAboa/d /ate
/ollbac0 of all insu/ance co67aniesB to be4in i66ediatel< and to be
co67leted within a fi3eA<ea/ 7e/iod.
>C? Con4/ess enacts a statuteB effecti3e afte/ si8 6onthsB 6a0in4 it ille4al fo/ an<
7a/ent not to ca//< health insu/ance co3e/a4e fo/ his o/ he/ child.
>D? 'a/4eAsc/een tele3isions d/o7 d/a6aticall< in 7/ice due to su/7/ise alte/ations
in t/ade ba//ie/s with +a7anG 6o3ie theate/ attendance dwindles as a
conse@uence.
>E? A newB ine87ensi3e 7/ocess is disco3e/ed fo/ 6a0in4 7a7e/ 7ul7B and 7a7e/
7/ices fall to 6$ 7e/cent of thei/ fo/6e/ le3el.
#. In 1&81B fo/ the fi/st ti6e in o3e/ two decadesB the a3e/a4e sco/es of hi4h school
students on standa/di9ed 6ath and En4lish tests did not decline. Du/in4 the sa6e
<ea/B 6illions of A6e/ican students en;o<ed thei/ fi/st e87osu/e to the new wo/ld
of the 6ic/oco67ute/B whethe/ in schoolsB 3ideo a/cadesB o/ othe/ settin4s. The
conclusion is clea/1 fa/ f/o6 stultif<in4 the intellectual ca7acities of studentsB
e87osu/e to co67ute/s can actuall< enhance the6.
The 6ost se/ious wea0ness of the a/4u6ent abo3e is its failu/e to
>A? discuss the unde/l<in4 causes of the twent<A<ea/ decline in students2 test
sco/es
GMAT . 'SAT C- %
>B? cite s7ecific fi4u/es docu6entin4 the inc/eases in test sco/es
>C? distin4uish a6on4 the 3a/ious t<7es of co67ute/ bein4 used b< hi4h school
students
>D? define the intellectual ca7acities tested b< the standa/di9ed 6ath and En4lish
tests /efe//ed to
>E? e87lain e8actl< how hi4h school students2 abilities on 6ath and En4lish tests
could ha3e been enhanced b< e87osu/e to co67ute/s
Questions 5-& are based on the following.
Althou4h its 7u/7ose is laudableB the e8clusiona/< /uleB which fo/bids a cou/t to
conside/ e3idence sei9ed in 3iolation of the defendant2s constitutional /i4htsB has
undul< ha67e/ed lawAenfo/ce6ent effo/ts. E3en when the /i4hts 3iolation was a
6ino/ o/ 7u/el< technical oneB tu/nin4 on a detail of 7/ocedu/e /athe/ than on the
ab/o4ation of so6e funda6ental libe/t<B and e3en when it has been clea/ that the
7olice office/s we/e actin4 in 4ood faithB the e3idence obtained has been conside/ed
tainted unde/ this /ule and 6a< not e3en b< int/oduced. In conse@uenceB defendants
who we/e undoubtedl< 4uilt< ha3e been set f/eeB 7e/ha7s to stealB /a7eB o/ 6u/de/
a4ain.
!. The autho/ of the 7assa4e abo3e assu6es all of the followin4 EHCEIT1
>A? The constitutional /i4hts of c/i6inal defendants should be 7/otected.
>B? Most cases in which the e8clusiona/< /ule has been in3o0ed ha3e in3ol3ed
7u/el< technical 3iolations of constitutional 7/inci7les.
>C? The nu6be/ of cases whose outco6e has been affected b< the e8clusiona/<
/ule is si4nificant.
>D? So6e of the defendants set f/ee unde/ the e8clusiona/< /ule ha3e been 4uilt<
of se/ious c/i6inal offenses.
>E? Me/el< technical 3iolations of the /ules conce/nin4 e3idence should be t/eated
diffe/entl< f/o6 delibe/ate assaults u7on hu6an /i4hts.
6. It can be infe//ed f/o6 the 7assa4e that the autho/ would 6ost li0el< endo/se
which of the followin4 7/o7osals=
>A? Chan4e of the e8clusiona/< /ule to ad6it e3idence obtained b< 7olice office/s
actin4 in 4ood faith
>B? A constitutional a6end6ent cu/tailin4 so6e of the 7/otections t/aditionall<
affo/ded those accused of a c/i6e
>C? A statute li6itin4 the a77lication of the e8clusiona/< /ule to cases in3ol3in4
6ino/ c/i6inal offenses
>D? Chan4e of the e8clusiona/< /ule to allow an< e3idenceB no 6atte/ how
obtainedB to be int/oduced in cou/t
>E? A constitutional a6end6ent allowin4 7olice office/s to obtain 3ital e3idence
b< an< 6eans necessa/< when in 7u/suit of a 0nown c/i6inal
8 GMAT
%. The 7ostal se/3ice is badl< 6is6ana4ed. 5o/t< <ea/s a4oB fi/stAclass lette/
deli3e/< cost onl< th/ee cents. Since thenB the 7/ice has inc/eased nea/l< tenfoldB
with an actual dec/ease in the s7eed and /eliabilit< of se/3ice.
Each of the followin4 state6entsB if t/ueB would tend to wea0en the a/4u6ent
abo3e EHCEIT1
>A? The 3olu6e of 6ail handled b< the 7ostal se/3ice has inc/eased d/a6aticall<
o3e/ the last fo/t< <ea/s.
>B? Dn7/ecedented inc/eases in the cost of fuel fo/ t/uc0s and 7lanes ha3e 7ut
se3e/e u7wa/d 7/essu/es on 7ostal deli3e/< costs.
>C? I/i3ate deli3e/< se/3ices usuall< cha/4e 6o/e than does the 7ostal se/3ice fo/
co67a/able deli3e/< cha/4es.
>D? The a3e/a4e deli3e/< ti6e fo/ a fi/stAclass lette/ fou/ decades a4o was actuall<
sli4htl< lon4e/ than it is toda<.
>E? The a3e/a4e le3el of consu6e/ 7/ices o3e/all has inc/eased 6o/e than "$$
7e/cent o3e/ the last fo/t< <ea/s.
8. ,hen the 4o3e/n6ent of a nation announced /ecentl< that a leade/ of the nation2s
7olitical o77osition had died of a 6<ste/ious illness in 7/isonB few seasoned
obse/3e/s of the /e4i6e we/e su/7/ised. As the 7olice ca7tain in an old 6o3ie
/e6a/0ed when as0ed about the condition of a 7/isone/B E,e2/e t/<in4 to decide
whethe/ he co66itted suicide o/ died t/<in4 to esca7e.F
The state6ents abo3e in3ite which of the followin4 conclusions=
>A? The o77osition leade/ was 7/obabl< 0illed t/<in4 to esca7e f/o6 7/ison.
>B? The o77osition leade/ 6a< not be dead at all.
>C? It is unli0el< that the head of the /e4i6e 0nows the t/ue cause of the
o77osition leade/2s death.
>D? The o77osition leade/ 7/obabl< 0illed hi6self.
>E? The /e4i6e 3e/< li0el< was /es7onsible fo/ the death of the o77osition leade/.
In the indust/iali9ed nationsB the last centu/< has witnessed a sho/tenin4 of the a3e/a4e
wo/0da< f/o6 twel3e hou/s o/ lon4e/ to less than ei4ht hou/s. Mindful of this
eno/6ous inc/ease in leisu/e ti6e o3e/ the 7ast centu/<B 6an< 7eo7le assu6e that the
sa6e t/end has obtained th/ou4hout histo/<B and thatB the/efo/eB 7/ehisto/ic hu6ans
6ust ha3e labo/ed incessantl< fo/ thei/ 3e/< su/3i3al.
,e cannotB of cou/seB di/ectl< test this assu67tion. Howe3e/B a stud< of 7/i6iti3e
7eo7les of toda< su44ests a diffe/ent conclusion. The Mbuti of cent/al Af/icaB fo/
instanceB s7end onl< a few hou/s each da< in huntin4B 4athe/in4B and tendin4 to othe/
econo6ic necessities. The /est of thei/ ti6e is s7ent as the< choose. The i67lication is
that the sho/t wo/0da< is not 7eculia/ to indust/iali9ed societies. -athe/B both the
e8tended wo/0da< of 188$ and the sho/te/ wo/0da< of toda< a/e 7/oducts of diffe/ent
GMAT . 'SAT C- &
sta4es of the continuin4 7/ocess of indust/iali9ation.
&. ,hich of the followin4 infe/ences about indust/iali9ation is best su77o/ted b< the
7assa4e abo3e=
>A? Ieo7le in ad3anced indust/iali9ed societies ha3e 6o/e leisu/e ti6e than those
in nonindust/iali9ed societies.
>B? An a3e/a4e wo/0da< of twel3e hou/s o/ 6o/e is 7eculia/ to econo6ies in the
ea/l< sta4es of indust/iali9ation.
>C? Indust/iali9ation in3ol3es a t/adeAoff between tediousB 6onotonous ;obs and
the benefits of inc/eased leisu/e.
>D? It is li0el< that the e8tended wo/0da< of an indust/iali9in4 count/< will
e3entuall< be sho/tened.
>E? As indust/iali9ation 7/o4/essesB 7eo7le tend to loo0 fo/ selfAfulfill6ent in
leisu/e /athe/ than wo/0.
1$. ,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost 4/eatl< st/en4then the a/4u6ent 6ade
in the 7assa4e abo3e=
>A? In /ecent decadesB the econo6< of the Mbuti has been 6a/0edl< affected b<
the enc/oach6ent of 6ode/n ci3ili9ation.
>B? The lifeAst<le of the Mbuti is si6ila/ to that of 7/ehisto/ic hu6ans.
>C? The Mbuti ha3e no wo/ds in thei/ lan4ua4e to e87/ess the distinction between
wo/0 acti3ities and leisu/e acti3ities.
>D? The wo/0da< of a Eu/o7ean 7easant in 6edie3al ti6es a3e/a4ed between
ele3en and fifteen hou/s.
>E? The 6e6be/s of the Sha0li0 t/ibe in cent/al Asia ha3e an a3e/a4e wo/0da< of
ten to twel3e hou/s.
11. Glo/ia1 Those who ad3ocate tuition ta8 c/edits fo/ 7a/ents whose child/en attend
7/i3ate schools 6aintain that 7eo7le 6a0in4 no use of a 4o3e/n6ent se/3ice
should not be fo/ced to 7a< fo/ it. :et those who choose to bu< bottled wate/
/athe/ than d/in0 wate/ f/o6 the local su77l< a/e not the/efo/e e8e67t f/o6
7a<in4 ta8es to 6aintain the local wate/ su77l<.
-o4e/1 :ou/ a/4u6ent is illo4ical. Child/en a/e /e@ui/ed b< law to attend school.
Since school attendance is a 6atte/ not of choiceB but of le4al /e@ui/e6entB it is
unfai/ fo/ the 4o3e/n6ent to fo/ce so6e 7a/ents to 7a< fo/ it twice.
,hich of the followin4 /es7onses b< Glo/ia would best /efute -o4e/2s cha/4e that
he/ a/4u6ent is illo4ical=
>A? Althou4h d/in0in4 wate/ is not /e@ui/ed b< lawB it is necessa/< fo/ all 7eo7leB
and the/efo/e 6< analo4< is a77/o7/iate.
>B? Those who can affo/d the tuition at a hi4hA7/iced 7/i3ate school can well bea/
the sa6e ta8 bu/den as those whose child/en attend 7ublic schools.
>C? If tuition ta8 c/edits a/e 4/antedB the ta8 bu/den on 7a/ents who choose 7ublic
"$ GMAT
schools will /ise to an intole/able le3el.
>D? The law does not sa< that 7a/ents 6ust send thei/ child/en to 7/i3ate schoolsB
onl< that the child/en 6ust attend so6e 0ind of schoolB whethe/ 7ublic o/
7/i3ate.
>E? Both bottled wate/ and 7/i3ate schools a/e lu8u/< ite6sB and it is unfai/ that
so6e citi9ens should be able to affo/d the6 while othe/s cannot.
Questions 1!-13 are based on the following.
Since the 7assa4e of the state2s Clean Ai/ Act ten <ea/s a4oB the le3el of indust/ial
7ollutants in the ai/ has fallen b< an a3e/a4e of 18 7e/cent. This su44ests that the
/est/ictions on indust/< e6bodied in the act ha3e wo/0ed effecti3el<. Howe3e/B du/in4
the sa6e 7e/iod the state has also suffe/ed th/ou4h a 7e/iod of econo6ic decline. The
nu6be/ of businesses in the state has fallen b< 1$ 7e/centB and the nu6be/ of wo/0e/s
e67lo<ed has fallen b< 1 7e/cent. It is 7/obable that the business declineB /athe/ than
the /e4ulations in the actB is /es7onsible fo/ at least half of the decline in the 7ollution.
1. ,hich of followin4 is an assu67tion 6ade in the 7assa4e abo3e=
>A? Most businesses in the state ha3e obe<ed the /e4ulations e6bodied in the
Clean Ai/ Act.
>B? The econo6ic decline of the state can be att/ibutedB in 7a/tB to the effects of
the Clean Ai/ Act.
>C? The a6ount of ai/ 7ollution in a 4i3en a/ea is li0el< to be 7/o7o/tional to the
nu6be/ of businesses and wo/0e/s acti3e in that a/ea.
>D? The /est/ictions on business acti3it< in othe/ states a/e less st/in4ent than a/e
those e6bodied in the Clean Ai/ Act.
>E? The Clean Ai/ Act has been onl< 3e/< sli4htl< successful in achie3in4 the 4oal
of /educed ai/ 7ollution.
1". ,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost se/iousl< wea0en the conclusion
d/awn in the 7assa4e abo3e=
>A? Du/in4 the last ten <ea/sB econo6ic conditions in the nation as a whole ha3e
been wo/se than those within the state.
>B? A6end6ents to the Clean Ai/ Act that we/e enacted si8 <ea/s a4o ha3e
substantiall< st/en4thened its /est/ictions on indust/ial ai/ 7ollution.
>C? (f the businesses that ceased o7e/atin4 in the state du/in4 the last ten <ea/sB
onl< ! 7e/cent we/e en4a4ed in ai/A7ollutin4 indust/ies.
>D? Se3e/al la/4e co/7o/ations left the state du/in4 the last ten <ea/s 7a/tl< in
o/de/ to a3oid co67liance with the Clean Ai/ Act.
>E? Due to its s6all bud4etB the state office cha/4ed with enfo/ce6ent of the
Clean Ai/ Act has 7/osecuted onl< two 3iolato/s of the law since its 7assa4e.
1#. A nut/itionist stud<in4 the effects of 6assi3e doses of 3ita6in C found that of a
4/ou7 of 6$$ 7eo7le who /e4ula/l< too0 1B!$$ 64 of 3ita6in C dail< fo/ a <ea/B
GMAT . 'SAT C- "1
fewe/ than & 7e/cent suffe/ed se/ious cases of fluG of a 4/ou7 of 6$$ 7eo7le who
too0 !$ 64 of 3ita6in C >the standa/d /eco66ended dail< allowance? dail< fo/
a <ea/B "# 7e/cent suffe/ed at least one se/ious case of fluG and of a 4/ou7 of 6$$
7eo7le who too0 no 3ita6in C fo/ a <ea/ >othe/ than that found in the foods in a
balanced diet?B " 7e/cent suffe/ed at least one se/ious case of flu.
,hich of the followin4 h<7otheses is best su77o/ted b< the e3idence abo3e=
>A? The effecti3eness of 3ita6in C in 7/e3entin4 se/ious cases of flu inc/eases in
di/ect 7/o7o/tion to the a6ount of 3ita6in C ta0en.
>B? *ita6in C is hel7ful in 7/e3entin4 disease.
>C? Doses of 3ita6in C that e8ceed the standa/d /eco66ended dail< allowance
b< !$$ 7e/cent will /educe the incidence of se/ious cases of flu b< !
7e/cent.
>D? Massi3e doses of 3ita6in C can hel7 to 7/e3ent se/ious case of flu.
>E? A balanced diet contains less than !$ 64 of 3ita6in C.
1!. Susan1 Those who o77ose e87e/i6entation on ani6als do not 7/o7e/l< 3alue the
7/ese/3ation of hu6an life. Althou4h ani6al suffe/in4 is unfo/tunateB it is
;ustifiable if it can lead to cu/es fo/ hu6an ail6ents.
Mel3in1 But 6uch ani6al e87e/i6entation in3ol3es testin4 of o/dina/< consu6e/
7/oducts such as soa7sB d<esB and cos6etics.
Susan1 These e87e/i6ents a/e ;ustifiable on the sa6e 4/oundsB since cleanlinessB
con3enienceB and beaut< a/e wo/thwhile hu6an 3alues dese/3in4 of su77o/t.
,hich of the followin4 is the best state6ent of the lo4ical flaw in Susan2s
a/4u6ent=
>A? He/ clai6 that ani6al e87e/i6entation is ;ustifiable if it su77o/ts hu6an
3alues cont/adicts he/ clai6 that such e87e/i6entation is ;ustifiable onl< if it
leads to cu/es fo/ hu6an ail6ents.
>B? She 7laces a hi4he/ 3alue on hu6an cleanlinessB con3enienceB and beaut<
than she does on the 7/ese/3ation of ani6al life.
>C? She uses the wo/d E3alueF in two diffe/ent senses.
>D? She assu6es that all o/dina/< consu6e/ 7/oducts aid in the 7/ese/3ation of
hu6an life.
>E? She fails to show how 6e/e su77o/t fo/ hu6an 3alues actuall< 7/ese/3es
hu6an li3es.
As lon4 as sa3in4s de7osits a/e insu/ed b< the 4o3e/n6entB de7osito/s will ha3e
no incenti3e to e3aluate the financial st/en4th of a sa3in4s ban0. :ield alone will
influence thei/ choice of ban0. To att/act de7ositsB ban0s will be fo/ced to offe/
the hi4hest 7ossible inte/est /ates. And since 7a<in4 hi4he/ /ates ine3itabl< st/ains
the financial st/en4th of a ban0B CCCCCC
" GMAT
>A? the 4o3e/n6ent will be fo/ced o i67ose li6itations on inte/est /ates
>B? de7osit insu/ance will ulti6atel< lead to the financial wea0enin4 of 6an<
ban0s
>C? sa3e/s will be fo/ced to choose between de7osit insu/ance and hi4he/ inte/est
/ates
>D? de7osits will tend to 4o to the ban0s with the 4/eatest financial st/en4th
>E? ban0 7/ofits will tend to /ise to e3e/Ahi4he/ le3els
1%. E3e/< 7aintin4 han4in4 in the Houla/ Galle/< is b< a 5/ench 7ainte/. )o 7aintin4
in the Houla/ Galle/< is b< a *o/ticist. (nl< *o/ticists use ac/<lic 6onoch/o6es
in thei/ wo/0s.
>A? )o 5/ench 7ainte/s a/e *o/ticists.
>B? All *o/ticists use ac/<lic 6onoch/o6es in thei/ wo/0s.
>C? So6e 5/ench 7ainte/s do not use ac/<lic 6onoch/o6es in thei/ wo/0s.
>D? )o 5/ench 7ainte/s use ac/<lic 6onoch/o6es in thei/ wo/0s.
>E? All 5/ench 7ainte/s who use ac/<lics use ac/<lic 6onoch/o6es in thei/ wo/0s.
18. ,e co66onl< s7ea0 of aesthetic ;ud46ents as sub;ecti3eB and in the sho/t te/6
the< a/eB since c/itics often disa4/ee about the 3alue of a 7a/ticula/ conte67o/a/<
wo/0 of a/t. But o3e/ ti6eB the sub;ecti3e ele6ent disa77ea/s. ,hen wo/0s of a/t
ha3e continued to deli4ht audiences fo/ centu/iesB as ha3e the 7aintin4s of
Michelan4eloB the 6usic of BachB and the 7la<s of Sha0es7ea/eB we can
ob;ecti3el< call the6 4/eat.
The state6ents abo3e best su77o/t which of the followin4 conclusions=
>A? ,hen Michelan4eloB BachB and Sha0es7ea/e we/e ali3eB c/itics disa4/eed
about the 3alue of thei/ wo/0.
>B? The 3alue of a conte67o/a/< wo/0 of a/t cannot be ob;ecti3el< 6easu/ed.
>C? The /e7utation of a wo/0 of a/t often fluctuates 4/eatl< f/o6 one 4ene/ation to
the ne8t.
>D? The 6e/e fact that a wo/0 of a/t has endu/ed fo/ centu/ies does not establish
its 4/eatness.
>E? If c/itics a4/ee about the 3alue of a 7a/ticula/ cote67o/a/< wo/0 of a/tB then
the wo/0 can ob;ecti3el< be called 4/eat.
1&. Since the !!A6ileA7e/Ahou/ s7eed li6it was 6andated on ou/ hi4hwa<sB both
6one< and hu6an li3es ha3e been sa3ed.
All of the followin4B if t/ueB would st/en4then the clai6 abo3e EHCEIT1
>A? Most hi4hwa< use/s find that t/a3el ti6es a/e not a77/eciabl< len4thened b<
the !!A6ileA7e/Ahou/ s7eed li6it.
>B? Hi4hwa< d/i3in4 at !! 6iles 7e/ hou/ o/ less is 6o/e fuelAefficient than hi4hA
GMAT . 'SAT C- ""
s7eed d/i3in4.
>C? )ea/l< all hi4hwa< safet< e87e/ts a4/ee that 6o/e accidents occu/ at s7eeds
o3e/ !! 6iles 7e/ hou/ than at lowe/ s7eeds.
>D? The 7e/centa4e of fatalities occu//in4 in hi4hwa< accidents at s7eeds 4/eate/
than !! 6iles 7e/ hou/ is hi4he/ than that fo/ lowAs7eed accidents.
>E? Auto6obiles last lon4e/ and /e@ui/e fewe/ /e7ai/s when d/i3en at consistentl<
lowe/ s7eeds.
$. The cit< council will ce/tainl< 3ote to a77/o3e the new downtown /ede3elo76ent
7lanB des7ite the ob;ections of en3i/on6entalists. Afte/ allB 6ost of the ca67ai4n
cont/ibutions /ecei3ed b< 6e6be/s of the cit< council co6e f/o6 /eal estate
de3elo76ent fi/6sB which stand to benefit f/o6 the 7lan.
,hich of the followin4 state6entsB if t/ueB would 6ost wea0en the a/4u6ent
abo3e=
>A? Se3e/al 6e6be/s of the cit< council /ecei3e si9able ca67ai4n cont/ibutions
f/o6 en3i/on6ental lobb<in4 4/ou7s.
>B? Me6be/s of the cit< council a/e /e@ui/ed to /e7o/t the si9e and sou/ce of each
ca67ai4n cont/ibution the< /ecei3e.
>C? )ot e3e/< /eal estate de3elo76ent fi/6 in the cit< will be able to 7a/tici7ate
inB and 7/ofit f/o6B the new downtown /ede3elo76ent 7lan.
>D? The 6e6be/s of the cit< council ha3e often 3oted in wa<s that a/e o77osed to
the inte/ests of thei/ ca67ai4n cont/ibuto/s.
>E? So6e en3i/on6entalists ha3e stated that the new downtown /ede3elo76ent
7lan 6i4ht be en3i/on6entall< sound if ce/tain 6ino/ 6odifications a/e
6ade.
TEST I
! Minutes "! #uestions
1. A 6ail o/de/ co67an< /ecentl< had a bi4 ;u67 in clothin4 sales afte/ hi/in4 a
co7<w/ite/ and a 4/a7hic a/tist to 4i3e its clothin4 catalo4 a 6a4a9ineli0e fo/6at
desi4ned to a77eal to a 6o/e u7scale clientele. The co67an< is now 7lannin4 to
launch a housewa/es catalo4 usin4 the sa6e conce7t.
The co67an<2s 7lan assu6es that
>A? othe/ housewa/es catalo4s with 6a4a9ineli0e fo/6ats do not al/ead< e8ist
>B? an u7scale clientele would be inte/ested in a housewa/es catalo4
>C? the sa6e co7<w/ite/ and 4/a7hic a/tist could be e67lo<ed fo/ both the
clothin4 and housewa/es catalo4s
>D? a 6a4a9ineli0e fo/6at /e@ui/es a co7<w/ite/ and a 4/a7hic a/tist
>E? custo6e/s to who6 the old clothin4 catalo4 a77ealed would continue to 6a0e
7u/chases f/o6 catalo4s with the new fo/6at
. Ci3ic 'eade/1 The hi4h cance/ /ate a6on4 ou/ citi9ens is the /esult of ha9a/dous
"# GMAT
6ate/ial 7/oduced at <ou/ 7lant.
Boa/d of Di/ecto/s1 (u/ statistics show that /ates of cance/ a/e hi4h th/ou4hout
the 3alle< in which the 7lant is situated because local wells that su77l< d/in0in4
wate/ a/e 7ollutedB not because of the 7lant.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< wea0ens the boa/d2s clai6s=
>A? The statistics do not diffe/entiate between t<7es of cance/.
>B? )ea/b< co66unities ha3e not chan4ed the sou/ces of thei/ d/in0in4 wate/.
>C? Cance/Acausin4 che6icals used at the 7lant a/e discha/4ed into a nea/b< /i3e/
and find thei/ wa< into local wells.
>D? The 7lant both uses and 7/oduces che6icals that ha3e been shown to cause
cance/.
>E? So6e of the 7ollutants cited b< the boa/d as conta6inatin4 the local wells
ha3e been 7/esent in the wells fo/ decades.
". Econo6ies in which a hi4h 7e/centa4e of /esou/ces a/e in3ested in /esea/ch and
de3elo76ent show 4/eate/ 4/owth in the lon4 /un than do those in which
/esou/ces a/e channeled into consu67tion. +a7anese wo/0e/s s7end a hi4he/
7e/centa4e of thei/ inco6e in3estin4 in /esea/ch and de3elo76ent than do
A6e/ican wo/0e/s.
To 4/ow as fast as +a7an has in the 7ast th/ee decadesB the Dnited States 6ust
chan4e the ta8 code in o/de/ to encou/a4e sa3in4s and in3est6ent and discou/a4e
debt.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB tends to wea0en the a/4u6ent=
>A? +a7anese /esea/ch is 6o/e focused on consu6e/s than is /esea/ch b<
A6e/ican fi/6s.
>B? Class 6obilitC? Studies ha3e shown that count/ies with hi4h consu67tion /ates 7/os7e/ in the
sho/t /un.
>D? I/o7osed chan4es to the ta8 code could in3ol3e st/ict li6its on the
deductabilit< of inte/estB and inc/eased allowance fo/ /esea/ch.
>E? Because a dec/easin4 7e/centa4e of the Dnited States is unde/ #$B an a4e
when sa3in4s a/e t/aditionall< lowB the sa3in4s /ate will inc/ease without
chan4es to the ta8 code.
#. Tele3ision 7/o4/a66in4 e87e/ts 6aintain that with each 1P inc/ease in the
7/i6eAti6e /atin4s of a tele3ision station the/e is a ".!P inc/ease in the nu6be/ of
7eo7le who watch its e3enin4 news 7/o4/a6. Howe3e/B in the last ten <ea/s at
Channel )T-B the/e was onl< one <ea/ of e8t/e6el< hi4h 7/i6eAti6e /atin4s and
du/in4 that <ea/B fewe/ 7eo7le than e3e/ watched Channel )T-2s e3enin4 news
7/o4/a6.
,hich of the followin4 conclusions can 7/o7e/l< be d/awn f/o6 the state6ents
GMAT . 'SAT C- "!
abo3e=
>A? ,hen a news 7/o4/a6 has 4ood /atin4sB the channel as a whole will ha3e
4ood /atin4s.
>B? The 7/o4/a66in4 e87e/ts ne4lected to conside/ da<ti6e news 7/o4/a6s.
>C? The <ea/ of hi4h /atin4s at )T- was a /esult of two hit shows which we/e
subse@uentl< canceled because of cont/actual 7/oble6s.
>D? The tenA<ea/ 7e/iod in @uestion is not /e7/esentati3e of no/6al 3iewin4
7atte/ns.
>E? I/i6eAti6e /atin4s a/e not the onl< facto/ affectin4 how 6an< 7eo7le watch
an e3enin4 news 7/o4/a6.
!. The 7eo7le who a/e least li0el< to be audited b< the Inte/nal -e3enue Se/3ice this
<ea/ a/e those who ha3e been audited since 1&8! and who we/e found to ha3e
6ade no 6ista0es in filin4 thei/ /etu/ns du/in4 that audit.
(f the followin4 7eo7leB who is M(ST li0el< to be audited b< the I-S=
>A? A 7e/son who was audited in 1&86 but was not found to ha3e 6ade an<
6ista0es in filin4 his /etu/n.
>B? A 7e/son who was audited in 1&86 and whose law<e/ co//ected se3e/al
6ista0es in the ta8 /etu/n 7/io/ to the filin4 deadline.
>C? A 7e/son whose s7ouse was con3icted of ta8 f/aud in 1&8%B who was then
audited and found to ha3e 6ade no 6ista0es.
>D? A 7e/son who was last audited in 1&8#B and had no 6ista0es unco3e/ed b< the
I-S du/in4 that audit.
>E? A 7e/son who was audited in each of the 7ast fi3e <ea/sB but was found to
ha3e 6ade no 6ista0es in an< of the filin4s.
6. +a6es2s 4/ade 7oint a3e/a4e 7uts hi6 in the to7 thi/d of the 4/aduatin4 class of
colle4e A. )esto/ is in the to7 tenth of the sa6e class. Eli9abeth had the sa6e
4/ade 7oint a3e/a4e as )esto/. )anc< has a lowe/ 4/ade 7oint a3e/a4e than
Eli9abeth.
>A? +a6es has a hi4he/ 4/ade 7oint a3e/a4e than Eli9abeth.
>B? +a6es has a hi4he/ 4/ade 7oint a3e/a4e than )anc<.
>C? )esto/ has a hi4he/ 4/ade 7oint a3e/a4e than )anc<.
>D? Eli9abeth and )anc< both ha3e a hi4he/ 4/ade 7oint a3e/a4e than +a6es.
>E? )esto/ and +a6es both ha3e a hi4he/ 4/ade 7oint a3e/a4e than )anc<.
%. ,hene3e/ a 6a;o/ ai/7lane accident occu/sB the/e is a d/a6atic inc/ease in the
nu6be/ of ai/7lane 6isha7s /e7o/tedB a 7heno6enon that 6a< last fo/ as lon4 as a
few 6onths afte/ the accident. Ai/line officials asse/t that the 7ublicit< 4i3en the
4/ueso6eness of 6a;o/ ai/7lane accidents focuses 6edia attention on the ai/line
indust/< and the inc/ease in the nu6be/ of /e7o/ted accidents is caused b< an
"6 GMAT
inc/ease in the nu6be/ of news sou/ces co3e/in4 ai/line accidentB not b< an
inc/ease in the nu6be/ of accidents.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would se/iousl< wea0en the asse/tions of the
ai/line officials=
>A? The 7ublicit< su//oundin4 ai/line accidents is la/4el< li6ited to the count/< in
which the c/ash occu//ed.
>B? Ai/line accidents tend to occu/ fa/ 6o/e often du/in4 ce/tain 7ea0 t/a3el
6onths.
>C? )ews o/4ani9ations do not ha3e an< 4uidelines to hel7 the6 decide how
se3e/e o/ how close an accident 6ust be fo/ it to /ecei3e co3e/a4e.
>D? Ai/7lane accidents /ecei3e co3e/a4e b< news sou/ces onl< when the news
sou/ces find it ad3anta4eous to do so.
>E? Studies b< 4o3e/n6ent /e4ulations show that the nu6be/ of ai/7lane fli4ht
6iles /e6ains /elati3el< constant f/o6 6onth to 6onth.
In3estin4 in /eal estate would be a 7/ofitable 3entu/e at this ti6e. A su/3e< in House
6a4a9ine /e3ealed that 8!P of the 6a4a9ine2s /eade/s a/e 7lannin4 to bu< a second
ho6e o3e/ the ne8t few <ea/s. A stud< of the /eal estate indust/A? -eal estate is a hi4hl< labo/Aintensi3e business.
>B? Ho6e builde/s a/e not e3enl< dist/ibuted ac/oss the count/<.
>C? The nu6be/ of 7eo7le who want second ho6es has been inc/easin4 each <ea/
fo/ the 7ast ten <ea/s.
>D? -eade/s of House 6a4a9ine a/e 6o/e li0el< than 6ost 7eo7le to want second
ho6es.
>E? House 6a4a9ine includes a/ticles about ownin4 a second ho6e as well as
a/ticles about buildin4 a second ho6e.
&. ,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would unde/6ine the 3alidit< of the in3est6ent
ad3ice in the 7a/a4/a7h abo3e=
>A? So6e ho6e owne/s a/e satisfied with onl< one ho6e.
>B? About half of the 7eo7le who bu< ho6es a/e in3estin4 in thei/ fi/st ho6e.
>C? About half of the 7eo7le who bu< ho6es ha3e to ta0e out a 6o/t4a4e to do so.
>D? (nl< a @ua/te/ of the ho6es that a/e built a/e sold within the fi/st two wee0s.
>E? (nl< a @ua/te/ of those who clai6 that the< want a second ho6e actuall< end
u7 7u/chasin4 one.
1$. T/affic safet< e87e/ts 7/edict that the installation of newl< desi4ned ai/ ba4s in all
GMAT . 'SAT C- "%
ca/s in the Dnited States would /educe the a3e/a4e nu6be/ of fatalities 7e/ t/affic
accident b< "$ 7e/cent. In o/de/ to sa3e li3esB the De7a/t6ent of T/ans7o/tation
>D(T? is conside/in4 /e@ui/in4 auto6obile 6anufactu/e/s to install ai/ ba4s of
this desi4n in all ca/s 7/oduced afte/ 1&&8.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB /e7/esents the st/on4est challen4e to the D(T2s
7/o7osal=
>A? Ai/ ba4s of the new desi4n a/e 6o/e 4i3en to bein4 inad3e/tentl< t/i44e/edB
an occu//ence that can so6eti6es /esult in fatal t/affic accidents.
>B? The D(T is 7lannin4 to /e@ui/e auto6obile 6anufactu/e/s to 7/oduce these
ai/ ba4s acco/din4 to 3e/< st/ict s7ecifications.
>C? Afte/ installin4 ai/ ba4s in new ca/sB auto6obile 6anufactu/e/s will
e87e/ience an inc/ease in sales.
>D? The 7/o7osed ai/ ba4 installation 7/o4/a6 will ad3e/sel< affect the /esale of
ca/s 6anufactu/ed 7/io/ to 1&&8.
>E? As 7/oduction costs inc/easeB the 7/ofits of 6an< do6estic auto6obile deale/s
show a 6a/0ed dec/ease.
11. A 7/i3ate bus co67an< 4ained 4/eate/ 7/ofits and 7/o3ided bus se/3ice to the a/ea
at lowe/ fa/es b< /unnin4 buses 6o/e f/e@uentl< and sti6ulatin4 4/eate/ /ide/shi7.
Ho7in4 to continue these financial t/endsB the co67an< 7lans to /e7lace all olde/
buses with newB la/4e/ busesB includin4 so6e doubleAdec0e/ busesB.
The 7lan of the bus co67an< as desc/ibed abo3e assu6es all of the followin4
EHCEIT
>A? the de6and fo/ bus se/3ice in the co67an<2s a/ea of se/3ice will inc/ease in
the futu/e
>B? inc/eased efficienc< and /e3enues will co67ensate fo/ an< new e87enses the
co67an< incu/s
>C? the new buses will be sufficientl< /eliable to ensu/e the co67an< a net
financial 4ain once the< a/e in 7lace
>D? d/i3in4 the new buses will be no 6o/e difficult than d/i3in4 the buses the<
a/e to /e7lace
>E? the la/4e/B doubleAdec0e/ buses will not face obstacles such as hei4ht and
wei4ht /est/ictions in the bus co67an<2s a/ea of se/3ice
1. A newl< disco3e/ed disease is thou4ht to be caused b< a ce/tain bacte/iu6.
Howe3e/B /ecentl< /eleased data notes that the bacte/iu6 th/i3es in the 7/esence
of a ce/tain 3i/usB i67l<in4 that it is actuall< the 3i/us that causes the new disease.
,hich of the followin4 7ieces of e3idence would 6ost su77o/t the data2s
i67lication=
>A? In the absence of the 3i/usB the disease has been obse/3ed to follow infection
b< the bacte/iu6.
>B? The 3i/us has been shown to aid the 4/owth of bacte/iu6B a 7/ocess which
"8 GMAT
often leads to the onset of the disease.
>C? The 3i/us alone has been obse/3ed in 6an< cases of the disease.
>D? In cases whe/e the disease does not de3elo7B infection b< the bacte/iu6 is
usuall< 7/eceded b< infection b< the 3i/us.
>E? (nset of the disease usuall< follows infection b< both the 3i/us and the
bacte/iu6.
1". A sociolo4ist /ecentl< studied two sets of teena4e/s. The 6e6be/s of one set
s7ent 1$ o/ 6o/e hou/s 7e/ wee0 watchin4 3iolent tele3ision 7/o4/a6sB and the
6e6be/s of the othe/ set s7ent hou/s o/ less 7e/ wee0 watchin4 3iolent
tele3ision 7/o4/a6s. A si4nificantl< 4/eate/ 7/o7o/tion of the teena4e/s in the
fo/6e/ 4/ou7 e8hibited a44/essi3e beha3io/ du/in4 the 7e/iod of the stud<. The
sociolo4ists /easoned that the 7/olon4ed e87osu/e to tele3ision 3iolence caused
the a44/essi3e beha3io/.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB of the teena4e/s in the studA? So6e teena4e/s who watched 6o/e than 1$ hou/s of 3iolent tele3ision
7/o4/a66in4 7e/ wee0 beha3ed less a44/essi3el< than othe/s in the sa6e
4/ou7 of teena4e/s.
>B? So6e teena4e/s who watched hou/s of 3iolent tele3ision 7/o4/a66in4 7e/
wee0 did not beha3e a44/essi3el<.
>C? So6e teena4e/s 3olunta/il< sto77ed watchin4 3iolent tele3ision 7/o4/a6s
afte/ bein4 3icti6s of 3iolence.
>D? So6e teena4e/s watched 3iolent tele3ision 7/o4/a6s aloneB while othe/s did
so in 4/ou7s.
>E? Man< of the teena4e/s in the fi/st 4/ou7 e8hibited a44/essi3e beha3io/ befo/e
the stud< be4an.
1#. Because of a /ecent d/ou4ht in 5lo/ida du/in4 the o/an4eA4/owin4 seasonB the
7/ice of o/an4es this season will be th/ee ti6es the usual 7/ice. This will d/i3e u7
the cost of 7/oducin4 o/an4e ;uice and thus 7ush u7 the 7/ice of o/an4e ;uice fo/
the consu6e/.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< wea0ens the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? The /ecent d/ou4ht was not as se3e/e as scientists 7/edicted.
>B? States othe/ than 5lo/ida also su77l< o/an4es to o/an4e ;uice 6anufactu/e/s.
>C? (the/ in4/edients a/e used in the 7/oduction of o/an4e ;uice.
>D? 'ast <ea/ the 7/ice of o/an4es was actuall< lowe/ than the a3e/a4e 7/ice o3e/
the 7ast ten <ea/s.
>E? The 7/ice of o/an4es will e3entuall< be L$.#8 7e/ c/ate.
Questions 15-1& are based on the following.
'ocal 7hone co67anies ha3e 6ono7olies on 7hone se/3ice within thei/ a/eas. Cable
GMAT . 'SAT C- "&
tele3ision can be t/ans6itted 3ia the wi/es that a/e al/ead< in 7lace and owned b< the
7hone co67anies. Cable tele3ision co67anies a/4ue that if the tele7hone co67anies
we/e to offe/ cable se/3iceB these tele7hone co67anies would ha3e an unfai/
ad3anta4eB because thei/ cable t/ans6issions could be subsidi9ed b< the 7/ofits of
thei/ 6ono7olies on 7hone se/3ice.
1!. ,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would ease the cable co67anies2 fea/ of unfai/
co67etition=
>A? In o/de/ to use e8istin4 tele7hone wi/eB tele7hone co67anies would need to
6ode/ni9e thei/ o7e/ationsB a 7/ocess so e87ensi3e it would 3i/tuall< wi7e
out all 7/ofit f/o6 thei/ 6ono7ol< fo/ the fo/eseeable futu/e.
>B? If a 7hone co67an< we/e to offe/ cable se/3ice within a 7a/ticula/ a/eaB it
would ha3e a 6ono7ol< within that a/ea.
>C? The cost of tele3ision se/3iceB whethe/ 7/o3ided b< cable o/ tele7hone
co67aniesB scalesG that isB the total cost of t/ans6ission /ises onl< 6a/4inall<
as 6o/e ho6es a/e added to the netwo/0.
>D? Cable 7/o4/a66in4 that offe/s 6o/e channels is al/ead< a3ailable th/ou4h
satellite dishB but the initial cost of the dish is e8t/e6el< hi4h.
>E? Cable tele3ision will ne3e/ be able to co67ete with the bu/4eonin4 3ideo
/ental indust/A? A/e 7hone co67anies as efficient as cable co67anies in 7/o3idin4 /eliable
and ine87ensi3e se/3ice=
>B? If 7hone co67anies we/e allowed to 7/o3ide cable se/3iceB would the< want
to do so=
>C? Do the cable co67anies belie3e that the local 7hone co67anies 6a0e a 7/ofit
on 7hone se/3ice=
>D? A/e local 7hone co67anies fo/bidden to offe/ cable se/3ice=
>E? Is it e87ected that 7hone co67anies will ha3e a 6ono7ol< on cable se/3ice=
1%. In the 7ast <ea/B the/e has been a la/4e d/o7 in the nu6be/ of new ca/s soldB due
to ha/sh econo6ic conditions in the 6a/0et7lace and hi4h ta8es. At the sa6e
ti6eB the a3e/a4e 7/ice 7aid fo/ a new ca/ has /isen d/a6aticall<.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB best e87lains the inc/ease in the a3e/a4e 7/ice of a
new ca/=
>A? The 7/ice of used ca/s has cli6bed steadil< o3e/ the 7ast ten <ea/s.
>B? The/e will be a ta8 /eduction late/ in the <ea/ which is e87ected to aid
6ode/ate and low inco6e fa6ilies.
>C? The 6a/0et fo/ e87ensi3e ca/ has been unaffected b< the cu//ent econo6ic
#$ GMAT
conditions.
>D? Econo6ic conditions a/e e87ected to 4et si4nificantl< wo/se befo/e the end of
the <ea/.
>E? 'ow de6and fo/ t/uc0s and 3ans has led to lowe/ 7/oduction in the facto/ies.
18. C/itics of sales se6ina/s /un b< outside consultants 7oint out that since 1&8%B
/e3enues of 3acuu6 cleane/ co67anies whose e67lo<ees attended consultantAled
se6ina/s we/e lowe/ than /e3enues of 3acuu6 cleane/ co67anies whose
e67lo<ees did not attend such se6ina/s. The c/itics cha/4e that fo/ 3acuu6
cleane/ co67aniesB the sales se6ina/s a/e ill concei3ed and a waste of 6one<.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB is the 6ost effecti3e challen4e to the c/itics of
sales se6ina/s=
>A? Those 3acuu6 cleane/ co67anies whose sales we/e hi4hest 7/io/ to 1&8% a/e
the onl< co67anies that did not send e67lo<ees to the se6ina/s.
>B? *acuu6 cleane/ co67anies that ha3e sent e67lo<ees to sales se6ina/s since
1&8% e87e/ienced a 4/eate/ d/o7 in sales than the< had 7/io/ to 1&8%.
>C? The cost of 3acuu6 cleane/ sales se6ina/s /un b< outside consultants has
/isen d/a6aticall< since 1&8%.
>D? The 7oo/ desi4n of 3acuu6 cleane/ sales se6ina/s is not the onl< /eason fo/
thei/ ineffecti3eness.
>E? Since 1&8%B sales of 3acuu6 cleane/s ha3e /isen twent< 7e/cent.
1&. Info/6ed 7eo7le 4ene/all< assi6ilate info/6ation f/o6 se3e/al di3e/4ent sou/ces
befo/e co6in4 to an o7inion. Howe3e/B 6ost 7o7ula/ news o/4ani9ations 3iew
fo/ei4n affai/s solel< th/ou4h the e<es of ou/ State De7a/t6ent. In /e7o/tin4 the
7olitical c/isis in fo/ei4n count/< BB news o/4ani9ations 6ust endea3o/ to find
alte/nati3e sou/ces of info/6ation.
,hich of the followin4 infe/ences can be d/awn f/o6 the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? To the de4/ee that a news sou/ce 4i3es an account of anothe/ count/< that
6i//o/s that of ou/ State De7a/t6entB that /e7o/tin4 is sus7ect.
>B? To 7/otect thei/ inte4/itC? -e7o/tin4 that is not influenced b< the State De7a/t6ent is usuall< 6o/e
accu/ate than a/e othe/ accounts.
>D? The alte/nati3e sou/ces of info/6ation 6entioned in the 7assa4e would
7/obabl< not sha/e the sa6e 3iews as the State De7a/t6ent.
>E? A /e7o/t cannot be seen as influenced b< the State De7a/t6ent if it accu/atel<
de7icts the e3ents in a fo/ei4n count/<.
$. A li4ht bulb co67an< 7/oduces B$$$ li4ht bulbs 7e/ wee0. The 6ana4e/ wants to
ensu/e that standa/ds of @ualit< /e6ain constant f/o6 wee0 to wee0. The
6ana4e/B the/efo/eB clai6s that out of B$$$ li4ht bulbs 7/oduced 7e/ wee0B !$$
GMAT . 'SAT C- #1
li4ht bulbs a/e /e;ected.
(f the followin4B the best c/iticis6 of the 6ana4e/2s 7lan is that the 7lan assu6es
that
>A? li4ht bulb 6anufactu/e/s cannot acce7t all li4ht bulbs that 7/oduced
>B? the o3e/all @ualit< of the li4ht bulbs would not be i67/o3ed if the total
nu6be/ of li4ht bulbs 7/oduced we/e /educed
>C? each li4ht bulb that is /e3iewed is wo/th< of bein4 /e3iewed
>D? it is difficult to ;ud4e the @ualit< of a li4ht bulb
>E? the 1B!$$ li4ht bulbs that a/e acce7ted will be of the sa6e @ualit< f/o6 wee0
to wee0
TEST II
1. 5o/ o3e/ fift< <ea/sB the oceanAf/ei4ht indust/< wo/0ed to 6a0e ocean f/ei4hte/s
faste/ and to lowe/ thei/ fuel consu67tion. Des7ite conside/able successB the
econo6ics of the indust/< 4/ew wo/seB until the indust/< was al6ost dead. ,hat
was w/on4 was an incon4/uit< between assu67tions and /ealities. The /eal costs
ca6eB not f/o6 ti6e s7ent at seaB but f/o6 ti6e s7ent in 7o/t du/in4 loadin4 and
unloadin4.
,hich of the followin4 actions would be 6ost li0el< to lead to a solution of the
7/oble6 faced b< the oceanAf/ei4ht indust/A? De3elo7in4 a shi72s en4ine that /uns on a chea7e/ t<7e of fuel than that
t/aditionall< used b< ocean f/ei4hte/s
>B? De3elo7in4 a shi7 with accessible ca/4o co67a/t6ents that can be
6echanicall< loaded and unloaded 3e/< /a7idl<
>C? De3elo7in4 a shi7 whose f/ei4ht ca7acit< /elati3e to the shi72s total 3olu6e is
6uch la/4e/ than that of an< e8istin4 shi7
>D? I67le6entin4 a s<ste6 to ensu/e that ocean f/ei4hte/s a/e loaded to ca7acit<
whene3e/ the< lea3e a 7o/t
>E? I67le6entin4 a 6a/0etin4 7lan that focuses on /outes that a/e 0nown to be
least th/eatened b< unfa3o/able weathe/B thus 7e/6ittin4 /a7id t/i7s and
/eliable a//i3al ti6es
. The inc/eased concent/ation of salt in the ba<B which is the /esult of /ecent
d/ou4ht and hi4h te67e/atu/esB will cause 6an< fish to die. Sh/i67B howe3e/B can
tole/ate hi4h salt le3elsG the sh/i67 indust/< will notB the/efo/eB be hu/t b< the
inc/eased concent/ation of salt.
,hich of the followin4 state6entsB if t/ueB would wea0en the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? So6e fish will 6i4/ate to a/eas that ha3e lowe/ concent/ations of salt.
>B? 'ac0 of /ainfall fo/ e8tended 7e/iods of ti6e lowe/s the wate/ le3el of ba<s.
>C? The o/4anis6s on which <oun4 sh/i67 feed cannot su/3i3e in such salt<
# GMAT
wate/s.
>D? Inc/eased wate/ te67e/atu/e often causes sh/i67 to 6ulti7l< 6o/e @uic0l<.
>E? Sh/i67 a/e 6o/e abundant in a/eas of the ba< that a/e s7a/sel< 7o7ulated b<
fish.
". Cu//entl< 7eo7le in the Dnited States eatB on the a3e/a4eB 1B#"1 7ounds of food
7e/ <ea/B "! 7ounds 6o/e than in 1&8$. This inc/ease isB at least in 7a/tB because
7eo7le between the a4es of 1! and 6# ha3e accounted fo/ an inc/easin4 sha/e of
the 7o7ulation.
,hich of the followin4 can be 7/o7e/l< infe//ed f/o6 the 7assa4e abo3e=
>A? Mo/e than half of the cu//ent 7o7ulation of the Dnited States is between the
a4es of 1! and 6#.
>B? The 7o7ulation has /isen since 1&8$.
>C? Child/en below the a4e of 1! /e@ui/eB on the a3e/a4eB 6o/e food than do
7eo7le o3e/ the a4e of 6#.
>D? Befo/e 1&8$ child/en below the a4e of 1! outnu6be/ed 7eo7le between the
a4es of 1! and 6#.
>E? Indi3iduals between the a4es of 1! and 6# consu6eB on the a3e/a4eB 6o/e
food than do those <oun4e/ o/ olde/.
#. Each inc/ease of 1 7e/cent in /eal dis7osable 7e/sonal inco6e 7e/ ca7ita will
inc/ease the sha/e of the electo/ate fo/ an incu6bent b< about . 7e/centa4e
7ointsB othe/ thin4s bein4 e@ual. Since 1&! the/e has been a decline in /eal
dis7osable inco6e du/in4 onl< one 7/esidential election <ea/. The incu6bent lost
that election.
,hich of the followin4 conclusions can be 7/o7e/l< d/awn f/o6 the state6ents
abo3e=
>A? ,hen an incu6bent /uns fo/ officeB he o/ she is li0el< to win.
>B? Iolitical 7a/ties should ta0e ca/e to 7ut fo/th a candidate who see6s
7/os7e/ous.
>C? I/esidential candidates should 7ut thei/ 4/eatest effo/ts into i67/o3in4 thei/
7ublic i6a4e.
>D? Because a 7/esidential ca67ai4n /e@ui/es the e87enditu/e of la/4e a6ounts of
6oneE? The outco6e of a 7/esidential election is substantiall< affected b< facto/s
othe/ than the ideolo4ical 7ositions of the candidates.
!. Acco/din4 to an inde7endent co67ute/Aindust/< anal<stB the new -e4ent
6ic/oco67ute/ is of hi4h @ualit<B is fastB and costs less than an< cu//entl< e8istin4
co67etin4 6odel. It is /easonable to concludeB the/efo/eB as the 6anufactu/e/2s
7/os7ectus doesB that the -e4ent will @uic0l< establish itself as a fastAsellin4B lowA
7/iced alte/nati3e to cu//entl< a3ailable 6ic/oco67ute/s.
GMAT . 'SAT C- #"
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would 'EAST wea0en the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? Man< /etaile/s al/ead< ca//< one o/ 6o/e lowA7/iced 6ic/oco67ute/ 6odels
and a/e disinclined to ca//< anothe/.
>B? Se3e/al faste/ and lowe/A7/iced 6odels of 6ic/oco67ute/s will soon be
int/oduced b< othe/ co67ute/ 6anufactu/e/s.
>C? The -e4ent Co/7o/ation2s 6ic/oco67ute/ can be used in con;unction with
hi4he/A7/iced 6ic/oco67ute/s 6anufactu/ed b< othe/ co67anies.
>D? Most of those indi3iduals and co67anies that could be e87ected to 6a0e u7
the 7otential 6a/0et fo/ the -e4ent 6ic/oco67ute/ ha3e al/ead< filled thei/
6ic/oco67ute/ needs.
>E? The inde7endent co67ute/Aindust/< anal<st whose assess6ent was
inco/7o/ated in the 7/os7ectus has used 6easu/es of @ualit< that a/e not
uni3e/sall< acce7ted b< the co67ute/Abu<in4 7ublic.
6. ,hich of the followin4 is the 6ost lo4ical co67letion of the 7assa4e below=
Man< co67anies ha3e been 7ushin4 fo/ a th/eeAwee0 e8tension of da<li4ht
sa3in4 ti6eB which would 6ean that the sun would continue to set an hou/ late/
du/in4 the fall 6onths. The owne/s of a chain of con3enience sto/esB fo/ e8a67leB
e87ect to 4ain L1! 6illion a <ea/ in additional salesB 6ostl< f/o6 7eo7le who
tend toCCCCCC
>A? sta< awa< f/o6 these sto/es afte/ da/0
>B? sta< outdoo/s du/in4 the fall 6onths
>C? s7end 6o/e 6one< in the fall
>D? s7end less 6one< in the fall
>E? sho7 at these sto/es when the< a/e 7/essed fo/ ti6e
%. -ecent e3idence a77ea/s to cont/adict ea/lie/ findin4s that su44ested that those
who a/e 7h<sicall< fit co7e bette/ with st/essful /ealAlife e3ents. (f a 4/ou7 of
health< wo6enB those /ando6l< assi4ned to a tenAwee0 7/o4/a6 of ae/obic
e8e/cises 7e/fo/6ed no bette/ in labo/ato/< tests si6ulatin4 st/essful situations
than did the sub4/ou7 assi4ned to a 7/o4/a6 without e8e/cise.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 7/o3ides e3idence fo/ dete/6inin4 whethe/
7h<sical fitness 6a0es one /eact bette/ to st/ess=
>A? Su7e/io/ /eaction to labo/ato/< st/ess situations was found to be 6o/e
7/e3alent a6on4 wo6en than a6on4 6en.
>B? Health< 6enB afte/ t/ainin4 si8 6onths in wei4ht liftin4B encounte/ed fewe/
7otentiall< st/essful situations in the subse@uent si8 6onths.
>C? Sub;ects followin4 a /e4i6en du/in4 which the< 7e/fected thei/ s0ills in a
3a/iet< of /ela8ation techni@ues found that thei/ li3es see6ed cal6e/ afte/
the< be4an the /e4i6en.
>D? Colle4e students with 7/e3ious hi4h le3els of st/essful life e3ents showed a
## GMAT
6a/0edl< /educed /eaction to such e3ents afte/ t/ainin4 in ae/obics fo/ si8
6onths.
>E? Sub;ects with a hi4h le3el of selfAestee6 6o/e often en4a4ed in 7h<sicalA
fitness /e4i6ens than did a cont/ol 4/ou7 of sub;ects with a3e/a4e le3els of
selfAestee6.
)ow is an e8cellent ti6e to in3est in the cate/in4 business. A su/3e< conducted b<
,eddin4s 6a4a9ine found that %$ 7e/cent of the 6a4a9ine2s /eade/s want a cate/ed
weddin4 /ece7tion. An anal<sis of the cate/in4 indust/<B howe3e/B shows that the
cu//ent nu6be/ of cate/e/s can se/3e onl< !! 7e/cent of the weddin4s li0el< to occu/
each <ea/.
8. ,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB /e3eals a wea0ness in the e3idence cited abo3e=
>A? Cate/in4 is a hi4hl< labo/Aintensi3e business.
>B? Cate/e/s a/e not e3enl< dist/ibuted ac/oss the count/<.
>C? The nu6be/ of weddin4s with cate/ed /ece7tions has been 4/owin4 each <ea/
fo/ the 7ast fi3e <ea/s.
>D? -eade/s of ,eddin4s 6a4a9ine a/e 6o/e li0el< than 6ost 7eo7le to want a
cate/ed /ece7tion.
>E? ,eddin4s 6a4a9ine includes both a/ticles about cate/ed /ece7tions and
a/ticles about 7/e7a/in4 food oneself fo/ one2s weddin4 /ece7tion.
&. ,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would unde/6ine the 3alidit< of the in3est6ent
ad3ice in the 7a/a4/a7h abo3e=
>A? The a3e/a4e weddin4 /ece7tion in3ol3es between !$ and 1$$ 4uests.
>B? A77/o8i6atel< a @ua/te/ of all weddin4s ta0e 7lace without a /ece7tion.
>C? A77/o8i6atel< a @ua/te/ of all weddin4s and thei/ associated /ece7tions a/e
7aid fo/ b< the cou7les the6sel3es.
>D? (nl< half of all cate/ed weddin4 /ece7tions include sitAdown 6eals.
>E? (nl< half of those who sa< the< want a cate/ed weddin4 /ece7tion actuall<
ha3e one.
1$. The Co66e/ce De7a/t6ent /ecentl< 7ut li6its on 6achineAtool i67o/ts f/o6 two
count/ies whose e87o/ts of 6achine tools into the Dnited States ha3e been
substantial. As a /esult of these /est/ictionsB anal<sts 7/edict that do6estic sales of
6achine tools 6anufactu/ed in the Dnited States a/e bound to /ise conside/ablA? A new ta8 bill thatB if 7assedB would discou/a4e in3est6ent in ca7ital
e@ui76ent such as 6achine tools is bein4 studied and debated se/iousl< in
GMAT . 'SAT C- #!
the Dnited States Con4/ess.
>B? Dnited States co67anies2 o/de/s fo/ 6etalAcuttin4 6achinesB which account
fo/ %! 7e/cent of sales b< the 6achineAtool indust/C? ,o/ldwide o/de/s fo/ 6achine tools 6ade in the Dnited States d/o77ed b<
6o/e than 1$ 7e/cent du/in4 the 7ast <ea/.
>D? Substantial in3ento/ies of fo/ei4nA6ade 6achine tools we/e stoc07iled in the
Dnited States du/in4 the 7ast <ea/.
>E? Co67anies in the indust/ial secto/s of 6an< count/ies showed a si4nificantl<
e87anded de6and fo/ 6achine tools du/in4 the 7ast <ea/.
11. The cities with the densest 7o7ulation ha3e the hi4hest /atio of 7olice office/s to
citi9ens. Such cities also ha3e the lowest /ates of 7/o7e/t< c/i6e without contact
between 7e/7et/ato/ and 3icti6. Thus 6aintainin4 a hi4h /atio of 7olice office/s
to citi9ens can se/3e as an effecti3e dete//ent to at least ce/tain 0inds of 7/o7e/t<
c/i6e.
>A? The @ualit< of t/ainin4 that 7olice /ecei3e 3a/ies f/o6 cit< to cit<.
>B? Hi4h 7o7ulation densit< itself 6a0es it difficult to co66it a 7/o7e/t< c/i6e
that in3ol3es no contact between 7e/7et/ato/ and 3icti6.
>C? Man< non3iolent c/i6es in la/4e cities a/e d/u4A/elated.
>D? A 6a;o/it< of the 7e/7et/ato/s of 7/o7e/t< c/i6es in densel< 7o7ulated cities
a/e not a77/ehended b< the 7olice.
>E? I/o7e/t< c/i6es without contact between 7e/7et/ato/ and 3icti6 /e7/esent
onl< a s6all 7/o7o/tion of o3e/all c/i6e.
1. A77/o8i6atel< two hund/ed b/ands of 7e/sonal co67ute/s a/e bein4
6anufactu/edB but we cu//entl< li6it ou/ in3ento/< to onl< the ei4ht 6ost 7o7ula/
b/ands. ,e 7lan to inc/ease 4/eatl< the nu6be/ of co67ute/s we sell b<
e87andin4 ou/ in3ento/< to include the ten bestAsellin4 b/ands.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 7oints out a 6a;o/ wea0ness of the 7lan abo3e=
>A? The ca7abilities of th/ee 6ost 7o7ula/ 7e/sonal co67ute/s add to be
a77/o8i6atel< e@ui3alentB with no b/and ha3in4 consistent su7e/io/it< in all
/es7ects.
>B? The se3en 6ost 7o7ula/ b/ands of 7e/sonal co67ute/s account fo/ al6ost all
co67ute/s sold.
>C? As the use/s of 7e/sonal co67ute/s beco6e 6o/e so7histicatedB the< a/e 6o/e
willin4 to bu< less wellA0nown b/ands of co67ute/s.
>D? 'ess 7o7ula/ b/ands of co67ute/s often 7/o3ide less 7/ofit to the /etaile/
because 7/ices 6ust be discounted to att/act custo6e/s.
>E? The leadin4 b/and of 7e/sonal co67ute/ has been losin4 sales to less 7o7ula/
#6 GMAT
b/ands that offe/ si6ila/ ca7abilities fo/ less 6one<.
1". (f those 7e/son who beca6e teache/s in 1&68 and who late/ left the 7/ofessionB
"$ 7e/cent toda< ea/n sala/ies abo3e L"!B$$$ a <ea/1 of those who beca6e
teache/s in 1&68 and ha3e /e6ained in the 7/ofessionB onl< 1! 7e/cent toda< ea/n
sala/ies abo3e L"!B$$$ a <ea/. These fi4u/es indicate how unde/7aid teache/s a/e
toda<.
The a/4u6ent abo3e de7ends on which of the followin4 assu67tions about the
7e/sons fo/ who6 statistics a/e cited=
>A? At least oneAthi/d of the 4/ou7 of 7e/sons who ha3e /e6ained in teachin4
would toda< be ea/nin4 6o/e than L"!B$$$ a <ea/ if the< had left teachin4.
>B? The 4/ou7 of 7e/sons who left teachin4 and the 4/ou7 who did not a/e
co67a/able in te/6s of facto/s that dete/6ine how 6uch 7eo7le outside the
teachin4 7/ofession a/e 7aid.
>C? Most of those 7e/sons who left teachin4 did so enti/el< because of the low
sala/ies teache/s ea/n.
>D? As a 4/ou7B those 7e/sons who ha3e /e6ained in teachin4 a/e able/ and 6o/e
dedicated than the 4/ou7 of 7e/sons who left teachin4.
>E? The 4/ou7 of 7e/sons who left teachin4 and who toda< ea/n 6o/e than
L"!B$$$ a <ea/ we/e 6o/e ca7able teache/s than the 4/ou7 who /e6ained in
the 7/ofession.
1#. So6e anal<sts 6aintain that an e6ba/4o b< count/< 'ito/a on the e87o/t of a
st/ate4ic 6etal to count/< QendaB if i67osedB would d/i3e u7 the 7/ice of the
6etal in Qenda at least tenfold. The< note that few othe/ count/ies e87o/t the
6etal and thatB with an e6ba/4oB Qenda 6i4ht ha3e to de7end on asA<etA
une87loited do6estic sou/ces of the 6etal.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB constitutes the 6ost se/ious ob;ection to the
anal<sis abo3e=
>A? 'ito/a2s econo6< de7ends hea3il< on fo/ei4n cu//enc< ea/ned b< the e87o/t
of the st/ate4ic 6etal to othe/ count/ies.
>B? The/e a/e fo/ei4nA7olic< ste7s that Qenda could ta0e to a77ease 'ito/a and
a3oid bein4 sub;ected to an e6ba/4o on the 6etal.
>C? Geolo4ists belie3e that additional de7osits of the 6etal could 7ossibl< be
found within the te//ito/< of 'ito/a.
>D? (nl< a s6all 7/o7o/tion of Qenda2s i67o/t e87enditu/es is de3oted to the
i67o/t of the 6etal f/o6 'ito/a.
>E? In case of an e6ba/4oB Qenda could bu< the 6etal indi/ectl< f/o6 'ito/a on
the wo/ld 6a/0et at a less than oneAthi/d inc/ease in cost.
1!. The 4o3e/n6ent should sto7 7e/6ittin4 tobacco co67anies to subt/act ad3e/tisin4
e87enses f/o6 thei/ /e3enues in calculatin4 ta8able inco6e. Tobacco co67anies
would then ha3e to 7a< 6o/e ta8es. As a conse@uenceB the< would /aise the 7/ices
GMAT . 'SAT C- #%
of thei/ 7/oducts and this 7/ice inc/ease would /aise the 7/ices of thei/ 7/oducts
and this 7/ice inc/ease would discou/a4e tobacco use.
,hich of the followin4 is an additional 7/e6ise /e@ui/ed b< the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? Tobacco co67anies would not offset the 7a<6ent of e8t/a ta8es b< /educin4
costs in othe/ a/eas.
>B? Tobacco co67anies would not continue to ad3e/tise if the< we/e fo/ced to 7a<
hi4he/ ta8es.
>C? Ieo7le would not continue to bu< tobacco 7/oducts if these 7/oducts we/e no
lon4e/ ad3e/tised.
>D? The 6one< the 4o3e/n6ent would 4ain as a /esult of the inc/ease in tobacco
co67anies2 ta8able inco6e would be used to educate the 7ublic about the
dan4e/s of tobacco use.
>E? The inc/ease in ta8es 7aid b< tobacco co67anies would be e@ual to the
additional inco6e 4ene/ated b< /aisin4 7/ices.
16. Instead of bla6in4 an ai/line accident on 7ilot e//o/B in3esti4ato/s should find out
wh< the e//o/ was 6ade b< anal<9in4 ai/7lane desi4nB ai/line 6ana4e6entB and
7ilotAt/ainin4 7/o4/a6s. 5o/ onl< then can chan4es be 6ade to ensu/e that the
sa6e t<7e of e//o/ does not /ecu/ and cause anothe/ accident.
,hich of the followin4 is a 7/esu77osition of the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? Iilot e//o/ is not a cont/ibutin4 facto/ in 6ost ai/line accidents.
>B? Ai/line co67anies the6sel3es should be the a4ents who in3esti4ate ai/line
accidents.
>C? St/icte/ 4o3e/n6ent /e4ulation of ai/line co67anies will 6a0e ai/ t/a3el
si4nificantl< safe/.
>D? In3esti4ato/s of ai/line accidents should cont/ibute to the 7/e3ention of futu/e
accidents.
>E? Most 7ilots who 6a0e e//o/s in fl<in4 will /e7eat thei/ e//o/s unless the< a/e
/et/ained.
Questions 1'-18 are based on the following.
I/ofesso/ A1 ,e 6ust 6a0e a st/on4 6o/al state6ent a4ainst Count/< H2s 7olicies.
(nl< total di3est6entKthe sale of all stoc0 in co67anies that ha3e facto/ies o/
business offices in HKcan do this. The/efo/eB the uni3e/sit< should di3est totall<.
I/ofesso/ B1 (u/ ai6 should be to encou/a4e H to chan4e its 7olicies. Ia/tial
di3est6ent is the best wa< to achie3e this ai6. The/efo/eB the uni3e/sit< should sell its
stoc0 onl< in co67anies that eithe/ sell 4oods to H2s 4o3e/n6entB o/ do the 6a;o/it<
of thei/ business in HB o/ t/eat thei/ wo/0e/s in H unfai/l<.
1%. I/ofesso/ A2s and I/ofesso/ B2s a/4u6ents diffe/ in which of the followin4 wa<s=
>A? The< state the sa6e 4oal but 7/o7ose diffe/ent wa<s of achie3in4 it.
#8 GMAT
>B? The< state diffe/ent 4oals but 7/o7ose the sa6e wa< of achie3in4 the6.
>C? The< state diffe/ent 4oals and 7/o7ose diffe/ent wa<s of achie3in4 the6.
>D? The< disa4/ee about whethe/ the uni3e/sit< should sell an< stoc0 at all.
>E? The< disa4/ee about whethe/ H2s 7olicies a/e ob;ectionable.
18. ,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would be e3idence that the uni3e/sit< would not
be ha/6ed econo6icall< if it followed I/ofesso/ A2s /eco66endation.
>A? *e/< few of the co67anies in which the uni3e/sit< owns stoc0s sell 4oods to
H2s 4o3e/n6ent.
>B? Most co67anies that ha3e facto/ies o/ business offices in H and in which the
uni3e/sit< owns stoc0 actuall< do little of thei/ business in H.
>C? So6e co67anies that ha3e facto/ies o/ business offices in H and in which the
uni3e/sit< owns stoc0 ha3e instituted fai/ t/eat6ent 7olicies fo/ thei/ wo/0e/s
in H at 3e/< little additional cost to the co67anies.
>D? The e87ected financial /etu/n to the uni3e/sit< f/o6 stoc0s that the uni3e/sit<
could own unde/ a 7olic< of total di3est6ent is a77/o8i6atel< the sa6e as
the e87ected financial /etu/n f/o6 the sa6e as the e87ected financial.
>E? If the uni3e/sit< sold la/4e bloc0s of stoc0 unde/ a 7olic< of total di3est6entB
the 7/ices of the stoc0s of the co67anies whose stoc0s we/e sold would
7/obabl< dec/ease so6ewhat.
1&. In an effo/t to 4o be<ond /esu6es as tools in its sea/ch fo/ e8ecuti3esB one leadin4
co67an< has /eso/ted to inte/3iewin4 the to7 candidates fo/ a 7osition all
to4ethe/ in a sin4le 4/ou7. This techni@ue is su77osed to affo/d a di/ect
co67a/ison of the candidates with /es7ect to so6e 7e/sonal @ualities that cannot
be 4leaned f/o6 a /esu6e.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB casts the 6ost se/ious doubt on the 3alue of the
si6ultaneous inte/3iew techni@ue=
>A? -esu6es do so6eti6es allow /eliable infe/ences to be 6ade about a
candidate2s 7e/sonal @ualities.
>B? The si6ultaneous inte/3iew could beco6e cu6be/so6e if the/e we/e a 4/eat
6an< candidates fo/ a 7osition.
>C? The 6o/e 7e/ce7ti3e the inte/3iewe/B the 6o/e /e3ealin4 the si6ultaneous
inte/3iew is a7t to be.
>D? The/e a/e ce/tain 7e/sonal @ualities that onl< an e8tended si6ultaneous
inte/3iew can b/in4 out.
>E? The si6ultaneous inte/3iew disto/ts each candidate2s /es7onse st<le b<
inducin4 st/esses unli0e an< an e8ecuti3e 7osition induces.
$. The Asian A6e/ican Histo/< Association /ecei3es a77/o8i6atel< 1B$$$ 7/o7osals
each <ea/ f/o6 indi3iduals who wish to 7/esent 7a7e/s at its annual 6eetin4. The
association2s office/s would li0e to ensu/e constant standa/ds of @ualit< in the
GMAT . 'SAT C- #&
7/esentations f/o6 <ea/ to <ea/. The office/s ha3e the/efo/e decided to acce7t fo/
7/esentation each <ea/ onl< the best "$$ 7a7e/s selected on the basis of the
@ualit< of the 7/o7osals sub6itted.
(f the followin4B the best c/iticis6 of the office/s2 7lan is that the 7lan assu6es
that
>A? I/ofessional associations cannot acce7t all 7a7e/s sub6itted fo/ 7/esentation
at thei/ annual 6eetin4s.
>B? The total nu6be/ of 7/o7osals sub6itted to the association will /e6ain at
a77/o8i6atel< 1B$$$ in futu/e <ea/s.
>C? Each 7/o7osal sub6itted to the association dese/3es to be conside/ed a
se/ious candidate fo/ 7/esentation.
>D? It is difficult to ;ud4e the @ualit< of a 7a7e/ on the basis of the 7/o7osal alone.
>E? The best "$$ 7a7e/s sub6itted to the association fo/ 7/esentation will be of
the sa6e @ualit< f/o6 <ea/ to <ea/.
TEST III
1. Two 4/ou7s of labo/ato/< 6ice we/e in;ected with cance/ous cells. (ne 4/ou72s
ca4es we/e /otated in a diso/ientin4 6anne/. TwoAthi/ds of these 6ice de3elo7ed
cance/s. (neAtenth of the 6ice in stationa/< ca4es de3elo7ed cance/s. The
/esea/che/s concluded that st/ess enhances the de3elo76ent of cance/ in
labo/ato/< 6ice.
The /esea/che/s2 conclusion lo4icall< de7ends on which of the followin4
assu67tions=
>A? -otatin4 the ca4es in diso/ientin4 6anne/ 7/oduced st/ess in the 6ice in those
ca4es.
>B? The in;ections 4i3en to the two 4/ou7s of 6ice we/e not of e@ual st/en4th.
>C? In;ectin4 the 6ice with cance/ous cells caused st/ess in the 6ice.
>D? E3en without the in;ections the 6ice in the /otated ca4es would ha3e
de3elo7ed cance/s.
>E? E3en the /otation of ca4es in a 6anne/ that is not diso/ientin4 is li0el< to
7/oduce st/ess in 6ice in those ca4es.
. In 18#6 about 8$ 7e/cent of the towns in )ew :o/0 State banned the sale of
alcoholic be3e/a4es. A /ecent a/ticle about the bans concludes that 6idA
nineteenthAcentu/< su77o/te/s of the te67e/ance 6o3e6ent we/e not /esidents of
/e6ote /u/al a/easB as has often been asse/tedG /athe/B the< we/e concent/ated in
cente/s of econo6ic o77o/tunit<.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB best su77o/ts the conclusion /eached in the
a/ticle=
>A? Afte/ 18#6 the te67e/ance 6o3e6ent 4/ew /a7idl< and it flou/ished until the
!$ GMAT
tu/n of the centu/<.
>B? Su77o/t fo/ the ban on alcohol was st/on4est in )ew :o/0 towns whe/e the
econo6< was based on newB 4/owin4 indust/ies.
>C? Man< <oun4 )ew :o/0 State fa/6e/s su77o/ted the ban on alcohol.
>D? The 6ost ada6ant o77onents of the ban included se3e/al affluent facto/< and
6ill owne/s.
>E? In )ew :o/0 Cit<B which was a co66e/cial cente/ in 18#6B the sale of
alcoholic be3e/a4es was not banned.
". In 1&8# E8coB which sells it s 7/oducts onl< th/ou4h 6ailAo/de/ catalo4sB be4an
dist/ibutin4 its catalo4 to 7eo7le who had ne3e/ 7u/chased E8co2s 7/oductsB while
it continued to dist/ibute the catalo4 to 7/e3ious custo6e/s. Total dolla/ sales
inc/eased in 1&8#B but E8co2s 7/ofits that <ea/ we/e s6alle/ than in 1&8".
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB cont/ibutes 6ost to an e87lanation of E8co2s
s6alle/ 7/ofits in 1&8#B as co67a/ed to 1&8"=
>A? The/e was a two 7e/cent inc/ease in 1&8# in the sales ta8 that consu6e/s had
to 7a< on all 7u/chases f/o6 the catalo4.
>B? A 4/eate/ nu6be/ of catalo4s we/e sent to 7/e3ious custo6e/s than to 7eo7le
who ne3e/ 7u/chased 7/oducts f/o6 E8co.
>C? In 1&8# E8co2s 7/oductA6anufactu/in4 costs inc/eased b< a s6alle/ a6ount
than the 7/oducts2 sellin4 7/ices inc/eased.
>D? Custo6e/s who ne3e/ 7/e3iousl< 7u/chased 7/oducts f/o6 E8co 7u/chasedB
on the a3e/a4eB fewe/ 7/oducts in 1&8# than did 7/e3ious custo6e/s.
>E? The inc/ease between 1&8" and 1&8# in the cost of 6ailin4 the catalo4s was
4/eate/ than the inc/ease in sales f/o6 1&8" to 1&8#.
#. Ieo7le li3in4 in the unde3elo7ed wilde/ness a/ea want ;obsB and co66e/cial
de3elo76ent of the a/ea will c/eate ;obs. But if the new co66e/cial de3elo76ent
7lan is ca//ied outB the wilde/ness will suffe/. Thus the boa/d conside/in4 the
a/ea2s futu/e 6ust choose between the 7/ese/3ation of the wilde/ness and the
wishes of the local 7eo7le.
The answe/ to which of the followin4 @uestions would be 'EAST /ele3ant to
e3aluatin4 whethe/ the boa/d indeed faces the choice the autho/ sa<s it faces=
>A? Could co66e/cial de3elo76ent be ca//ied out unde/ an alte/nati3e 7lan
without da6a4in4 the wilde/ness=
>B? ,ould co66e/cial de3elo76ent of the wilde/ness a/ea si4nificantl< benefit
7eo7le li3in4 elsewhe/e=
>C? ,ould the ;obs c/eated b< the new de3elo76ent 7lan be filled b< the local
7eo7le=
>D? Do local 7eo7le su77o/t o/ o77ose co66e/cial de3elo76ent of the wilde/ness
a/ea=
GMAT . 'SAT C- !1
>E? Can ;ob be 7/o3ided without co66e/cial de3elo76ent of the wilde/ness a/ea=
Questions 5-& are based on the following.
The lobb<ists a/4ued that because the/e is no statistical e3idence that b/eathin4 othe/
7eo7le2s tobacco s6o0e inc/eases the incidence of hea/t disease o/ lun4 cance/ in
health< nons6o0e/sB le4islation bannin4 s6o0in4 in wo/07laces cannot be ;ustified on
health 4/ounds.
!. The a/4u6ent /e7o/ted abo3e would be 6ost se/iousl< wea0ened if it we/e t/ue
that
>A? B/eathin4 s6o0eAfilled ai/ inc/ease the incidence of headaches and cou4hs in
health< nons6o0e/s.
>B? Most nons6o0e/s disli0e the odo/ of s6o0eAfilled ai/.
>C? S6o0eAfilled ai/ is a 6a;o/ sou/ce of the di/t that da6a4es co67ute/s and
othe/ sensiti3e e@ui76ent.
>D? Most wo/0e/s would 7/efe/ to ha3e s6o0in4 banned in wo/07laces.
>E? 'e4islation bannin4 s6o0in4 in wo/07laces dec/eases f/iction between
s6o0in4 and nons6o0in4 wo/0e/s and is eas< to enfo/ce.
6. (f the followin4B which is the best c/iticis6 of the a/4u6ent /e7o/ted abo3e=
>A? It i4no/es causes of lun4 cance/ othe/ than s6o0in4.
>B? It ne4lects the da6a4in4 effects of s6o0eAfilled ai/ on nons6o0e/s who a/e
not health<.
>C? It fails to 6ention the /oles 7la<ed b< dietB e8e/ciseB and he/edit< in the
de3elo76ent of hea/t disease.
>D? It does not conside/ the 7ossibilit< that nons6o0e/s who b/eathe s6o0eAfilled
ai/ at wo/0 6a< beco6e 6o/e conce/ned about thei/ health.
>E? It does not ac0nowled4e that nons6o0e/sB e3en those who b/eathe s6o0eA
filled ai/ at wo/0B a/e in 4ene/al healthie/ than s6o0e/s.
%. ,hich of the followin4 best co67letes the 7assa4e below=
,hen a 7/o;ect is failin4 and should be te/6inatedB 7lan to b/in4 in a new
6ana4e/. )ew 6ana4e/s a/e 6o/e li0el< to te/6inate the 7/o;ect than a/e the
o/i4inal 6ana4e/s becauseCCCCCC
>A? the 7/o;ect 6a< ha3e failed fo/ /easons that the o/i4inal 6ana4e/ could not
ha3e fo/eseen
>B? o/4ani9ations tend to /ewa/d 6ana4e/s who can o3e/co6e 7/oble6s
>C? 6ana4e/ial decisions to te/6inate a 7/o;ect should de7end on the li0elihood
of the 7/o;ect2s e3entual success
>D? the o/i4inal 6ana4e/s we/e not necessa/il< able to o3e/co6e 7/oble6s caused
b< e8te/nal e3ents o3e/ which the< had no cont/ol
>E? the new 6ana4e/s ha3e no need to ;ustif< the ea/lie/ decision to 6aintain the
! GMAT
7/o;ect
8. State H2s inco6eAa3e/a4in4 law allows a 7o/tion of one2s inco6e to be ta8ed at
lowe/ /ate than the /ate based on one2s total ta8able inco6e. To use inco6e
a3e/a4in4B the ta87a<e/ 6ust ha3e ea/ned ta8able inco6e fo/ a 7a/ticula/ <ea/ that
e8ceeds 1#$ 7e/cent of his o/ he/ a3e/a4e ta8able inco6e fo/ the 7/e3ious th/ee
<ea/s. Ieo7le usin4 inco6e a3e/a4in4 owe less ta8 fo/ that <ea/ than the< would
without inco6e a3e/a4in4.
,hich of the followin4 indi3iduals would be 6ost se/iousl< affected if inco6e
a3e/a4in4 we/e not 7e/6itted in co67utin4 the ta8es owed fo/ cu//ent <ea/=
>A? Indi3iduals whose inco6e has steadil< dec/eased fo/ the 7ast th/ee <ea/s
>B? Indi3iduals whose inco6e inc/eased b< !$ 7e/cent fou/ <ea/s a4o and has
/e6ained the sa6e since then
>C? Indi3iduals whose inco6e has doubled this <ea/ afte/ /e6ainin4 about the
sa6e fo/ fi3e <ea/s
>D? Indi3iduals who had no inco6e this <ea/B but did in each of the 7/e3ious th/ee
<ea/s
>E? Indi3iduals who a/e /eti/ed and whose inco6e has /e6ained about the sa6e
fo/ the 7ast ten <ea/s
&. Acco/din4 to a /ecent stud<B fifteen co/7o/ations in the Dnited States that follow a
c/edo of social /es7onsibilit< a/e also 3e/< 7/ofitable. Because of thei/ c/edosB
these fifteen co/7o/ations 4i3e 4ene/ousl< to cha/itA? 5ollowin4 a c/edo of social /es7onsibilit< hel7s to 6a0e a co/7o/ation 3e/<
7/ofitable.
>B? It is 7ossible fo/ a co/7o/ation that follows a c/edo of social /es7onsibilit< to
be 3e/< 7/ofitable.
>C? A co/7o/ation that 4i3es 4ene/ousl< to cha/it< 6ust be doin4 so because of its
c/edo of social /es7onsibilit<.
>D? Co/7o/ations that a/e 3e/< 7/ofitable tend to 4i3e 4ene/ousl< to cha/it<.
>E? Co/7o/ations that ha3e 3i4o/ous affi/6ati3eAaction 7/o4/a6s also tend to
follow st/in4ent en3i/on6entalA7/otection 7olicies.
1$. A <ea/ afte/ the sta/t an e87e/i6ent to dec/ease c/i6e in two hi4hAc/i6e subwa<
stations b< the installation of closedAci/cuit tele3isionsB the e87e/i6ent is bein4
discontinuedB cit< officials sa< the 7/o4/a6 has led to an inc/ease in c/i6eB citin4
the fact that followin4 the installationB both stations showed inc/eases in the
nu6be/ of c/i6es /e7o/ted.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< wea0ens the clai6 of the cit<
GMAT . 'SAT C- !"
officials that the 7/o4/a6 has led to an inc/ease in c/i6e=
>A? The two subwa< stations had been chosen on the basis subwa< stations was
hi4he/ than that of othe/ hi4hAc/i6e subwa< stations not e@ui77ed with
closedAci/cuitAtele3ision.
>B? The /ate of inc/ease in c/i6es /e7o/ted fo/ two subwa< stations was hi4he/
than that of othe/ hi4hAc/i6e subwa< stations not e@ui77ed with closedA
ci/cuit tele3ision.
>C? The 7e/centa4e of all c/i6es co66itted at the two subwa< stations that we/e
/e7o/ted /ose as a /esult of inc/eased instances of obse/3ations of c/i6e on
the closedAci/cuit tele3isions.
>D? The <ea/ in which the e87e/i6ent was conducted was a <ea/ in which the
total nu6be/ of c/i6es /e7o/ted in the cit< fell.
>E? ClosedAci/cuit tele3isions installed in sho7s and sto/es th/ou4hout the cit<
ha3e 7/o3ed to be useful in the 7/e3ention of sho7liftin4 and bu/4la/ies.
11. A 4o3e/n6ent a4enc< that /ei6bu/ses its clients fo/ bills the< ha3e 7aid fo/
6edical ca/e has had this <ea/2s bud4et cut. To sa3e 6one< without cuttin4
/ei6bu/se6ents o/ othe/wise ha/6in4 clients financiall<B it 7lans to dela<
/ei6bu/se6ents to clients fo/ fo/t< da<sB the/eb< ea/nin4 L18$ 6illion 7e/ <ea/ in
inte/est on the /ei6bu/se6ent 6one<.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB is the best c/iticis6 of the a4enc<2s 7lan=
>A? Hos7itals and 7h<sicians t<7icall< hold 7atients /es7onsible fo/ the ulti6ate
7a<6ent of thei/ bills.
>B? The a4enc< cannot sa3e 6one< b< cuttin4 staff because it is al/ead<
unde/staffed.
>C? So6e clients bo//ow 6one< to 7a< thei/ 6edical billsG the< will 7a< fo/t<
e8t/a da<s of inte/est on these loans.
>D? So6e clients 7a< thei/ 6edical bills i66ediatelE? The a4enc<2s bud4et was cut b< 6o/e than L18$ 6illion last <ea/.
-eco/d co67anies defend thei/ substitution of lase/A/ead co67act discs >CD2s? fo/ the
6uch less e87ensi3e t/aditional lon4A7la<in4 3in<l /eco/ds in thei/ catalo4s b<
clai6in4 that the audio 6a/0et is /uled b< consu6e/ de6and fo/ e3e/Ai67/o3ed sound
/e7/oduction /athe/ than b< /eco/d 6anufactu/e/s2 7/ofitA6oti3ated 6a/0etin4
decisions. But this clai6 cannot be t/ueB because if it we/e t/ueB then di4ital audiota7eB
which 7/oduces e3en bette/ sound than CD2sB would be co66e/ciall< a3ailable f/o6
these sa6e /eco/d co67aniesB but it is not.
1. ,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB best e87lains how the /eco/d co67anies2 clai6
about the natu/e of the audio /e7/oduction 6a/0et could be t/ue and di4ital
!# GMAT
audiota7e ne3e/theless be una3ailable fo/ the co66e/cial 6a/0et=
>A? Most consu6e/s 7/efe/ audiota7e to lon4A7la<in4 /eco/ds o/ CD2s because of
the ta7e2s du/abilit< and co67actness.
>B? I/otot<7es of di4ital audiota7e ha3e been used to 6a0e 6aste/ ta7es of so6e
7e/fo/6ances in /eco/din4 studios.
>C? The 6anufactu/in4 technolo4< that unde/lies the co66e/cial 7/oduction of
CD2s /e@ui/es e@ui76ent 3e/< si6ila/ to that needed fo/ co66e/cial
7/oduction of di4ital audiota7e.
>D? -eco/d co67anies ha3e not <et sol3ed se3e/al @ualit<Acont/ol 7/oble6s that
ha3e beset atte67ts to 7/oduce di4ital audiota7e in co66e/cial @uantities.
>E? CD2s a/e 6o/e e87ensi3e than lon4A7la<in4 3in<l /eco/ds b< about the sa6e
/atio as di4ital audiota7e cassettes would be 6o/e e87ensi3e than
con3entional cassettes.
1". ,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost st/en4then the a/4u6ent a4ainst the
/eco/d co67anies2 clai6=
>A? ,hen CD2s we/e fi/st int/oduced in the audioA/e7/oduction 6a/0etB 7/ices
we/e hi4h and selection was 7oo/.
>B? -eco/d co67anies a/e /eluctant to atte67t co66e/cial 7/oduction of di4ital
audiota7e until 7/ofits f/o6 the sales of CD2s ha3e enabled the6 to /eco3e/
thei/ in3est6ents in co67actAdisc 6anufactu/in4 technolo4<.
>C? So6e CD2s ha3e been so 6uch in de6and that consu6e/s ha3e e87e/ienced
lon4 dela<s in obtainin4 co7ies.
>D? Because CD2s wo/0 acco/din4 to 7/inci7les 3e/< diffe/ent f/o6 those that
4o3e/n con3entional /eco/din4sB co66e/cial 7/oduction of CD2s /e@ui/es
new 0inds of 6anufactu/in4 technolo4<.
>E? An< 3alid co67a/ison of CD audio /e7/oductions to di4ital audiota7e
/e7/oductions 6ust be based on identical 7e/fo/6ances 7la<ed bac0 on the
hi4hest @ualit< disc o/ ta7e 7la<e/.
1#. The 7/esident of a consultin4 fi/6 anal<9ed the decisions 6ade about 6a/0etin4
b< he/ clients and concluded that the decisions we/e co//ect onl< about half of the
ti6e.
The conclusion abo3e de7ends on the 7/esu77osition that
>A? co67anies can be successful e3en when about half of the decisions the< 6a0e
about 6a/0etin4 7/o3e to be w/on4
>B? co67anies hi/in4 he/ consultin4 fi/6 6a0e no 6o/e inco//ect 6a/0etin4
decisions than do co67anies in 4ene/al
>C? e8ecuti3es consistentl< 6a0in4 co//ect 6a/0etin4 decisions /a/el< enlist the
aid of a consultin4 fi/6
>D? 6a/0etin4 decision a/e ;ust as li0el< to be co//ect as the< a/e to be inco//ect
GMAT . 'SAT C- !!
>E? it is 7ossible to classif< a 6a/0etin4 decision 7/o7e/l< as bein4 eithe/ /i4ht o/
w/on4
1!. It is t/ue that unioni9ed wo6en ea/nB on a3e/a4eB 6o/e than a thi/d 6o/e than
nonunioni9ed wo6en do. But the unioni9ed wo6en wo/0 in indust/ies whe/e
wa4es ha77en to be hi4hB thei/ nonunioni9ed counte/7a/ts in these indust/ies ea/n
about as 6uch as the< do. The/efo/e unioni9ation does not /aise wo6en2s wa4es.
>A? Besides wa4e inc/easesB unions ba/4ain fo/ benefits such as 6edical
insu/ance and wo/07lace safet<.
>B? The 6ost hi4hl< 7aid wo6en a/e in e8ecuti3e 7ositionsB which a/e not
unioni9ed.
>C? ,a4es in 6an< indust/ies 3a/< f/o6 one 7a/t of the count/< to anothe/B
/e4a/dless of whethe/ wo/0e/s a/e unioni9ed o/ not.
>D? )onunioni9ed wo6en in an indust/< often /ecei3e inco6e inc/eases as a
/esult of inc/eases won b< unions /e7/esentin4 wo6en who wo/0 fo/ othe/
e67lo<e/s in the sa6e indust/<.
>E? The unioni9ation of wo6en who wo/0 fo/ one e67lo<e/ in a 4i3en indust/<
f/e@uentl< 7/o67ts the unioni9ation of wo6en who wo/0 fo/ othe/
e67lo<e/s in the sa6e indust/<.
16. A 3iolin const/ucted to ha3e i67/o3ed sound would sound diffe/ent f/o6 the
bestAsoundin4 e8istin4 3iolins.
To 7/ofessional 3iolinistsB a 3iolin that sounds diffe/ent f/o6 the bestAsoundin4
e8istin4 3iolins sounds less li0e a 3iolin and the/efo/e wo/se than the bestA
soundin4 e8istin4 3iolins.
I/ofessional 3iolinists a/e the onl< acce7ted ;ud4es of the sound @ualit< of
3iolins.
,ould be the best su77o/ted b< those state6ents=
>A? (nl< a6ateu/ 3iolinists should be as0ed to ;ud4e the sound @ualit< of newl<
const/ucted 3iolins.
>B? I/ofessional 3iolinists su7e/3ise the const/uction of 3iolins.
>C? The bestAsoundin4 e8istin4 3iolins ha3e been in e8istence f/o se3e/al
centu/ies.
>D? It is cu//entl< i67ossible to const/uct a 3iolin that the onl< acce7ted ;ud4es
will e3aluate as ha3in4 i67/o3ed sound.
>E? It is 7ossible to const/uct a 3iolin that sounds bette/ than the bestAsoundin4
e8istin4 3iolins to e3e/<one but 7/ofessional 3iolinists.
1%. The fact that se3e/al of the la/4est senio/ citi9ens2 o/4ani9ations a/e constituted
al6ost e8clusi3el< of 6iddleAclass elde/l< 7eo7le has led c/itics to @uestion the
se/iousness of those o/4ani9ations2 co66it6ent to s7ea0in4 out on behalf of the
!6 GMAT
needs of econo6icall< disad3anta4ed elde/l< 7eo7le.
,hich of the followin4 4ene/ali9ationsB if t/ueB would hel7 to substantiate the
c/iticis6 i67licit in the state6ent abo3e=
>A? The ideolo4< of an o/4ani9ation tends /eflect the t/aditional 7olitical cli6ate
of its locale.
>B? The needs of disad3anta4ed elde/l< 7eo7le diffe/ in so6e wa<s f/o6 those of
othe/ disad3anta4ed 4/ou7s within conte67o/a/< societ<.
>C? (/4ani9ed 4/ou7s a/e bette/ able to 7ublici9e thei/ 7/oble6s and see0 /ed/ess
than indi3iduals actin4 alone.
>D? MiddleAclass elde/l< 7eo7le a/e 6o/e li0el< to ;oin o/4ani9ations than a/e
econo6icall< disad3anta4ed elde/l< 7eo7le.
>E? Ieo7le usuall< ;oin o/4ani9ations whose 7u/7ose is to fu/the/ the econo6icB
7oliticalB o/ social inte/ests of thei/ 6e6be/s.
18. Co/7o/ate (ffice/1 'ast <ea/ was an unusuall< 7oo/ one fo/ ou/ che6ical di3isionB
which has t/aditionall< cont/ibuted about 6$ 7e/cent of the co/7o/ation2s 7/ofits.
It is the/efo/e encou/a4in4 that the/e is the followin4 e3idence that the
7ha/6aceutical di3ision is 4/owin4 st/on4e/1 it cont/ibuted #! 7e/cent of the
co/7o/ation2s 7/ofitsB u7 f/o6 $ 7e/cent the 7/e3ious <ea/.
(n the basis of the facts statedB which of the followin4 is the best c/iti@ue of the
e3idence 7/esented abo3e=
>A? The inc/ease in the 7ha/6aceutical di3ision2s cont/ibution to co/7o/ation
7/ofits could ha3e /esulted la/4el< f/o6 the int/oduction of sin4leB i67o/tant
new 7/oduct.
>B? In 6ultidi3isional co/7o/ations that ha3e 7ha/6aceutical di3isionsB o3e/ half
of the co/7o/ation2s 7/ofits usuall< co6e f/o6 the 7ha/6aceuticals.
>C? The 7e/centa4e of the co/7o/ation2s 7/ofits att/ibutable to the 7ha/6aceutical
di3ision could ha3e inc/eased e3en if that di3ision2s 7e/fo/6ance had not
i67/o3ed.
>D? The info/6ation cited does not 6a0e it 7ossible to dete/6ine whethe/ the $
7e/cent sha/e of 7/ofits cited was itself an i67/o3e6ent o3e/ the <ea/ befo/e.
>E? The info/6ation cited does not 6a0e it 7ossible to co67a/e the 7e/fo/6ance
of the che6ical and 7ha/6aceutical di3isions in of the 7e/cent of total 7/ofits
att/ibutable to each.
1&. Identical twins tend to ha3e si6ila/ 7e/sonalitiesG if en3i/on6ent outwei4hs
he/edit< in 7e/sonalit< de3elo76entB twins /aised to4ethe/ should 7/esu6abl<
ha3e 6o/e si6ila/ 7e/sonalities than those /aised a7a/t. A /ecent stud< of identical
twins in both situations 6easu/ed 11 0e< t/aits th/ou4h a @uestionnai/eB and
concluded that % of the 11 a/e 7/i6a/il< 7/oducts of he/edit<.
,hich of the followin4B if establishedB would cast the 6ost doubt on the stud<2s
/esults=
GMAT . 'SAT C- !%
>A? 5ewe/ than half of the 7ai/s of twins studied we/e /aised se7a/atel<.
>B? The a4es of all of the twins studied fell within a 1$A<ea/ /an4e.
>C? So6e of the t/aits that the stud< att/ibuted to he/edit< de3elo7ed in the
se7a/atel< /aised twins because those 7ai/s all 4/ew u7 in si6ila/ fa6ilies.
>D? Althou4h o3e/ half the t/aits 6easu/ed we/e dete/6ined to be lin0ed to
he/editE? The 11 t/aits that we/e 6easu/ed constitute a /e7/esentati3e sa67le of la/4e/B
4ene/all< acce7ted 7ool of 0e< 7e/sonalit< t/aits.
$. ,hen 7eo7le 7/edict that ce/tain /esult will not ta0e 7lace unless a ce/tain action
is ta0enB the< belie3e that the< ha3e lea/ned that the 7/ediction is co//ect when the
action is ta0en and the /esult occu/s. (n /eflectionB howe3e/B it often beco6es
clea/ that the /esult ad6its of 6o/e than one inte/7/etation.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB best su77o/ts the clai6s abo3e=
>A? +ud4in4 the success of an action /e@ui/es s7ecif<in4 the 4oal of the action.
>B? +ud4in4 which action to ta0e afte/ a 7/ediction is 6ade /e@ui/es 0nowin4
about othe/ actions that ha3e been successful in si6ila/ 7ast situations.
>C? 'ea/nin4 whethe/ a ce/tain 7/edicti3e st/ate4< is 4ood /e@ui/es 0nowin4 the
/esult usin4 that st/ate4< th/ou4h se3e/al t/ials.
>D? Distin4uishin4 a co//ect 7/ediction and effecti3e action f/o6 an inco//ect
7/ediction and ineffecti3e action is often i67ossible.
>E? Ma0in4 a successful 7/ediction /e@ui/es 0nowin4 the facts about the conte8t
of that 7/ediction.
TEST 1
1. )ea/l< one in th/ee subsc/ibe/s to (inan$ial (ore$aster is a 6illionai/eB and o3e/
half a/e in to7 6ana4e6ent. Shouldn2t <ou subsc/ibe to (inan$ial (ore$aster
now=
A /eade/ who is neithe/ a 6illionai/e no/ in to7 6ana4e6ent would be 6ost li0el<
to act in acco/dance with the ad3e/tise6ent2s su44estion if he o/ she d/ew which
of the followin4 @uestionable conclusions in3ited b< the ad3e/tise6ent=
>A? A6on4 financeA/elated 7e/iodicals. (inan$ial (ore$aster 7/o3ides the 6ost
detailed financial info/6ation.
>B? To7 6ana4e/s cannot do thei/ ;obs 7/o7e/l< without /eadin4 (inan$ial
(ore$aster.
>C? The ad3e/tise6ent is 7laced whe/e those who will be li0el< to /ead it a/e
6illionai/es.
>D? The subsc/ibe/s 6entioned we/e hel7ed to beco6e 6illionai/es o/ ;oin to7
6ana4e6ent b< /eadin4 (inan$ial (ore$aster.
>E? (nl< those who will in fact beco6e 6illionai/esB o/ at least to7 6ana4e/sB will
!8 GMAT
/ead the ad3e/tise6ent.
Questions !-3 are based on the following.
Cont/a/< to the cha/4es 6ade b< so6e of its o77onentsB the 7/o3isions of the new
deficitA/eduction law fo/ indisc/i6inate cuts in the fede/al bud4et a/e ;ustified.
(77onents should /e6e6be/ that the )ew Deal 7ulled this count/< out of 4/eat
econo6ic t/oubles e3en thou4h so6e of its 7/o4/a6s we/e late/ found to be
unconstitutional.
. The autho/2s 6ethod of attac0in4 the cha/4es of ce/tain o77onents of the new
deficitA/eduction law is to
>A? attac0 the cha/acte/ of the o77onents /athe/ than thei/ clai6
>B? i67l< an analo4< between the law and so6e )ew Deal 7/o4/a6s
>C? 7oint out that the o77onents2 clai6s i67l< a dile66a
>D? show that the o77onents2 /easonin4 leads to an absu/d conclusion
>E? show that the )ew Deal also called fo/ indisc/i6inate cuts in the fede/al
bud4et
". The o77onents could effecti3el< defend thei/ 7osition a4ainst the autho/2s
st/ate4< b< 7ointin4 out that
>A? the e87e/tise of those o77osin4 the law is outstandin4
>B? the lac0 of ;ustification fo/ the new law does not i67l< that those who d/ew it
u7 we/e eithe/ ine7t o/ i66o/al
>C? the 7/actical a77lication of the new law will not entail indisc/i6inate bud4et
cuts
>D? econo6ic t/oubles 7/esent at the ti6e of the )ew Deal we/e e@ual in se3e/it<
to those that ha3e led to the 7/esent law
>E? the fact that ce/tain flawed 7/o4/a6s o/ laws ha3e i67/o3ed the econo6<
does not 7/o3e that e3e/< such 7/o4/a6 can do so
#. In Millin4tonB a cit< of !$B$$$ 7eo7leB Me/cedes Ied/osaB a /ealto/B calculated
that a fa6il< with Millin4ton2s 6edian fa6il< inco6eB L8B$$$ a <ea/B could
affo/d to bu< Millin4ton2s 6edianA7/iced L%%B$$$ house. This calculation was
based on an 11. 7e/cent 6o/t4a4e inte/est /ate and on the /ealto/2s assu67tion
that a fa6il< could onl< affo/d to 7a< u7 to ! 7e/cent of its inco6e fo/ housin4.
,hich of the followin4 co//ections of a fi4u/e a77ea/in4 in the 7assa4e abo3eB if
it we/e the onl< co//ection that needed to be 6adeB would <ield a new calculation
showin4 that e3en inco6es below the 6edian fa6il< inco6e would enable
fa6ilies in Millin4ton to affo/d Millin4ton2s 6edianA7/iced house=
>A? Millin4ton2s total 7o7ulation was #!B$$$ 7eo7le.
>B? Millin4ton2s 6edian annual fa6il< inco6e was L%B$$$.
>C? Millin4ton2s 6edianA7/iced house cost L8$B$$$.
GMAT . 'SAT C- !&
>D? The /ate at which 7eo7le in Millin4ton had to 7a< 6o/t4a4e inte/est was onl<
1$ 7e/cent.
>E? 5a6ilies in Millin4ton could onl< affo/d to 7a< u7 to 7e/cent of thei/
annual inco6e fo/ housin4.
!. Is<cholo4ical /esea/ch indicates that colle4e hoc0e< and football 7la<e/s a/e
6o/e @uic0l< 6o3ed to hostilit< and a44/ession than a/e colle4e athletes in
noncontact s7o/ts such as swi66in4. But the /esea/che/s2 conclusionKthat
contact s7o/ts encou/a4e and teach 7a/tici7ants to be hostile and a44/essi3eKis
untenable. The football and hoc0e< 7la<e/s we/e 7/obabl< 6o/e hostile and
a44/essi3e to sta/t with than the swi66e/s.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost st/en4then the conclusion d/awn b<
the 7s<cholo4ical /esea/che/s=
>A? The football and hoc0e< 7la<e/s beca6e 6o/e hostile and a44/essi3e du/in4
the season and /e6ained so du/in4 the offAseasonB whe/eas the/e was no
inc/ease in a44/essi3eness a6on4 the swi66e/s.
>B? The football and hoc0e< 7la<e/sB but not the swi66e/sB we/e awa/e at the
sta/t of the e87e/i6ent that the< we/e bein4 tested fo/ a44/essi3eness.
>C? The sa6e 7s<cholo4ical /esea/ch indicated that the football and hoc0e<
7la<e/s had a 4/eat /es7ect fo/ coo7e/ation and tea6 7laD? The /esea/ch studies we/e desi4ned to include no colle4e athletes who
7a/tici7ated in both contact and noncontact s7o/ts.
>E? Th/ou4hout the Dnited StatesB 6o/e incidents of fan 3iolence occu/ at
baseball 4a6es than occu/ at hoc0e< o/ football 4a6es.
6. -oss1 The 7/ofitabilit< of Co67an< HB /esto/ed to 7/i3ate owne/shi7 fi3e <ea/s
a4oB is clea/ e3idence that businesses will alwa<s fa/e bette/ unde/ 7/i3ate than
unde/ 7ublic owne/shi7.
+ulia1 ,/on4. A close loo0 at the /eco/ds shows that H has been 7/ofitable since
the a77oint6ent of a fi/stAclass 6ana4e/B which ha77ened while H was still in the
7ubic secto/.
,hich of the followin4 best desc/ibes the wea0 7oint in -oss2s clai6 on which
+ulia2s /es7onse focuses=
>A? The e3idence -oss cites co6es f/o6 onl< a sin4le obse/3ed caseB that of
Co67an< H.
>B? The 7/ofitabilit< of Co67an< H 6i4ht be onl< te67o/a/<.
>C? -oss2s state6ent lea3es o7en the 7ossibilit< that the cause he cites ca6e afte/
the effect he att/ibutes to it.
>D? )o 6ention is 6ade of co67anies that a/e 7a/tl< 4o3e/n6ent owned and
7a/tl< 7/i3atel< owned.
>E? )o e8act fi4u/es a/e 4i3en fo/ the cu//ent 7/ofits of Co67an< H.
6$ GMAT
%. St/on4e/ 7atent laws a/e needed to 7/otect in3entions f/o6 bein4 7i/ated. ,ith
that 7/otectionB 6anufactu/e/s would be encou/a4ed to in3est in the de3elo76ent
of new 7/oducts and technolo4ies. Such in3est6ent f/e@uentl< /esults in an
inc/ease in a 6anufactu/e/2s 7/oducti3it<.
,hich of the followin4 conclusions can 6ost 7/o7e/l< be d/awn f/o6 the
info/6ation abo3e=
>A? St/on4e/ 7atent laws tend to benefit financial institutions as well as
6anufactu/e/s.
>B? Inc/eased 7/oducti3it< in 6anufactu/in4 is li0el< to be acco67anied b< the
c/eation of 6o/e 6anufactu/in4 ;obs.
>C? Manufactu/e/s will dec/ease in3est6ent in the de3elo76ent of new 7/oducts
and technolo4ies unless the/e a/e st/on4e/ 7atent laws.
>D? The wea0ness of cu//ent 7atent laws has been a cause of econo6ic /ecession.
>E? St/on4e/ 7atent laws would sti6ulate i67/o3e6ents in 7/oducti3it< fo/ 6an<
6anufactu/e/s.
At la/4e a6use6ent 7a/0sB li3e shows a/e used 3e/< delibe/atel< to influence
c/owd 6o3e6ents. 'unchti6e 7e/fo/6ances /elie3e the 7/essu/e on a 7a/02s
/estau/ants. E3enin4 7e/fo/6ances ha3e a /athe/ diffe/ent 7u/7ose1 to encou/a4e
3isito/s to sta< fo/ su77e/. Behind this su/face di3e/4ence in i66ediate 7u/7ose
the/e is the unified unde/l<in4 4oal ofCCCCCC
>A? 0ee7in4 the lines at the 3a/ious /ides sho/t b< d/awin4 off 7a/t of the c/owd
>B? enhancin4 /e3enue b< att/actin4 7eo7le who co6e onl< fo/ the li3e shows and
then lea3e the 7a/0
>C? a3oidin4 as fa/ as 7ossible t/affic ;a6s caused b< 3isito/s ente/in4 o/ lea3in4
the 7a/0
>D? encou/a4in4 as 6an< 7eo7le as 7ossible to co6e to the 7a/0 in o/de/ to eat at
the /estau/ants
>E? utili9in4 the /estau/ants at o7ti6al le3els fo/ as 6uch of the da< as 7ossible
&. +a6es wei4hs 6o/e than Mell<.
'uis wei4hs 6o/e than Ma/0.
Ma/0 wei4hs less than )ed.
Mell< and )ed a/e e8actl< the sa6e wei4ht.
>A? 'uis wei4hs 6o/e than )ed.
>B? 'uis wei4hs 6o/e than +a6es.
>C? Mell< wei4hs less than 'uis.
>D? +a6es wei4hs 6o/e than Ma/0.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 61
>E? Mell< wei4hs less than Ma/0.
Ia/tl< because of bad weathe/B but also 7a/tl< because so6e 6a;o/ 7e77e/ 4/owe/s
ha3e switched to hi4hA7/iced cocoaB wo/ld 7/oduction of 7e77e/ has been /unnin4
well below wo/ldwide sales fo/ th/ee <ea/s. Ie77e/ is conse@uentl< in /elati3el< sho/t
su77l<. The 7/ice of 7e77e/ has soa/ed in /es7onse1 it now e@uals that of cocoa.
1$. ,hich of the followin4 can be infe//ed f/o6 the 7assa4e=
>A? Ie77e/ is a 7/ofitable c/o7 onl< if it is 4/own on a la/4e scale.
>B? ,o/ld consu67tion of 7e77e/ has been unusuall< hi4h fo/ th/ee <ea/s.
>C? ,o/ld 7/oduction of 7e77e/ will /etu/n to 7/e3ious le3els once no/6al
weathe/ /etu/ns.
>D? Su/7lus stoc0s of 7e77e/ ha3e been /educed in the 7ast th/ee <ea/s.
>E? The 7/ofits that the 4/owe/s of 7e77e/ ha3e 6ade in the 7ast th/ee <ea/s ha3e
been un7/ecedented.
11. So6e obse/3e/s ha3e concluded that the /ise in the 7/ice of 7e77e/ 6eans that the
switch b< so6e 4/owe/s f/o6 7e77e/ to cocoa left those 4/owe/s no bette/ off
than if none of the6 had switchedG this conclusionB howe3e/B is unwa//anted
because it can be infe//ed to be li0el< that
>A? those 4/owe/s could not ha3e fo/eseen how hi4h the 7/ice of 7e77e/ would 4o
>B? the initial cost in3ol3ed in switchin4 f/o6 7e77e/ to cocoa is substantial
>C? su77lies of 7e77e/ would not be as low as the< a/e if those 4/owe/s had not
switched c/o7s
>D? cocoa c/o7s a/e as susce7tible to bein4 /educed b< bad weathe/ as a/e 7e77e/
c/o7s
>E? as 6o/e 4/owe/s tu/n to 4/owin4 cocoaB cocoa su77lies will inc/ease and the
7/ice of cocoa will fall 7/eci7itousl<
1. Dsin4 co67ute/ techni@uesB /esea/che/s anal<9e la<e/s of 7aint that lie bu/ied
beneath the su/face la<e/s of old 7aintin4s. The< clai6B fo/ e8a67leB that
additional 6ountainous scene/< once a77ea/ed in 'eona/do da *inci2s #ona
)isaB which was late/ 7ainted o3e/. S0e7tics /e7l< to these clai6sB howe3e/B that
HA/a< e8a6inations of the #ona )isa do not show hidden 6ountains.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would tend 6ost to wea0en the fo/ce of the
s0e7tics2 ob;ections=
>A? The/e is no w/itten o/ anecdotal /eco/d that 'eona/do da *inci e3e/ 7ainted
o3e/ 6a;o/ a/eas of his #ona )isa.
>B? Iainte/s of da *inci2s ti6e co66onl< c/eated i6a4es of 6ountainous scene/<
in the bac04/ounds of 7o/t/aits li0e the #ona )isa.
>C? )o one 0nows fo/ ce/tain what 7a/ts of the #ona )isa 6a< ha3e been 7ainted
6 GMAT
b< da *inci2s assistants /athe/ than b< da *inci hi6self.
>D? Inf/a/ed 7hoto4/a7h< of the #ona )isa has /e3ealed no t/ace of hidden
6ountainous scene/<.
>E? Anal<sis /el<in4 on HA/a<s onl< has the ca7acit< to detect leadAbased white
7i46ents in la<e/s of 7aint beneath a 7aintin42s su/face la<e/s.
1". ,hile Go3e/no/ *e/dant has been in officeB the state2s bud4et has inc/eased b< an
a3e/a4e of 6 7e/cent each <ea/. ,hile the 7/e3ious 4o3e/no/ was in officeB the
state2s bud4et inc/eased b< an a3e/a4e of 11.! 7e/cent each <ea/. (b3iouslA? The /ate of inflation in the state a3e/a4ed 1$ 7e/cent each <ea/ du/in4 the
7/e3ious 4o3e/no/2s te/6 in office and " 7e/cent each <ea/ du/in4 *e/dant2s
te/6.
>B? Both fede/al and state inco6e ta8 /ates ha3e been lowe/ed conside/abl<
du/in4 *e/dant2s te/6 in office.
>C? In each <ea/ of *e/dant2s te/6 in officeB the state2s bud4et has shown so6e
inc/ease in s7endin4 o3e/ the 7/e3ious <ea/.
>D? Du/in4 *e/dant2s te/6 in officeB the state has eithe/ discontinued o/ be4un to
cha/4e 7/i3ate citi9ens fo/ nu6e/ous se/3ices that the state offe/ed f/ee to
citi9ens du/in4 the 7/e3ious 4o3e/no/2s te/6.
>E? Du/in4 the 7/e3ious 4o3e/no/2s te/6 in officeB the state int/oduced se3e/al soA
called Eauste/it<F bud4ets intended to /educe the 4/owth in state s7endin4.
1#. 5ede/al a4/icultu/al 7/o4/a6s ai6ed at benefitin4 one 4/ou7 whose li3elihood
de7ends on fa/6in4 often end u7 ha/6in4 anothe/ such 4/ou7.
,hich of the followin4 state6ents 7/o3ides su77o/t fo/ the clai6 abo3e=
I. An effo/t to hel7 feedA4/ain 7/oduce/s /esulted in hi4he/ 7/ices fo/ thei/
c/o7sB but the hi4he/ 7/ices dec/eased the 7/ofits of li3estoc0 7/oduce/s.
II. In o/de/ to /educe c/o7 su/7luses and inc/ease 7/icesB 4/owe/s of ce/tain
c/o7s we/e 7aid to lea3e a 7o/tion of thei/ land idleB but the /eduction was
not achie3ed because i67/o3e6ents in efficienc< /esulted in hi4he/
7/oduction on the land in use.
III. Man< fa/6 wo/0e/s we/e 7ut out of wo/0 when a 7/o4/a6 6eant to /aise the
7/ice of 4/ain 7/o3ided 4/ain 4/owe/s with an incenti3e to /educe 7/oduction
b< 4i3in4 the6 su/7lus 4/ain f/o6 4o3e/n6ent /ese/3es.
>A? IB but not II and not III
>B? IIB but not I and not III
>C? I and IIIB but not II
GMAT . 'SAT C- 6"
>D? II and IIIB but not I
>E? IB II and III
1!. Technolo4ical education is wo/senin4. Ieo7le between ei4hteen and twent<Afou/B
who a/e ;ust e6e/4in4 f/o6 thei/ fo/6al educationB a/e 6o/e li0el< to be
technolo4icall< illite/ate than so6ewhat olde/ adults. And <etB issues fo/ 7ublic
/efe/enda will inc/easin4l< in3ol3e as7ects of technolo4<.
abo3e=
>A? If all <oun4 7eo7le a/e to 6a0e info/6ed decisions on 7ublic /efe/endaB 6an<
of the6 6ust lea/n 6o/e about technolo4<.
>B? Tho/ou4h studies of technolo4ical issues and inno3ations should be 6ade a
/e@ui/ed 7a/t of the 7ublic and 7/i3ate school cu//iculu6.
>C? It should be su44ested that 7/os7ecti3e 3ote/s attend a77lied science cou/ses
in o/de/ to ac@ui/e a 6ini6al co67etenc< in technical 6atte/s.
>D? If <oun4 7eo7le a/e not to be o3e/l< influenced b< fa6ous technoc/atsB the<
6ust inc/ease thei/ 0nowled4e of 7u/e science.
>E? (n 7ublic /efe/enda issuesB <oun4 7eo7le tend to confuse /eal o/ 7/obable
technolo4ies with i67ossible ideals.
16. In a 7olitical s<ste6 with onl< two 6a;o/ 7a/tiesB the ent/ance of a thi/dA7a/t<
candidate into an election /ace da6a4es the chances of onl< one of the two 6a;o/
candidates. The thi/dA7a/t< candidate alwa<s att/acts so6e of the 3ote/s who
6i4ht othe/wise ha3e 3oted fo/ one of the two 6a;o/ candidatesB but not 3ote/s
who su77o/t the othe/ candidate. Since a thi/dA7a/t< candidac< affects the two
6a;o/ candidates une@uall<B fo/ /easons neithe/ of the6 has an< cont/ol o3e/B the
7/actice is unfai/ and should not be allowed.
If the factual info/6ation in the 7assa4e abo3e is t/ueB which of the followin4 can
be 6ost /eliabl< infe//ed f/o6 it=
>A? If the 7olitical 7latfo/6 of the thi/d 7a/t< is a co67/o6ise 7osition between
that of the two 6a;o/ 7a/tiesB the thi/d 7a/t< will d/aw its 3ote/s e@uall< f/o6
the two 6a;o/ 7a/ties.
>B? IfB befo/e the e6e/4ence of a thi/d 7a/tC? A thi/dA7a/t< candidate will not ca7tu/e the 3otes of new 3ote/s who ha3e
ne3e/ 3oted fo/ candidates of eithe/ of the two 6a;o/ 7a/ties.
>D? The 7olitical stance of a thi/d 7a/t< will be 6o/e /adical than that of eithe/ of
the two 6a;o/ 7a/ties.
>E? The founde/s of a thi/d 7a/t< a/e li0el< to be a coalition consistin4 of fo/6e/
leade/s of the two 6a;o/ 7a/ties.
6# GMAT
1%. Co67anies conside/in4 new costAcuttin4 6anufactu/in4 7/ocesses often co67a/e
the 7/o;ected /esults of 6a0in4 the in3est6ent a4ainst the alte/nati3e of not
6a0in4 the in3est6ent with costsB sellin4 7/icesB and sha/e of 6a/0et /e6ainin4
constant.
,hich of the followin4B assu6in4 that each is a /ealistic 7ossibilitA? The costs of 6ate/ials /e@ui/ed b< the new 7/ocess 6i4ht not be 0nown with
ce/taint<.
>B? In se3e/al <ea/s inte/est /ates 6i4ht 4o downB /educin4 the inte/est costs of
bo//owin4 6one< to 7a< fo/ the in3est6ent.
>C? So6e costAcuttin4 7/ocesses 6i4ht /e@ui/e such e87ensi3e in3est6ents that
the/e would be no net 4ain fo/ 6an< <ea/sB until the in3est6ent was 7aid fo/
b< sa3in4s in the 6anufactu/in4 7/ocess.
>D? Co67etito/s that do in3est in a new 7/ocess 6i4ht /educe thei/ sellin4 7/ices
and thus ta0e 6a/0et sha/e awa< f/o6 co67anies that do not.
>E? The 7e/iod of <ea/ chosen fo/ a3e/a4in4 out the cost of the in3est6ent 6i4ht
be so6ewhat lon4e/ o/ sho/te/B thus affectin4 the /esult.
18. The/e a/e fa/ fewe/ child/en a3ailable fo/ ado7tion than the/e a/e 7eo7le who
want to ado7t. Two 6illion cou7les a/e cu//entl< waitin4 to ado7tB but in 1&8B
the last <ea/ fo/ which fi4u/es e8istB the/e we/e onl< so6e !$B$$$ ado7tions.
,hich of the followin4 state6entsB if t/ueB 6ost st/en4thens the autho/2s clai6
that the/e a/e fa/ fewe/ child/en a3ailable fo/ ado7tion than the/e a/e 7eo7le who
want to ado7t=
>A? The nu6be/ of cou7les waitin4 to ado7t has inc/eased si4nificantl< in the last
decade.
>B? The nu6be/ of ado7tions in the cu//ent <ea/ is 4/eate/ than the nu6be/ of
ado7tions in an< 7/ecedin4 <ea/.
>C? The nu6be/ of ado7tions in a <ea/ is a77/o8i6atel< e@ual to the nu6be/ of
child/en a3ailable fo/ ado7tion in that 7e/iod.
>D? Ieo7le who see0 to ado7t child/en often 4o th/ou4h a lon4 7/ocess of
inte/3iews and in3esti4ation b< ado7tion a4encies.
>E? Ieo7le who see0 to ado7t child/en 4ene/all< 6a0e 3e/< 4ood 7a/ents.
Questions 19-!0 are based on the following.
A/chaeolo4ists see0in4 the location of a le4enda/< sie4e and dest/uction of a cit< a/e
e8ca3atin4 in se3e/al 7ossible 7lacesB includin4 a 6iddle and a lowe/ la<e/ of a la/4e
6ound. The botto6 of the 6iddle la<e/ contains so6e 7ieces of 7otte/< of t<7e "B
0nown to be f/o6 a late/ 7e/iod than the ti6e of the dest/uction of the citA? The lowe/ la<e/ contains the /e6ains of the cit< whe/e the sie4e too0 7lace.
>B? The le4end confuses sto/ies f/o6 two diffe/ent histo/ical 7e/iods.
>C? The 6iddle la<e/ does not /e7/esent the 7e/iod of the sie4e.
>D? The sie4e lasted fo/ a lon4 ti6e befo/e the cit< was dest/o<ed.
>E? The 7otte/< of t<7e " was i67o/ted to the cit< b< t/ade/s.
$. The fo/ce of the e3idence cited abo3e is 6ost se/iousl< wea0ened if which of the
followin4 is t/ue=
>A? Ge/bilsB s6all ani6als lon4 nati3e to the a/eaB di4 la/4e bu//ows into which
ob;ects can fall when the bu//ows colla7se.
>B? Iotte/< of t<7es 1 and B found in the lowe/ le3elB was used in the cities f/o6
whichB acco/din4 to the le4endB the besie4in4 fo/ces ca6e.
>C? Se3e/al 7ieces of stone f/o6 a lowe/Ala<e/ wall ha3e been found inco/7o/ated
into the /e6ains of a buildin4 in the 6iddle la<e/.
>D? Both the 6iddle and the lowe/ la<e/ show e3idence of la/4eAscale dest/uction
of habitations b< fi/e.
>E? B/on9e a8 heads of a t<7e used at the ti6e of the sie4e we/e found in the
lowe/ le3el of e8ca3ation.
TEST
1. Afte/ the national s7eed li6it of !! 6iles 7e/ hou/ was i67osed in 1&%#B the
nu6be/ of deaths 7e/ 6ile d/i3en on a hi4hwa< fell ab/u7tl< as a /esult. Since
thenB howe3e/B the a3e/a4e s7eed of 3ehicles on hi4hwa<s has /isenB but the
nu6be/ of deaths 7e/ 6ile d/i3en on a hi4hwa< has continued to fall.
abo3e=
>A? The s7eed li6it alone is 7/obabl< not /es7onsible fo/ the continued /eduction
in hi4hwa< deaths in the <ea/s afte/ 1&%#.
>B? Ieo7le ha3e been d/i3in4 less since 1&%#.
>C? D/i3e/Aeducation cou/ses ha3e been 6o/e effecti3e since 1&%# in teachin4
d/i3e/s to d/i3e safel<.
>D? In /ecent <ea/s hi4hwa< 7at/ols ha3e been less effecti3e in catchin4 d/i3e/s
who s7eed.
>E? The chan4e in the s7eed li6it cannot be /es7onsible fo/ the ab/u7t decline in
hi4hwa< deaths in 1&%#.
. )ei4hbo/in4 landholde/s1 Ai/ 7ollution f/o6 the 4iant alu6inu6 /efine/< that has
been built ne8t to ou/ land is 0illin4 ou/ 7lants.
Co67an< s7o0es7e/son1 The /efine/< is not to bla6eB since ou/ stud< shows that
66 GMAT
the da6a4e is due to insects and fun4i.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< wea0ens the conclusion d/awn b<
the co67an< s7o0es7e/son=
>A? The stud< did not 6easu/e the @uantit< of 7ollutants e6itted into the
su//oundin4 ai/ b< the alu6inu6 /efine/<.
>B? The nei4hbo/in4 landholde/s ha3e 6ade no chan4e in the wa< the< ta0e ca/e
of thei/ 7lants.
>C? Ai/ 7ollution f/o6 the /efine/< has chan4ed the che6ical balance in the
7lants2 en3i/on6entB allowin4 the ha/6ful insects and fun4i to th/i3e.
>D? Iollutants that a/e in3isible and odo/less a/e e6itted into the su//oundin4 ai/
b< the /efine/<.
>E? The 3a/ious s7ecies of insects and fun4i 6entioned in the stud< ha3e been
occasionall< found in the localit< du/in4 the 7ast hund/ed <ea/s.
". Sales ta8es tend to be /e4/essi3eB affectin4 7oo/ 7eo7le 6o/e se3e/el< than
wealth< 7eo7le. ,hen all 7u/chases of consu6e/ 4oods a/e ta8ed at a fi8ed
7e/centa4e of the 7u/chase 7/iceB 7oo/ 7eo7le 7a< a la/4e/ 7/o7o/tion of thei/
inco6e in sales ta8es than wealth< 7eo7le do.
It can be co//ectl< infe//ed on the basis of the state6ents abo3e that which of the
followin4 is t/ue=
>A? Ioo/ 7eo7le constitute a la/4e/ 7/o7o/tion of the ta87a<in4 7o7ulation than
wealth< 7eo7le do.
>B? Ioo/ 7eo7le s7end a la/4e/ 7/o7o/tion of thei/ inco6e on 7u/chases of
consu6e/ 4oods than wealth< 7eo7le do.
>C? ,ealth< 7eo7le 7aD? The total a6ount s7ent b< all 7oo/ 7eo7le on 7u/chases of consu6e/ 4oods
e8ceeds the total a6ount s7ent b< all wealth< 7eo7le on consu6e/ 4oods.
>E? The a3e/a4e 7u/chase 7/ice of consu6e/ 4oods bou4ht b< wealth< 7eo7le is
hi4he/ than that of consu6e/ 4oods bou4ht b< 7oo/ 7eo7le.
#. -e3iewin4 histo/ical dataB 6edical /esea/che/s in Califo/nia found that counties
with the la/4est nu6be/ of tele3ision sets 7e/ ca7ita ha3e had the lowest incidence
of a se/ious b/ain diseaseB 6os@uitoAbo/ne ence7halitis. The /esea/che/s ha3e
concluded that 7eo7le in these counties sta< indoo/s 6o/e and thus a3oid
e87osu/e to the disease.
The /esea/che/s2 conclusion would be 6ost st/en4thened if which of the
followin4 we/e t/ue=
>A? I/o4/a6s desi4ned to cont/ol the si9e of diseaseAbea/in4 6os@uito
7o7ulations ha3e not affected the incidence of 6os@uito bo/ne ence7halitis.
>B? The occu7ations of count< /esidents affect thei/ /is0 of e87osu/e to 6os@uitoA
bo/ne ence7halitis 6o/e than does tele3isionAwatchin4.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 6%
>C? The incidence of 6os@uitoAbo/ne ence7halitis in counties with the la/4est
nu6be/ of tele3ision sets 7e/ ca7ita is li0el< to dec/ease e3en fu/the/.
>D? The 6o/e ti6e 7eo7le in a count< s7end outdoo/sB the 4/eate/ thei/ awa/eness
of the dan4e/s of 6os@uitoAbo/ne ence7halitis.
>E? The 6o/e tele3ision sets the/e a/e 7e/ ca7ita in a count<B the 6o/e ti6e the
a3e/a4e count< /esident s7ends watchin4 tele3ision.
!. The cit<2s 7ublic t/ans7o/tation s<ste6 should be /e6o3ed f/o6 the ;u/isdiction
of the 6unici7al 4o3e/n6entB which finds it 7oliticall< i67ossible eithe/ to /aise
fa/es o/ to institute costAsa3in4 /eductions in se/3ice. If 7ublic t/ans7o/tation we/e
handled b< a 7/i3ate fi/6B 7/ofits would be 3i4o/ousl< 7u/suedB the/eb<
eli6inatin4 the necessit< fo/ co3e/in4 o7e/atin4 costs with 4o3e/n6ent funds.
The state6ents abo3e best su77o/t the conclusion that
>A? the 7/i3ate fi/6s that would handle 7ublic t/ans7o/tation would ha3e
e87e/ience in the t/ans7o/tation indust/<
>B? 7olitical conside/ations would not 7/e3ent 7/i3ate fi/6s f/o6 ensu/in4 that
/e3enues co3e/ o7e/atin4 costs
>C? 7/i3ate fi/6s would /ecei3e 4o3e/n6ent fundin4 if it we/e needed to co3e/
o7e/atin4 costs
>D? the 7ublic would a77/o3e the costAcuttin4 actions ta0en b< the 7/i3ate fi/6
>E? the 6unici7al 4o3e/n6ent would not be /esi4ned to accu6ulatin4 6e/el<
enou4h inco6e to co3e/ costs
6. To entice custo6e/s awa< f/o6 co67etito/sB -ed 'abel su7e/6a/0ets ha3e be4un
offe/in4 discounts on ho6e a77liances to custo6e/s who s7end L!$ o/ 6o/e on
an< sho77in4 t/i7 to -ed 'abel. -ed 'abel e8ecuti3es clai6 that the discount
7/o4/a6 has been a hu4e successB since cash /e4iste/ /ecei7ts of L!$ o/ 6o/e a/e
u7 thi/t< 7e/cent since the be4innin4 of the 7/o4/a6.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< wea0ens the clai6 of the -ed
'abel e8ecuti3es=
>A? Most 7eo7le who switched to -ed 'abel afte/ the 7/o4/a6 be4an s7end 6o/e
than L!$ each ti6e the< sho7 at -ed 'abel.
>B? Most 7eo7le whose a3e/a4e 4/oce/< bill is less than L!$ would not be
7e/suaded to s7end 6o/e b< an< discount 7/o4/a6.
>C? Most 7eo7le who /ecei3ed discounts on ho6e a77liances th/ou4h -ed 'abel2s
7/o4/a6 will sho7 at -ed 'abel afte/ the 7/o4/a6 ends.
>D? Since the be4innin4 of the discount 7/o4/a6B 6ost of the 7eo7le who s7end
L!$ o/ 6o/e at -ed 'abel a/e 7eo7le who ha3e ne3e/ befo/e sho77ed the/e
and whose a3e/a4e 4/oce/< bill has alwa<s been hi4he/ than L!$.
>E? Al6ost all of the 7eo7le who ha3e be4un s7endin4 L!$ o/ 6o/e at -ed 'abel
since the discount 7/o4/a6 be4an a/e lon4ti6e custo6e/s who ha3e
inc/eased the a3e/a4e a6ount of thei/ sho77in4 bills b< 6a0in4 fewe/ t/i7s.
68 GMAT
%. Th/ou4hout the 1&!$2sB the/e we/e inc/eases in the nu6be/s of dead bi/ds found
in a4/icultu/al a/eas afte/ 7esticide s7/a<in4s. Iesticide 6anufactu/e/s clai6ed
that the 7ublicit< 4i3en to bi/d deaths sti6ulated 3oluntee/s to loo0 fo/ dead
bi/dsB and that the inc/ease in nu6be/s /e7o/ted was att/ibutable to the inc/ease in
the nu6be/ of 7eo7le loo0in4.
,hich of the followin4 state6entsB if t/ueB would hel7 to /efute the clai6 of the
7esticide 6anufactu/e/s=
>A? The 7ublicit< 4i3en to bi/d deaths was la/4el< /e4ional and ne3e/ /eached
national 7/o7o/tions.
>B? Iesticide s7/a<in4s we/e ti6ed to coincide with 3a/ious 7hases of the life
c<cles of the insects the< dest/o<ed.
>C? )o 7/o3ision was 6ade to ensu/e that a dead bi/d would not be /e7o/ted b<
6o/e than one obse/3e/.
>D? Initial inc/eases in bi/d deaths had been noticed b< a4/icultu/al wo/0e/s lon4
befo/e an< 7ublicit< had been 4i3en to the 6atte/.
>E? Dead bi/ds of the sa6e s7ecies as those found in a4/icultu/al a/eas had been
found alon4 coastal a/eas whe/e no fa/6in4 too0 7lace.
8. Teena4e/s a/e often 7/iced out of the labo/ 6a/0et b< the 4o3e/n6entA6andated
6ini6u6Awa4e le3el because e67lo<e/s cannot affo/d to 7a< that 6uch fo/ e8t/a
hel7. The/efo/eB if Con4/ess institutes a sub6ini6u6 wa4eB a new lowe/ le4al
wa4e fo/ teena4e/sB the teena4e une67lo<6ent /ateB which has been /isin4 since
1&6$B will no lon4e/ inc/ease.
>A? Since 1&6$ the teena4e une67lo<6ent /ate has /isen when the 6ini6u6
wa4e has /isen.
>B? Since 1&6$ the teena4e une67lo<6ent /ate has /isen e3en when the 6ini6u6
wa4e /e6ained constant.
>C? E67lo<e/s often hi/e e8t/a hel7 du/in4 holida< and wa/6 weathe/ seasons.
>D? The teena4e une67lo<6ent /ate /ose 6o/e @uic0l< in the 1&%$2s than it did in
the 1&6$2s.
>E? The teena4e une67lo<6ent /ate has occasionall< declined in the <ea/s since
1&6$.
&. ,hich of the followin4 best co67letes the 7assa4e below=
The co67ute/ indust/<2s esti6ate that it loses 6illions of dolla/s when use/s
ille4all< co7< 7/o4/a6s without 7a<in4 fo/ the6 is 4/eatl< e8a44e/ated. Most of
the ille4al co7<in4 is done b< 7eo7le with no se/ious inte/est in the 7/o4/a6s.
ThusB the loss to the indust/< is 6uch s6alle/ than esti6ated becauseCCCCCC
>A? 6an< use/s who ille4all< co7< 7/o4/a6s ne3e/ find an< use fo/ the6
>B? 6ost of the ille4all< co7ied 7/o4/a6s would not be 7u/chased e3en if
7u/chasin4 the6 we/e the onl< wa< to obtain the6
GMAT . 'SAT C- 6&
>C? e3en if the co67ute/ indust/< /ecei3ed all the /e3enue it clai6s to be losin4B it
would still be e87e/iencin4 financial difficulties
>D? the total 6a/0et 3alue of all ille4al co7ies is low in co67a/ison to the total
/e3enue of the co67ute/ indust/<
>E? the nu6be/ of 7/o4/a6s that a/e f/e@uentl< co7ied ille4all< is low in
co67a/ison to the nu6be/ of 7/o4/a6s a3ailable fo/ sale
1$. This <ea/ the )ew Ha67shi/e Di3ision of Co67an< H set a new /eco/d fo/
annual sales b< that di3ision. This /eco/d is es7eciall< su/7/isin4 since the )ew
Ha67shi/e Di3ision has the s6allest 7otential 6a/0et and the lowest sales of an<
of Co67an< H2s di3isions.
,hich of the followin4 identifies a flaw in the lo4ical cohe/ence of the state6ent
abo3e=
>A? If o3e/all sales fo/ Co67an< H we/e sha/7l< /educedB the )ew Ha67shi/e
Di3ision2s new sales /eco/d is i//ele3ant to the co67an<2s 7/os7e/it<.
>B? Since the di3ision is co67etin4 a4ainst its own /eco/dB the co67a/ison of its
sales /eco/d with that of othe/ di3isions is i//ele3ant.
>C? If this is the fi/st <ea/ that the )ew Ha67shi/e Di3ision has been last in sales
a6on4 Co67an< H2s di3isionsB the new /eco/d is not su/7/isin4 at all.
>D? If o3e/all sales fo/ Co67an< H we/e 4/eate/ than usualB it is not su/7/isin4
that the )ew Ha67shi/e Di3ision was last in sales.
>E? Since the )ew Ha67shi/e Di3ision has the s6allest 7otential 6a/0etB it is not
su/7/isin4 that it had the lowest sales.
11. State6ent of a Dnited States co77e/ 6inin4 co67an<1 I67o/t @uotas should be
i67osed on the less e87ensi3e co77e/ 6ined outside the count/< to 6aintain the
7/ice of co77e/ in this count/<G othe/wiseB ou/ co67anies will not be able to sta<
in business.
-es7onse of a Dnited States co77e/ wi/e 6anufactu/e/1 Dnited States wi/e and
cable 6anufactu/e/s 7u/chase about %$ 7e/cent of the co77e/ 6ined in the Dnited
States. If the co77e/ 7/ices we 7a< a/e not at the inte/national le3elB ou/ sales will
d/o7B and then the de6and fo/ Dnited States co77e/ will 4o down.
If the factual info/6ation 7/esented b< both co67anies is accu/ateB the best
assess6ent of the lo4ical /elationshi7 between the two a/4u6ents is that the wi/e
6anufactu/e/2s a/4u6ent
>A? is selfAse/3in4 and i//ele3ant to the 7/o7osal of the 6inin4 co67an<
>B? is ci/cula/B 7/esu77osin4 what it see0s to 7/o3e about the 7/o7osal of the
6inin4 co67an<
>C? shows that the 7/o7osal of the 6inin4 co67an< would ha3e a ne4ati3e effect
on the 6inin4 co67an<2s own business
>D? fails to 4i3e a /eason wh< the 7/o7osal of the 6inin4 co67an< should not be
7ut into effect to alle3iate the conce/n of the 6inin4 co67an< fo/ sta<in4 in
%$ GMAT
business
>E? establishes that e3en the 6inin4 co67an<2s business will 7/os7e/ if the
6inin4 co67an<2s 7/o7osal is /e;ected
1. : has been belie3ed to cause Q. A new /e7o/tB notin4 that : and Q a/e often
obse/3ed to be 7/eceded b< HB su44ests that HB not :B 6a< be the cause of Q.
,hich of the followin4 fu/the/ obse/3ations would best su77o/t the new /e7o/t2s
su44estion=
>A? In cases whe/e H occu/s but : does notB H is usuall< followed b< Q.
>B? In cases whe/e H occu/sB followed b< :B : is usuall< followed b< Q.
>C? In cases whe/e : occu/s but H does notB : is usuall< followed b< Q.
>D? In cases whe/e : occu/s but Q does notB : is usuall< 7/eceded b< H.
>E? In cases whe/e Q occu/sB it is usuall< 7/eceded b< H and :.
1". M/. I/i661 If hos7itals we/e 7/i3ate ente/7/isesB de7endent on 7/ofits fo/ thei/
su/3i3alB the/e would be no teachin4 hos7italsB because of the int/insicall< hi4h
cost of /unnin4 such hos7itals.
Ms. )a0ai1 I disa4/ee. The 6edical challen4es 7/o3ided b< teachin4 hos7itals
att/act the 3e/< best 7h<sicians. ThisB in tu/nB enables those hos7itals to
concent/ate on non/outine cases.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost st/en4then Ms. )a0ai2s atte67t to
/efute M/. I/i662s clai6=
>A? Docto/s at teachin4 hos7itals co66and hi4h sala/ies.
>B? So7histicatedB non/outine 6edical ca/e co66ands a hi4h 7/ice.
>C? E8istin4 teachin4 hos7itals de/i3e so6e /e3enue f/o6 7ublic subsidies.
>D? The 7atient 6o/talit< /ate at teachin4 hos7itals is hi4h.
>E? The 6ode/n t/end a6on4 7h<sicians is to beco6e hi4hl< s7eciali9ed.
1#. A /ecent su/3e< of all auto accident 3icti6s in Dole Count< found thatB of the
se3e/el< in;u/ed d/i3e/s and f/ontAseat 7assen4e/sB 8$ 7e/cent we/e not wea/in4
seat belts at the ti6e of thei/ accidents. This indicates thatB b< wea/in4 seat beltsB
d/i3e/s and f/ontAseat 7assen4e/s can 4/eatl< /educe thei/ /is0 of bein4 se3e/el<
in;u/ed if the< a/e in an auto accident.
The conclusion abo3e is not 7/o7e/l< d/awn unless which of the followin4 is
t/ue=
>A? (f all the d/i3e/s and f/ontAseat 7assen4e/s in the su/3eB? Conside/abl< 6o/e than $ 7e/cent of d/i3e/s and f/ontAseat 7assen4e/s in
Dole Count< alwa<s wea/ seat belts when t/a3elin4 b< ca/.
>C? Mo/e d/i3e/s and f/ontAseat 7assen4e/s in the su/3e< than /ea/Aseat 7assen4e/s
we/e 3e/< se3e/el< in;u/ed.
GMAT . 'SAT C- %1
>D? Mo/e than half of the d/i3e/s and f/ontAseat 7assen4e/s in the su/3e< we/e not
wea/in4 seat belts at the ti6e of thei/ accidents.
>E? Most of the auto accidents /e7o/ted to 7olice in Dole Count< do not in3ol3e
an< se/ious in;u/<.
1!. Si8 6onths o/ so afte/ 4ettin4 a 3ideo /eco/de/B 6an< ea/l< bu<e/s a77a/entl< lost
inte/est in obtainin4 3ideos to watch on it. The t/ade of businesses sellin4 and
/entin4 3ideos is still buo<antB because the nu6be/ of ho6es with 3ideo /eco/de/s
is still 4/owin4. But clea/lA? The 6a/0et fo/ 3ideo /eco/de/s would not be conside/ed satu/ated until the/e
was one in 8$ 7e/cent of ho6es.
>B? A6on4 the ite6s handled b< 3ideo dist/ibuto/s a/e 6an< fil6s s7ecificall<
7/oduced as 3ideo featu/es.
>C? 5ew of the ea/l< bu<e/s of 3ideo /eco/de/s /aised an< co67laints about
7e/fo/6ance as7ects of the new 7/oduct.
>D? The ea/l< bu<e/s of a no3el 7/oduct a/e alwa<s 7eo7le who a/e @uic0 to
ac@ui/e no3eltiesB but also often as @uic0 to ti/e of the6.
>E? In a sh/in0in4 6a/0etB co67etition alwa<s intensifies and 6a/4inal businesses
fail.
16. Ad3e/tise/1 The /e3enue that news7a7e/s and 6a4a9ines ea/n b< 7ublishin4
ad3e/tise6ents allows 7ublishe/s to 0ee7 the 7/ices 7e/ co7< of thei/ 7ublications
6uch lowe/ than would othe/wise be 7ossible. The/efo/eB consu6e/s benefit
econo6icall< f/o6 ad3e/tisin4.
Consu6e/1 But who 7a<s fo/ the ad3e/tisin4 that 7a<s fo/ lowA7/iced news7a7e/s
and 6a4a9ines= ,e consu6e/s doB because ad3e/tise/s 7ass alon4 ad3e/tisin4
costs to us th/ou4h the hi4he/ 7/ices the< cha/4e fo/ thei/ 7/oducts.
,hich of the followin4 best desc/ibes how the consu6e/ counte/s the ad3e/tise/2s
a/4u6ent=
>A? B< alle4in4 so6ethin4 thatB if t/ueB would wea0en the 7lausibilit< of the
ad3e/tise/2s conclusion
>B? B< @uestionin4 the t/uth of the 7u/7o/tedl< factual state6ent on which the
ad3e/tise/2s conclusion is based
>C? B< offe/in4 an inte/7/etation of the ad3e/tise/2s o7enin4 state6ent thatB if
accu/ateB shows that the/e is an i67licit cont/adiction in it
>D? B< 7ointin4 out that the ad3e/tise/2s 7oint of 3iew is biased
>E? B< a/4uin4 that the ad3e/tise/ too na//owl< /est/icts the discussion to the
effects of ad3e/tisin4 that a/e econo6ic
% GMAT
1%. M/. 'awson1 ,e should ado7t a national fa6il< 7olic< that includes le4islation
/e@ui/in4 e67lo<e/s to 7/o3ide 7aid 7a/ental lea3e and establishin4 4o3e/n6entA
s7onso/ed da< ca/e. Such laws would dec/ease the st/ess le3els of e67lo<ees who
ha3e /es7onsibilit< fo/ s6all child/en. ThusB such laws would lead to ha77ie/B
bette/Aad;usted fa6ilies.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost st/en4then the conclusion abo3e=
>A? An e67lo<ee2s hi4h st/ess le3el can be a cause of unha77iness and 7oo/
ad;ust6ent fo/ his o/ he/ fa6il<.
>B? Ieo7le who ha3e /es7onsibilit< fo/ s6all child/en and who wo/0 outside the
ho6e ha3e hi4he/ st/ess le3els than those who do not.
>C? The 4oal of a national fa6il< 7olic< is to lowe/ the st/ess le3els of 7a/ents.
>D? An< national fa6il< 7olic< that is ado7ted would include le4islation /e@ui/in4
e67lo<e/s to 7/o3ide 7aid 7a/ental lea3e and establishin4 4o3e/n6entA
s7onso/ed da< ca/e.
>E? Most child/en who ha3e been ca/ed fo/ in da<ca/e cente/s a/e ha77< and well
ad;usted.
18. 'a/0 Manufactu/in4 Co67an< initiated a 3olunta/< Nualit< Ci/cles 7/o4/a6 fo/
6achine o7e/ato/s. Inde7endent su/3e<s of e67lo<ee attitudes indicated that the
6achine o7e/ato/s 7a/tici7atin4 in the 7/o4/a6 we/e less satisfied with thei/ wo/0
situations afte/ two <ea/s of the 7/o4/a62s e8istence than the< we/e at the
7/o4/a62s sta/t. (b3iouslA? The second su/3e< occu//ed du/in4 a 7e/iod of /ecession when /u6o/s of
cutbac0s and la<offs at 'a/0 Manufactu/in4 we/e 7lentiful.
>B? The su/3e<s also showed that those 'a/0 6achine o7e/ato/s who neithe/
7a/tici7ated in Nualit< Ci/cles no/ 0new an<one who did so /e7o/ted the
sa6e de4/ee of lessened satisfaction with thei/ wo/0 situations as did the
'a/0 6achine o7e/ato/s who 7a/tici7ated in Nualit< Ci/cles.
>C? ,hile 7a/tici7atin4 in Nualit< Ci/cles at 'a/0 Manufactu/in4B 6achine
o7e/ato/s e8hibited two of the 7/i6a/< indicato/s of i67/o3ed ;ob
satisfaction1 inc/eased 7/oducti3it< and dec/eased absenteeis6.
>D? Se3e/al wo/0e/s at 'a/0 Manufactu/in4 who had 7a/tici7ated in Nualit<
Ci/cles while e67lo<ed at othe/ co67anies /e7o/ted thatB while 7a/tici7atin4
in Nualit< Ci/cles in thei/ 7/e3ious co67aniesB thei/ wo/0 satisfaction had
inc/eased.
>E? The 6achine o7e/ato/s who 7a/tici7ated in Nualit< Ci/cles /e7o/ted thatB
when the 7/o4/a6 sta/tedB the< felt that 7a/tici7ation 6i4ht i67/o3e thei/
wo/0 situations.
GMAT . 'SAT C- %"
Blood ban0s will sho/tl< sta/t to sc/een all dono/s fo/ )A)B he7atitis. Althou4h the
new sc/eenin4 tests a/e esti6ated to dis@ualif< u7 to ! 7e/cent of all 7/os7ecti3e blood
dono/sB the< will still 6iss twoAthi/ds of dono/s ca//<in4 )A)B he7atitis. The/efo/eB
about 1$ 7e/cent of actual dono/s will still su77l< )A)BAconta6inated blood.
1&. The a/4u6ent abo3e de7ends on which of the followin4 assu67tions=
>A? Dono/s ca//<in4 )A)B he7atitis do notB in a la/4e 7e/centa4e of casesB ca//<
othe/ infections fo/ which /eliable sc/eenin4 tests a/e /outinel< 7e/fo/6ed.
>B? Dono/s ca//<in4 )A)B he7atitis do notB in a la/4e 7e/centa4e of casesB
de3elo7 the disease the6sel3es at an< 7oint.
>C? The esti6ate of the nu6be/ of dono/s who would be dis@ualified b< tests fo/
)A)B he7atitis is an unde/esti6ate.
>D? The incidence of )A)B he7atitis is lowe/ a6on4 the 7otential blood dono/s
than it is in the 7o7ulation at la/4e.
>E? The dono/s who will still su77l< )A)BAconta6inated blood will donate
blood at the a3e/a4e f/e@uenc< fo/ all dono/s.
$. ,hich of the followin4 infe/ences about the conse@uences of institutin4 the new
tests is best su77o/ted b< the 7assa4e abo3e=
>A? The incidence of new cases of )A)B he7atitis is li0el< to 4o u7 b< 1$
7e/cent.
>B? Donations 6ade b< 7atients s7ecificall< fo/ thei/ own use a/e li0el< to
beco6e less f/e@uent.
>C? The de6and fo/ blood f/o6 blood ban0s is li0el< to fluctuate 6o/e st/on4l<.
>D? The blood su77lies a3ailable f/o6 blood ban0s a/e li0el< to 4o down.
>E? The nu6be/ of 7/os7ecti3e fi/stAti6e dono/s is li0el< to 4o u7 b< ! 7e/cent.
TEST "
1. Child2s ,o/ldB a chain of to< sto/esB has /elied on a Esu7e/6a/0et conce7tF of
co67ute/i9ed in3ento/< cont/ol and custo6e/ selfAse/3ice to eli6inate the
cate4o/< of sales cle/0s f/o6 its fo/ce of e67lo<ees. It now 7lans to e67lo< the
sa6e conce7t in sellin4 child/en2s clothes.
The 7lan of Child2s ,o/ld assu6es that
>A? su7e/6a/0ets will not also be sellin4 child/en2s clothes in the sa6e 6anne/
>B? 7e/sonal se/3ice b< sales 7e/sonnel is not /e@ui/ed fo/ sellin4 child/en2s
clothes successfull<
>C? the sa6e 0ind of co67ute/s will be used in in3ento/< cont/ol fo/ both clothes
and to<s at Child2s ,o/ld
>D? a selfAse/3ice 7lan cannot be e67lo<ed without co67ute/i9ed in3ento/<
%# GMAT
cont/ol
>E? sales cle/0s a/e the onl< e67lo<ees of Child2s ,o/ld who could be assi4ned
tas0s /elated to in3ento/< cont/ol
. Continuous indoo/ fluo/escent li4ht benefits the health of ha6ste/s with inhe/ited
hea/t disease. A 4/ou7 of the6 e87osed to continuous fluo/escent li4ht su/3i3ed
twent<Afi3e 7e/cent lon4e/ than a si6ila/ 4/ou7 e87osed instead to e@ual 7e/iods
of indoo/ fluo/escent li4ht and of da/0ness.
The 6ethod of the /esea/ch desc/ibed abo3e is 6ost li0el< to be a77licable in
add/essin4 which of the followin4 @uestions=
>A? Can indust/ial wo/0e/s who need to see thei/ wo/0 do so bette/ b< sunli4ht o/
b< fluo/escent li4ht=
>B? Can hos7ital li4htin4 be i67/o3ed to 7/o6ote the /eco3e/< of 7atients=
>C? How do dee7Asea fish su/3i3e in total da/0ness=
>D? ,hat a/e the inhe/ited illnesses to which ha6ste/s a/e sub;ect=
>E? A/e the/e 7lants that /e@ui/e s7ecific 7e/iods of da/0ness in o/de/ to bloo6=
". Millions of identical co7ies of a 7lant can be 7/oduced usin4 new tissueAcultu/e
and clonin4 techni@ues.
If 7lant 7/o7a4ation b< such 6ethods in labo/ato/ies 7/o3es econo6icalB each of
the followin4B if t/ueB /e7/esents a benefit of the new techni@ues to fa/6e/s
EHCEIT1
>A? The techni@ues allow the de3elo76ent of su7e/io/ st/ains to ta0e 7lace 6o/e
/a7idlB? It is less difficult to ca/e fo/ 7lants that will 4/ow at /ates that do not 3a/<
widel<.
>C? Ilant diseases and 7estsB once the< ta0e holdB s7/ead 6o/e /a7idl< a6on4
4eneticall< unifo/6 7lants than a6on4 those with 4enetic 3a/iations.
>D? Mechanical ha/3estin4 of c/o7s is less difficult if 7lants a/e 6o/e unifo/6 in
si9e.
>E? S7ecial 4enetic t/aits can 6o/e easil< be int/oduced into 7lant st/ains with the
use of the new techni@ues.
#. ,hich of the followin4 best co67letes the 7assa4e below=
Sales ca67ai4ns ai6ed at the falte/in4 7e/sonal co67ute/ 6a/0et ha3e st/on4l<
e67hasi9ed ease of useB called use/Af/iendliness. This e67hasis is oddl<
7/e6atu/e and i//ele3ant in the e<es of 6ost 7otential bu<e/sB who a/e t/<in4 to
add/ess the lo4icall< 7/io/ issue of whethe/CCCCCC
>A? use/Af/iendliness also i67lies that owne/s can se/3ice thei/ own co67ute/s
>B? 7e/sonal co67ute/s cost 6o/e the 6o/e use/Af/iendl< the< a/e
>C? cu//entl< a3ailable 6odels a/e use/Af/iendl< enou4h to suit the6
GMAT . 'SAT C- %!
>D? the 7eo7le 7/o6otin4 7e/sonal co67ute/s use the6 in thei/ own ho6es
>E? the< ha3e enou4h sensible uses fo/ a 7e/sonal co67ute/ to ;ustif< the e87ense
of bu<in4 one
!. A wea7onsAs6u44lin4 incident /ecentl< too0 7lace in count/< :. ,e all 0now that
: is a closed societ<. So :2s 4o3e/n6ent 6ust ha3e 0nown about the wea7ons.
,hich of the followin4 is an assu67tion that would 6a0e the conclusion abo3e
lo4icall< co//ect=
>A? If a 4o3e/n6ent 0nows about a 7a/ticula/ wea7onsAs6u44lin4 incidentB it
6ust ha3e intended to use the wea7ons fo/ its own 7u/7oses.
>B? If a 4o3e/n6ent clai6s that it 0new nothin4 about a 7a/ticula/ wea7onsA
s6u44lin4 incidentB it 6ust ha3e 0nown e3e/<thin4 about it.
>C? If a 4o3e/n6ent does not 7e/6it wea7ons to ente/ a count/D? If a count/< is a closed societE? If a count/< is a closed societ<B its 4o3e/n6ent has 0nowled4e about
e3e/<thin4 that occu/s in the count/<.
6. Bannin4 ci4a/ette ad3e/tise6ents in the 6ass 6edia will not /educe the nu6be/
of <oun4 7eo7le who s6o0e. The< 0now that ci4a/ettes e8ist and the< 0now how
to 4et the6. The< do not need the ad3e/tise6ents to su77l< that info/6ation.
The abo3e a/4u6ent would be 6ost wea0ened if which of the followin4 we/e
t/ue=
>A? Seein4 o/ hea/in4 an ad3e/tise6ent fo/ a 7/oduct tends to inc/ease 7eo7le2s
desi/e fo/ that 7/oduct.
>B? Bannin4 ci4a/ette ad3e/tise6ents in the 6ass 6edia will cause an inc/ease in
ad3e/tise6ents in 7laces whe/e ci4a/ettes a/e sold.
>C? Ad3e/tise6ents in the 6ass 6edia ha3e been an e8ceedin4l< la/4e 7a/t of the
e87enditu/es of the tobacco co67anies.
>D? Those who o77ose ci4a/ette use ha3e ad3e/tised a4ainst it in the 6ass 6edia
e3e/ since ci4a/ettes we/e found to be ha/6ful.
>E? (lde/ 7eo7le tend to be less influenced b< 6assA6edia ad3e/tise6ents than
<oun4e/ 7eo7le tend to be.
%. Ieo7le tend to esti6ate the li0elihood of an e3ent2s occu//ence acco/din4 to its
salienceG that isB acco/din4 to how st/on4l< and how often it co6es to thei/
attention.
B< 7lace6ent and headlinesB news7a7e/s e67hasi9e sto/ies about local c/i6e
o3e/ sto/ies about c/i6e elsewhe/e and about 6an< othe/ 6a;o/ e3ents.
It can be concluded on the basis of the state6ents abo3e thatB if the< a/e t/ueB
which of the followin4 is 6ost 7/obabl< also t/ue=
%6 GMAT
>A? The lan4ua4e used in news7a7e/ headlines about local c/i6e is infla66ato/<
and fails to /es7ect the /i4hts of sus7ects.
>B? The co3e/a4e of inte/national e3ents in news7a7e/s is ne4lected in fa3o/ of
the co3e/a4e of local e3ents.
>C? -eade/s of local news in news7a7e/s tend to o3e/esti6ate the a6ount of
c/i6e in thei/ own localities /elati3e to the a6ount of c/i6e in othe/ 7laces.
>D? )one of the e3ents conce/nin4 othe/ 7eo7le that a/e /e7o/ted in news7a7e/s is
so salient in 7eo7le2s 6inds as thei/ own 7e/sonal e87e/iences.
>E? The 7/ess is the news 6ediu6 that focuses 7eo7le2s attention 6ost st/on4l<
on local c/i6es.
8. B< anal<9in4 the 4a/ba4e of a la/4e nu6be/ of a3e/a4eAsi9ed householdsB a 4/ou7
of 6ode/n u/ban anth/o7olo4ists has found that a household disca/ds less food
the 6o/e standa/di9edK6ade u7 of canned and 7/e7ac0a4ed foodsKits diet is.
The 6o/e standa/di9ed a household2s diet isB howe3e/B the 4/eate/ the @uantities
of f/esh 7/oduce the household th/ows awa<.
,hich of the followin4 can be 7/o7e/l< infe//ed f/o6 the 7assa4e=
>A? An inc/easin4 nu6be/ of households /el< on a hi4hl< standa/di9ed diet.
>B? The less standa/di9ed a household2s diet isB the 6o/e nonfood waste the
household disca/ds.
>C? The less standa/di9ed a household2s diet isB the s6alle/ is the 7/o7o/tion of
f/esh 7/oduce in the household2s food waste.
>D? The less standa/di9ed a household2s diet isB the 6o/e canned and 7/e7ac0a4ed
foods the household disca/ds as waste.
>E? The 6o/e f/esh 7/oduce a household bu<sB the 6o/e f/esh 7/oduce it th/ows
awa<.
In the 7astB teache/sB ban0 telle/sB and sec/eta/ies we/e 7/edo6inantl< 6enG these
occu7ations sli77ed in 7a< and status when the< beca6e la/4el< occu7ied b< wo6en.
The/efo/eB if wo6en beco6e the 6a;o/it< in cu//entl< 6aleAdo6inated 7/ofessions
li0e accountin4B lawB and 6edicineB the inco6e and 7/esti4e of these 7/ofessions will
also d/o7.
&. The a/4u6ent abo3e is based on
>A? anothe/ a/4u6ent that contains ci/cula/ /easonin4
>B? an atte67t to /efute a 4ene/ali9ation b< 6eans of an e8ce7tional case
>C? an analo4< between the 7ast and the futu/e
>D? an a77eal to 7o7ula/ beliefs and 3alues
>E? an attac0 on the cha/acte/ of the o77osition
1$. ,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost li0el< be 7a/t of the e3idence used to
GMAT . 'SAT C- %%
/efute the conclusion abo3e=
>A? AccountantsB law<e/sB and 7h<sicians attained thei/ cu//ent /elati3el< hi4h
le3els of inco6e and 7/esti4e at about the sa6e ti6e that the 7a< and status
of teache/sB ban0 telle/sB and sec/eta/ies sli77ed.
>B? ,hen la/4e nu6be/s of 6en ;oin a fe6aleAdo6inated occu7ationB such as
ai/line fli4ht attendantB the status and 7a< of the occu7ation tend to inc/ease.
>C? The de6and fo/ teache/s and sec/eta/ies has inc/eased si4nificantl< in /ecent
<ea/sB while the de6and fo/ ban0 telle/s has /e6ained /elati3el< stable.
>D? If 7/esent t/ends in the awa/din4 of law de4/ees to wo6en continueB it will be
at least two decades befo/e the 6a;o/it< of law<e/s a/e wo6en.
>E? The 7a< and status of fe6ale accountantsB law<e/sB and 7h<sicians toda< a/e
4o3e/ned b< si4nificantl< diffe/ent econo6ic and sociolo4ical fo/ces than
we/e the 7a< and status of fe6ale teache/sB ban0 telle/sB and sec/eta/ies in
the 7ast.
11. An elect/icA7owe/ co67an< 4ained 4/eate/ 7/ofits and 7/o3ided elect/icit< to
consu6e/s at lowe/ /ates 7e/ unit of elect/icit< b< buildin4 la/4e/Aca7acit< 6o/e
efficient 7lants and b< sti6ulatin4 4/eate/ use of elect/icit< within its a/ea. To
continue these financial t/endsB the co67an< 7lanned to /e7lace an old 7lant b< a
7lant with t/i7le the ca7acit< of its la/4est 7lant.
The co67an<2s 7lan as desc/ibed abo3e assu6ed each of the followin4 EHCEIT1
>A? De6and fo/ elect/icit< within the co67an<2s a/ea of se/3ice would inc/ease
in the futu/e.
>B? E87enses would not /ise be<ond the le3el that could be co67ensated fo/ b<
efficienc< o/ 3olu6e of o7e/ationB o/ both.
>C? The 7lanned 7lant would be sufficientl< /eliable in se/3ice to cont/ibute a net
financial benefit to the co67an< as a whole.
>D? Safet< 6easu/es to be instituted fo/ the new 7lant would be the sa6e as those
fo/ the 7lant it would /e7lace.
>E? The t/i7lin4 of ca7acit< would not /esult in insu7e/able technolo4ical
obstacles to efficienc<.
Meteo/olo4ists sa< that if onl< the< could desi4n an accu/ate 6athe6atical 6odel of
the at6os7he/e with all its co67le8itiesB the< could fo/ecast the weathe/ with /eal
7/ecision. But this is an idle boastB i66une to an< e3aluationB fo/ an< inade@uate
weathe/ fo/ecast would ob3iousl< be bla6ed on i67e/fections in the 6odel.
1. ,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB could best be used as a basis fo/ a/4uin4 a4ainst
the autho/2s 7osition that the 6eteo/olo4ists2 clai6 cannot be e3aluated=
>A? Ce/tain unusual confi4u/ations of data can se/3e as the basis fo/ 7/ecise
weathe/ fo/ecasts e3en thou4h the e8act causal 6echanis6s a/e not
%8 GMAT
unde/stood.
>B? Most si4nificant 4ains in the accu/ac< of the /ele3ant 6athe6atical 6odels
a/e acco67anied b< clea/ 4ains in the 7/ecision of weathe/ fo/ecasts.
>C? Mathe6atical 6odels of the 6eteo/olo4ical afte/6ath of such catast/o7hic
e3ents as 3olcanic e/u7tions a/e be4innin4 to be const/ucted.
>D? Mode/n weathe/ fo/ecasts fo/ as 6uch as a full da< ahead a/e b/oadl< co//ect
about 8$ 7e/cent of the ti6e.
>E? Meteo/olo4ists /eadil< concede that the accu/ate 6athe6atical 6odel the< a/e
tal0in4 about is not now in thei/ 7owe/ to const/uct.
1". ,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would cast the 6ost se/ious doubt on the
6eteo/olo4ists2 boastB aside f/o6 the doubt e87/essed in the 7assa4e abo3e=
>A? The a6ount of ene/4< that the Ea/th /ecei3es f/o6 the Sun is 6onito/ed
closel< and is 0nown not to be constant.
>B? *olcanic e/u7tionsB the co6bustion of fossil fuelsB and se3e/al othe/ 7/ocesses
that also cannot be @uantified with an< accu/ac< a/e 0nown to ha3e a
si4nificant and continuin4 i67act on the constitution of the at6os7he/e.
>C? As cu//ent 6odels of the at6os7he/e a/e i67/o3edB e3en s6all inc/e6ents in
co67le8it< will 6ean la/4e inc/eases in the nu6be/ of co67ute/s /e@ui/ed
fo/ the /e7/esentation of the 6odels.
>D? 5/e@uent and accu/ate data about the at6os7he/e collected at a la/4e nu6be/
of 7oints both on and abo3e the 4/ound a/e a 7/e/e@uisite fo/ the
const/uction of a 4ood 6odel of the at6os7he/e.
>E? ,ith e8istin4 6odels of the at6os7he/eB la/4e scale weathe/ 7atte/ns can be
7/edicted with 4/eate/ accu/ac< than can /elati3el< local weathe/ 7atte/ns.
1#. (f the count/ies that we/e the wo/ld2s twent< la/4est e87o/te/s in 1&!"B fou/ had
the sa6e sha/e of total wo/ld e87o/ts in 1&8# as in 1&!". Theses count/ies can
the/efo/e se/3e as 6odels fo/ those count/ies that wish to 0ee7 thei/ sha/e of the
4lobal e87o/t t/ade stable o3e/ the <ea/s.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB casts the 6ost se/ious doubt on the suitabilit< of
those fou/ count/ies as 6odels in the sense desc/ibed=
>A? Man< count/ies wish to inc/ease thei/ sha/e of wo/ld e87o/t t/adeB not ;ust
0ee7 it stable.
>B? Man< count/ies a/e less conce/ned with e87o/ts alone than with he balance
between e87o/ts and i67o/ts.
>C? ,ith /es7ect to the 6i8 of 7/oducts each e87o/tsB the fou/ count/ies a/e 3e/<
diffe/ent f/o6 each othe/.
>D? (f the fou/ count/iesB two had a 6uch la/4e/B and two had a 6uch s6alle/B
sha/e of total wo/ld e87o/ts in 1&%$ than in 1&8#.
>E? The e87o/ts of the fou/ count/ies /an4e f/o6 1! 7e/cent to %! 7e/cent of the
total national out7ut.
GMAT . 'SAT C- %&
In the Dnited StatesB the Iostal Se/3ice has a 6ono7ol< on fi/stAclass 6ailB but 6uch
of what is sent fi/st class could be t/ans6itted elect/onicall<. Elect/onic t/ans6ittal
o7e/ato/s a/4ue that if the Iostal Se/3ice we/e to offe/ elect/onic t/ans6issionB it
would ha3e an unfai/ ad3anta4eB since its elect/onic t/ans6ission se/3ice could be
subsidi9ed f/o6 the 7/ofits of the 6ono7ol<.
1!. ,hich of the followin4B if each is t/ueB would alla< the elect/onic t/ans6ittal
o7e/ato/s2 fea/s of unfai/ co67etition=
>A? If the Iostal Se/3ice we/e to offe/ elect/onic t/ans6issionB it could not 6a0e a
7/ofit on fi/stAclass 6ail.
>B? If the Iostal Se/3ice we/e to offe/ elect/onic t/ans6issionB it would ha3e a
6ono7ol< on that 0ind of se/3ice.
>C? Much of the 6ate/ial that is now sent b< fi/stAclass 6ail could be deli3e/ed
6uch faste/ b< s7ecial 7ac0a4e cou/ie/sB but is not sent that wa< because of
cost.
>D? The/e is no econo6< of scale in elect/onic t/ans6issionKthat isB the cost 7e/
t/ansaction does not 4o down as 6o/e 7ieces of info/6ation a/e t/ans6itted.
>E? Elect/onic t/ans6ission will ne3e/ be costAeffecti3e fo/ 6ate/ial not sent b<
fi/stAclass 6ail such as news7a7e/s and bul0 6ail.
16. ,hich of the followin4 @uestions can be answe/ed on the basis of the info/6ation
in the 7assa4e abo3e=
>A? Is the Iostal Se/3ice as efficient as 7/i3atel< owned elect/ic t/ans6ission
se/3ices=
>B? If 7/i3ate o7e/ato/s we/e allowed to o7e/ate fi/stAclass 6ail se/3icesB would
the< choose to do so=
>C? Do the elect/onic t/ans6ittal o7e/ato/s belie3e that the Iostal Se/3ice 6a0es a
7/ofit on fi/stAclass 6ail=
>D? Is the Iostal Se/3ice 7/ohibited f/o6 offe/in4 elect/onic t/ans6ission
se/3ices=
>E? Is the Iostal Se/3ice e87ected to ha3e a 6ono7ol< on elect/onic t/ans6ission=
1%. 'ists of hos7itals ha3e been co67iled showin4 which hos7itals ha3e 7atient death
/ates e8ceedin4 the national a3e/a4e. The data ha3e been ad;usted to allow fo/
diffe/ences in the a4es of 7atients.
Each of the followin4B if t/ueB 7/o3ides a 4ood lo4ical 4/ound fo/ hos7itals to
ob;ect to inte/7/etin4 /an0 on these lists as one of the indices of the @ualit< of
hos7ital ca/e EHCEIT1
>A? -an0 o/de/ 6i4ht indicate insi4nificant diffe/encesB /athe/ than la/4e
diffe/encesB in nu6be/s of 7atient deaths.
>B? Hos7itals that 0ee7 7atients lon4e/ a/e li0el< to ha3e hi4he/ death /ates than
8$ GMAT
those that discha/4e 7atients ea/lie/ but do not /eco/d deaths of 7atients at
ho6e afte/ discha/4e.
>C? Iatients who a/e 3e/< old on ad6ission to a hos7ital a/e less li0el< than
<oun4e/ 7atients to su/3i3e the sa6e t<7es of illnesses o/ su/4ical
7/ocedu/es.
>D? So6e hos7itals se/3e a la/4e/ 7/o7o/tion of lowAinco6e 7atientsB who tend to
be 6o/e se/iousl< ill when ad6itted to a hos7ital.
>E? 5o/A7/ofit hos7itals so6eti6es do not 7/o3ide intensi3eAca/e units and othe/
e87ensi3e se/3ices fo/ 3e/< sic0 7atients but /efe/ o/ t/ansfe/ such 7atients to
othe/ hos7itals.
18. Te/esa1 Manned s7acefli4ht does not ha3e a futu/eB since it cannot co67ete
econo6icall< with othe/ 6eans of acco67lishin4 the ob;ecti3es of s7acefli4ht.
Edwa/d1 )o 6ode of hu6an t/ans7o/tation has a bette/ /eco/d of /eliabilit<1 two
accidents in twent<Afi3e <ea/s. Thus 6anned s7acefli4ht definitel< has a 7ositi3e
futu/e.
,hich of the followin4 is the best lo4ical e3aluation of Edwa/d2s a/4u6ent as a
/es7onse to Te/esa2s a/4u6ent=
>A? It cites e3idence thatB if t/ueB tends to dis7/o3e the e3idence cited b< Te/esa in
d/awin4 he/ conclusion.
>B? It indicates a lo4ical 4a7 in the su77o/t that Te/esa offe/s fo/ he/ conclusion.
>C? It /aises a conside/ation that outwei4hs the a/4u6ent Te/esa 6a0es.
>D? It does not 6eet Te/esa2s 7oint because it assu6es that the/e is no se/ious
i67edi6ent to t/ans7o/tin4 7eo7le into s7aceB but this was the issue /aised
b< Te/esa.
>E? It fails to /es7ond to Te/esa2s a/4u6ent because it does not add/ess the
funda6ental issue of whethe/ s7ace acti3ities should ha3e 7/io/it< o3e/ othe/
clai6s on the national bud4et.
1&. Blac0 A6e/icans a/eB on the wholeB about twice as li0el< as ,hite A6e/icans to
de3elo7 hi4h blood 7/essu/e. This li0elihood also holds fo/ weste/ni9ed Blac0
Af/icans when co67a/ed to ,hite Af/icans.
-esea/che/s ha3e h<7othesi9ed that this 7/edis7osition in weste/ni9ed Blac0s 6a<
/eflect an inte/action between weste/n hi4hAsalt diets and 4enes that ada7ted to an
en3i/on6ental sca/cit< of salt.
,hich of the followin4 state6ents about 7/esentAdaA? The blood 7/essu/es of those descended f/o6 7eo7les situated th/ou4hout
thei/ histo/< in Sene4al and Ga6biaB whe/e salt was alwa<s a3ailableB a/e
low.
>B? The unusuall< hi4h salt consu67tion in ce/tain a/eas of Af/ica /e7/esents a
se/ious health 7/oble6.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 81
>C? Because of thei/ blood 7/essu/e le3elsB 6ost ,hite Af/icans ha3e 6a/0edl<
dec/eased thei/ salt consu67tion.
>D? Blood 7/essu/es a/e low a6on4 the :o/ubaB whoB th/ou4hout thei/ histo/E? )o si4nificant diffe/ences in salt 6etabolis6 ha3e been found between those
7eo7le who ha3e had salt a3ailable th/ou4hout thei/ histo/< and those who
ha3e not.
$. The followin4 7/o7osal to a6end the b<laws of an o/4ani9ation was ci/culated to
its 6e6be/s fo/ co66ent.
,hen 6o/e than one no6inee is to be na6ed fo/ an officeB 7/os7ecti3e no6inees
6ust consent to no6ination and befo/e 4i3in4 such consent 6ust be told who the
othe/ no6inees will be.
,hich of the followin4 co66ents conce/nin4 the lo4ic of the 7/o7osal is accu/ate
if it cannot be 0nown who the actual no6inees a/e until 7/os7ecti3e no6inees
ha3e 4i3en thei/ consent to be no6inated=
>A? The 7/o7osal would 6a0e it 7ossible fo/ each of se3e/al no6inees fo/ an
office to be awa/e of who all of the othe/ no6inees a/e.
>B? The 7/o7osal would widen the choice a3ailable to those choosin4 a6on4 the
no6inees.
>C? If the/e a/e se3e/al 7/os7ecti3e no6ineesB the 7/o7osal would den< the last
no6inee e@ual t/eat6ent with the fi/st.
>D? The 7/o7osal would enable a 7/os7ecti3e no6inee to withd/aw f/o6
co67etition with a s7ecific 7e/son without 6a0in4 that withd/awal 0nown.
>E? If the/e is 6o/e than one 7/os7ecti3e no6ineeB the 7/o7osal would 6a0e it
i67ossible fo/ an<one to beco6e a no6inee.
TEST #
In a su/3e< of ;ob a77licantsB twoAfifths ad6itted to bein4 at least a little
dishonest. Howe3e/B the su/3e< 6a< unde/esti6ate the 7/o7o/tion of ;ob
a77licants who a/e dishonestB becauseCCCCCC
>A? so6e dishonest 7eo7le ta0in4 the su/3e< 6i4ht ha3e clai6ed on the su/3e< to
be honest
>B? so6e 4ene/all< honest 7eo7le ta0in4 the su/3e< 6i4ht ha3e clai6ed on the
su/3e< to be dishonest
>C? so6e 7eo7le who clai6ed on the su/3e< to be at least a little dishonest 6a< be
3e/< dishonest
>D? so6e 7eo7le who clai6ed on the su/3e< to be dishonest 6a< ha3e been
8 GMAT
answe/in4 honestl<
>E? so6e 7eo7le who a/e not ;ob a77licants a/e 7/obabl< at least a little dishonest
Questions !-3 are based on the following.
The a3e/a4e life e87ectanc< fo/ the Dnited States 7o7ulation as a whole is %".& <ea/sB
but child/en bo/n in Hawaii will li3e an a3e/a4e of %% <ea/sB and those bo/n in
'ouisianaB %1.% <ea/s. If a newl<wed cou7le f/o6 'ouisiana we/e to be4in thei/
fa6il< in HawaiiB the/efo/eB thei/ child/en would be e87ected to li3e lon4e/ than
would be the case if the fa6il< /e6ained in 'ouisiana.
. ,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost se/iousl< wea0en the conclusion
d/awn in the 7assa4e=
>A? Insu/ance co67an< statisticians do not belie3e that 6o3in4 to Hawaii will
si4nificantl< len4then the a3e/a4e 'ouisianian2s life.
>B? The 4o3e/no/ of 'ouisiana has falsel< alle4ed that statistics fo/ his state a/e
inaccu/ate.
>C? The lon4e3it< asc/ibed to Hawaii2s cu//ent 7o7ulation is att/ibutable 6ostl<
to 4eneticall< dete/6ined facto/s.
>D? Thi/t< 7e/cent of all 'ouisianians can e87ect to li3e lon4e/ than %% <ea/s.
>E? Most of the Hawaiian Islands ha3e le3els of ai/ 7ollution well below the
national a3e/a4e fo/ the Dnited States.
". ,hich of the followin4 state6entsB if t/ueB would 6ost si4nificantl< st/en4then
the conclusion d/awn in the 7assa4e=
>A? As 7o7ulation densit< inc/eases in HawaiiB life e87ectanc< fi4u/es fo/ that
state a/e li0el< to be /e3ised downwa/d.
>B? En3i/on6ental facto/s tendin4 to fa3o/ lon4e3it< a/e abundant in Hawaii and
less nu6e/ous in 'ouisiana.
>C? Twent<Afi3e 7e/cent of all 'ouisianians who 6o3e to Hawaii li3e lon4e/ than
%% <ea/s.
>D? (3e/ the last decadeB a3e/a4e life e87ectanc< has /isen at a hi4he/ /ate fo/
'ouisianians than fo/ Hawaiians.
>E? Studies show that the a3e/a4e life e87ectanc< fo/ Hawaiians who 6o3e
7e/6anentl< to 'ouisiana is /ou4hl< e@ual to that of Hawaiians who /e6ain
in Hawaii.
#. Insu/ance Co67an< H is conside/in4 issuin4 a new 7olic< to co3e/ se/3ices
/e@ui/ed b< elde/l< 7eo7le who suffe/ f/o6 diseases that afflict the elde/l<.
I/e6iu6s fo/ the 7olic< 6ust be low enou4h to att/act custo6e/s. The/efo/eB
Co67an< H is conce/ned that the inco6e f/o6 the 7olicies would not be
sufficient to 7a< fo/ the clai6s that would be 6ade.
,hich of the followin4 st/ate4ies would be 6ost li0el< to 6ini6i9e Co67an< H2s
losses on the 7olicies=
GMAT . 'SAT C- 8"
>A? Att/actin4 6iddleAa4ed custo6e/s unli0el< to sub6it clai6s fo/ benefits fo/
6an< <ea/s
>B? Insu/in4 onl< those indi3iduals who did not suffe/ an< se/ious diseases as
child/en
>C? Includin4 a 4/eate/ nu6be/ of se/3ices in the 7olic< than a/e included in othe/
7olicies of lowe/ cost
>D? Insu/in4 onl< those indi3iduals who we/e /e;ected b< othe/ co67anies fo/
si6ila/ 7olicies
>E? Insu/in4 onl< those indi3iduals who a/e wealth< enou4h to 7a< fo/ the
6edical se/3ices
!. A 7/o4/a6 instituted in a 7a/ticula/ state allows 7a/ents to 7/e7a< thei/ child/en2s
futu/e colle4e tuition at cu//ent /ates. The 7/o4/a6 then 7a<s the tuition annuall<
fo/ the child at an< of the state2s 7ublic colle4es in which the child en/olls.
Ia/ents should 7a/tici7ate in the 7/o4/a6 as a 6eans of dec/easin4 the cost fo/
thei/ child/en2s colle4e education.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB is the 6ost a77/o7/iate /eason fo/ 7a/ents not to
7a/tici7ate in the 7/o4/a6=
>A? The 7a/ents a/e unsu/e about which 7ubic colle4e in the state the child will
attend.
>B? The a6ount of 6one< accu6ulated b< 7uttin4 the 7/e7a<6ent funds in an
inte/estAbea/in4 account toda< will be 4/eate/ than the total cost of tuition fo/
an< of the 7ubic colle4es when the child en/olls.
>C? The annual cost of tuition at the state2s 7ubic colle4es is e87ected to inc/ease
at a faste/ /ate than the annual inc/ease in the cost of li3in4.
>D? So6e of the state2s 7ublic colle4es a/e conte67latin4 la/4e inc/eases in
tuition ne8t <ea/.
>E? The 7/e7a<6ent 7lan would not co3e/ the cost of /oo6 and boa/d at an< of
the state2s 7ublic colle4es.
6. Co67an< Al7ha bu<s f/eeAt/a3el cou7ons f/o6 7eo7le who a/e awa/ded the
cou7ons b< B/a3o Ai/lines fo/ fl<in4 f/e@uentl< on B/a3o ai/7lanes. The cou7ons
a/e sold to 7eo7le who 7a< less fo/ the cou7ons than the< would 7a< b<
7u/chasin4 tic0ets f/o6 B/a3o. This 6a/0etin4 of cou7ons /esults in lost /e3enue
fo/ B/a3o.
To discou/a4e the bu<in4 and sellin4 of f/eeAt/a3el cou7onsB it would be best fo/
B/a3o Ai/lines to /est/ict the
>A? nu6be/ of cou7ons that a 7e/son can be awa/ded in a 7a/ticula/ <ea/
>B? use of the cou7ons to those who we/e awa/ded the cou7ons and 6e6be/s of
thei/ i66ediate fa6ilies
>C? da<s that the cou7ons can be used to Monda< th/ou4h 5/ida<
>D? a6ount of ti6e that the cou7ons can be used afte/ the< a/e issued
8# GMAT
>E? nu6be/ of /outes on which t/a3ele/s can use the cou7ons
%. The ice on the f/ont windshield of the ca/ had fo/6ed when 6oistu/e condensed
du/in4 the ni4ht. The ice 6elted @uic0l< afte/ the ca/ was wa/6ed u7 the ne8t
6o/nin4 because the def/ostin4 3entB which blows onl< on the f/ont windshieldB
was tu/ned on full fo/ce.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< ;eo7a/di9es the 3alidit< of the
e87lanation fo/ the s7eed with which the ice 6elted=
>A? The side windows had no ice condensation on the6.
>B? E3en thou4h no atte67t was 6ade to def/ost the bac0 windowB the ice the/e
6elted at the sa6e /ate as did the ice on the f/ont windshield.
>C? The s7eed at which ice on a window 6elts inc/eases as the te67e/atu/e of the
ai/ blown on the window inc/eases.
>D? The wa/6 ai/ f/o6 the def/ostin4 3ent fo/ the f/ont windshield cools /a7idl<
as it dissi7ates th/ou4hout the /est of the ca/.
>E? The def/ostin4 3ent o7e/ates efficientl< e3en when the heate/B which blows
wa/6 ai/ towa/d the feet o/ faces of the d/i3e/ and 7assen4e/sB is on.
8. To 7/e3ent so6e conflicts of inte/estB Con4/ess could 7/ohibit hi4hAle3el
4o3e/n6ent officials f/o6 acce7tin4 7ositions as lobb<ists fo/ th/ee <ea/s afte/
such officials lea3e 4o3e/n6ent se/3ice. (ne such official concludedB howe3e/B
that such a 7/ohibition would be unfo/tunate because it would 7/e3ent hi4hAle3el
4o3e/n6ent officials f/o6 ea/nin4 a li3elihood fo/ th/ee <ea/s.
The official2s conclusion lo4icall< de7ends on which of the followin4
assu67tions=
>A? 'aws should not /est/ict the beha3io/ of fo/6e/ 4o3e/n6ent officials.
>B? 'obb<ists a/e t<7icall< 7eo7le who ha3e 7/e3iousl< been hi4hAle3el
4o3e/n6ent officials.
>C? 'owAle3el 4o3e/n6ent officials do not often beco6e lobb<ists when the<
lea3e 4o3e/n6ent se/3ice.
>D? Hi4hAle3el 4o3e/n6ent officials who lea3e 4o3e/n6ent se/3ice a/e ca7able of
ea/nin4 a li3elihood onl< as lobb<ists.
>E? Hi4hAle3el 4o3e/n6ent officials who lea3e 4o3e/n6ent se/3ice a/e cu//entl<
7e/6itted to act as lobb<ists fo/ onl< th/ee <ea/s.
&. A conse/3ation 4/ou7 in the Dnited States is t/<in4 to chan4e the lon4Astandin4
i6a4e of bats as f/i4htenin4 c/eatu/es. The 4/ou7 contends that bats a/e fea/ed
and 7e/secuted solel< because the< a/e sh< ani6als that a/e acti3e onl< at ni4ht.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would cast the 6ost se/ious doubt on the accu/ac<
of the 4/ou72s contention=
>A? Bats a/e steadil< losin4 natu/al /oostin4 7laces such as ca3es and hollow t/ees
and a/e thus tu/nin4 to 6o/e de3elo7ed a/eas fo/ /oostin4.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 8!
>B? Bats a/e the chief consu6e/s of noctu/nal insects and thus can hel7 6a0e thei/
huntin4 te//ito/< 6o/e 7leasant fo/ hu6ans.
>C? Bats a/e /e4a/ded as f/i4htenin4 c/eatu/es not onl< in the Dnited States but
also in Eu/o7eB Af/icaB and South A6e/ica.
>D? -accoons and owls a/e sh< and acti3e onl< at ni4htG <et the< a/e not 4ene/all<
fea/ed and 7e/secuted.
>E? Ieo7le 0now 6o/e about the beha3io/ of othe/ 4/eatl< fea/ed ani6al s7eciesB
such as lionsB alli4ato/sB and sna0esB than the< do about the beha3io/ of bats.
1$. Meteo/ite e87losions in the Ea/th2s at6os7he/e as la/4e as the one that dest/o<ed
fo/ests in Sibe/iaB with a77/o8i6atel< the fo/ce of a twel3eA6e4aton nuclea/
blastB occu/ about once a centu/<.
The /es7onse of hi4hl< auto6ated s<ste6s cont/olled b< co67le8 co67ute/
7/o4/a6s to une87ected ci/cu6stances is un7/edictable.
,hich of the followin4 conclusions can 6ost 7/o7e/l< be d/awnB if the state6ents
abo3e a/e t/ueB about a hi4hl< auto6ated nuclea/A6issile defense s<ste6
cont/olled b< a co67le8 co67ute/ 7/o4/a6=
>A? ,ithin a centu/< afte/ its const/uctionB the s<ste6 would /eact ina77/o7/iatel<
and 6i4ht accidentall< sta/t a nuclea/ wa/.
>B? The s<ste6 would be dest/o<ed if an e87losion of a la/4e 6eteo/ite occu//ed
in the Ea/th2s at6os7he/e.
>C? It would be i67ossible fo/ the s<ste6 to distin4uish the e87losion of a la/4e
6eteo/ite f/o6 the e87losion of a nuclea/ wea7on.
>D? ,hethe/ the s<ste6 would /es7ond ina77/o7/iatel< to the e87losion of a la/4e
6eteo/ite would de7end on the location of the blast.
>E? It is not ce/tain what the s<ste62s /es7onse to the e87losion of a la/4e
6eteo/ite would beB if its desi4ne/s did not 7lan fo/ such a contin4enc<.
Questions 11-1! are based on the following.
The fewe/ /est/ictions the/e a/e on the ad3e/tisin4 of le4al se/3icesB the 6o/e law<e/s
the/e a/e who ad3e/tise thei/ se/3icesB and the law<e/s who ad3e/tise a s7ecific se/3ice
usuall< cha/4e less fo/ that se/3ice than law<e/s who do not ad3e/tise. The/efo/eB if
the state /e6o3es an< of its cu//ent /est/ictionsB such as the one a4ainst ad3e/tise6ents
that do not s7ecif< fee a//an4e6entsB o3e/all consu6e/ le4al costs will be lowe/ than
if the state /etains its cu//ent /est/ictions.
11. If the state6ents abo3e a/e t/ueB which of the followin4 6ust be t/ue=
>A? So6e law<e/s who now ad3e/tise will cha/4e 6o/e fo/ s7ecific se/3ices if
the< do not ha3e to s7ecif< fee a//an4e6ents in the ad3e/tise6ents.
>B? Mo/e consu6e/s will use le4al se/3ices if the/e a/e fewe/ /est/ictions on the
ad3e/tisin4 of le4al se/3ices.
>C? If the /est/iction a4ainst ad3e/tise6ents that do not s7ecif< fee a//an4e6ents
86 GMAT
is /e6o3edB 6o/e law<e/s will ad3e/tise thei/ se/3ices.
>D? If 6o/e law<e/s ad3e/tise lowe/ 7/ices fo/ s7ecific se/3icesB so6e law<e/s
who do not ad3e/tise will also cha/4e less than the< cu//entl< cha/4e fo/
those se/3ices.
>E? If the onl< /est/ictions on the ad3e/tisin4 of le4al se/3ices we/e those that
a77l< to e3e/< t<7e of ad3e/tisin4B 6ost law<e/s would ad3e/tise thei/
se/3ices.
1. ,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost se/iousl< wea0en the a/4u6ent
conce/nin4 o3e/all consu6e/ le4al costs=
>A? The state has /ecentl< /e6o3ed so6e othe/ /est/ictions that had li6ited the
>B? The state is unli0el< to /e6o3e all of the /est/ictions that a77l< solel< to the
>C? 'aw<e/s who do not ad3e/tise 4ene/all< 7/o3ide le4al se/3ices of the sa6e
@ualit< as those 7/o3ided b< law<e/s who do ad3e/tise.
>D? Most law<e/s who now s7ecif< fee a//an4e6ents in thei/ ad3e/tise6ents
would continue to do so e3en if the s7ecification we/e not /e@ui/ed.
>E? Most law<e/s who ad3e/tise s7ecific se/3ices do not lowe/ thei/ fees fo/ those
se/3ices when the< be4in to ad3e/tise.
1". Defense De7a/t6ent anal<sts wo//< that the abilit< of the Dnited States to wa4e a
7/olon4ed wa/ would be se/iousl< endan4e/ed if the 6achineAtool 6anufactu/in4
base sh/in0s fu/the/. Befo/e the Defense De7a/t6ent 7ublicl< connected this
secu/it< issue with the i67o/t @uota issueB howe3e/B the 6achineAtool indust/<
/aised the national secu/it< issue in its 7etition fo/ i67o/t @uotas.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB cont/ibutes 6ost to an e87lanation of the
6achineAtool indust/<2s /aisin4 the issue abo3e /e4a/din4 national secu/it<=
>A? ,hen the ai/c/aft indust/ies /etooledB the< 7/o3ided a la/4e a6ount of wo/0
fo/ tool builde/s.
>B? The Defense De7a/t6ent is onl< 6a/4inall< conce/ned with the effects of
fo/ei4n co67etition on the 6achineAtool indust/<.
>C? The 6achineAtool indust/< encounte/ed difficult< in obtainin4 4o3e/n6ental
7/otection a4ainst i67o/ts on 4/ounds othe/ than defense.
>D? A few wea7ons i67o/tant fo/ defense consist of 7a/ts that do not /e@ui/e
e8tensi3e 6achinin4.
>E? Se3e/al fede/al 4o3e/n6ent 7/o4/a6s ha3e been desi4ned which will enable
do6estic 6achineAtool 6anufactu/in4 fi/6s to co67ete successfull< with
fo/ei4n tool6a0e/s.
1#. (77onents of laws that /e@ui/e auto6obile d/i3e/s and 7assen4e/s to wea/ seat
belts a/4ue that in a f/ee societ< 7eo7le ha3e the /i4ht to ta0e /is0s as lon4 as the
GMAT . 'SAT C- 8%
7eo7le do not ha/6 othe/s as a /esult of ta0in4 the /is0s. As a /esultB the<
conclude that it should be each 7e/son2s decision whethe/ o/ not to wea/ a seat
belt.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< wea0ens the conclusion d/awn
abo3e=
>A? Man< new ca/s a/e built with seat belts that auto6aticall< fasten when
so6eone sits in the f/ont seat.
>B? Auto6obile insu/ance /ates fo/ all auto6obile owne/s a/e hi4he/ because of
the need to 7a< fo/ the inc/eased in;u/ies o/ deaths of 7eo7le not wea/in4
seat belts.
>C? Iassen4e/s in ai/7lanes a/e /e@ui/ed to wea/ seat belts du/in4 ta0eoffs and
landin4s.
>D? The /ate of auto6obile fatalities in states that do not ha3e 6andato/< seatAbelt
laws is 4/eate/ than the /ate of fatalities in states that do ha3e such laws.
>E? In auto6obile accidentsB a 4/eate/ nu6be/ of 7assen4e/s who do not wea/ seat
belts a/e in;u/ed than a/e 7assen4e/s who do wea/ seat belts.
1!. The cost of 7/oducin4 /adios in Count/< N is ten 7e/cent less than the cost of
7/oducin4 /adios in Count/< :. E3en afte/ t/ans7o/tation fees and ta/iff cha/4es
a/e addedB it is still chea7e/ fo/ a co67an< to i67o/t /adios f/o6 Count/< N to
Count/< : than to 7/oduce /adios in Count/< :.
The state6ents abo3eB if t/ueB best su77o/t which of the followin4 asse/tions=
>A? 'abo/ costs in Count/< N a/e ten 7e/cent below those in Count/< :.
>B? I67o/tin4 /adios f/o6 Count/< N to Count/< : will eli6inate ten 7e/cent of
the 6anufactu/in4 ;obs in Count/< :.
>C? The ta/iff on a /adio i67o/ted f/o6 Count/< N to Count/< : is less than ten
7e/cent of the cost of 6anufactu/in4 the /adio in Count/< :.
>D? The fee fo/ t/ans7o/tin4 a /adio f/o6 Count/< N to Count/< : is 6o/e than
ten 7e/cent of the cost of 6anufactu/in4 the /adio in Count/< N.
>E? It ta0es ten 7e/cent less ti6e to 6anufactu/e a /adio in Count/< N than it does
in Count/< :.
16. Du/in4 the Second ,o/ld ,a/B about "%!B$$$ ci3ilians died in the Dnited States
and about #$8B$$$ 6e6be/s of the Dnited States a/6ed fo/ces died o3e/seas. (n
the basis of those fi4u/esB it can be concluded that it was not 6uch 6o/e
dan4e/ous to be o3e/seas in the a/6ed fo/ces du/in4 the Second ,o/ld ,a/ than it
was to sta< at ho6e as a ci3ilian.
,hich of the followin4 would /e3eal 6ost clea/l< the absu/dit< of the conclusion
d/awn abo3e=
>A? Countin4 deaths a6on4 6e6be/s of the a/6ed fo/ces who se/3ed in the
Dnited States in addition to deaths a6on4 6e6be/s of the a/6ed fo/ces
se/3in4 o3e/seas
88 GMAT
>B? E87/essin4 the diffe/ence between the nu6be/s of deaths a6on4 ci3ilians and
6e6be/s of the a/6ed fo/ces as a 7e/centa4e of the total nu6be/ of deaths
>C? Se7a/atin4 deaths caused b< accidents du/in4 se/3ice in the a/6ed fo/ces
f/o6 deaths caused b< co6bat in;u/ies
>D? Co67a/in4 death /ates 7e/ thousand 6e6be/s of each 4/ou7 /athe/ than
co67a/in4 total nu6be/s of deaths
>E? Co67a/in4 deaths caused b< accidents in the Dnited States to deaths caused
b< co6bat in the a/6ed fo/ces
1%. (ne state adds a % 7e/cent sales ta8 to the 7/ice of 6ost 7/oducts 7u/chased
within its ;u/isdiction. This ta8B the/efo/eB if 3iewed as ta8 on inco6eB has the
/e3e/se effect of the fede/al inco6e ta81 the lowe/ the inco6eB the hi4he/ the
annual 7e/centa4e /ate at which the inco6e is ta8ed.
The conclusion abo3e would be 7/o7e/l< d/awn if which of the followin4 we/e
assu6ed as a 7/e6ise=
>A? The a6ount of 6one< citi9ens s7end on 7/oducts sub;ect to the state ta8 tends
to be e@ual ac/oss inco6e le3els.
>B? The fede/al inco6e ta8 fa3o/s citi9ens with hi4h inco6esB whe/eas the state
sales ta8 fa3o/s citi9ens with low inco6es.
>C? Citi9ens with low annual inco6es can affo/d to 7a< a /elati3el< hi4he/
7e/centa4e of thei/ inco6es in state sales ta8B since thei/ fede/al inco6e ta8
is /elati3el< low.
>D? The lowe/ a state2s sales ta8B the 6o/e it will tend to /edist/ibute inco6e f/o6
the 6o/e affluent citi9ens to the /est of societ<.
>E? Citi9ens who fail to ea/n fede/all< ta8able inco6e a/e also e8e67t f/o6 the
state sales ta8.
18. The a3e/a4e a4e of chief e8ecuti3e office/s >CE(2s? in a la/4e sa67le of
co67anies is !%. The a3e/a4e a4e of CE(2s in those sa6e co67anies $ <ea/s
a4o was a77/o8i6atel< ei4ht <ea/s <oun4e/. (n the basis of those dataB it can be
concluded that CE(2s in 4ene/al tend to be olde/ now.
,hich of the followin4 casts the 6ost doubt on the conclusion d/awn abo3e=
>A? The dates when the CE(2s assu6ed thei/ cu//ent 7ositions ha3e not been
s7ecified.
>B? )o info/6ation is 4i3en conce/nin4 the a3e/a4e nu6be/ of <ea/s that CE(2s
/e6ain in office.
>C? The info/6ation is based onl< on co67anies that ha3e been o7e/atin4 fo/ at
least $ <ea/s.
>D? (nl< a77/o8i6ate info/6ation is 4i3en conce/nin4 the a3e/a4e a4e of the
CE(2s $ <ea/s a4o.
>E? Info/6ation conce/nin4 the e8act nu6be/ of co67anies in the sa67le has not
been 4i3en.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 8&
Su/3e<s show that e3e/< <ea/ onl< 1$ 7e/cent of ci4a/ette s6o0e/s switch b/ands. :et
the 6anufactu/e/s ha3e been s7endin4 an a6ount e@ual to 1$ 7e/cent of thei/ 4/oss
/ecei7ts on ci4a/ette 7/o6otion in 6a4a9ines. It follows f/o6 these fi4u/es that
inducin4 ci4a/ette s6o0e/s to switch b/ands did not 7a<B and that ci4a/ette co67anies
would ha3e been no wo/se off econo6icall< if the< had d/o77ed thei/ ad3e/tisin4.
1&. (f the followin4B the best c/iticis6 of the conclusion that inducin4 ci4a/ette
s6o0e/s to switch b/ands did not 7a< is that the conclusion is based on
>A? co67utin4 ad3e/tisin4 costs as a 7e/centa4e of 4/oss /ecei7tsB not of o3e/all
costs
>B? 7ast 7atte/ns of s6o0in4 and 6a< not ca//< o3e/ to the futu/e
>C? the assu67tion that each s6o0e/ is lo<al to a sin4le b/and of ci4a/ettes at an<
one ti6e
>D? the assu67tion that each 6anufactu/e/ 7/oduces onl< one b/and of ci4a/ettes
>E? fi4u/es fo/ the ci4a/ette indust/< as a whole and 6a< not hold fo/ a 7a/ticula/
co67an<
$. ,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< wea0ens the conclusion that
ci4a/ette co67anies could ha3e d/o77ed ad3e/tisin4 without suffe/in4
econo6icall<=
>A? Ci4a/ette ad3e/tise6ents 7/o3ide a 6a;o/ 7/o7o/tion of total ad3e/tisin4
/e3enue fo/ nu6e/ous 6a4a9ines.
>B? Ci4a/ette 7/o6otion se/3es to att/act fi/stAti6e s6o0e/s to /e7lace those
7eo7le who ha3e sto77ed s6o0in4.
>C? The/e e8ists no /esea/ch conclusi3el< de6onst/atin4 that inc/eases in
ci4a/ette ad3e/tisin4 a/e /elated to inc/eases in s6o0in4.
>D? Ad3e/tisin4 is so fi/6l< established as a 6a;o/ business acti3it< of ci4a/ette
6anufactu/e/s that the< would be unli0el< to d/o7 it.
>E? B/and lo<alt< is t<7icall< not 3e/< st/on4 a6on4 those who s6o0e
ine87ensi3e ci4a/ettes.
TEST !
1. Tou4hened hi/in4 standa/ds ha3e not been the 7/i6a/< cause of the 7/esent
staffin4 sho/ta4e in 7ublic schools. The sho/ta4e of teache/s is 7/i6a/il< caused
b< the fact that in /ecent <ea/s teache/s ha3e not e87e/ienced an< i67/o3e6ents
in wo/0in4 conditions and thei/ sala/ies ha3e not 0e7t 7ace with sala/ies in othe/
7/ofessions.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost su77o/t the clai6s abo3e=
>A? Man< teache/s al/ead< in the 7/ofession would not ha3e been hi/ed unde/ the
new hi/in4 standa/ds.
&$ GMAT
>B? Toda< 6o/e teache/s a/e ente/in4 the 7/ofession with a hi4he/ educational
le3el than in the 7ast.
>C? So6e teache/s ha3e cited hi4he/ standa/ds fo/ hi/in4 as a /eason fo/ the
cu//ent staffin4 sho/ta4e.
>D? Man< teache/s ha3e cited low 7a< and lac0 of 7/ofessional f/eedo6 as
/easons fo/ thei/ lea3in4 the 7/ofession.
>E? Man< 7/os7ecti3e teache/s ha3e cited the new hi/in4 standa/ds as a /eason fo/
not ente/in4 the 7/ofession.
. A 7/o7osed o/dinance /e@ui/es the installation in new ho6es of s7/in0le/s
auto6aticall< t/i44e/ed b< the 7/esence of a fi/e. Howe3e/B a ho6e builde/ a/4ued
that because 6o/e than ninet< 7e/cent of /esidential fi/es a/e e8tin4uished b< a
household 6e6be/B /esidential s7/in0le/s would onl< 6a/4inall< dec/ease
7/o7e/t< da6a4e caused b< /esidential fi/es.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost se/iousl< wea0en the ho6e builde/2s
a/4u6ent=
>A? Most indi3iduals ha3e no fo/6al t/ainin4 in how to e8tin4uish fi/es.
>B? Since new ho6es a/e onl< a tin< 7e/centa4e of a3ailable housin4 in the citC? The installation of s6o0e detecto/s in new /esidences costs si4nificantl< less
than the installation of s7/in0le/s.
>D? In the cit< whe/e the o/dinance was 7/o7osedB the a3e/a4e ti6e /e@ui/ed b<
the fi/e de7a/t6ent to /es7ond to a fi/e was less than the national a3e/a4e.
>E? The la/4est 7/o7o/tion of 7/o7e/t< da6a4e that /esults f/o6 /esidential fi/es is
caused b< fi/es that sta/t when no household 6e6be/ is 7/esent.
". E3en thou4h 6ost uni3e/sities /etain the /o<alties f/o6 facult< 6e6be/s2
in3entionsB the facult< 6e6be/s /etain the /o<alties f/o6 boo0s and a/ticles the<
w/ite. The/efo/eB facult< 6e6be/s should /etain the /o<alties f/o6 the educational
co67ute/ softwa/e the< de3elo7.
The conclusion abo3e would be 6o/e /easonabl< d/awn if which of the followin4
we/e inse/ted into the a/4u6ent as an additional 7/e6ise=
>A? -o<alties f/o6 in3entions a/e hi4he/ than /o<alties f/o6 educational softwa/e
7/o4/a6s.
>B? 5acult< 6e6be/s a/e 6o/e li0el< to 7/oduce educational softwa/e 7/o4/a6s
than in3entions.
>C? In3entions b/in4 6o/e 7/esti4e to uni3e/sities than do boo0s and a/ticles.
>D? In the e87e/ience of 6ost uni3e/sitiesB educational softwa/e 7/o4/a6s a/e
6o/e 6a/0etable than a/e boo0s and a/ticles.
>E? In te/6s of the c/ite/ia used to awa/d /o<altiesB educational softwa/e 7/o4/a6s
a/e 6o/e nea/l< co67a/able to boo0s and a/ticles than to in3entions.
GMAT . 'SAT C- &1
#. Inc/eases in the le3el of hi4hAdensit< li7o7/otein >HD'? in the hu6an
bloodst/ea6 lowe/ bloodst/ea6Acholeste/ol le3els b< inc/easin4 the bod<2s
ca7acit< to /id itself of e8cess choleste/ol. 'e3els of HD' in the bloodst/ea6 of
so6e indi3iduals a/e si4nificantl< inc/eased b< a 7/o4/a6 of /e4ula/ e8e/cise and
wei4ht /eduction.
>A? Indi3iduals who a/e unde/wei4ht do not /un an< /is0 of de3elo7in4 hi4h
le3els of choleste/ol in the bloodst/ea6.
>B? Indi3iduals who do not e8e/cise /e4ula/l< ha3e a hi4h /is0 of de3elo7in4 hi4h
le3els of choleste/ol in the bloodst/ea6 late in life.
>C? E8e/cise and wei4ht /eduction a/e the 6ost effecti3e 6ethods of lowe/in4
bloodst/ea6 choleste/ol le3els in hu6ans.
>D? A 7/o4/a6 of /e4ula/ e8e/cise and wei4ht /eduction lowe/s choleste/ol le3els
in the bloodst/ea6 of so6e indi3iduals.
>E? (nl< /e4ula/ e8e/cise is necessa/< to dec/ease choleste/ol le3els in the
bloodst/ea6 of indi3iduals of a3e/a4e wei4ht.
!. ,hen li6itations we/e in effect on nuclea/Aa/6s testin4B 7eo7le tended to sa3e
6o/e of thei/ 6one<B but when nuclea/Aa/6s testin4 inc/easedB 7eo7le tended to
s7end 6o/e of thei/ 6one<. The 7e/cei3ed th/eat of nuclea/ catast/o7heB the/efo/eB
dec/eases the willin4ness of 7eo7le to 7ost7one consu67tion fo/ the sa0e of
sa3in4 6one<.
The a/4u6ent abo3e assu6es that
>A? the 7e/cei3ed th/eat of nuclea/ catast/o7he has inc/eased o3e/ the <ea/s
>B? 6ost 7eo7le su77o/ted the de3elo76ent of nuclea/ a/6s
>C? 7eo7le2s 7e/ce7tion of the th/eat of nuclea/ catast/o7he de7ends on the
a6ount of nuclea/Aa/6s testin4 bein4 done
>D? the 7eo7le who sa3ed the 6ost 6one< when nuclea/Aa/6s testin4 was li6ited
we/e the ones who su77o/ted such li6itations
>E? the/e a/e 6o/e consu6e/ 4oods a3ailable when nuclea/Aa/6s testin4 inc/eases
Ieo7le bu< 7/esti4e when the< bu< a 7/e6iu6 7/oduct. The< want to be
associated with so6ethin4 s7ecial. MassA6a/0etin4 techni@ues and 7/iceA
/eduction st/ate4ies should not be used becauseCCCCCC
>A? affluent 7u/chase/s cu//entl< /e7/esent a sh/in0in4 7o/tion of the 7o7ulation
of all 7u/chase/s
>B? continued sales de7end di/ectl< on the 6aintenance of an au/a of e8clusi3it<
>C? 7u/chase/s of 7/e6iu6 7/oducts a/e conce/ned with the @ualit< as well as
with the 7/ice of the 7/oducts
>D? e87ansion of the 6a/0et niche to include a b/oade/ s7ect/u6 of consu6e/s
& GMAT
will inc/ease 7/ofits
>E? 6anufactu/in4 a 7/e6iu6 b/and is not necessa/il< 6o/e costl< than
6anufactu/in4 a standa/d b/and of the sa6e 7/oduct
%. A costAeffecti3e solution to the 7/oble6 of ai/7o/t con4estion is to 7/o3ide hi4hA
s7eed 4/ound t/ans7o/tation between 6a;o/ cities l<in4 $$ to !$$ 6iles a7a/t.
The successful i67le6entation of this 7lan would cost fa/ less than e87andin4
e8istin4 ai/7o/ts and would also /educe the nu6be/ of ai/7lanes clo44in4 both
ai/7o/ts and ai/wa<s.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB could 7/o7onents of the 7lan abo3e 6ost
a77/o7/iatel< cite as a 7iece of e3idence fo/ the soundness of thei/ 7lan=
>A? An effecti3e hi4hAs7eed 4/oundAt/ans7o/tation s<ste6 would /e@ui/e 6a;o/
/e7ai/s to 6an< hi4hwa<s and 6assAt/ansit i67/o3e6ents.
>B? (neAhalf of all de7a/tin4 fli4hts in the nation2s busiest ai/7o/t head fo/ a
destination in a 6a;o/ cit< ! 6iles awa<.
>C? The 6a;o/it< of t/a3ele/s de7a/tin4 f/o6 /u/al ai/7o/ts a/e fl<in4 to
destinations in cities o3e/ 6$$ 6iles awa<.
>D? Man< new ai/7o/ts a/e bein4 built in a/eas that a/e 7/esentl< se/3ed b< hi4hA
s7eed 4/oundAt/ans7o/tation s<ste6s.
>E? A la/4e 7/o7o/tion of ai/ t/a3ele/s a/e 3acatione/s who a/e ta0in4 lon4A
distance fli4hts.
If the/e is an oilAsu77l< dis/u7tion /esultin4 in hi4he/ inte/national oil 7/icesB do6estic
oil 7/ices in o7enA6a/0et count/ies such as the Dnited States will /ise as wellB whethe/
such count/ies i67o/t all o/ none of thei/ oil.
8. If the state6ent abo3e conce/nin4 oilAsu77l< dis/u7tions is t/ueB which of the
followin4 7olicies in an o7enA6a/0et nation is 6ost li0el< to /educe the lon4Ate/6
econo6ic i67act on that nation of sha/7 and une87ected inc/eases in inte/national
oil 7/ices=
>A? Maintainin4 the @uantit< of oil i67o/ted at constant <ea/l< le3els
>B? Inc/easin4 the nu6be/ of oil tan0e/s in its fleet
>C? Sus7endin4 di7lo6atic /elations with 6a;o/ oilA7/oducin4 nations
>D? Dec/easin4 oil consu67tion th/ou4h conse/3ation
>E? Dec/easin4 do6estic 7/oduction of oil
&. ,hich of the followin4 conclusions is best su77o/ted b< the state6ent abo3e=
>A? Do6estic 7/oduce/s of oil in o7enA6a/0et count/ies a/e e8cluded f/o6 the
inte/national oil 6a/0et when the/e is a dis/u7tion in the inte/national oil
su77l<.
>B? Inte/national oilAsu77l< dis/u7tions ha3e littleB if anC? The oil 6a/0et in an o7enA6a/0et count/< is actuall< 7a/t of the inte/national
oil 6a/0etB e3en if 6ost of that count/<2s do6estic oil is usuall< sold to
consu6e/s within its bo/de/s.
>D? (7enA6a/0et count/ies that e87o/t little o/ none of thei/ oil can 6aintain
stable do6estic oil 7/ices e3en when inte/national oil 7/ices /ise sha/7l<.
>E? If inte/national oil 7/ices /iseB do6estic dist/ibuto/s of oil in o7enA6a/0et
count/ies will be4in to i67o/t 6o/e oil than the< e87o/t.
1$. The a3e/a4e no/6al infant bo/n in the Dnited States wei4hs between twel3e and
fou/teen 7ounds at the a4e of th/ee 6onths. The/efo/eB if a th/eeA6onthAold child
wei4hs onl< ten 7oundsB its wei4ht 4ain has been below the Dnited States
a3e/a4e.
,hich of the followin4 indicates a flaw in the /easonin4 abo3e=
>A? ,ei4ht is onl< one 6easu/e of no/6al infant de3elo76ent.
>B? So6e th/eeA6onthAold child/en wei4h as 6uch as se3enteen 7ounds.
>C? It is 7ossible fo/ a no/6al child to wei4h ten 7ounds at bi/th.
>D? The 7h/ase Ebelow a3e/a4eF does not necessa/il< 6ean insufficient.
>E? A3e/a4e wei4ht 4ain is not the sa6e as a3e/a4e wei4ht.
11. -ed blood cells in which the 6ala/ialAfe3e/ 7a/asite /esides a/e eli6inated f/o6 a
7e/son2s bod< afte/ 1$ da<s. Because the 7a/asite cannot t/a3el to a new
4ene/ation of /ed blood cellsB an< fe3e/ that de3elo7s in a 7e/son 6o/e than 1$
da<s afte/ that 7e/son has 6o3ed to a 6ala/iaAf/ee /e4ion is not due to the
6ala/ial 7a/asite.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< wea0ens the conclusion abo3e=
>A? The fe3e/ caused b< the 6ala/ial 7a/asite 6a< /ese6ble the fe3e/ caused b<
flu 3i/uses.
>B? The ano7heles 6os@uitoB which is the 7/inci7al insect ca//ie/ of the 6ala/ial
7a/asiteB has been e/adicated in 6an< 7a/ts of the wo/ld.
>C? Man< 6ala/ial s<67to6s othe/ than the fe3e/B which can be su77/essed with
anti6ala/ial 6edicationB can /ea77ea/ within 1$ da<s afte/ the 6edication is
discontinued.
>D? In so6e casesB the 7a/asite that causes 6ala/ial fe3e/ t/a3els to cells of the
s7leenB which a/e less f/e@uentl< eli6inated f/o6 a 7e/son2s bod< than a/e
/ed blood cells.
>E? In an< /e4ion infested with 6ala/iaAca//<in4 6os@uitoesB the/e a/e indi3iduals
who a77ea/ to be i66une to 6ala/ia.
1. 5act 11 Tele3ision ad3e/tisin4 is beco6in4 less effecti3e1 the 7/o7o/tion of b/and
na6es 7/o6oted on tele3ision that 3iewe/s of the ad3e/tisin4 can /ecall is slowl<
&# GMAT
dec/easin4.
5act 1 Tele3ision 3iewe/s /ecall co66e/cials ai/ed fi/st o/ last in a cluste/ of
consecuti3e co66e/cials fa/ bette/ than the< /ecall co66e/cials ai/ed so6ewhe/e
in the 6iddle.
5act would be 6ost li0el< to cont/ibute to an e87lanation of fact 1 if which of
the followin4 we/e also t/ue=
>A? The a3e/a4e tele3ision 3iewe/ cu//entl< /ecalls fewe/ than half the b/and
na6es 7/o6oted in co66e/cials he o/ she saw.
>B? The total ti6e allotted to the a3e/a4e cluste/ of consecuti3e tele3ision
co66e/cials is dec/easin4.
>C? The a3e/a4e nu6be/ of hou/s 7e/ da< that 7eo7le s7end watchin4 tele3ision is
dec/easin4.
>D? The a3e/a4e nu6be/ of cluste/s of consecuti3e co66e/cials 7e/ hou/ of
tele3ision is inc/easin4.
>E? The a3e/a4e nu6be/ of tele3ision co66e/cials in a cluste/ of consecuti3e
co66e/cials is inc/easin4.
1". The nu6be/ of 7eo7le dia4nosed as ha3in4 a ce/tain intestinal disease has
d/o77ed si4nificantl< in a /u/al count< this <ea/B as co67a/ed to last <ea/B Health
officials att/ibute this dec/ease enti/el< to i67/o3ed sanita/< conditions at wate/A
t/eat6ent 7lantsB which 6ade fo/ cleane/ wate/ this <ea/ and thus /educed the
incidence of the disease.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost se/iousl< wea0en the health officials2
e87lanation fo/ the lowe/ incidence of the disease=
>A? Man< new wate/At/eat6ent 7lants ha3e been built in the last fi3e <ea/s in the
/u/al count<.
>B? Bottled s7/in4 wate/ has not been consu6ed in si4nificantl< diffe/ent
@uantities b< 7eo7le dia4nosed as ha3in4 the intestinal diseaseB as co67a/ed
to 7eo7le who did not cont/act the disease.
>C? Because of a new dia4nostic techni@ueB 6an< 7eo7le who until this <ea/
would ha3e been dia4nosed as ha3in4 the intestinal disease a/e now
co//ectl< dia4nosed as suffe/in4 f/o6 intestinal ulce/s.
>D? Because of 6edical ad3ances this <ea/B fa/ fewe/ 7eo7le who cont/act the
intestinal disease will de3elo7 se3e/e cases of the disease.
>E? The wate/ in the /u/al count< was b/ou4ht u7 to the sanita/< standa/ds of the
wate/ in nei4hbo/in4 counties ten <ea/s a4o.
1#. The 7/ice the 4o3e/n6ent 7a<s fo/ standa/d wea7ons 7u/chased f/o6 6ilita/<
cont/acto/s is dete/6ined b< a 7/icin4 6ethod called Ehisto/ical costin4.F
Histo/ical costin4 allows cont/acto/s to 7/otect thei/ 7/ofits b< addin4 a
7e/centa4e inc/easeB based on the cu//ent /ate of inflationB to the 7/e3ious <ea/2s
cont/actual 7/ice.
GMAT . 'SAT C- &!
,hich of the followin4 state6entsB if t/ueB is the best basis fo/ a c/iticis6 of
histo/ical costin4 as an econo6icall< sound 7/icin4 6ethod fo/ 6ilita/< cont/acts=
>A? The 4o3e/n6ent 6i4ht continue to 7a< fo/ 7ast inefficient use of funds.
>B? The /ate of inflation has 3a/ied conside/abl< o3e/ the 7ast twent< <ea/s.
>C? The cont/actual 7/ice will be 4/eatl< affected b< the cost of 6ate/ials used fo/
the 7/oducts.
>D? Man< ta87a<e/s @uestion the a6ount of 6one< the 4o3e/n6ent s7ends on
6ilita/< cont/acts.
>E? The 7/icin4 6ethod based on histo/ical costin4 6i4ht not encou/a4e the
de3elo76ent of inno3ati3e wea7ons.
1!. So6e who fa3o/ 7uttin4 4o3e/n6ental ente/7/ises into 7/i3ate hands su44est that
conse/3ation ob;ecti3es would in 4ene/al be bette/ se/3ed if 7/i3ate
en3i/on6ental 4/ou7s we/e 7ut in cha/4e of o7e/atin4 and financin4 the national
7a/0 s<ste6B which is now /un b< the 4o3e/n6ent.
,hich of the followin4B assu6in4 that it is a /ealistic 7ossibilitA? Those see0in4 to abolish all /est/ictions on e87loitin4 the natu/al /esou/ces of
the 7a/0s 6i4ht ;oin the 7/i3ate en3i/on6ental 4/ou7s as 6e6be/s and
e3entuall< ta0e o3e/ thei/ leade/shi7.
>B? I/i3ate en3i/on6ental 4/ou7s 6i4ht not alwa<s a4/ee on the best wa<s to
achie3e conse/3ation ob;ecti3es.
>C? If the< wished to e8tend the 7a/0 s<ste6B the 7/i3ate en3i/on6ental 4/ou7s
6i4ht ha3e to see0 cont/ibutions f/o6 6a;o/ dono/s and the 4ene/al 7ublic.
>D? The/e 6i4ht be co67etition a6on4 7/i3ate en3i/on6ental 4/ou7s fo/ cont/ol
of ce/tain 7a/0 a/eas.
>E? So6e endan4e/ed s7eciesB such as the Califo/nia condo/B 6i4ht die out
des7ite the best effo/ts of the 7/i3ate en3i/on6ental 4/ou7sB e3en if those
4/ou7s a/e not ha67e/ed b< insufficient /esou/ces.
16. A /ecent s7ate of launchin4 and o7e/atin4 6isha7s with tele3ision satellites led to
a co//es7ondin4 su/4e in clai6s a4ainst co67anies unde/w/itin4 satellite
insu/ance. As a /esultB insu/ance 7/e6iu6s shot u7B 6a0in4 satellites 6o/e
e87ensi3e to launch and o7e/ate. ThisB in tu/nB has added to the 7/essu/e to
s@uee9e 6o/e 7e/fo/6ance out of cu//entl< o7e/atin4 satellites.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB ta0en to4ethe/ with the info/6ation abo3eB best
su77o/ts the conclusion that the cost of tele3ision satellites will continue to
inc/ease=
>A? Since the /is0 to insu/e/s of satellites is s7/ead o3e/ /elati3el< few unitsB
insu/ance 7/e6iu6s a/e necessa/il< 3e/< hi4h.
>B? ,hen satellites /each o/bit and then failB the causes of failu/e a/e 4ene/all<
i67ossible to 7in7oint with confidence.
&6 GMAT
>C? The 4/eate/ the 7e/fo/6ance de6ands 7laced on satellitesB the 6o/e
f/e@uentl< those satellites b/ea0 down.
>D? Most satellites a/e 7/oduced in such s6all nu6be/s that no econo6ies of
scale can be /eali9ed.
>E? Since 6an< satellites a/e built b< unwield< inte/national conso/tiaB
inefficiencies a/e ine3itable.
1%. Toc@ue3illeB a nineteenthAcentu/< w/ite/ 0nown fo/ his stud< of de6oc/ac< in the
Dnited StatesB belie3ed that a 4o3e/n6ent that cent/ali9es 7owe/ in one indi3idual
o/ institution is dan4e/ous to its citi9ens. Bio4/a7he/s clai6 that Toc@ue3ille
disli0ed cent/ali9ed 4o3e/n6ent because he bla6ed )a7oleon2s /ule fo/ the
7o3e/t< of his childhood in )o/6and<.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would cast the 6ost se/ious doubt on the
bio4/a7he/s2 clai6=
>A? Althou4h )a7oleon was 7o7ula/l< bla6ed at the ti6e fo/ the te//ible li3in4
conditions in )o/6andB? )a7oleon was noto/ious fo/ /efusin4 to sha/e 7owe/ with an< of his 7olitical
associates.
>C? Toc@ue3ille said he 0new that if his fathe/ had not suffe/ed ill healthB his
fa6il< would ha3e had a stead< inco6e and a co6fo/table standa/d of
li3in4.
>D? Althou4h Toc@ue3ille asse/ted that Dnited States 7olitical life was
de6oc/aticB the Dnited States of the nineteenth centu/< allowed 7olitical
7owe/ to be concent/ated in a few institutions.
>E? Toc@ue3ille once w/ote in a lette/ thatB althou4h his childhood was te//ibl<
i67o3e/ishedB it was not diffe/ent f/o6 the e87e/ience of his f/iends and
nei4hbo/s in )o/6and<.
18. -adio inte/fe/o6et/< is a techni@ue fo/ stud<in4 details of celestial ob;ects that
co6bines si4nals inte/ce7ted b< widel< s7aced /adio telesco7es. This techni@ue
/e@ui/es ult/a7/ecise ti6in4B e8act 0nowled4e of the locations of the telesco7esB
and so7histicated co67ute/ 7/o4/a6s. The successful inte/fe/o6et/ic lin0in4 of
an Ea/thAbased /adio telesco7e with a /adio telesco7e on an o/bitin4 satellite was
the/efo/e a si4nificant technolo4ical acco67lish6ent.
>A? S7ecial ca/e was ta0en in the launchin4 of the satellite so that the calculations
of its o/bit would be facilitated.
>B? The si4nals /ecei3ed on the satellite a/e st/on4e/ than those /ecei3ed b< a
te//est/ial telesco7e.
>C? The /esolution of detail achie3ed b< the satelliteAEa/th inte/fe/o6ete/ s<ste6
is infe/io/ to that achie3ed b< e8clusi3el< te//est/ial s<ste6s.
GMAT . 'SAT C- &%
>D? The co67ute/ 7/o4/a6s /e@ui/ed fo/ 6a0in4 use of the si4nals /ecei3ed b<
the satellite /e@ui/ed a lon4 ti6e fo/ de3elo76ent.
>E? The location of an o/bitin4 satellite /elati3e to locations on Ea/th can be well
enou4h 0nown fo/ inte/fe/o6et/ic 7u/7oses.
1&. -ecent esti6ates 7/edict that between 1&8 and 1&&! the 4/eatest inc/ease in the
nu6be/ of 7eo7le e67lo<ed will be in the cate4o/< of lowA7a<in4 se/3ice
occu7ations. This cate4o/<B howe3e/B will not inc/ease its sha/e of total
e67lo<6entB whe/eas the cate4o/< of hi4hA7a<in4 se/3ice occu7ations will
inc/ease its sha/e.
If the esti6ates abo3e a/e accu/ateB which of the followin4 conclusions can be
d/awn=
>A? In 1&8 6o/e 7eo7le we/e wo/0in4 in lowA7a<in4 se/3ice occu7ations than
we/e wo/0in4 in hi4hA7a<in4 se/3ice occu7ations.
>B? In 1&&! 6o/e 7eo7le will be wo/0in4 in hi4hA7a<in4 se/3ice occu7ations than
will be wo/0in4 in lowA7a<in4 se/3ice occu7ations.
>C? )onse/3ice occu7ations will account fo/ the sa6e sha/e of total e67lo<6ent
in 1&&! as in 1&8.
>D? Man< of the 7eo7le who we/e wo/0in4 in lowA7a<in4 se/3ice occu7ations in
1&8 will be wo/0in4 in hi4hA7a<in4 se/3ice occu7ations b< 1&&!.
>E? The /ate of 4/owth fo/ lowA7a<in4 se/3ice occu7ations will be 4/eate/ than the
o3e/all /ate of e67lo<6ent 4/owth between 1&8 and 1&&!.
$. 5o/ a local 4o3e/n6ent to outlaw all st/i0es b< its wo/0e/s is a costl< 6ista0eB
because all its labo/ dis7utes 6ust then be settled b< bindin4 a/bit/ationB without
an< ne4otiated 7ublicAsecto/ labo/ settle6ents 4uidin4 the a/bit/ato/s. St/i0es
should be outlawed onl< fo/ cate4o/ies of 7ublicAsecto/ wo/0e/s fo/ whose
se/3ices no acce7table substitute e8ists.
The state6ents abo3e best su77o/t which of the followin4 conclusions=
>A? ,he/e 7ublicAse/3ice wo/0e/s a/e 7e/6itted to st/i0eB cont/act ne4otiations
with those wo/0e/s a/e t<7icall< settled without a st/i0e.
>B? ,he/e st/i0es b< all cate4o/ies of 7ubicAsecto/ wo/0e/s a/e outlawedB no
acce7table substitutes fo/ the se/3ices 7/o3ided b< an< of those wo/0e/s a/e
a3ailable.
>C? Bindin4 a/bit/ation tends to be 6o/e ad3anta4eous fo/ 7ublicAse/3ice wo/0e/s
whe/e it is the onl< a3ailable 6eans of settlin4 labo/ dis7utes with such
wo/0e/s.
>D? Most cate4o/ies of 7ublicAsecto/ wo/0e/s ha3e no counte/7a/ts in the 7/i3ate
secto/.
>E? A st/i0e b< wo/0e/s in a local 4o3e/n6ent is unli0el< to be settled without
hel7 f/o6 an a/bit/ato/.
&8 GMAT
TEST 6
1. -u/al households ha3e 6o/e 7u/chasin4 7owe/ than do u/ban o/ subu/ban
households at the sa6e inco6e le3elB since so6e of the inco6e u/ban and
subu/ban households use fo/ food and shelte/ can be used b< /u/al households fo/
othe/ needs.
,hich of the followin4 infe/ences is best su77o/ted b< the state6ent 6ade
abo3e=
>A? The a3e/a4e /u/al household includes 6o/e 7eo7le than does the a3e/a4e
u/ban o/ subu/ban household.
>B? -u/al households ha3e lowe/ food and housin4 costs than do eithe/ u/ban o/
subu/ban households.
>C? Subu/ban households 4ene/all< ha3e 6o/e 7u/chasin4 7owe/ than do eithe/
/u/al o/ u/ban households.
>D? The 6edian inco6e of u/ban and subu/ban households is 4ene/all< hi4he/
than that of /u/al households.
>E? All th/ee t<7es of households s7end 6o/e of thei/ inco6e on food and housin4
than on all othe/ 7u/chases co6bined.
. In 1&8! state bo/de/ colle4es in Te8as lost the en/oll6ent of 6o/e than halfB on
a3e/a4eB of the Me8ican nationals the< had 7/e3iousl< se/3ed each <ea/. Teachin4
faculties ha3e alle4ed that this e8t/e6e d/o7 /esulted f/o6 a /ise in tuition fo/
inte/national and outAofAstate students f/o6 L#$ to L1$ 7e/ c/edit hou/.
,hich of the followin4B if feasibleB offe/s the best 7/os7ects fo/ alle3iatin4 the
7/oble6 of the d/o7 in en/oll6ent of Me8ican nationals as the teachin4 faculties
assessed it=
>A? I/o3idin4 4/antsAinAaid to Me8ican nationals to stud< in Me8ican uni3e/sities
>B? Allowin4 Me8ican nationals to stud< in Te8as bo/de/ colle4es and to 7a< inA
state tuition /atesB which a/e the sa6e as the 7/e3ious inte/national /ate
>C? -ee67hasi9in4 the 4oals and 6ission of the Te8as state bo/de/ colle4es as
se/3in4 both inAstate students and Me8ican nationals
>D? Inc/easin4 the financial /esou/ces of Te8as colle4es b< /aisin4 the tuition fo/
inAstate students attendin4 state institutions
>E? (ffe/in4 ca/ee/ counselin4 fo/ those Me8ican nationals who 4/aduate f/o6
state bo/de/ colle4es and intend to /etu/n to Me8ico
". Affi/6ati3e action is 4ood business. So asse/ted the )ational Association of
Manufactu/e/s while u/4in4 /etention of an e8ecuti3e o/de/ /e@ui/in4 so6e
fede/al cont/acto/s to set nu6e/ical 4oals fo/ hi/in4 6ino/ities and wo6en.
EDi3e/sit< in wo/0 fo/ce 7a/tici7ation has 7/oduced new ideas in 6ana4e6entB
7/oduct de3elo76entB and 6a/0etin4BF the association clai6ed.
GMAT . 'SAT C- &&
The association2s a/4u6ent as it is 7/esented in the 7assa4e abo3e would be 6ost
st/en4thened if which of the followin4 we/e t/ue=
>A? The 7e/centa4e of 6ino/it< and wo6en wo/0e/s in business has inc/eased
6o/e slowl< than 6an< 6ino/it< and wo6en2s 4/ou7s would 7/efe/.
>B? Those businesses with the hi4hest 7e/centa4es of 6ino/it< and wo6en
wo/0e/s a/e those that ha3e been the 6ost inno3ati3e and 7/ofitable.
>C? Dis7osable inco6e has been /isin4 as fast a6on4 6ino/ities and wo6en as
a6on4 the 7o7ulation as a whole.
>D? The bi44est 4/owth in sales in the 6anufactu/in4 secto/ has co6e in
indust/ies that 6a/0et the 6ost inno3ati3e 7/oducts.
>E? -ecent i67/o3e6ents in 6ana4e6ent 7/actices ha3e allowed 6an<
6anufactu/e/s to e87e/ience eno/6ous 4ains in wo/0e/ 7/oducti3it<.
Questions 4-5 refer to the following.
If the ai/s7ace a/ound cent/all< located ai/7o/ts we/e /est/icted to co66e/cial ai/line/s
and onl< those 7/i3ate 7lanes e@ui77ed with /ada/B 6ost of the 7/i3ateA7lane t/affic
would be fo/ced to use outl<in4 ai/fields. Such a /eduction in the a6ount of 7/i3ateA
7lane t/affic would /educe the /is0 of 6idai/ collision a/ound the cent/all< located
ai/7o/ts.
#. The conclusion d/awn in the fi/st sentence de7ends on which of the followin4
assu67tions=
>A? (utl<in4 ai/fields would be as con3enient as cent/all< located ai/7o/ts fo/
6ost 7ilots of 7/i3ate 7lanes.
>B? Most outl<in4 ai/fields a/e not e@ui77ed to handle co66e/cialAai/line t/affic.
>C? Most 7/i3ate 7lanes that use cent/all< located ai/7o/ts a/e not e@ui77ed with
/ada/.
>D? Co66e/cial ai/line/s a/e at 4/eate/ /is0 of beco6in4 in3ol3ed in 6idai/
collisions than a/e 7/i3ate 7lanes.
>E? A /eduction in the /is0 of 6idai/ collision would e3entuall< lead to inc/eases
in co66e/cialAai/line t/affic.
!. ,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost st/en4then the conclusion d/awn in
the second sentence=
>A? Co66e/cial ai/line/s a/e al/ead< /e@ui/ed b< law to be e@ui77ed with
e8t/e6el< so7histicated /ada/ s<ste6s.
>B? Cent/all< located ai/7o/ts a/e e87e/iencin4 o3e/Ac/owded ai/s7ace 7/i6a/il<
because of sha/7 inc/eases in co66e/cialAai/line t/affic.
>C? Man< 7ilots of 7/i3ate 7lanes would /athe/ bu< /ada/ e@ui76ent than be
e8cluded f/o6 cent/all< located ai/7o/ts.
>D? The nu6be/ of 6idai/ collisions that occu/ nea/ cent/all< located ai/7o/ts has
dec/eased in /ecent <ea/s.
1$$ GMAT
>E? I/i3ate 7lanes not e@ui77ed with /ada/ s<ste6s cause a dis7/o7o/tionatel<
la/4e nu6be/ of 6idai/ collisions a/ound cent/all< located ai/7o/ts.
Established co67anies concent/ate on defendin4 what the< al/ead< ha3e.
Conse@uentlA? ball7oint 7ens and softAti7 6a/0e/s ha3e eli6inated the t/aditional 6a/0et fo/
fountain 7ensB clea/in4 the wa< fo/ the 6a/0etin4 of fountain 7ens as lu8u/<
o/ 7/esti4e ite6s
>B? a hi4hl< successful auto6obile was int/oduced b< the sa6e co67an< that had
ea/lie/ int/oduced a 6odel that had been a dis6al failu/e
>C? a onceAsuccessful 6anufactu/e/ of slide /ules /eacted to the int/oduction of
elect/onic calculato/s b< t/<in4 to 6a0e bette/ slide /ules
>D? one of the fi/st 6odels of 6ode/n accountin4 6achinesB desi4ned fo/ use in
the ban0in4 indust/E? the in3ento/ of a co66onl< used anesthetic did not intend the 7/oduct to be
used b< dentistsB who cu//entl< account fo/ al6ost the enti/e 6a/0et fo/ that
d/u4
%. Most a/chaeolo4ists ha3e held that 7eo7le fi/st /eached the A6e/icas less than
$B$$$ <ea/s a4o b< c/ossin4 a land b/id4e into )o/th A6e/ica. But /ecent
disco3e/ies of hu6an shelte/s in South A6e/ica datin4 f/o6 "B$$$ <ea/s a4o
ha3e led /esea/che/s to s7eculate that 7eo7le a//i3ed in South A6e/ica fi/stB afte/
3o<a4in4 ac/oss the IacificB and then s7/ead no/thwa/d.
,hich of the followin4B if it we/e disco3e/edB would be 7e/tinent e3idence
a4ainst the s7eculation abo3e=
>A? A /oc0 shelte/ nea/ Iittsbu/4hB Ienns<l3aniaB contains e3idence of use b<
hu6an bein4s 1&B$$$ <ea/s a4o.
>B? So6e )o/th A6e/ican sites of hu6an habitation 7/edate an< sites found in
South A6e/ica.
>C? The cli6ate is wa/6e/ at the "B$$$A<ea/Aold south A6e/ican site than at the
oldest 0nown )o/th A6e/ican site.
>D? The site in South A6e/ica that was occu7ied "B$$$ <ea/s a4o was
continuousl< occu7ied until 6B$$$ <ea/s a4o.
>E? The last Ice A4eB between 11B!$$ and $B$$$ <ea/s a4oB conside/abl< lowe/ed
wo/ldwide sea le3els.
8. In AsiaB whe/e 7al6 t/ees a/e nonAnati3eB the t/ees2 flowe/s ha3e t/aditionall<
been 7ollinated b< handB which has 0e7t 7al6 f/uit 7/oducti3it< unnatu/all< low.
,hen wee3ils 0nown to be efficient 7ollinato/s of 7al6 flowe/s we/e int/oduced
into Asia in 1&8$B 7al6 f/uit 7/oducti3it< inc/easedKb< u7 to fift< 7e/cent in
GMAT . 'SAT C- 1$1
so6e a/easKbut then dec/eased sha/7l< in 1&8#.
,hich of the followin4 state6entsB if t/ueB would best e87lain the 1&8# dec/ease
in 7/oducti3it<=
>A? I/ices fo/ 7al6 f/uit fell between 1&8$ and 1&8# followin4 the /ise in
7/oduction and a concu//ent fall in de6and.
>B? I67o/ted t/ees a/e often 6o/e 7/oducti3e than nati3e t/ees because the
i67o/ted ones ha3e left behind thei/ 7ests and diseases in thei/ nati3e lands.
>C? -a7id inc/eases in 7/oducti3it< tend to de7lete t/ees of nut/ients needed fo/
the de3elo76ent of the f/uitA7/oducin4 fe6ale flowe/s.
>D? The wee3il 7o7ulation in Asia /e6ained at a77/o8i6atel< the sa6e le3el
between 1&8$ and 1&8#.
>E? I/io/ to 1&8$ anothe/ s7ecies of insect 7ollinated the Asian 7al6 t/eesB but not
as efficientl< as the s7ecies of wee3il that was int/oduced in 1&8$.
&. Since the 6a<o/2s 7ublicit< ca67ai4n fo/ G/een3ille2s bus se/3ice be4an si8
6onths a4oB 6o/nin4 auto6obile t/affic into the 6idtown a/ea of the cit< has
dec/eased se3en 7e/cent. Du/in4 the sa6e 7e/iodB the/e has been an e@ui3alent
/ise in the nu6be/ of 7e/sons /idin4 buses into the 6idtown a/ea. (b3iousl<B the
6a<o/2s 7ublicit< ca67ai4n has con3inced 6an< 7eo7le to lea3e thei/ ca/s at
ho6e and /ide the bus to wo/0.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB casts the 6ost se/ious doubt on the conclusion
d/awn abo3e=
>A? 5a/es fo/ all bus /outes in G/een3ille ha3e /isen an a3e/a4e of fi3e 7e/cent
du/in4 the 7ast si8 6onths.
>B? The 6a<o/ of G/een3ille /ides the bus to Cit< Hall in the cit<2s 6idtown a/ea.
>C? -oad /econst/uction has 4/eatl< /educed the nu6be/ of lanes a3ailable to
co66ute/s in 6a;o/ st/eets leadin4 to the 6idtown a/ea du/in4 the 7ast si8
6onths.
>D? The nu6be/ of buses ente/in4 the 6idtown a/ea of G/een3ille du/in4 the
6o/nin4 hou/s is e8actl< the sa6e now as it was one <ea/ a4o.
>E? Su/3e<s show that lon4ti6e bus /ide/s a/e no 6o/e satisfied with the
G/een3ille bus se/3ice than the< we/e befo/e the 6a<o/2s 7ublicit< ca67ai4n
be4an.
1$. In the afte/6ath of a wo/ldwide stoc0A6a/0et c/ashB Count/< T clai6ed that the
se3e/it< of the stoc0A6a/0et c/ash it e87e/ienced /esulted f/o6 the accele/ated
7/ocess of denationali9ation 6an< of its indust/ies unde/went sho/tl< befo/e the
c/ash.
,hich of the followin4B if it could be ca//ied outB would be 6ost useful in an
e3aluation of Count/< T2s assess6ent of the causes of the se3e/it< of its stoc0A
6a/0et c/ash=
>A? Calculatin4 the a3e/a4e loss e87e/ienced b< indi3idual t/ade/s in Count/< T
1$ GMAT
du/in4 the c/ash
>B? Dsin4 econo6ic theo/< to 7/edict the 6ost li0el< date of the ne8t c/ash in
Count/< T
>C? Co67a/in4 the total nu6be/ of sha/es sold du/in4 the wo/st da<s of the c/ash
in Count/< T to the total nu6be/ of sha/es sold in Count/< T ;ust 7/io/ to the
c/ash
>D? Co67a/in4 the se3e/it< of the c/ash in Count/< T to the se3e/it< of the c/ash
in count/ies othe/wise econo6icall< si6ila/ to Count/< T that ha3e not
e87e/ienced /ecent denationali9ation
>E? Co67a/in4 the lon4Ate/6 effects of the c/ash on the 7u/chasin4 7owe/ of the
cu//enc< of Count/< T to the i66ediateB 6o/e se3e/e sho/tAte/6 effects of
the c/ash on the 7u/chasin4 7owe/ of the cu//enc< of Count/< T
11. ,ith the e6e/4ence of biotechnolo4< co67aniesB it was fea/ed that the< would
i67ose silence about 7/o7/ieta/< /esults on thei/ inAhouse /esea/che/s and thei/
acade6ic consultants. This const/aintB in tu/nB would slow the de3elo76ent of
biolo4ical science and en4inee/in4.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would tend to wea0en 6ost se/iousl< the
7/ediction of scientific sec/ec< desc/ibed abo3e=
>A? Biotechnolo4ical /esea/ch funded b< indust/< has /eached so6e conclusions
that a/e of 6a;o/ scientific i67o/tance.
>B? ,hen the /esults of scientific /esea/ch a/e 0e7t sec/etB inde7endent
/esea/che/s a/e unable to build on those /esults.
>C? Since the /esea/ch 7/io/ities of biotechnolo4< co67anies a/e not the sa6e as
those of acade6ic institutionsB the financial su77o/t of /esea/ch b< such
co67anies disto/ts the /esea/ch a4enda.
>D? To enhance the co67anies2 standin4 in the scientific co66unitE? Biotechnolo4< co67anies de3ote so6e of thei/ /esea/ch /esou/ces to
7/oble6s that a/e of funda6ental scientific i67o/tance and that a/e not
e87ected to 7/oduce i66ediate 7/actical a77lications.
1. So6e 7eo7le ha3e @uestioned the ;ud4e2s ob;ecti3it< in cases of se8
disc/i6ination a4ainst wo6en. But the /eco/d shows that in si8t< 7e/cent of such
casesB the ;ud4e has decided in fa3o/ of the wo6en. This /eco/d de6onst/ates that
the ;ud4e has not disc/i6inated a4ainst wo6en in cases of se8 disc/i6ination
a4ainst wo6en.
The a/4u6ent abo3e is flawed in that it i4no/es the 7ossibilit< that
>A? a la/4e nu6be/ of the ;ud4e2s cases a/ose out of alle4ations of se8
disc/i6ination a4ainst wo6en
>B? 6an< ;ud4es find it difficult to be ob;ecti3e in cases of se8 disc/i6ination
GMAT . 'SAT C- 1$"
a4ainst wo6en
>C? the ;ud4e is biased a4ainst wo6en defendants o/ 7laintiffs in cases that do not
in3ol3e se8 disc/i6ination
>D? the 6a;o/it< of the cases of se8 disc/i6ination a4ainst wo6en that ha3e
/eached the ;ud4e2s cou/t ha3e been a77ealed f/o6 a lowe/ cou/t
>E? the e3idence shows that the wo6en should ha3e won in 6o/e than si8t<
7e/cent of the ;ud4e2s cases in3ol3in4 se8 disc/i6ination a4ainst wo6en
1". The tobacco indust/< is still 7/ofitable and 7/o;ections a/e that it will /e6ain so.
In the Dnited States this <ea/B the total a6ount of tobacco sold b< tobaccoA
fa/6e/s has inc/easedB e3en thou4h the nu6be/ of adults who s6o0e has
dec/eased.
Each of the followin4B if t/ueB could e87lain the si6ultaneous inc/ease in tobacco
sales and dec/ease in the nu6be/ of adults who s6o0e EHCEIT1
>A? Du/in4 this <ea/B the nu6be/ of wo6en who ha3e be4un to s6o0e is 4/eate/
than the nu6be/ of 6en who ha3e @uit s6o0in4.
>B? The nu6be/ of teenAa4e child/en who ha3e be4un to s6o0e this <ea/ is
4/eate/ than the nu6be/ of adults who ha3e @uit s6o0in4 du/in4 the sa6e
7e/iod.
>C? Du/in4 this <ea/B the nu6be/ of nons6o0e/s who ha3e be4un to use chewin4
tobacco o/ snuff is 4/eate/ than the nu6be/ of 7eo7le who ha3e @uit
s6o0in4.
>D? The 7eo7le who ha3e continued to s6o0e consu6e 6o/e tobacco 7e/ 7e/son
than the< did in the 7ast.
>E? Mo/e of the ci4a/ettes 6ade in the Dnited States this <ea/ we/e e87o/ted to
othe/ count/ies than was the case last <ea/.
1#. Male has 6o/e nut/itional 3alue than s7inach. But since colla/d 4/eens ha3e 6o/e
nut/itional 3alue than lettuceB it follows that 0ale has 6o/e nut/itional 3alue than
lettuce.
An< of the followin4B if int/oduced into the a/4u6ent as an additional 7/e6iseB
6a0es the a/4u6ent abo3e lo4icall< co//ect EHCEIT1
>A? Colla/d 4/eens ha3e 6o/e nut/itional 3alue than 0ale.
>B? S7inach has 6o/e nut/itional 3alue than lettuce.
>C? S7inach has 6o/e nut/itional 3alue than colla/d 4/eens.
>D? S7inach and colla/d 4/eens ha3e the sa6e nut/itional 3alue.
>E? Male and colla/d 4/eens ha3e the sa6e nut/itional 3alue.
1!. (n the basis of a dec/ease in the colle4eAa4e 7o7ulationB 6an< colle4es now
antici7ate inc/easin4l< s6alle/ f/esh6an classes each <ea/. Su/7/ised b< a #$
7e/cent inc/ease in @ualified a77licants o3e/ the 7/e3ious <ea/B howe3e/B
ad6inist/ato/s at )ice Colle4e now 7lan to hi/e 6o/e facult< fo/ cou/ses ta0en b<
1$# GMAT
all f/esh6en.
,hich of the followin4 state6ents about )ice Colle4e2s cu//ent @ualified
a77licantsB if t/ueB would st/on4l< su44est that the ad6inist/ato/s2 7lan is flawed=
>A? A substantiall< hi4he/ 7e/centa4e than usual 7lan to stud< fo/ ad3anced
de4/ees afte/ 4/aduation f/o6 colle4e.
>B? Acco/din4 to thei/ a77licationsB thei/ le3el of 7a/tici7ation in e8t/acu//icula/
acti3ities and 3a/sit< s7o/ts is unusuall< hi4h.
>C? Acco/din4 to thei/ a77licationsB none of the6 li3es in a fo/ei4n count/<.
>D? A substantiall< lowe/ 7e/centa4e than usual /ate )ice Colle4e as thei/ fi/st
choice a6on4 the colle4es to which the< a/e a77l<in4.
>E? A substantiall< lowe/ 7e/centa4e than usual list 6athe6atics as thei/ intended
6a;o/.
Questions 1&-1' are based on the following.
A /esea/che/ disco3e/ed that 7eo7le who ha3e low le3els of i66uneAs<ste6 acti3it<
tend to sco/e 6uch lowe/ on tests of 6ental health than do 7eo7le with no/6al o/ hi4h
i66uneAs<ste6 acti3it<. The /esea/che/ concluded f/o6 this e87e/i6ent that the
i66une s<ste6 7/otects a4ainst 6ental illness as well as a4ainst 7h<sical disease.
16. The /esea/che/2s conclusion de7ends on which of the followin4 assu67tions=
>A? Hi4h i66uneAs<ste6 acti3it< 7/otects a4ainst 6ental illness bette/ than
no/6al i66uneAs<ste6 acti3it< does.
>B? Mental illness is si6ila/ to 7h<sical disease in its effects on bod< s<ste6.
>C? Ieo7le with hi4h i66uneAs<ste6 acti3it< cannot de3elo7 6ental illness.
>D? Mental illness does not cause 7eo7le2s i66uneAs<ste6 acti3it< to dec/ease.
>E? Is<cholo4ical t/eat6ent of 6ental illness is not as effecti3e as is 6edical
t/eat6ent.
1%. The /esea/che/2s conclusion would be 6ost se/iousl< wea0ened if it we/e t/ue
that
>A? the/e was a oneA<ea/ dela< between the co67letion of a 7ilot stud< fo/ the
e87e/i6ent and the initiation of the e87e/i6ent itself
>B? 7eo7le2s le3els of i66uneAs<ste6 acti3it< a/e not affected b< thei/ use of
6edications
>C? a few 7eo7le with hi4h i66uneAs<ste6 acti3it< had sco/es on the test of
6ental health that we/e si6ila/ to the sco/es of 7eo7le who had no/6al
i66uneAs<ste6 acti3it<
>D? 7eo7le who ha3e low i66uneAs<ste6 acti3it< tend to cont/act 6o/e 3i/al
infections than do 7eo7le with no/6al o/ hi4h i66uneAs<ste6 acti3it<
>E? hi4h le3els of st/ess fi/st cause 6ental illness and then cause dec/eased
i66uneAs<ste6 acti3it< in no/6al indi3iduals
GMAT . 'SAT C- 1$!
18. The 3alue of a 7/oduct is dete/6ined b< the /atio of its @ualit< to its 7/ice. The
hi4he/ the 3alue of a 7/oductB the bette/ will be its co67etiti3e 7osition.
The/efo/eB eithe/ inc/easin4 the @ualit< o/ lowe/in4 the 7/ice of a 4i3en 7/oduct
will inc/ease the li0elihood that consu6e/ will select that 7/oduct /athe/ than a
co67etin4 one.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost st/en4then the conclusion d/awn
abo3e=
>A? It is 7ossible to inc/ease both the @ualit< and the 7/ice of a 7/oduct without
chan4in4 its co67etiti3e 7osition.
>B? 5o/ ce/tain se46ents of the 7o7ulation of consu6e/sB hi4he/A7/iced b/ands of
so6e 7/oduct lines a/e 7/efe//ed to the lowe/A7/iced b/ands.
>C? Co67etin4 7/oducts often t/< to a77eal to diffe/ent se46ents of the
7o7ulation of consu6e/s.
>D? The co67etiti3e 7osition of a 7/oduct can be affected b< such facto/s as
ad3e/tisin4 and b/and lo<alt<.
>E? Consu6e/s2 7e/ce7tions of the @ualit< of a 7/oduct a/e based on the actual
@ualit< of the 7/oduct.
1&. In +anua/< the/e was a la/4e d/o7 in the nu6be/ of new houses soldB because
inte/est /ates fo/ 6o/t4a4es we/e fallin4 and 6an< consu6e/s we/e waitin4 to see
how low the /ates would 4o. This la/4e sales d/o7 was acco67anied b< a sha/7
/ise in the a3e/a4e 7/ice of new houses sold.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB best e87lains the sha/7 /ise in the a3e/a4e 7/ice of
new houses=
>A? Sales of hi4he/A7/iced houses we/e unaffected b< the sales d/o7 because thei/
7u/chase/s ha3e fewe/ const/aints li6itin4 the total a6ount the< 7a<.
>B? 'abo/ a4/ee6ents of builde/s with const/uction unions a/e not due to e87i/e
until the ne8t +anua/<.
>C? The 7/ices of new houses ha3e been /isin4 slowl< o3e/ the 7ast th/ee <ea/s
because the/e is an inc/easin4 sho/ta4e of housin4.
>D? The/e was a 4/eate/ a6ount of 6ode/ateA7/iced housin4 a3ailable fo/ /esale
b< owne/s du/in4 +anua/< than in the 7/ecedin4 th/ee 6onths.
>E? Inte/est /ates fo/ ho6e 6o/t4a4es a/e e87ected to /ise sha/7l< late/ in the <ea/
if 7/edictions of inc/eased business acti3it< in 4ene/al 7/o3e to be accu/ate.
$. Se3en count/ies si4ned a t/eat< bindin4 each of the6 to 7e/fo/6 s7ecified actions
on a ce/tain fi8ed dateB with the actions of each conditional on si6ultaneous
action ta0en b< the othe/ count/ies. Each count/< was also to notif< the si8 othe/
count/ies when it had co67leted its action.
The si6ultaneousAaction 7/o3ision of the t/eat< lea3es o7en the 7ossibilit< that
>A? the co67liance date was sub;ect to 7ost7one6entB acco/din4 to the te/6s of
the t/eat<
1$6 GMAT
>B? one of the count/ies 6i4ht not be /e@ui/ed to 6a0e an< chan4es o/ ta0e an<
ste7s in o/de/ to co67l< with the t/eatC? each count/< 6i4ht ha3e a wellAfounded e8cuseB based on the 7/o3isionB fo/
its own lac0 of co67liance
>D? the t/eat< s7ecified that the si4nal fo/ one of the count/ies to initiate action
was notification b< the othe/ count/ies that the< had co67leted action
>E? the/e was a6bi4uit< with /es7ect to the date afte/ which all actions
conte67lated in the t/eat< a/e to be co67lete
TEST %
1. A 6ile7ost on the tow7ath /ead E1F on the side facin4 the hi0e/ as she
a77/oached it and E"F on its bac0. She /easoned that the ne8t 6ile7ost fo/wa/d
on the 7ath would indicate that she was halfwa< between one end of the 7ath and
the othe/. Howe3e/B the 6ile7ost one 6ile fu/the/ on /ead E$F facin4 he/ and
E#F behind.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would e87lain the disc/e7anc< desc/ibed abo3e=
>A? The nu6be/s on the ne8t 6ile7ost had been /e3e/sed.
>B? The nu6be/s on the 6ile7osts indicate 0ilo6ete/sB not 6iles.
>C? The facin4 nu6be/s indicate 6iles to the end of the 7athB not 6iles f/o6 the
be4innin4.
>D? A 6ile7ost was 6issin4 between the two the hi0e/ encounte/ed.
>E? The 6ile7osts had o/i4inall< been 7ut in 7lace fo/ the use of 6ountain bi0e/sB
not fo/ hi0e/s.
. Ai/line1 )ewl< de3elo7ed collisionAa3oidance s<ste6sB althou4h not full< tested
to disco3e/ 7otential 6alfunctionsB 6ust be installed i66ediatel< in 7assen4e/
7lanes. Thei/ 6echanical wa/nin4s enable 7ilots to a3oid c/ashes.
Iilots1 Iilots will not fl< in 7lanes with collisionAa3oidance s<ste6s that a/e not
full< tested. Malfunctionin4 s<ste6s could 6islead 7ilotsB causin4 c/ashes.
The 7ilots2 ob;ection is 6ost st/en4thened if which of the followin4 is t/ue=
>A? It is alwa<s 7ossible fo/ 6echanical de3ices to 6alfunction.
>B? +et en4inesB althou4h not full< tested when fi/st 7ut into useB ha3e achie3ed
e8e67la/< 7e/fo/6ance and safet< /eco/ds.
>C? Althou4h collisionAa3oidance s<ste6s will enable 7ilots to a3oid so6e
c/ashesB the li0el< 6alfunctions of the notAfull<Atested s<ste6s will cause
e3en 6o/e c/ashes.
>D? Man< ai/line collisions a/e caused in 7a/t b< the e8haustion of o3e/wo/0ed
7ilots.
>E? CollisionAa3oidance s<ste6sB at this sta4e of de3elo76entB a77ea/ to ha3e
GMAT . 'SAT C- 1$%
wo/0ed bette/ in 7assen4e/ 7lanes than in ca/4o 7lanes du/in4 e87e/i6ental
fli4hts 6ade o3e/ a si8A6onth 7e/iod.
". Guita/ st/in4s often 4o EdeadFKbeco6e less /es7onsi3e and b/i4ht in toneKafte/
a few wee0s of intense use. A /esea/che/ whose son is a classical 4uita/ist
h<7othesi9ed that di/t and oilB /athe/ than chan4es in the 6ate/ial 7/o7e/ties of the
st/in4B we/e /es7onsible.
,hich of the followin4 in3esti4ations is 6ost li0el< to <ield si4nificant
info/6ation that would hel7 to e3aluate the /esea/che/2s h<7othesis=
>A? Dete/6inin4 if a 6etal allo< is used to 6a0e the st/in4s used b< classical
4uita/ists
>B? Dete/6inin4 whethe/ classical 4uita/ists 6a0e thei/ st/in4s 4o dead faste/
than do fol0 4uita/ists
>C? Dete/6inin4 whethe/ identical len4ths of st/in4B of the sa6e 4au4eB 4o dead
at diffe/ent /ates when st/un4 on 3a/ious b/ands of 4uita/s
>D? Dete/6inin4 whethe/ a dead st/in4 and a new st/in4 7/oduce diffe/ent
@ualities of sound
>E? Dete/6inin4 whethe/ s6ea/in4 3a/ious substances on new 4uita/ st/in4s
causes the6 to 4o dead
#. Most consu6e/s do not 4et 6uch use out of the s7o/ts e@ui76ent the< 7u/chase.
5o/ e8a67leB se3enteen 7e/cent of the adults in the Dnited States own ;o44in4
shoesB but onl< fo/t<Afi3e 7e/cent of the owne/s ;o4 6o/e than once a <ea/B and
onl< se3enteen 7e/cent ;o4 6o/e than once a wee0.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB casts 6ost doubt on the clai6 that 6ost
consu6e/s 4et little use out of the s7o/ts e@ui76ent the< 7u/chase=
>A? +o44e/s a/e 6ost susce7tible to s7o/ts in;u/ies du/in4 the fi/st si8 6onths in
which the< ;o4.
>B? +o44e/s often e8a44e/ate the f/e@uenc< with which the< ;o4 in su/3e<s
desi4ned to elicit such info/6ation.
>C? Man< consu6e/s 7u/chase ;o44in4 shoes fo/ use in acti3ities othe/ than
;o44in4.
>D? Consu6e/s who ta0e u7 ;o44in4 often 7u/chase an athletic shoe that can be
used in othe/ s7o/ts.
>E? +o44e/s who ;o4 6o/e than once a wee0 a/e often acti3e 7a/tici7ants in othe/
s7o/ts as well.
!. Two decades afte/ the E6e/ald -i3e/ Da6 was builtB none of the ei4ht fish
s7ecies nati3e to the E6e/ald -i3e/ was still /e7/oducin4 ade@uatel< in the /i3e/
below the da6. Since the da6 /educed the annual /an4e of wate/ te67e/atu/e in
the /i3e/ below the da6 f/o6 !$ de4/ees to 6 de4/eesB scientists ha3e
h<7othesi9ed that sha/7l< /isin4 wate/ te67e/atu/es 6ust be in3ol3ed in si4nalin4
the nati3e s7ecies to be4in the /e7/oducti3e c<cle.
1$8 GMAT
,hich of the followin4 state6entsB if t/ueB would 6ost st/en4then the scientists2
h<7othesis=
>A? The nati3e fish s7ecies we/e still able to /e7/oduce onl< in side st/ea6s of the
/i3e/ below the da6 whe/e the annual te67e/atu/e /an4e /e6ains
a77/o8i6atel< !$ de4/ees.
>B? Befo/e the da6 was builtB the E6e/ald -i3e/ annuall< o3e/flowed its ban0sB
c/eatin4 bac0wate/s that we/e c/itical b/eedin4 a/eas fo/ the nati3e s7ecies of
fish.
>C? The lowest /eco/ded te67e/atu/e of the E6e/ald -i3e/ befo/e the da6 was
built was "# de4/eesB whe/eas the lowest /eco/ded te67e/atu/e of the /i3e/
afte/ the da6 was built has been #" de4/ees.
>D? )onnati3e s7ecies of fishB int/oduced into the E6e/ald -i3e/ afte/ the da6
was builtB ha3e be4un co67etin4 with the declinin4 nati3e fish s7ecies fo/
food and s7ace.
>E? 5i3e of the fish s7ecies nati3e to the E6e/ald -i3e/ a/e not nati3e to an< othe/
/i3e/ in )o/th A6e/ica.
6. It is t/ue that it is a4ainst inte/national law to sell 7lutoniu6 to count/ies that do
not <et ha3e nuclea/ wea7ons. But if Dnited States co67anies do not do soB
co67anies in othe/ count/ies will.
,hich of the followin4 is 6ost li0e the a/4u6ent abo3e in its lo4ical st/uctu/e=
>A? It is t/ue that it is a4ainst the 7olice de7a/t6ent2s 7olic< to ne4otiate with
0idna77e/s. But if the 7olice want to 7/e3ent loss of lifeB the< 6ust ne4otiate
in so6e cases.
>B? It is t/ue that it is ille4al to /efuse to /e4iste/ fo/ 6ilita/< se/3ice. But the/e is a
lon4 t/adition in the Dnited States of conscientious ob;ection to se/3in4 in
the a/6ed fo/ces.
>C? It is t/ue that it is ille4al fo/ a 4o3e/n6ent official to 7a/tici7ate in a
t/ansaction in which the/e is an a77a/ent conflict of inte/est. But if the facts
a/e e8a6ined ca/efullD? It is t/ue that it is a4ainst the law to bu/4la/i9e 7eo7le2s ho6es. But so6eone
else ce/tainl< would ha3e bu/4la/i9ed that house if the defendant had not
done so fi/st.
>E? It is t/ue that co67an< 7olic< fo/bids su7e/3iso/s to fi/e e67lo<ees without
two w/itten wa/nin4s. But the/e ha3e been 6an< su7e/3iso/s who ha3e
disobe<ed this 7olic<.
%. In /ecent <ea/s 6an< cabinet6a0e/s ha3e been winnin4 acclai6 as a/tists. But
since fu/nitu/e 6ust be usefulB cabinet6a0e/s 6ust e8e/cise thei/ c/aft with an
e<e to the 7/actical utilit< of thei/ 7/oduct. 5o/ this /easonB cabinet6a0in4 is not
a/t.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 1$&
,hich of the followin4 is an assu67tion that su77o/ts d/awin4 the conclusion
abo3e f/o6 the /eason 4i3en fo/ that conclusion=
>A? So6e fu/nitu/e is 6ade to be 7laced in 6useu6sB whe/e it will not be used b<
an<one.
>B? So6e cabinet6a0e/s a/e 6o/e conce/ned than othe/s with the 7/actical utilit<
of the 7/oducts the< 7/oduce.
>C? Cabinet6a0e/s should be 6o/e conce/ned with the 7/actical utilit< of thei/
7/oducts than the< cu//entl< a/e.
>D? An ob;ect is not an a/t ob;ect if its 6a0e/ 7a<s attention to the ob;ect2s
7/actical utilit<.
>E? A/tists a/e not conce/ned with the 6oneta/< 3alue of thei/ 7/oducts.
8. Althou4h custo6 7/osthetic bone /e7lace6ents 7/oduced th/ou4h a new
co67ute/Aaided desi4n 7/ocess will cost 6o/e than twice as 6uch as o/dina/<
/e7lace6entsB custo6 /e7lace6ents should still be costAeffecti3e. )ot onl< will
su/4e/< and /eco3e/< ti6e be /educedB but custo6 /e7lace6ents should last
lon4e/B the/eb< /educin4 the need fo/ fu/the/ hos7ital sta<s.
,hich of the followin4 6ust be studied in o/de/ to e3aluate the a/4u6ent
7/esented abo3e=
>A? The a6ount of ti6e a 7atient s7ends in su/4e/< 3e/sus the a6ount of ti6e
s7ent /eco3e/in4 f/o6 su/4e/<
>B? The a6ount b< which the cost of 7/oducin4 custo6 /e7lace6ents has
declined with the int/oduction of the new techni@ue fo/ 7/oducin4 the6
>C? The de4/ee to which the use of custo6 /e7lace6ents is li0el< to /educe the
need fo/ /e7eat su/4e/< when co67a/ed with the use of o/dina/<
/e7lace6ents
>D? The de4/ee to which custo6 /e7lace6ents 7/oduced with the new techni@ue
a/e 6o/e ca/efull< 6anufactu/ed than a/e o/dina/< /e7lace6ents
>E? The a6ount b< which custo6 /e7lace6ents 7/oduced with the new techni@ue
will d/o7 in cost as the 7/oduction 7/ocedu/es beco6e standa/di9ed and
a77licable on a la/4e/ scale
&. E8tinction is a 7/ocess that can de7end on a 3a/iet< of ecolo4icalB 4eo4/a7hicalB
and 7h<siolo4ical 3a/iables. These 3a/iables affect diffe/ent s7ecies of o/4anis6s
in diffe/ent wa<sB and shouldB the/efo/eB <ield a /ando6 7atte/n of e8tinctions.
Howe3e/B the fossil /eco/d shows that e8tinction occu/s in a su/7/isin4l< definite
7atte/nB with 6an< s7ecies 3anishin4 at the sa6e ti6e.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB fo/6s the best basis fo/ at least a 7a/tial
e87lanation of the 7atte/ned e8tinctions /e3ealed b< the fossil /eco/d=
>A? Ma;o/ e7isodes of e8tinction can /esult f/o6 wides7/ead en3i/on6ental
distu/bances that affect nu6e/ous diffe/ent s7ecies.
>B? Ce/tain e8tinction e7isodes selecti3el< affect o/4anis6s with 7a/ticula/ sets of
11$ GMAT
cha/acte/istics uni@ue to thei/ s7ecies.
>C? So6e s7ecies beco6e e8tinct because of accu6ulated 4/adual chan4es in
thei/ local en3i/on6ents.
>D? In 4eolo4icall< /ecent ti6esB fo/ which the/e is no fossil /eco/dB hu6an
inte/3ention has chan4ed the 7atte/n of e8tinctions.
>E? S7ecies that a/e widel< dis7e/sed a/e the least li0el< to beco6e e8tinct.
1$. )eithe/ a /isin4 standa/d of li3in4 no/ balanced t/adeB b< itselfB establishes a
count/<2s abilit< to co67ete in the inte/national 6a/0et7lace. Both a/e /e@ui/ed
si6ultaneousl< since standa/ds of li3in4 can /ise because of 4/owin4 t/ade
deficits and t/ade can be balanced b< 6eans of a decline in a count/<2s standa/d
of li3in4.
If the facts stated in the 7assa4e abo3e a/e t/ueB a 7/o7e/ test of a count/<2s abilit<
to be co67etiti3e is its abilit< to
>A? balance its t/ade while its standa/d of li3in4 /ises
>B? balance its t/ade while its standa/d of li3in4 falls
>C? inc/ease t/ade deficits while its standa/d of li3in4 /ises
>D? dec/ease t/ade deficits while its standa/d of li3in4 falls
>E? 0ee7 its standa/d of li3in4 constant while t/ade deficits /ise
11. Ce/tain 6essen4e/ 6olecules fi4ht da6a4e to the lun4s f/o6 no8ious ai/ b<
tellin4 the 6uscle cells enci/clin4 the lun4s2 ai/wa<s to cont/act. This 7a/tiall<
seals off the lun4s. An asth6a attac0 occu/s when the 6essen4e/ 6olecules a/e
acti3ated unnecessa/il<B in /es7onse to ha/6less thin4s li0e 7ollen o/ household
dust.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 7oints to the 6ost se/ious flaw of a 7lan to
de3elo7 a 6edication that would 7/e3ent asth6a attac0s b< bloc0in4 /ecei7t of
an< 6essa4es sent b< the 6essen4e/ 6olecules /efe//ed to abo3e=
>A? -esea/che/s do not <et 0now how the bod< 7/oduces the 6essen4e/
6olecules that t/i44e/ asth6a attac0s.
>B? -esea/che/s do not <et 0now what 6a0es one 7e/son2s 6essen4e/ 6olecules
6o/e easil< acti3ated than anothe/2s.
>C? Such a 6edication would not beco6e a3ailable fo/ se3e/al <ea/sB because of
lon4 lead ti6es in both de3elo76ent and 6anufactu/e.
>D? Such a 6edication would be unable to distin4uish between 6essa4es
t/i44e/ed b< 7ollen and household dust and 6essa4es t/i44e/ed b< no8ious
ai/.
>E? Such a 6edication would be a 7/e3entati3e onl< and would be unable to
alle3iate an asth6a attac0 once it had sta/ted.
1. Since the /outine use of antibiotics can 4i3e /ise to /esistant bacte/ia ca7able of
su/3i3in4 antibiotic en3i/on6entsB the 7/esence of /esistant bacte/ia in 7eo7le
GMAT . 'SAT C- 111
could be due to the hu6an use of 7/esc/i7tion antibiotics. So6e scientistsB
howe3e/B belie3e that 6ost /esistant bacte/ia in 7eo7le de/i3e f/o6 hu6an
consu67tion of bacte/iall< infected 6eat.
,hich of the followin4 state6entsB if t/ueB would 6ost si4nificantl< st/en4then
the h<7othesis of the scientists=
>A? Antibiotics a/e /outinel< included in li3estoc0 feed so that li3estoc0 7/oduce/s
can inc/ease the /ate of 4/owth of thei/ ani6als.
>B? Most 7eo7le who de3elo7 food 7oisonin4 f/o6 bacte/iall< infected 6eat a/e
t/eated with 7/esc/i7tion antibiotics.
>C? The incidence of /esistant bacte/ia in 7eo7le has tended to be 6uch hi4he/ in
u/ban a/eas than in /u/al a/eas whe/e 6eat is of co67a/able @ualit<.
>D? Ieo7le who ha3e ne3e/ ta0en 7/esc/i7tion antibiotics a/e those least li0el< to
de3elo7 /esistant bacte/ia.
>E? 'i3estoc0 7/oduce/s clai6 that /esistant bacte/ia in ani6als cannot be
t/ans6itted to 7eo7le th/ou4h infected 6eat.
1". The /ecent decline in the 3alue of the dolla/ was t/i44e/ed b< a 7/ediction of
slowe/ econo6ic 4/owth in the co6in4 <ea/. But that 7/ediction would not ha3e
ad3e/sel< affected the dolla/ had it not been fo/ the 4o3e/n6ent2s hu4e bud4et
deficitB which 6ust the/efo/e be dec/eased to 7/e3ent futu/e cu//enc< declines.
about how to 7/e3ent futu/e cu//enc< declines=
>A? The 4o3e/n6ent has 6ade little atte67t to /educe the bud4et deficit.
>B? The bud4et deficit has not caused a slowdown in econo6ic 4/owth.
>C? The 3alue of the dolla/ declined se3e/al ti6es in the <ea/ 7/io/ to the /ecent
7/ediction of slowe/ econo6ic 4/owth.
>D? Befo/e the/e was a la/4e bud4et deficitB 7/edictions of slowe/ econo6ic
4/owth f/e@uentl< caused declines in the dolla/2s 3alue.
>E? ,hen the/e is a la/4e bud4et deficitB othe/ e3ents in addition to 7/edictions of
slowe/ econo6ic 4/owth so6eti6es t/i44e/ declines in cu//enc< 3alue.
1#. ,hich of the followin4 best co67letes the 7assa4e below=
At a /ecent confe/ence on en3i/on6ental th/eats to the )o/th SeaB 6ost
7a/tici7atin4 count/ies fa3o/ed unifo/6 cont/ols on the @ualit< of effluentsB
whethe/ o/ not s7ecific en3i/on6ental da6a4e could be att/ibuted to a 7a/ticula/
sou/ce of effluent. ,hat 6ustB of cou/seB be shownB in o/de/ to a3oid e8cessi3el<
/est/icti3e cont/olsB is thatCCCCCC
>A? an< unifo/6 cont/ols that a/e ado7ted a/e li0el< to be i67le6ented without
dela<
>B? an< substance to be 6ade sub;ect to cont/ols can actuall< cause
en3i/on6ental da6a4e
11 GMAT
>C? the count/ies fa3o/in4 unifo/6 cont/ols a/e those 4ene/atin4 the la/4est
@uantities of effluents
>D? all of an< 4i3en 7ollutant that is to be cont/olled actuall< /eaches the )o/th
Sea at 7/esent
>E? en3i/on6ental da6a4e al/ead< inflicted on the )o/th Sea is /e3e/sible
1!. T/aditionall<B decisionA6a0in4 b< 6ana4e/s that is /easoned ste7Ab<Aste7 has
been conside/ed 7/efe/able to intuiti3e decisionA6a0in4. Howe3e/B a /ecent stud<
found that to7 6ana4e/s used intuition si4nificantl< 6o/e than did 6ost 6iddleA
o/ lowe/Ale3el 6ana4e/s. This confi/6s the alte/nati3e 3iew that intuition is
actuall< 6o/e effecti3e than ca/efulB 6ethodical /easonin4.
The conclusion abo3e is based on which of the followin4 assu67tions=
>A? MethodicalB ste7Ab<Aste7 /easonin4 is ina77/o7/iate fo/ 6a0in4 6an< /ealAlife
6ana4e6ent decisions.
>B? To7 6ana4e/s ha3e the abilit< to use eithe/ intuiti3e /easonin4 o/ 6ethodicalB
ste7Ab<Aste7 /easonin4 in 6a0in4 decisions.
>C? The decisions 6ade b< 6iddleA and lowe/Ale3el 6ana4e/s can be 6ade as
easil< b< usin4 6ethodical /easonin4 as b< usin4 intuiti3e /easonin4.
>D? To7 6ana4e/s use intuiti3e /easonin4 in 6a0in4 the 6a;o/it< of thei/
decisions.
>E? To7 6ana4e/s a/e 6o/e effecti3e at decisionA6a0in4 than 6iddleA o/ lowe/A
le3el 6ana4e/s.
16. The i67osition of @uotas li6itin4 i67o/ted steel will not hel7 the bi4 A6e/ican
steel 6ills. In factB the @uotas will hel7 E6iniA6illsF flou/ish in the Dnited States.
Those s6all do6estic 6ills will ta0e 6o/e business f/o6 the bi4 A6e/ican steel
6ills than would ha3e been ta0en b< the fo/ei4n steel 6ills in the absence of
@uotas.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would cast the 6ost se/ious doubt on the clai6
6ade in the last sentence abo3e=
>A? Nualit< /athe/ than 7/ice is a 6a;o/ facto/ in dete/6inin4 the t<7e of steel to
be used fo/ a 7a/ticula/ a77lication.
>B? 5o/ei4n steel 6ills ha3e lon4 7/oduced 4/ades of steel co67a/able in @ualit<
to the steel 7/oduced b< the bi4 A6e/ican 6ills.
>C? A6e/ican @uotas on i67o/ted 4oods ha3e often induced othe/ count/ies to
i67ose si6ila/ @uotas on A6e/ican 4oods.
>D? Do6estic E6iniA6illsF consistentl< 7/oduce bette/ 4/ades of steel than do the
bi4 A6e/ican 6ills.
>E? Do6estic E6iniA6illsF 7/oduce lowA3olu6eB s7eciali9ed t<7es of steels that
a/e not 7/oduced b< the bi4 A6e/ican steel 6ills.
1%. Co//ectl< 6easu/in4 the 7/oducti3it< of se/3ice wo/0e/s is co67le8. Conside/B fo/
GMAT . 'SAT C- 11"
e8a67leB 7ostal wo/0e/s1 the< a/e often said to be 6o/e 7/oducti3e if 6o/e lette/s
a/e deli3e/ed 7e/ 7ostal wo/0e/. But is this /eall< t/ue= ,hat if 6o/e lette/s a/e
lost o/ dela<ed 7e/ wo/0e/ at the sa6e ti6e that 6o/e a/e deli3e/ed=
The ob;ection i67lied abo3e to the 7/oducti3it< 6easu/e desc/ibed is based on
doubts about the t/uth of which of the followin4 state6ents=
>A? Iostal wo/0e/s a/e /e7/esentati3e of se/3ice wo/0e/s in 4ene/al.
>B? The deli3e/< of lette/s is the 7/i6a/< acti3it< of the 7ostal se/3ice.
>C? I/oducti3it< should be asc/ibed to cate4o/ies of wo/0e/sB not to indi3iduals.
>D? The @ualit< of se/3ices /ende/ed can a77/o7/iatel< be i4no/ed in co67utin4
7/oducti3it<.
>E? The nu6be/ of lette/s deli3e/ed is /ele3ant to 6easu/in4 the 7/oducti3it< of
7ostal wo/0e/s.
18. Male bowe/bi/ds const/uct elabo/atel< deco/ated nestsB o/ bowe/s. Basin4 thei/
;ud46ent on the fact that diffe/ent local 7o7ulations of bowe/bi/ds of the sa6e
s7ecies build bowe/s that e8hibit diffe/ent buildin4 and deco/ati3e st<lesB
/esea/che/s ha3e concluded that the bowe/bi/ds2 buildin4 st<les a/e a cultu/all<
ac@ui/edB /athe/ than a 4eneticall< t/ans6ittedB t/ait.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost st/en4then the conclusion d/awn b<
the /esea/che/s=
>A? The/e a/e 6o/e co66on cha/acte/istics than the/e a/e diffe/ences a6on4 the
bowe/Abuildin4 st<les of the local bowe/bi/d 7o7ulation that has been
studied 6ost e8tensi3el<.
>B? :oun4 6ale bowe/bi/ds a/e ine7t at bowe/Abuildin4 and a77a/entl< s7end
<ea/s watchin4 thei/ elde/s befo/e beco6in4 acco67lished in the local
bowe/ st<le.
>C? The bowe/s of one s7ecies of bowe/bi/d lac0 the towe/s and o/na6entation
cha/acte/istic of the bowe/s of 6ost othe/ s7ecies of bowe/bi/d.
>D? Bowe/bi/ds a/e found onl< in )ew Guinea and Aust/aliaB whe/e local
7o7ulations of the bi/ds a77a/entl< seldo6 ha3e contact with one anothe/.
>E? It is well 0nown that the son4 dialects of so6e son4bi/ds a/e lea/ned /athe/
than t/ans6itted 4eneticall<.
1&. A 4/eate/ nu6be/ of news7a7e/s a/e sold in Town S than in Town T. The/efo/eB
the citi9ens of Town S a/e bette/ info/6ed about 6a;o/ wo/ld e3ents than a/e the
citi9ens of Town T.
Each of the followin4B if t/ueB wea0ens the conclusion abo3e EHCEIT1
>A? Town S has a la/4e/ 7o7ulation than Town T.
>B? Most citi9ens of Town T wo/0 in Town S and bu< thei/ news7a7e/s the/e.
>C? The a3e/a4e citi9en of Town S s7ends less ti6e /eadin4 news7a7e/s than does
the a3e/a4e citi9en of Town T.
11# GMAT
>D? A wee0l< news7a7e/ /est/icted to the co3e/a4e of local e3ents is 7ublished in
Town S.
>E? The a3e/a4e newsstand 7/ice of news7a7e/s sold in Town S is lowe/ than the
a3e/a4e 7/ice of news7a7e/s sold in Town T.
$. (ne anal<st 7/edicts that Hon4 Mon4 can /etain its ca7italist wa<s afte/ it
beco6es 7a/t of 6ainland China in 1&&% as lon4 as a ca7italist Hon4 Mon4 is
useful to ChinaG that a ca7italist Hon4 Mon4 will be useful to China as lon4 as
Hon4 Mon4 is 7/os7e/ousG and that Hon4 Mon4 will /e6ain 7/os7e/ous as lon4 as
it /etains its ca7italist wa<s.
If the 7/edictions abo3e a/e co//ectB which of the followin4 fu/the/ 7/edictions
can lo4icall< be de/i3ed f/o6 the6=
>A? If Hon4 Mon4 fails to sta< 7/os7e/ousB it will no lon4e/ /e6ain 7a/t of
6ainland China.
>B? If Hon4 Mon4 /etains its ca7italist wa<s until 1&&%B it will be allowed to do so
afte/wa/d.
>C? If the/e is a wo/ld econo6ic c/isis afte/ 1&&%B it will not ad3e/sel< affect the
econo6< of Hon4 Mon4.
>D? Hon4 Mon4 will be 7/os7e/ous afte/ 1&&%.
>E? The citi9ens of Hon4 Mon4 will ha3e no /est/ictions 7laced on the6 b< the
4o3e/n6ent of 6ainland China.
TEST 8
1. A d/u4 that is hi4hl< effecti3e in t/eatin4 6an< t<7es of infection canB at 7/esentB
be obtained onl< f/o6 the ba/0 of the ibo/aB a t/ee that is @uite /a/e in the wild. It
ta0es the ba/0 of !B$$$ t/ees to 6a0e one 0ilo4/a6 of the d/u4. It followsB
the/efo/eB that continued 7/oduction of the d/u4 6ust ine3itabl< lead to the ibo/a2s
e8tinction.
>A? The d/u4 6ade f/o6 ibo/a ba/0 is dis7ensed to docto/s f/o6 a cent/al
autho/it<.
>B? The d/u4 6ade f/o6 ibo/a ba/0 is e87ensi3e to 7/oduce.
>C? The lea3es of the ibo/a a/e used in a nu6be/ of 6edical 7/oducts.
>D? The ibo/a can be 7/o7a4ated f/o6 cuttin4s and 4/own unde/ culti3ation.
>E? The ibo/a 4ene/all< 4/ows in la/4el< inaccessible 7laces.
. Hi4h le3els of fe/tili9e/ and 7esticidesB needed when fa/6e/s t/< to 7/oduce hi4h
<ield of the sa6e c/o7 <ea/ afte/ <ea/B 7ollute wate/ su77lies. E87e/ts the/efo/e
u/4e fa/6e/s to di3e/sif< thei/ c/o7s and to /otate thei/ 7lantin4s <ea/l<.
To /ecei3e 4o3e/n6ental 7/iceAsu77o/t benefits fo/ a c/o7B fa/6e/s 6ust ha3e
7/oduced that sa6e c/o7 fo/ the 7ast se3e/al <ea/s.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 11!
The state6ents abo3eB if t/ueB best su77o/t which of the followin4 conclusions=
>A? The /ules fo/ 4o3e/n6ental su77o/t of fa/6 7/ices wo/0 a4ainst effo/ts to
/educe wate/ 7ollution.
>B? The onl< solution to the 7/oble6 of wate/ 7ollution f/o6 fe/tili9e/s and
7esticides is to ta0e fa/6land out of 7/oduction.
>C? 5a/6e/s can continue to 6a0e a 7/ofit b< /otatin4 di3e/se c/o7sB thus /educin4
costs fo/ che6icalsB but not b< 7lantin4 the sa6e c/o7 each <ea/.
>D? )ew fa/6in4 techni@ues will be de3elo7ed to 6a0e it 7ossible fo/ fa/6e/s to
/educe the a77lication of fe/tili9e/s and 7esticides.
>E? Go3e/n6ental 7/ice su77o/ts fo/ fa/6 7/oducts a/e set at le3els that a/e not
hi4h enou4h to allow fa/6e/s to 4et out of debt.
". Shelb< Indust/ies 6anufactu/es and sells the sa6e 4au4es as +ones Indust/ies.
E67lo<ee wa4es account fo/ fo/t< 7e/cent of the cost of 6anufactu/in4 4au4es at
both Shelb< Indust/ies and +ones Indust/ies. Shelb< Indust/ies is see0in4 a
co67etiti3e ad3anta4e o3e/ +ones Indust/ies. The/efo/eB to 7/o6ote this endB
Shelb< Indust/ies should lowe/ e67lo<ee wa4es.
>A? Because the< 6a0e a s6all nu6be/ of 7/ecision inst/u6entsB 4au4e
6anufactu/e/s cannot /ecei3e 3olu6e discounts on /aw 6ate/ials.
>B? 'owe/in4 wa4es would /educe the @ualit< of e67lo<ee wo/0B and this
/educed @ualit< would lead to lowe/ed sales.
>C? +ones Indust/ies has ta0en awa< twent< 7e/cent of Shelb< Indust/ies2 business
o3e/ the last <ea/.
>D? Shelb< Indust/ies 7a<s its e67lo<eesB on a3e/a4eB ten 7e/cent 6o/e than does
+ones Indust/ies.
>E? Man< 7eo7le who wo/0 fo/ 6anufactu/in4 7lants li3e in a/eas in which the
6anufactu/in4 7lant the< wo/0 fo/ is the onl< indust/<.
#. So6e co66unities in 5lo/ida a/e 7o7ulated al6ost e8clusi3el< b< /eti/ed 7eo7le
and contain fewB if an<B fa6ilies with s6all child/en. :et these co66unities a/e
ho6e to th/i3in4 businesses s7eciali9in4 in the /ental of fu/nitu/e fo/ infants and
s6all child/en.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB best /econciles the see6in4 disc/e7anc< desc/ibed
abo3e=
>A? The businesses s7eciali9in4 in the /ental of child/en2s fu/nitu/e bu< thei/
fu/nitu/e f/o6 dist/ibuto/s outside of 5lo/ida.
>B? The few child/en who do /eside in these co66unities all 0now each othe/ and
often 6a0e o3e/ni4ht 3isits to one anothe/2s houses.
>C? Man< /esidents of these co66unities who 6o3e f/e@uentl< 7/efe/ /entin4
thei/ fu/nitu/e to bu<in4 it out/i4ht.
116 GMAT
>D? Man< /esidents of these co66unities 6ust 7/o3ide fo/ the needs of 3isitin4
4/andchild/en se3e/al wee0s a <ea/.
>E? Child/en2s fu/nitu/e a3ailable fo/ /ental is of the sa6e @ualit< as that a3ailable
fo/ sale in the sto/es.
!. 'a/4e national bud4et deficits do not cause la/4e t/ade deficits. If the< didB
count/ies with the la/4est bud4et deficits would also ha3e the la/4est t/ade
deficits. In factB when deficit fi4u/es a/e ad;usted so that diffe/ent count/ies a/e
/eliabl< co67a/able to each othe/B the/e is no such co//elation.
If the state6ents abo3e a/e all t/ueB which of the followin4 can 7/o7e/l< be
infe//ed on the basis of the6=
>A? Count/ies with la/4e national bud4et deficits tend to /est/ict fo/ei4n t/ade.
>B? -eliable co67a/isons of the deficit fi4u/es of one count/< with those of
anothe/ a/e i67ossible.
>C? -educin4 a count/<2s national bud4et deficit will not necessa/il< /esult in a
lowe/in4 of an< t/ade deficit that count/< 6a< ha3e.
>D? ,hen count/ies a/e o/de/ed f/o6 la/4est to s6allest in te/6s of 7o7ulationB
the s6allest count/ies 4ene/all< ha3e the s6allest bud4et and t/ade deficits.
>E? Count/ies with the la/4est t/ade deficits ne3e/ ha3e si6ila/l< la/4e national
bud4et deficits.
6. E5ast c<cle ti6eF is a st/ate4< of desi4nin4 a 6anufactu/in4 o/4ani9ation to
eli6inate bottlenec0s and dela<s in 7/oduction. )ot onl< does it s7eed u7
7/oductionB but it also assu/es @ualit<. The /eason is that the bottlenec0s and
dela<s cannot be eli6inated unless all wo/0 is done /i4ht the fi/st ti6e.
The clai6 about @ualit< 6ade abo3e /ests on a @uestionable 7/esu77osition that
>A? an< flaw in wo/0 on a 7/oduct would cause a bottlenec0 o/ dela< and so
would be 7/e3ented f/o6 occu//in4 on a Efast c<cleF 7/oduction line
>B? the st/ate4< of Efast c<cle ti6eF would /e@ui/e funda6ental /ethin0in4 of
7/oduct desi4n
>C? the 7/i6a/< 4oal of the o/4ani9ation is to 7/oduce a 7/oduct of une8celled
@ualitD? Efast c<cle ti6eF could be achie3ed b< sha3in4 ti6e off each of the
co67onent 7/ocesses in 7/oduction c<cle
>E? Efast c<cle ti6eF is a conce7t in business st/ate4< that has not <et been 7ut
into 7/actice in a facto/<
%. Man< b/ea0fast ce/eals a/e fo/tified with 3ita6in su77le6ents. So6e of these
ce/eals 7/o3ide 1$$ 7e/cent of the /eco66ended dail< /e@ui/e6ent of 3ita6ins.
)e3e/thelessB a wellAbalanced b/ea0fastB includin4 a 3a/iet< of foodsB is a bette/
sou/ce of those 3ita6ins than a/e such fo/tified b/ea0fast ce/eals alone.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost st/on4l< su77o/t the 7osition abo3e=
GMAT . 'SAT C- 11%
>A? In 6an< foodsB the natu/al co6bination of 3ita6ins with othe/ nut/ients
6a0es those 3ita6ins 6o/e usable b< the bod< than a/e 3ita6ins added in
3ita6in su77le6ents.
>B? Ieo7le who /e4ula/l< eat ce/eals fo/tified with 3ita6in su77le6ents
so6eti6es ne4lect to eat the foods in which the 3ita6ins occu/ natu/all<.
>C? 5oods often 6ust be fo/tified with 3ita6in su77le6ents because natu/all<
occu//in4 3ita6ins a/e /e6o3ed du/in4 7/ocessin4.
>D? Dn7/ocessed ce/eals a/e natu/all< hi4h in se3e/al of the 3ita6ins that a/e
usuall< added to fo/tified b/ea0fast ce/eals.
>E? Ce/eals containin4 3ita6in su77le6ents a/e no ha/de/ to di4est than si6ila/
ce/eals without added 3ita6ins.
The 6o/e wo//ied in3esto/s a/e about losin4 thei/ 6one<B the 6o/e the< will
de6and a hi4h 7otential /etu/n on thei/ in3est6entG 4/eat /is0s 6ust be offset b<
the chance of 4/eat /ewa/ds. This 7/inci7le is the funda6ental one in dete/6inin4
inte/est /atesB and it is illust/ated b< the fact thatCCCCCC
>A? successful in3esto/s a/e distin4uished b< an abilit< to 6a0e 3e/< /is0<
in3est6ents without wo//<in4 about thei/ 6one<
>B? lende/s /ecei3e hi4he/ inte/est /ates on unsecu/ed loans than on loans bac0ed
b< collate/al
>C? in ti6es of hi4h inflationB the inte/est 7aid to de7osito/s b< ban0s can actuall<
be below the /ate of inflation
>D? at an< one ti6eB a co66e/cial ban0 will ha3e a sin4le /ate of inte/est that it
will e87ect all of its indi3idual bo//owe/s to 7a<
>E? the 7otential /etu/n on in3est6ent in a new co67an< is t<7icall< lowe/ than
the 7otential /etu/n on in3est6ent in a wellAestablished co67an<
&. A fa6ous sin4e/ /ecentl< won a lawsuit a4ainst an ad3e/tisin4 fi/6 fo/ usin4
anothe/ sin4e/ in a co66e/cial to e3o0e the fa6ous sin4e/2s wellA0nown
/endition of a ce/tain son4. As a /esult of the lawsuitB ad3e/tisin4 fi/6s will sto7
usin4 i6itato/s in co66e/cials. The/efo/eB ad3e/tisin4 costs will /iseB since
fa6ous sin4e/s2 se/3ices cost 6o/e than those of thei/ i6itato/s.
The conclusion abo3e is based on which of the followin4 assu67tions=
>A? Most 7eo7le a/e unable to distin4uish a fa6ous sin4e/2s /endition of a son4
f/o6 a 4ood i6itato/2s /endition of the sa6e son4.
>B? Co66e/cials usin4 fa6ous sin4e/s a/e usuall< 6o/e effecti3e than
co66e/cials usin4 i6itato/s of fa6ous sin4e/s.
>C? The o/i4inal 3e/sions of so6e wellA0nown son4s a/e una3ailable fo/ use in
co66e/cials.
>D? Ad3e/tisin4 fi/6s will continue to use i6itato/s to 6i6ic the 7h<sical
6anne/is6s of fa6ous sin4e/s.
118 GMAT
>E? The ad3e/tisin4 indust/< will use wellA0nown /enditions of son4s in
co66e/cials.
1$. A ce/tain 6a<o/ has 7/o7osed a fee of fi3e dolla/s 7e/ da< on 7/i3ate 3ehicles
ente/in4 the cit<B clai6in4 that the fee will alle3iate the cit<2s t/affic con4estion.
The 6a<o/ /easons thatB since the fee will e8ceed the cost of /oundAt/i7 bus fa/e
f/o6 6an< nea/b< 7ointsB 6an< 7eo7le will switch f/o6 usin4 thei/ ca/s to usin4
the bus.
,hich of the followin4 state6entsB if t/ueB 7/o3ides the best e3idence that the
6a<o/2s /easonin4 is flawed=
>A? I/o;ected inc/eases in the 7/ice of 4asoline will inc/ease the cost of ta0in4 a
7/i3ate 3ehicle into the cit<.
>B? The cost of 7a/0in4 fees al/ead< 6a0es it conside/abl< 6o/e e87ensi3e fo/
6ost 7eo7le to ta0e a 7/i3ate 3ehicle into the cit< than to ta0e a bus.
>C? Most of the 7eo7le cu//entl< /idin4 the bus do not own 7/i3ate 3ehicles.
>D? Man< co66ute/s o77osin4 the 6a<o/2s 7lan ha3e indicated that the< would
/athe/ endu/e t/affic con4estion than 7a< a fi3eAdolla/A7e/ da< fee.
>E? Du/in4 the a3e/a4e wo/0da<B 7/i3ate 3ehicles owned and o7e/ated b< 7eo7le
li3in4 within the cit< account fo/ twent< 7e/cent of the cit<2s t/affic
con4estion.
11. A 4/ou7 of child/en of 3a/ious a4es was /ead sto/ies in which 7eo7le caused
ha/6B so6e of those 7eo7le doin4 so intentionall<B and so6e accidentall<. ,hen
as0ed about a77/o7/iate 7unish6ents fo/ those who had caused ha/6B the <oun4e/
child/enB unli0e the olde/ onesB assi4ned 7unish6ents that did not 3a/< acco/din4
to whethe/ the ha/6 was done intentionall< o/ accidentall<. :oun4e/ child/enB
thenB do not /e4a/d 7eo7le2s intentions as /ele3ant to 7unish6ent.
abo3e=
>A? In inte/7/etin4 these sto/iesB the listene/s had to d/aw on a /elati3el< 6atu/e
sense of hu6an 7s<cholo4< in o/de/ to tell whethe/ ha/6 was 7/oduced
intentionall< o/ accidentall<.
>B? In these sto/iesB the se3e/it< of the ha/6 7/oduced was clea/l< stated.
>C? :oun4e/ child/en a/e as li0el< to 7/oduce ha/6 unintentionall< as a/e olde/
child/en.
>D? The olde/ child/en assi4ned 7unish6ent in a wa< that closel< /ese6bled the
wa< adults had assi4ned 7unish6ent in a si6ila/ e87e/i6ent.
>E? The <oun4e/ child/en assi4ned 7unish6ents that 3a/ied acco/din4 to the
se3e/it< of the ha/6 done b< the a4ents in the sto/ies.
1. ,hen h<7noti9ed sub;ects a/e told that the< a/e deaf and a/e then as0ed whethe/
the< can hea/ the h<7notistB the< /e7l<B E)o.F So6e theo/ists t/< to e87lain this
/esult b< a/4uin4 that the sel3es of h<7noti9ed sub;ects a/e dissociated into
GMAT . 'SAT C- 11&
se7a/ate 7a/tsB and that the 7a/t that is deaf is dissociated f/o6 the 7a/t that
/e7lies.
,hich of the followin4 challen4es indicates the 6ost se/ious wea0ness in the
atte67ted e87lanation desc/ibed abo3e=
>A? ,h< does the 7a/t that /e7lies not answe/B E:esF=
>B? ,h< a/e the obse/3ed facts in need of an< s7ecial e87lanation=
>C? ,h< do the sub;ects a77ea/ to acce7t the h<7notist2s su44estion that the< a/e
deaf=
>D? ,h< do h<7noti9ed sub;ects all /es7ond the sa6e wa< in the situation
desc/ibed=
>E? ,h< a/e the se7a/ate 7a/ts of the self the sa6e fo/ all sub;ects=
The 7/o4/a6 to cont/ol the ent/< of ille4al d/u4s into the count/< was a failu/e in
1&8%. If the 7/o4/a6 had been successfulB the wholesale 7/ice of 6ost ille4al d/u4s
would not ha3e d/o77ed substantiall< in 1&8%.
1". The a/4u6ent in the 7assa4e de7ends on which of the followin4 assu67tions=
>A? The su77l< of ille4al d/u4s d/o77ed substantiall< in 1&8%.
>B? The 7/ice 7aid fo/ 6ost ille4al d/u4s b< the a3e/a4e consu6e/ did not d/o7
substantiall< in 1&8%.
>C? Do6estic 7/oduction of ille4al d/u4s inc/eased at a hi4he/ /ate than did the
ent/< of such d/u4s into the count/<.
>D? The wholesale 7/ice of a few ille4al d/u4s inc/eased substantiall< in 1&8%.
>E? A d/o7 in de6and fo/ 6ost ille4al d/u4s in 1&8% was not the sole cause of the
d/o7 in thei/ wholesale 7/ice.
1#. The a/4u6ent in the 7assa4e would be 6ost se/iousl< wea0ened if it we/e t/ue
that
>A? in 1&8% s6u44le/s of ille4al d/u4sB as a 4/ou7B had si4nificantl< 6o/e funds at
thei/ dis7osal than did the count/<2s custo6s a4ents
>B? do6estic 7/oduction of ille4al d/u4s inc/eased substantiall< in 1&8%
>C? the autho/2s state6ents we/e 6ade in o/de/ to e6ba//ass the officials
/es7onsible fo/ the d/u4Acont/ol 7/o4/a6
>D? in 1&8% ille4al d/u4s ente/ed the count/< b< a diffe/ent set of /outes than the<
did in 1&86
>E? the count/<2s citi9ens s7ent substantiall< 6o/e 6one< on ille4al d/u4s in 1&8%
than the< did in 1&86
1!. E8ca3ation of the ancient cit< of Mou/ion on the island of C<7/us /e3ealed a
7atte/n of deb/is and colla7sed buildin4s t<7ical of towns de3astated b<
ea/th@ua0es. A/chaeolo4ists ha3e h<7othesi9ed that the dest/uction was due to a
1$ GMAT
6a;o/ ea/th@ua0e 0nown to ha3e occu//ed nea/ the island in A.D. "6!.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ts the a/chaeolo4ists2
h<7othesis=
>A? B/on9e ce/e6onial d/in0in4 3essels that a/e often found in 4/a3es datin4 f/o6
<ea/s 7/ecedin4 and followin4 A.D. "6! we/e also found in se3e/al 4/a3es
nea/ Mou/ion.
>B? )o coins 6inted afte/ A.D. "6! we/e found in Mou/ionB but coins 6inted
befo/e that <ea/ we/e found in abundance.
>C? Most 6ode/n histo/ies of C<7/us 6ention that an ea/th@ua0e occu//ed nea/
the island in A.D. "6!.
>D? Se3e/al s6all statues ca/3ed in st<les cu//ent in C<7/us in the centu/<
between A.D. "$$ and #$$ we/e found in Mou/ion.
>E? Stone insc/i7tions in a fo/6 of the G/ee0 al7habet that was definitel< used in
C<7/us afte/ A.D. "6! we/e found in Mou/ion.
16. Sales of tele7hones ha3e inc/eased d/a6aticall< o3e/ the last <ea/. In o/de/ to ta0e
ad3anta4e of this inc/easeB Ma66oth Indust/ies 7lans to e87and 7/oduction of its
own 6odel of tele7honeB while continuin4 its al/ead< 3e/< e8tensi3e ad3e/tisin4
of this 7/oduct.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 7/o3ides 6ost su77o/t fo/ the 3iew that
Ma66oth Indust/ies cannot inc/ease its sales of tele7hones b< ado7tin4 the 7lan
outlined abo3e=
>A? Althou4h it sells all of the tele7hones that it 7/oducesB Ma66oth Indust/ies2
sha/e of all tele7hone sales has declined o3e/ the last <ea/.
>B? Ma66oth Indust/ies2 a3e/a4e in3ento/< of tele7hones awaitin4 shi76ent to
/etaile/s has declined sli4htl< o3e/ the last <ea/.
>C? Ad3e/tisin4 has 6ade the b/and na6e of Ma66oth Indust/ies2 tele7hones
widel< 0nownB but few consu6e/s 0now that Ma66oth Indust/ies owns this
b/and.
>D? Ma66oth Indust/ies2 tele7hone is one of th/ee b/ands of tele7hone that ha3e
to4ethe/ accounted fo/ the bul0 of the last <ea/2s inc/ease in sales.
>E? Des7ite a sli4ht decline in the /etail 7/iceB sales of Ma66oth Indust/ies2
tele7hones ha3e fallen in the last <ea/.
1%. Man< institutions of hi4he/ education suffe/ declinin4 en/oll6ents du/in4 7e/iods
of econo6ic slowdown. At twoA<ea/ co66unit< colle4esB howe3e/B en/oll6ent
fi4u/es boo6 du/in4 these 7e/iods when 6an< 7eo7le ha3e less 6one< and the/e
is 6o/e co67etition fo/ ;obs.
Each of the followin4B if t/ueB hel7s to e87lain the en/oll6ent inc/eases in twoA
<ea/ co66unit< colle4es desc/ibed abo3e EHCEIT1
>A? Du/in4 7e/iods of econo6ic slowdownB twoA<ea/ co66unit< colle4es a/e
6o/e li0el< than fou/A<ea/ colle4es to 7/e7a/e thei/ students fo/ the ;obs that
GMAT . 'SAT C- 11
a/e still a3ailable.
>B? Du/in4 7e/iods of econo6ic 7/os7e/itC? Tuition at 6ost twoA<ea/ co66unit< colle4es is a f/action of that at fou/A<ea/
colle4es.
>D? TwoA<ea/ co66unit< colle4es de3ote 6o/e /esou/ces than do othe/ colle4es
to att/actin4 those students es7eciall< affected b< econo6ic slowdowns.
>E? Students at twoA<ea/ co66unit< colle4esB but not those at 6ost fou/A<ea/
colle4esB can cont/ol the cost of thei/ studies b< choosin4 the nu6be/ of
cou/ses the< ta0e each te/6.
Ha/din a/4ued that 4/a9in4 land held in co66on >that isB o7en to an< use/? would
alwa<s be used less ca/efull< than 7/i3ate 4/a9in4 land. Each /anche/ would be
te67ted to o3e/use co66on land because the benefits would acc/ue to the indi3idualB
while the costs of /educed land @ualit< that /esults f/o6 o3e/use would be s7/ead
a6on4 all use/s. But a stud< co67a/in4 1% 6illion ac/es of co66on 4/a9in4 land
with #"" 6illion ac/es of 7/i3ate 4/a9in4 land showed that the co66on land was in
bette/ condition.
18. The answe/ to which of the followin4 @uestions would be 6ost useful in
e3aluatin4 the si4nificanceB in /elation to Ha/din2s clai6B of the stud< desc/ibed
abo3e=
>A? Did an< of the /anche/s whose land was studied use both co66on and 7/i3ate
land=
>B? Did the /anche/s whose land was studied tend to 7/efe/ usin4 co66on land
o3e/ usin4 7/i3ate land fo/ 4/a9in4=
>C? ,as the 7/i3ate land that was studied of co67a/able @ualit< to the co66on
land befo/e eithe/ was used fo/ 4/a9in4=
>D? ,e/e the use/s of the co66on land that was studied at least as 7/os7e/ous as
the use/s of the 7/i3ate land=
>E? ,e/e the/e an< owne/s of he/ds who used onl< co66on landB and no 7/i3ate
landB fo/ 4/a9in4=
1&. ,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB and 0nown b< the /anche/sB would best hel7
e87lain the /esults of the stud<=
>A? ,ith 7/i3ate 4/a9in4 landB both the costs and the benefits of o3e/use fall to
the indi3idual use/.
>B? The cost in /educed land @ualit< that is att/ibutable to an< indi3idual use/ is
less easil< 6easu/ed with co66on land than it is with 7/i3ate land.
>C? An indi3idual who o3e/uses co66on 4/a9in4 land 6i4ht be able to achie3e
hi4he/ /etu/ns than othe/ use/s canB with the /esult that he o/ she would
1 GMAT
obtain a co67etiti3e ad3anta4e.
>D? If one use/ of co66on land o3e/uses it e3en sli4htlE? The/e a/e 6o/e ac/es of 4/a9in4 land held 7/i3atel< than the/e a/e held in
co66on.
$. In tests fo/ 7i/ono6aB a se/ious diseaseB a false 7ositi3e /esult indicates that
7eo7le ha3e 7i/ono6a whenB in factB the< do notG a false ne4ati3e /esult indicates
that 7eo7le do not ha3e 7i/ono6a whenB in factB the< do. To detect 7i/ono6a 6ost
accu/atelA? The acce7ted t/eat6ent fo/ 7i/ono6a does not ha3e da6a4in4 side effects.
>B? The labo/ato/< test that has the lowest 7/o7o/tion of false 7ositi3e /esults
causes the sa6e 6ino/ side effects as do the othe/ labo/ato/< tests used to
detect 7i/ono6a.
>C? In t/eatin4 7i/ono6a 7atientsB it is essential to be4in t/eat6ent as ea/l< as
7ossibleB since e3en a wee0 of dela< can /esult in loss of life.
>D? The 7/o7o/tion of inconclusi3e test /esults is e@ual fo/ all labo/ato/< tests
used to detect 7i/ono6a.
>E? All labo/ato/< tests to detect 7i/ono6a ha3e the sa6e 7/o7o/tion of false
ne4ati3e /esults.
TEST &
Questions 1-! are based on the following.
Co67anies ( and I each ha3e the sa6e nu6be/ of e67lo<ees who wo/0 the sa6e
nu6be/ of hou/s 7e/ wee0. Acco/din4 to /eco/ds 6aintained b< each co67an<B the
e67lo<ees of Co67an< ( had fewe/ ;obA/elated accidents last <ea/ than did the
e67lo<ees of Co67an< I. The/efo/eB e67lo<ees of Co67an< ( a/e less li0el< to ha3e
;obA/elated accidents than a/e e67lo<ees of Co67an< I.
1. ,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost st/en4then the conclusion abo3e=
>A? Co67anB? Co67anC? Co67anD? Co67an< ( 7aid 6o/e fo/ new ;obA/elated 6edical clai6s than did Co67an<
I.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 1"
>E? Co67anA? The e67lo<ees of Co67anB? Co67anC? The e67lo<ees of Co67anD? Se3e/al e67lo<ees of Co67an< ( each had 6o/e than one ;obA/elated
accident.
>E? The 6a;o/it< of ;obA/elated accidents at Co67an< ( in3ol3ed a sin4le
6achine.
". In co67a/ison to the standa/d t<7ew/ite/ 0e<boa/dB the E5C( 0e<boa/dB which
7laces the 6ostAused 0e<s nea/est the t<7ist2s st/on4est fin4e/sB allows faste/
t<7in4 and /esults in less fati4ueB The/efo/eB /e7lace6ent of standa/d 0e<boa/ds
with the E5C( 0e<boa/d will /esult in an i66ediate /eduction of t<7in4 costs.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost wea0en the conclusion d/awn abo3e=
>A? Ieo7le who use both standa/d and E5C( 0e<boa/ds /e7o/t 4/eate/ difficult<
in the t/ansition f/o6 the E5C( 0e<boa/d to the standa/d 0e<boa/d than in
the t/ansition f/o6 the standa/d 0e<boa/d to the E5C( 0e<boa/d.
>B? E5C( 0e<boa/ds a/e no 6o/e e87ensi3e to 6anufactu/e than a/e standa/d
0e<boa/ds and /e@ui/e less f/e@uent /e7ai/ than do standa/d 0e<boa/ds.
>C? The nu6be/ of businesses and 4o3e/n6ent a4encies that use E5C(
0e<boa/ds is inc/easin4 each <ea/.
>D? The 6o/e t/ainin4 and e87e/ience an e67lo<ee has had with the standa/d
0e<boa/dB the 6o/e costl< it is to t/ain that e67lo<ee to use the E5C(
0e<boa/d.
>E? )o3ice t<7ists can lea/n to use the E5C( 0e<boa/d in about the sa6e a6ount
of ti6e it ta0es the6 to lea/n to use the standa/d 0e<boa/d.
Half of the sub;ects in an e87e/i6entKthe e87e/i6ental 4/ou7Kconsu6ed la/4e
@uantities of a 7o7ula/ a/tificial sweetene/. Afte/wa/dB this 4/ou7 showed lowe/
co4niti3e abilities than did the othe/ half of the sub;ectsKthe cont/ol 4/ou7Kwho did
not consu6e the sweetene/. The det/i6ental effects we/e att/ibuted to an a6ino acid
that is one of the sweetene/2s 7/inci7al constituents.
#. ,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would best su77o/t the conclusion that so6e
in4/edient of the sweetene/ was /es7onsible fo/ the e87e/i6ental /esults=
>A? Most consu6e/s of the sweetene/ do not consu6e as 6uch of it as the
1# GMAT
e87e/i6ental 4/ou7 6e6be/s did.
>B? The a6ino acid /efe//ed to in the conclusion is a co67onent of all 7/oteinsB
so6e of which 6ust be consu6ed fo/ ade@uate nut/ition.
>C? The @uantit< of the sweetene/ consu6ed b< indi3iduals in the e87e/i6ental
4/ou7 is conside/ed safe b< fede/al food /e4ulato/s.
>D? The two 4/ou7s of sub;ects we/e e3enl< 6atched with /e4a/d to co4niti3e
abilities 7/io/ to the e87e/i6ent.
>E? A second e87e/i6ent in which sub;ects consu6ed la/4e @uantities of the
sweetene/ lac0ed a cont/ol 4/ou7 of sub;ects who we/e not 4i3en the
sweetene/.
!. ,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would best hel7 e87lain how the sweetene/ 6i4ht
7/oduce the obse/3ed effect=
>A? The 4o3e/n6ent2s anal<sis of the a/tificial sweetene/ dete/6ined that it was
sold in /elati3el< 7u/e fo/6.
>B? A hi4h le3el of the a6ino acid in the blood inhibits the s<nthesis of a
substance /e@ui/ed fo/ no/6al b/ain functionin4.
>C? Because the sweetene/ is used 7/i6a/il< as a food additi3eB ad3e/se /eactions
to it a/e /a/el< noticed b< consu6e/s.
>D? The a6ino acid that is a constituent of the sweetene/ is also sold se7a/atel< as
a dieta/< su77le6ent.
>E? Sub;ects in the e87e/i6ent did not 0now whethe/ the< we/e consu6in4 the
sweetene/ o/ a secondB ha/6less substance.
6. Adult fe6ale /ats who ha3e ne3e/ befo/e encounte/ed /at 7u7s will sta/t to show
6ate/nal beha3io/s afte/ bein4 confined with a 7u7 fo/ about se3en da<s. This
7e/iod can be conside/abl< sho/tened b< disablin4 the fe6ale2s sense of s6ell o/
b< /e6o3in4 the scentA7/oducin4 4lands of the 7u7.
,hich of the followin4 h<7otheses best e87lains the cont/ast desc/ibed abo3e=
>A? The sense of s6ell in adult fe6ale /ats is 6o/e acute than that in /at 7u7s.
>B? The a6ount of scent 7/oduced b< /at 7u7s inc/eases when the< a/e in the
7/esence of a fe6ale /at that did not bea/ the6.
>C? 5e6ale /ats that ha3e 4i3en bi/th a/e 6o/e affected b< olfacto/< cues than a/e
fe6ale /ats that ha3e ne3e/ 4i3en bi/th.
>D? A fe6ale /at that has 4i3en bi/th shows 6ate/nal beha3io/ towa/d /at 7u7s
that she did not bea/ 6o/e @uic0l< than does a fe6ale /at that has ne3e/
4i3en bi/th.
>E? The de3elo76ent of a fe6ale /at2s 6ate/nal inte/est in a /at 7u7 that she did
not bea/ is inhibited b< the odo/ of the 7u7.
%. The inte/3iew is an essential 7a/t of a successful hi/in4 7/o4/a6 becauseB with itB
;ob a77licants who ha3e 7e/sonalities that a/e unsuited to the /e@ui/e6ents of the
GMAT . 'SAT C- 1!
;ob will be eli6inated f/o6 conside/ation.
The a/4u6ent abo3e lo4icall< de7ends on which of the followin4 assu67tions=
>A? A hi/in4 7/o4/a6 will be successful if it includes inte/3iews.
>B? The inte/3iew is a 6o/e i67o/tant 7a/t of a successful hi/in4 7/o4/a6 than is
the de3elo76ent of a ;ob desc/i7tion.
>C? Inte/3iewe/s can accu/atel< identif< a77licants whose 7e/sonalities a/e
unsuited to the /e@ui/e6ents of the ;ob.
>D? The onl< 7u/7ose of an inte/3iew is to e3aluate whethe/ ;ob a77licants2
7e/sonalities a/e suited to the /e@ui/e6ents of the ;ob.
>E? The fit of ;ob a77licants2 7e/sonalities to the /e@ui/e6ents of the ;ob was once
the 6ost i67o/tant facto/ in 6a0in4 hi/in4 decisions.
8. An o3e/l< cent/ali9ed econo6<B not the chan4es in the cli6ateB is /es7onsible fo/
the 7oo/ a4/icultu/al 7/oduction in Count/< H since its new 4o3e/n6ent ca6e to
7owe/. )ei4hbo/in4 Count/< : has e87e/ienced the sa6e cli6atic conditionsB but
while a4/icultu/al 7/oduction has been fallin4 in Count/< HB it has been /isin4 in
Count/< :.
>A? Indust/ial 7/oduction also is declinin4 in Count/< H.
>B? ,he/eas Count/< : is landloc0edB Count/< H has a 6a;o/ sea7o/t.
>C? Both Count/< H and Count/< : ha3e been e87e/iencin4 d/ou4ht conditions.
>D? The c/o7s that ha3e alwa<s been 4/own in Count/< H a/e diffe/ent f/o6 those
that ha3e alwa<s been 4/own in Count/< :.
>E? Count/< H2s new 4o3e/n6ent instituted a cent/ali9ed econo6< with the
intention of ensu/in4 an e@uitable dist/ibution of 4oods.
&. Dseful 7/otein d/u4sB such as insulinB 6ust still be ad6iniste/ed b< the
cu6be/so6e 7/ocedu/e of in;ection unde/ the s0in. If 7/oteins a/e ta0en o/all<B
the< a/e di4ested and cannot /each thei/ ta/4et cells. Ce/tain non7/otein d/u4sB
howe3e/B contain che6ical bonds that a/e not b/o0en down b< the di4esti3e
s<ste6. The< canB thusB be ta0en o/all<.
The state6ents abo3e 6ost st/on4l< su77o/t a clai6 that a /esea/ch 7/ocedu/e that
successfull< acco67lishes which of the followin4 would be beneficial to use/s of
7/otein d/u4s=
>A? Coatin4 insulin with co67ounds that a/e b/o0en down b< ta/4et cellsB but
whose che6ical bonds a/e /esistant to di4estion
>B? Con3e/tin4 into 7/otein co67oundsB b< 7/ocedu/es that wo/0 in the
labo/ato/C? -e6o3in4 7e/6anentl< f/o6 the di4esti3e s<ste6 an< substances that di4est
7/oteins
>D? Dete/6inin4B in a s<ste6atic waE? Dete/6inin4 the a6ount of ti6e each non7/otein d/u4 ta0es to /each its ta/4et
cells
1$. Count/< : uses its sca/ce fo/ei4nAe8chan4e /ese/3es to bu< sc/a7 i/on fo/
/ec<clin4 into steel. Althou4h the steel thus 7/oduced ea/ns 6o/e fo/ei4n
e8chan4e than it costsB that 7olic< is foolish. Count/< :2s own te//ito/< has 3ast
de7osits of i/on o/eB which can be 6ined with 6ini6al e87enditu/e of fo/ei4n
e8chan4e.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 7/o3ides the st/on4est su77o/t fo/ Count/< :2s
7olic< of bu<in4 sc/a7 i/on ab/oad=
>A? The 7/ice of sc/a7 i/on on inte/national 6a/0ets /ose si4nificantl< in 1&8%.
>B? Count/< :2s fo/ei4nAe8chan4e /ese/3es d/o77ed si4nificantl< in 1&8%.
>C? The/e is 3i/tuall< no diffe/ence in @ualit< between steel 7/oduced f/o6 sc/a7
i/on and that 7/oduced f/o6 i/on o/e.
>D? Sc/a7 i/on is now used in the 7/oduction of /ou4hl< half the steel used in the
wo/ld todaE? 5u/naces that 7/ocess sc/a7 i/on can be built and o7e/ated in Count/< : with
substantiall< less fo/ei4n e8chan4e than can fu/naces that 7/ocess i/on o/e.
11. 'ast <ea/ the /ate of inflation was 1. 7e/centB but fo/ the cu//ent <ea/ it has been
# 7e/cent. ,e can conclude that inflation is on an u7wa/d t/end and the /ate will
be still hi4he/ ne8t <ea/.
>A? The inflation fi4u/es we/e co67uted on the basis of a /e7/esentati3e sa67le
of econo6ic data /athe/ than all of the a3ailable data.
>B? 'ast <ea/ a di7 in oil 7/ices b/ou4ht inflation te67o/a/il< below its /ecent
stable annual le3el of # 7e/cent.
>C? Inc/eases in the 7a< of so6e wo/0e/s a/e tied to the le3el of inflationB and at
an inflation /ate of # 7e/cent o/ abo3eB these 7a< /aises constitute a fo/ce
causin4 fu/the/ inflation.
>D? The 1. 7e/cent /ate of inflation last <ea/ /e7/esented a tenA<ea/ low.
>E? Go3e/n6ent inte/3ention cannot affect the /ate of inflation to an< si4nificant
de4/ee.
1. Because no e67lo<ee wants to be associated with bad news in the e<es of a
su7e/io/B info/6ation about se/ious 7/oble6s at lowe/ le3els is 7/o4/essi3el<
softened and disto/ted as it 4oes u7 each ste7 in the 6ana4e6ent hie/a/ch<. The
chief e8ecuti3e isB the/efo/eB less well info/6ed about 7/oble6s at lowe/ le3els
than a/e his o/ he/ subo/dinates at those le3els.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 1%
The conclusion d/awn abo3e is based on the assu67tion that
>A? 7/oble6s should be sol3ed at the le3el in the 6ana4e6ent hie/a/ch< at which
the< occu/
>B? e67lo<ees should be /ewa/ded fo/ accu/atel< /e7o/tin4 7/oble6s to thei/
su7e/io/s
>C? 7/oble6Asol3in4 abilit< is 6o/e i67o/tant at hi4he/ le3els than it is at lowe/
le3els of the 6ana4e6ent hie/a/ch<
>D? chief e8ecuti3es obtain info/6ation about 7/oble6s at lowe/ le3els f/o6 no
sou/ce othe/ than thei/ subo/dinates
>E? so6e e67lo<ees a/e 6o/e conce/ned about t/uth than about the wa< the< a/e
7e/cei3ed b< thei/ su7e/io/s
1". In the Dnited States in 1&86B the a3e/a4e /ate of 3iolent c/i6e in states with st/ict
4unAcont/ol laws was 6#! c/i6es 7e/ 1$$B$$$ 7e/sonsKabout !$ 7e/cent hi4he/
than the a3e/a4e /ate in the ele3en states whe/e st/ict 4unAcont/ol laws ha3e ne3e/
been 7assed. Thus one wa< to /educe 3iolent c/i6e is to /e7eal st/ict 4un cont/ol
laws.
>A? The annual /ate of 3iolent c/i6e in states with st/ict 4unAcont/ol laws has
dec/eased since the 7assa4e of those laws.
>B? In states with st/ict 4unAcont/ol lawsB few indi3iduals a/e 7/osecuted fo/
3iolatin4 such laws.
>C? In states without st/ict 4unAcont/ol lawsB 6an< indi3iduals ha3e had no fo/6al
t/ainin4 in the use of fi/ea/6s.
>D? The annual /ate of non3iolent c/i6e is lowe/ in states with st/ict 4unAcont/ol
laws than in states without such laws.
>E? 'ess than half of the indi3iduals who /eside in states without st/ict 4unA
cont/ol laws own a 4un.
1#. Co/7o/ate office/s and di/ecto/s co66onl< bu< and sellB fo/ thei/ own 7o/tfoliosB
stoc0 in thei/ own co/7o/ations. Gene/all<B when the /atio of such inside sales to
inside 7u/chases falls below to 1 fo/ a 4i3en stoc0B a /ise in stoc0 7/ices is
i66inent. In /ecent da<sB while the 7/ice of MEGA Co/7o/ation stoc0 has been
fallin4B the co/7o/ation2s office/s and di/ecto/s ha3e bou4ht u7 to nine ti6es as
6uch of it as the< ha3e sold.
The facts abo3e best su77o/t which of the followin4 7/edictions=
>A? The i6balance between inside 7u/chases and inside sales of MEGA stoc0 will
4/ow e3en fu/the/.
>B? Inside 7u/chases of MEGA stoc0 a/e about to cease ab/u7tl<.
>C? The 7/ice of MEGA stoc0 will soon be4in to 4o u7.
>D? The 7/ice of MEGA stoc0 will continue to d/o7B but less /a7idl<.
18 GMAT
>E? The 6a;o/it< of MEGA stoc0 will soon be owned b< MEGA2s own office/s
and di/ecto/s.
1!. The 7/o7osal to hi/e ten new 7olice office/s in Middletown is @uite foolish. The/e
is sufficient fundin4 to 7a< the sala/ies of the new office/sB but not the sala/ies of
additional cou/t and 7/ison e67lo<ees to 7/ocess the inc/eased caseload of a//ests
and con3ictions that new office/s usuall< 4ene/ate.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB will 6ost se/iousl< wea0en the conclusion d/awn
abo3e=
>A? Studies ha3e shown that an inc/ease in a cit<2s 7olice fo/ce does not
necessa/il< /educe c/i6e.
>B? ,hen one 6a;o/ cit< inc/eased its 7olice fo/ce b< 1& 7e/cent last <ea/B the/e
we/e #$ 7e/cent 6o/e a//ests and 1" 7e/cent 6o/e con3ictions.
>C? If fundin4 fo/ the new 7olice office/s2 sala/ies is a77/o3edB su77o/t fo/ othe/
cit< se/3ices will ha3e to be /educed du/in4 the ne8t fiscal <ea/.
>D? In 6ost Dnited States citiesB not all a//ests /esult in con3ictionsB and not all
con3ictions /esult in 7/ison te/6s.
>E? Middletown2s /atio of 7olice office/s to citi9ens has /eached a le3el at which
an inc/ease in the nu6be/ of office/s will ha3e a dete//ent effect on c/i6e.
16. A /ecent /e7o/t dete/6ined that althou4h onl< th/ee 7e/cent of d/i3e/s on
Ma/<land hi4hwa<s e@ui77ed thei/ 3ehicles with /ada/ detecto/sB thi/t<Ath/ee
7e/cent of all 3ehicles tic0eted fo/ e8ceedin4 the s7eed li6it we/e e@ui77ed with
the6. Clea/l<B d/i3e/s who e@ui7 thei/ 3ehicles with /ada/ detecto/s a/e 6o/e
li0el< to e8ceed the s7eed li6it /e4ula/l< than a/e d/i3e/s who do not.
The conclusion d/awn abo3e de7ends on which of the followin4 assu67tions=
>A? D/i3e/s who e@ui7 thei/ 3ehicles with /ada/ detecto/s a/e less li0el< to be
tic0eted fo/ e8ceedin4 the s7eed li6it than a/e d/i3e/s who do not.
>B? D/i3e/s who a/e tic0eted fo/ e8ceedin4 the s7eed li6it a/e 6o/e li0el< to
e8ceed the s7eed li6it /e4ula/l< than a/e d/i3e/s who a/e not tic0eted.
>C? The nu6be/ of 3ehicles that we/e tic0eted fo/ e8ceedin4 the s7eed li6it was
4/eate/ than the nu6be/ of 3ehicles that we/e e@ui77ed with /ada/ detecto/s.
>D? Man< of the 3ehicles that we/e tic0eted fo/ e8ceedin4 the s7eed li6it we/e
tic0eted 6o/e than once in the ti6e 7e/iod co3e/ed b< the /e7o/t.
>E? D/i3e/s on Ma/<land hi4hwa<s e8ceeded the s7eed li6it 6o/e often than did
d/i3e/s on othe/ state hi4hwa<s not co3e/ed in the /e7o/t.
1%. The/e is a 4/eat deal of 4eo4/a7hical 3a/iation in the f/e@uenc< of 6an< su/4ical
7/ocedu/esKu7 to tenfold 3a/iation 7e/ hund/ed thousand between diffe/ent a/eas
in the nu6be/s of h<ste/ecto6iesB 7/ostatecto6iesB and tonsillecto6ies.
To su77o/t a conclusion that 6uch of the 3a/iation is due to unnecessa/< su/4ical
7/ocedu/esB it would be 6ost i67o/tant to establish which of the followin4=
GMAT . 'SAT C- 1&
>A? A local boa/d of /e3iew at each hos7ital e8a6ines the /eco/ds of e3e/<
o7e/ation to dete/6ine whethe/ the su/4ical 7/ocedu/e was necessa/<.
>B? The 3a/iation is un/elated to facto/s >othe/ than the su/4ical 7/ocedu/es
the6sel3es? that influence the incidence of diseases fo/ which su/4e/< 6i4ht
be conside/ed.
>C? The/e a/e se3e/al cate4o/ies of su/4ical 7/ocedu/e >othe/ than h<ste/ecto6iesB
7/ostatecto6iesB and tonsillecto6ies? that a/e often 7e/fo/6ed unnecessa/il<.
>D? 5o/ ce/tain su/4ical 7/ocedu/esB it is difficult to dete/6ine afte/ the o7e/ation
whethe/ the 7/ocedu/es we/e necessa/< o/ whethe/ alte/nati3e t/eat6ent
would ha3e succeeded.
>E? ,ith /es7ect to how often the< a/e 7e/fo/6ed unnecessa/il<B h<ste/ecto6iesB
7/ostatecto6iesB and tonsillecto6ies a/e /e7/esentati3e of su/4ical
7/ocedu/es in 4ene/al.
18. -esea/che/s ha3e found that when 3e/< o3e/wei4ht 7eo7leB who tend to ha3e
/elati3el< low 6etabolic /atesB lose wei4ht 7/i6a/il< th/ou4h dietin4B thei/
6etabolis6s 4ene/all< /e6ain unchan4ed. The< will thus bu/n si4nificantl< fewe/
calo/ies at the new wei4ht than do 7eo7le whose wei4ht is no/6all< at that le3el.
Such newl< thin 7e/sons willB the/efo/eB ulti6atel< /e4ain wei4ht until thei/ bod<
si9e a4ain 6atches thei/ 6etabolic /ate.
The conclusion of the a/4u6ent abo3e de7ends on which of the followin4
assu67tions=
>A? -elati3el< few 3e/< o3e/wei4ht 7eo7le who ha3e dieted down to a new
wei4ht tend to continue to consu6e substantiall< fewe/ calo/ies than do
7eo7le whose no/6al wei4ht is at that le3el.
>B? The 6etabolis6s of 7eo7le who a/e usuall< not o3e/wei4ht a/e 6uch 6o/e
able to 3a/< than the 6etabolis6s of 7eo7le who ha3e been 3e/< o3e/wei4ht.
>C? The a6ount of calo/ies that a 7e/son usuall< bu/ns in a da< is dete/6ined
6o/e b< the a6ount that is consu6ed that da< than b< the cu//ent wei4ht of
the indi3idual.
>D? -esea/che/s ha3e not <et dete/6ined whethe/ the 6etabolic /ates of fo/6e/l<
3e/< o3e/wei4ht indi3iduals can be accele/ated b< 6eans of che6ical a4ents.
>E? Because of the constanc< of thei/ 6etabolic /atesB 7eo7le who a/e at thei/
usual wei4ht no/6all< ha3e as 6uch difficult< 4ainin4 wei4ht as the< do
losin4 it.
1&. In 1&8% sinusitis was the 6ost co66on ch/onic 6edical condition in the Dnited
StatesB followed b< a/th/itis and hi4h blood 7/essu/eB in that o/de/.
The incidence /ates fo/ both a/th/itis and hi4h blood 7/essu/e inc/ease with a4eB
but the incidence /ate fo/ sinusitis is the sa6e fo/ 7eo7le of all a4es.
The a3e/a4e a4e of the Dnited States 7o7ulation will inc/ease between 1&8% and
$$$.
1"$ GMAT
,hich of the followin4 conclusions can be 6ost 7/o7e/l< d/awn about ch/onic
6edical conditions in the Dnited States f/o6 the info/6ation 4i3en abo3e=
>A? Sinusitis will be 6o/e co66on than eithe/ a/th/itis o/ hi4h blood 7/essu/e in
$$$.
>B? A/th/itis will be the 6ost co66on ch/onic 6edical condition in $$$.
>C? The a3e/a4e a4e of 7eo7le suffe/in4 f/o6 sinusitis will inc/ease between 1&8%
and $$$.
>D? 5ewe/ 7eo7le will suffe/ f/o6 sinusitis in $$$ than suffe/ed f/o6 it in 1&8%.
>E? A 6a;o/it< of the 7o7ulation will suffe/ f/o6 at least one of the 6edical
conditions 6entioned abo3e b< the <ea/ $$$.
$. Ia/asitic was7s la< thei/ e44s di/ectl< into the e44s of 3a/ious host insects in
e8actl< the /i4ht nu6be/s fo/ an< suitable si9e of host e44. If the< laid too 6an<
e44s in a host e44B the de3elo7in4 was7 la/3ae would co67ete with each othe/ to
the death fo/ nut/ients and s7ace. If too few e44s we/e laidB 7o/tions of the host
e44 would decaA? The si9e of the s6allest host e44 that a was7 could theo/eticall< 7a/asiti9e can
be dete/6ined f/o6 the was72s e44Ala<in4 beha3io/.
>B? Host insects lac0 an< effecti3e defenses a4ainst the fo/6 of 7/edation
7/acticed b< 7a/asitic was7s.
>C? Ia/asitic was7s lea/n f/o6 e87e/ience how 6an< e44s to la< into the e44s of
diffe/ent host s7ecies.
>D? 5ailu/e to la< enou4h e44s would lead to the death of the de3elo7in4 was7
la/3ae 6o/e @uic0l< than would la<in4 too 6an< e44s.
>E? Ia/asitic was7s use 3isual clues to calculate the si9e of a host e44.
TEST 1$
1. In 1&8! in the count/< of AlissiaB fa/6e/s b/ou4ht to 6a/0et a b/occoli c/o7 that
was oneAandAaAhalf ti6es as la/4e as the 1&8! b/occoli c/o7 in its nei4hbo/
count/<B Ba/be/a. :et total @uantities of b/occoli a3ailable fo/ sale to consu6e/s
in Alissia we/e s6alle/ than we/e total @uantities in Ba/be/a in 1&8!.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB in 1&8!B cont/ibutes 6ost to an e87lanation of
wh< the/e was less b/occoli a3ailable fo/ sale to consu6e/s in Alissia than in
Ba/be/a=
>A? Ba/be/a2s fa/6e/s 7/oduced 6uch 6o/e cabba4e than did Alissia2s fa/6e/s.
>B? Ba/be/a2s fa/6e/s 7/oduced fewe/ heads of b/occoli 7e/ ac/e than did
Alissia2s fa/6e/s.
>C? Alissia e87o/ted a 6uch hi4he/ 7/o7o/tion of its b/occoli c/o7 than did
GMAT . 'SAT C- 1"1
Ba/be/a.
>D? B/occoli was 6uch 6o/e 7o7ula/ a6on4 consu6e/s in Alissia than in
Ba/be/a.
>E? Alissia had 6o/e land suitable fo/ 4/owin4 b/occoli than did Ba/be/a.
. A 6anufactu/e/ of 6en2s d/ess soc0s sou4ht to inc/ease 7/ofits b< inc/easin4
sales. The si9e of its custo6e/ 7ool was /e6ainin4 stead<B with the a3e/a4e
custo6e/ bu<in4 twel3e 7ai/s of d/ess soc0s 7e/ <ea/. The co67an<2s 7lan was to
inc/ease the nu6be/ of 7/o6otional discountAsale 7e/iods to one e3e/< si8
6onths.
,hich of the followin4B if it is a /ealistic 7ossibilitA? )ew 6anufactu/in4 ca7acit< would not be /e@ui/ed if the co67an< we/e to
inc/ease the nu6be/ of 7ai/s of soc0s sold.
>B? In3ento/< stoc0s of 6e/chandise /ead< fo/ sale would be hi4h 7/ecedin4 the
inc/ease in the nu6be/ of discountAsale 7e/iods.
>C? The 6anufactu/e/2s co67etito/s would 6atch its discounts du/in4 sale
7e/iodsB and its custo6e/s would lea/n to wait fo/ those ti6es to 6a0e thei/
7u/chases.
>D? )ew st<les and colo/s would inc/ease custo6e/s2 consciousness of fashion in
d/ess soc0sB but the custo6e/s2 /e@ui/e6ents fo/ olde/ st<les and colo/s
would not be /educed.
>E? The cost of the 6anufactu/e/2s /aw 6ate/ials would /e6ain stead<B and its
custo6e/s would ha3e 6o/e dis7osable inco6e.
". I/e3ious studies ha3e indicated that eatin4 chocolate inc/eases the li0elihood of
4ettin4 hea/t disease. Howe3e/B a newB 6o/e /eliable stud< has indicated that
eatin4 chocolate does not inc/ease the li0elihood of 4ettin4 hea/t disease. ,hen
the /esults of the new stud< beco6e 0nownB consu67tion of chocolate will
undoubtedl< inc/ease.
,hich of the followin4 is an assu67tion on which the conclusion abo3e is based=
>A? Most 7eo7le who eat a 4/eat deal of chocolate will not 4et hea/t disease.
>B? Althou4h the< belie3e that eatin4 chocolate inc/eases the li0elihood of 4ettin4
hea/t diseaseB so6e 7eo7le still eat as 6uch chocolate as the< want.
>C? Ieo7le who ha3e hea/d that eatin4 chocolate inc/eases the li0elihood of
4ettin4 hea/t disease do not belie3e it.
>D? The/e a/e 7eo7le who cu//entl< eat as 6uch chocolate as the< want because
the< ha3e not hea/d that eatin4 chocolate inc/eases the li0elihood of 4ettin4
hea/t disease.
>E? The/e a/e 7eo7le who cu//entl< li6it thei/ consu67tion of chocolate onl<
because the< belie3e that eatin4 chocolate inc/eases the li0elihood of 4ettin4
hea/t disease.
1" GMAT
#. The fossil /eco/d shows that the cli6ate of )o/th A6e/ica wa/6ed and d/ied at
the end of the Ileistocene 7e/iod. Most of the s7ecies of la/4e 6a66als then
li3in4 on the continent beca6e e8tinctB but the s6alle/ 6a66alian s7ecies
su/3i3ed.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 7/o3ides the best basis fo/ an e87lanation of the
cont/ast desc/ibed abo3e between s7ecies of la/4e 6a66als and s7ecies of s6all
6a66als=
>A? Indi3idual la/4e 6a66als canB in 4ene/alB t/a3el fu/the/ than s6all 6a66als
and so a/e 6o/e able to 6i4/ate in sea/ch of a hos7itable en3i/on6ent.
>B? The sa6e 7atte/n of co67a/ati3e success in s6alle/B as o77osed to la/4e/B
s7ecies that is obse/3ed in 6a66als is also found in bi/d s7ecies of the sa6e
7e/iod.
>C? The fossil /eco/d f/o6 the end of Ileistocene 7e/iod is as clea/ fo/ s6all
6a66als as it is fo/ la/4e 6a66als.
>D? 'a/4e/ 6a66als ha3e 4/eate/ food and s7ace /e@ui/e6ents than s6alle/
6a66als and a/e thus less able to withstand en3i/on6ental chan4e.
>E? Man< 6o/e of the s7ecies of la/4e/ 6a66als than of the s7ecies of s6alle/
6a66als li3in4 in )o/th A6e/ica in that 7e/iod had o/i4inated in cli6ates
that we/e wa/6e/ than was that of )o/th A6e/ica befo/e the end of the
Ileistocene 7e/iod.
!. Bonuses at DS- Indust/ies cannot be awa/ded unless 7/ofits e8ceed a ten 7e/cent
/etu/n on stoc0holde/s2 in3est6ents in the co67an<. Hi4he/ 7/ofits 6ean hi4he/
bonuses. The/efo/eB bonuses in a <ea/ of 4ene/al econo6ic /ecession will be
conside/abl< lowe/ than bonuses in a <ea/ of 7ea0 7/ofits at DS-.
The conclusion abo3e de7ends on the assu67tion that
>A? the fi/6 will ha3e /elati3el< low 7/ofits in /ecession <ea/s
>B? the a6ount /e7/esented b< a ten 7e/cent /etu/n on stoc0holde/s2 in3est6ents
in the co67an< will inc/ease f/o6 <ea/ to <ea/
>C? 7/ofits /a/el< e8ceed a ten 7e/cent /etu/n on stoc0holde/s2 in3est6ents in the
co67an<
>D? 7/ofits in e8cess of a ten 7e/cent /etu/n on stoc0holde/s2 in3est6ents in the
co67an< a/e all dist/ibuted in the fo/6 of bonuses
>E? bonuses at DS- ne3e/ d/o7 to 9e/o
Questions &-' are based on the following.
Suitable habitats fo/ 4/a< wol3es ha3e 4/eatl< di6inished in a/ea. In s7ite of this factB
the 6ost sensible cou/se would be to /ef/ain f/o6 /eestablishin4 4/a< wol3es in 7laces
whe/e 7/e3iousl< the< ha3e been hunted out of e8istence. St/i3in4 to b/in4 bac0 these
ani6als to 7laces whe/e the< will onl< face lethal hu6an hostilit< is i66o/al.
6. The a/4u6ent abo3e de7ends on
GMAT . 'SAT C- 1""
>A? an a77eal to an autho/it<
>B? a belief that 4/a< wol3es a/e dan4e/ous to hu6an bein4s and li3estoc0
>C? an assu67tion that two e3ents that occu/ to4ethe/ 6ust be causall< connected
>D? an assu67tion that the futu/e will be li0e the 7ast
>E? a th/eat of 3iolence a4ainst those 7e/sons 7/esentin4 the o77osin4 3iew
%. The a/4u6ent abo3e would be 6ost si4nificantl< wea0ened if which of the
>A? Effecti3e laws a4ainst the huntin4 of 4/a< wol3es ha3e been enacted.
>B? -anche/sB fa/6e/sB and hunte/s still ha3e an in4/ained bias a4ainst 4/a<
wol3es.
>C? B< the 1&"$2s bount< hunte/s had e8te/6inated 6ost of the 4/a< wol3es in the
Dnited States.
>D? I/o4/a6s fo/ inc/easin4 the 4/a< wolf 7o7ulation a/e not aided b< fede/al
laws that /e@ui/e the licensin4 of hunte/s of ce/tain 7/edato/s.
>E? Su44ested 7/o4/a6s fo/ inc/easin4 the 4/a< wolf 7o7ulation ha3e been
c/itici9ed b< en3i/on6entalists and biolo4ists.
8. 5o/ the safet<Aconscious Swedish 6a/0etB a Dnited States 6anufactu/e/ of
des0to7 co67ute/s de3elo7ed a s7ecial dis7la< sc/een that 7/oduces a 6uch
wea0e/ elect/o6a4netic field su//oundin4 the use/ than do o/dina/< sc/eens.
Des7ite an ad3anta4e in this /es7ect o3e/ its co67etito/sB the 6anufactu/e/ is
int/oducin4 the sc/een into the Dnited States 6a/0et without ad3e/tisin4 it as a
safet< i67/o3e6ent.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 7/o3ides a /ationale fo/ the 6anufactu/e/2s
a77/oach to ad3e/tisin4 the sc/een in the Dnited States=
>A? Man< 6o/e des0to7 co67ute/s a/e sold each <ea/ in the Dnited States 6a/0et
than a/e sold in the Swedish 6a/0et.
>B? The 6anufactu/e/ does not want its co67etito/s to beco6e awa/e of the
6eans b< which the co67an< has achie3ed this ad3ance in technolo4<.
>C? Most business and scientific 7u/chase/s of des0to7 co67ute/s e87ect to
/e7lace such e@ui76ent e3entuall< as bette/ technolo4< beco6es a3ailable
on the 6a/0et.
>D? An e67hasis on the co67a/ati3e safet< of the new sc/een would call into
@uestion the safet< of the 6an< sc/eens the 6anufactu/e/ has al/ead< sold in
the Dnited States.
>E? Conce/n has been e87/essed in the Dnited States o3e/ the health effects of the
la/4e elect/o6a4netic fields su//oundin4 elect/ic 7owe/ lines.
&. In the subu/bs su//oundin4 MiddletownB the/e is an a3e/a4e of .# auto6obiles
7e/ fa6il<B and thus 3e/< few subu/ban /esidents use 7ublic buses. The subu/ban
co66unitiesB the/efo/eB would de/i3e little benefit f/o6 continuin4 to subsidi9e
1"# GMAT
the 7o/tion of Middletown2s 7ublic bus s<ste6 that se/3es the subu/bs.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB casts the 6ost se/ious doubt on the conclusion
d/awn abo3e=
>A? The /ealAestate ta8 /ate in Middletown is hi4he/ than it is in the subu/bs.
>B? 'ast <ea/ 3ote/s in the subu/ban co66unities defeated b< a na//ow 6a/4in a
bill desi4ned to inc/ease subsidies fo/ 7ublic bus /outes.
>C? Man< subu/ban sho7s can att/act enou4h e67lo<ees to /e6ain in business
onl< because subsidi9ed 7ublic t/ans7o/tation f/o6 Middletown is a3ailable.
>D? Iublic buses o7e/ated with less than a "! 7e/cent occu7anc< /ate 7/oduce
6o/e 7ollution 7e/ 7assen4e/ 6ile than would the o7e/ation of 7/i3ate
auto6obiles fo/ each 7assen4e/.
>E? Most 3ote/s in Middletown2s subu/ban co66unities a/e unwillin4 to continue
subsidies fo/ 7ublic buses ne8t <ea/ if /ide/shi7 on those buses d/o7s below
cu//ent le3els.
1$. An< ta8 /elief /ecei3ed b< the sola/ indust/< would not benefit the ho6eowne/
who installs a sola/Aene/4< s<ste6. E3en thou4h ho6eowne/s would 7a< a lowe/
7/ice fo/ sola/Aene/4< s<ste6 installations because of this ta8 /eliefB with the
4o3e/n6ent 7a<in4 the balanceB 4o3e/n6ent /e3enues co6e f/o6 the 7ublic.
The a/4u6ent abo3e is based on which of the followin4 assu67tions=
>A? The ta8 /elief would cause the ho6eowne/ to loseB th/ou4h ta8es o/ /educed
4o3e/n6ent benefits o/ bothB an a6ount at least e@ual to the /eduction in the
7/ice of that ho6eowne/2s sola/Aene/4< s<ste6 installation.
>B? The ta8 /elief that would be /ecei3ed b< sola/Aene/4< indust/ies would not be
offe/ed at the sa6e ti6e as an< ta8 /elief fo/ othe/ indust/ies.
>C? Ad3e/tise6ents of the sola/Aene/4< indust/D? Ho6eowne/s 4ene/all< belie3e that the< benefit f/o6 an< ta8 /elief offe/ed to
the sola/Aene/4< indust/<.
>E? Ta8 /elief would encou/a4e sola/ indust/ies to sell sola/Aene/4< s<ste6s at
hi4he/ 7/ices.
11. 'ess than !$ 7e/cent of a ce/tain t/o7ical count/<2s wildlands /e6ains intact.
Effo/ts a/e unde/ wa< to /esto/e biolo4ical di3e/sit< in that count/< b< /esto/in4
so6e dest/o<ed wild habitats and e8tendin4 so6e /elati3el< intact 7o/tions of
fo/ests. Howe3e/B o77onents a/4ue that these effo/ts a/e not needed because the/e
is still 7lent< of wildland left.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost si4nificantl< wea0ens the a/4u6ent of the
o77onents of conse/3ation effo/ts=
>A? As 6uchB if not 6o/eB effo/t is /e@ui/ed to /esto/e a wild habitat as to 7/ese/3e
an intact habitat.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 1"!
>B? The o77onents of /esto/ation effo/ts a/eB fo/ the 6ost 7a/tB 6e6be/s of the
wealthie/ classes in thei/ own 3illa4es and cities.
>C? E8istin4 conse/3ation laws ha3e been 3e/< effecti3e in 7/ese/3in4 biolo4ical
di3e/sit< within the wildlands that /e6ain intact.
>D? 5o/ 6an< t/o7ical s7ecies nati3e to that count/E? If a suitable 7o7ulation of 7lants and ani6als is int/oduced and is 7e/6itted to
dis7e/se and 4/owB t/o7ical habitats can 6ost ce/tainl< be /esto/ed.
1. A stud< co67a/in4 a 4/ou7 of ch/onicall< de7/essed indi3iduals with an
othe/wise 6atched 4/ou7 of indi3iduals f/ee f/o6 de7/ession found si4nificantl<
6o/e diso/de/s of the i66une s<ste6 a6on4 the de7/essed 4/ou7. Acco/din4 to
the /esea/che/sB these /esults st/on4l< su77o/t the h<7othesis that 6ental states
influence the bod<2s 3ulne/abilit< to infection.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB casts the 6ost se/ious doubt on the /esea/che/s2
inte/7/etation of thei/ findin4s=
>A? The /esea/che/s2 3iew does little 6o/e than echo a fa6ilia/ the6e in fol0lo/e
and lite/atu/e.
>B? Ch/onicall< de7/essed indi3iduals a/e no less ca/eful than othe/s to a3oid
e87osu/e to infections.
>C? Diso/de/s of the i66une s<ste6 cause 6an< of those indi3iduals who ha3e
the6 to beco6e ch/onicall< de7/essed.
>D? Indi3iduals who ha3e 7/e3iousl< been f/ee f/o6 de7/ession can beco6e
de7/essed @uite suddenl<.
>E? A hi4h f/e@uenc< of infections can ste6 f/o6 an unusuall< hi4h le3el of
e87osu/e /athe/ than f/o6 an< diso/de/ of the i66une s<ste6.
1". E87o/ts of Dnited States wood 7ul7 will /ise conside/abl< du/in4 this <ea/. The
/eason fo/ the /ise is that the fallin4 3alue of the dolla/ will 6a0e it chea7e/ fo/
7a7e/ 6anufactu/e/s in +a7an and ,este/n Eu/o7e to bu< A6e/ican wood 7ul7
than to 4et it f/o6 an< othe/ sou/ce.
,hich of the followin4 is an assu67tion 6ade in d/awin4 the conclusion abo3e=
>A? 5acto/< out7ut of 7a7e/ 7/oducts in +a7an and ,este/n Eu/o7e will inc/ease
sha/7l< du/in4 this <ea/.
>B? The @ualit< of the wood 7ul7 7/oduced in the Dnited States would be
ade@uate fo/ the 7u/7oses of +a7anese and ,este/n Eu/o7ean 7a7e/
6anufactu/e/s.
>C? Ia7e/ 6anufactu/e/s in +a7an and ,este/n Eu/o7e would 7/efe/ to use wood
7ul7 7/oduced in the Dnited States if cost we/e not a facto/.
>D? De6and fo/ 7a7e/ 7/oducts 6ade in +a7an and ,este/n Eu/o7e will not
inc/ease sha/7l< du/in4 this <ea/.
>E? I/oduction of wood 7ul7 b< Dnited States co67anies will not inc/ease
1"6 GMAT
sha/7l< du/in4 this <ea/.
1#. A co67an<2s 7e/sonnel di/ecto/ su/3e<ed e67lo<ees about thei/ satisfaction with
the co67an<2s s<ste6 fo/ awa/din4 e67lo<ee 7e/fo/6ance /atin4s. The su/3e<
data indicated that e67lo<ees who /ecei3ed hi4h /atin4s we/e 3e/< satisfied with
the s<ste6. The 7e/sonnel di/ecto/ concluded f/o6 these data that the co67an<2s
bestA7e/fo/6in4 e67lo<ees li0ed the s<ste6.
The 7e/sonnel di/ecto/2s conclusion assu6es which of the followin4=
>A? )o othe/ 7e/fo/6ance /atin4 s<ste6 is as 4ood as the cu//ent s<ste6.
>B? The co67an<2s bestA7e/fo/6in4 e67lo<ees /ecei3ed hi4h /atin4s.
>C? E67lo<ees who /ecei3ed low /atin4s we/e dissatisfied with the s<ste6.
>D? E67lo<ees who /ecei3e hi4h /atin4s f/o6 a 7e/fo/6anceA/atin4 s<ste6 will
li0e that s<ste6.
>E? The co67an<2s bestA7e/fo/6in4 e67lo<ees we/e 6oti3ated to 7e/fo/6 well
b< the 0nowled4e that the< would /ecei3e 7e/fo/6ance /atin4s.
1!. In A/4onia the a3e/a4e /ate d/i3e/s 7a< fo/ ca/ accident insu/ance is /e4ulated to
allow insu/ance co67anies to 6a0e a /easonable 7/ofit. Dnde/ the /e4ulationsB the
/ate an< indi3idual d/i3e/ 7a<s ne3e/ de7ends on the actual distance d/i3en b<
that d/i3e/ each <ea/. The/efo/eB A/4onians who d/i3e less than a3e/a4e 7a/tiall<
subsidi9e the insu/ance of those who d/i3e 6o/e than a3e/a4e.
The conclusion abo3e would be 7/o7e/l< d/awn if it we/e also t/ue that in A/4onia
>A? the a3e/a4e accident insu/ance /ate fo/ all d/i3e/s /ises whene3e/ a substantial
nu6be/ of new d/i3e/s bu< insu/ance
>B? the a3e/a4e cost to insu/ance co67anies of insu/in4 d/i3e/s who d/i3e less
than the annual a3e/a4e is less than the a3e/a4e cost of insu/in4 d/i3e/s who
d/i3e 6o/e than the annual a3e/a4e
>C? the lowe/ the a4e of a d/i3e/B the hi4he/ the insu/ance /ate 7aid b< that d/i3e/
>D? insu/ance co67an< 7/ofits would /ise substantiall< if d/i3e/s we/e classified
in te/6s of the actual nu6be/ of 6iles the< d/i3e each <ea/
>E? d/i3e/s who ha3e caused insu/ance co67anies to 7a< costl< clai6s 4ene/all<
7a< insu/ance /ates that a/e e@ual to o/ lowe/ than those 7aid b< othe/ d/i3e/s
16. In the 1&%$2s the/e was an o3e/su77l< of colle4e 4/aduates. The o3e/su77l<
caused the a3e/a4e annual inco6e of colle4e 4/aduates to fall to a le3el onl< 18
7e/cent 4/eate/ than that of wo/0e/s with onl< hi4h school di7lo6as. B< the late
1&8$2s the a3e/a4e annual inco6e of colle4e 4/aduates was #" 7e/cent hi4he/
than that of wo/0e/s with onl< hi4h school di7lo6asB e3en thou4h between the
1&%$2s and the late 1&8$2s the su77l< of colle4e 4/aduates did not dec/ease.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB in the late 1&8$2sB best /econciles the a77a/ent
disc/e7anc< desc/ibed abo3e=
>A? The econo6< slowedB thus c/eatin4 a dec/eased de6and fo/ colle4e
GMAT . 'SAT C- 1"%
4/aduates.
>B? The @ualit< of hi4h school education i67/o3ed.
>C? Co67a/ed to the 1&%$2sB a 4/eate/ nu6be/ of hi4h schools offe/ed 3ocational
4uidance 7/o4/a6s fo/ thei/ students.
>D? The 7/o7o/tion of the 7o7ulation with at least a colle4eAle3el education
inc/eased.
>E? The/e was fo/ the fi/st ti6e in $ <ea/s an o3e/su77l< of ;ob see0e/s with onl<
hi4h school di7lo6as.
1%. ,o/0in4 sho/te/ wo/0wee0s causes 6ana4e/s to feel less st/ess than does
wo/0in4 lon4e/ wo/0wee0s. In additionB 4/eate/ 7e/cei3ed cont/ol o3e/ one2s
wo/0 life /educes st/ess le3els. It can be concludedB the/efo/eB that sho/te/
wo/0wee0s cause 6ana4e/s to feel the< ha3e 6o/e cont/ol o3e/ thei/ wo/0 life.
The a/4u6ent 6ade abo3e uses which of the followin4 @uestionable techni@ues=
>A? Associatin4 two conditions as cause and effect on the basis of thei/ bein4
causall< associated with the sa6e 7heno6enon
>B? Ta0in4 fo/ 4/anted that two facto/s that ha3e a ce/tain effect indi3iduall<
7/oduce that effect 6o/e st/on4l< when both act to4ethe/
>C? Assu6in4 what it sets out to 7/o3e
>D? Dsin4 an i//ele3ant 7oint in o/de/ to d/aw a conclusion
>E? Basin4 a conclusion on 7/econcei3ed 3iews about the needs of 6ana4e/s
18. The/e a/e funda6entall< two 7ossible chan4es in an econo6< that will each cause
inflation unless othe/ co67ensatin4 chan4es also occu/. These chan4es a/e eithe/
/eductions in the su77l< of 4oods and se/3ices o/ inc/eases in de6and. In a
7/eban0in4 econo6< the @uantit< of 6one< a3ailableB and hence the le3el of
de6andB is e@ui3alent to the @uantit< of 4old a3ailable.
If the state6ents abo3e a/e t/ueB then it is also t/ue that in a 7/eban0in4 econo6<
>A? an< inflation is the /esult of /eductions in the su77l< of 4oods and se/3ices
>B? if othe/ facto/s in the econo6< a/e unchan4edB inc/easin4 the @uantit< of 4old
a3ailable will lead to inflation
>C? if the/e is a /eduction in the @uantit< of 4old a3ailableB thenB othe/ thin4s
bein4 e@ualB inflation 6ust /esult
>D? the @uantit< of 4oods and se/3ices 7u/chasable b< a 4i3en a6ount of 4old is
constant
>E? whate3e/ chan4es in de6and occu/B the/e will be co67ensatin4 chan4es in the
su77l< of 4oods and se/3ices
1&. Indust/ialists f/o6 the count/< Disto7ia we/e accused of 7/o6otin4 the Disto7ian
inte/3ention in the A/cadian ci3il wa/ 6e/el< to insu/e that the indust/ialists2
facilities in A/cadia 6ade substantial 7/ofits du/in4 the wa/. :et this cannot be the
6oti3e sinceB as the Disto7ians fo/esawB Disto7ia2s fede/al e87enses fo/ the
1"8 GMAT
inte/3ention we/e ei4ht billion dolla/sB whe/easB du/in4 the wa/B 7/ofits f/o6 the
Disto7ian indust/ialists2 facilities in A/cadia totaled onl< fou/ billion dolla/s.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB e87oses a se/ious flaw in the a/4u6ent 6ade in
the second sentence abo3e=
>A? Du/in4 the A/cadian wa/B 6an< Disto7ian indust/ialists with facilities located
in A/cadia e87e/ienced a si4nificant /ise in 7/oducti3it< in thei/ facilities
located in Disto7ia.
>B? The la/4est 7/o7o/tion of Disto7ia2s fede/al e87enses is bo/ne b< those who
/ecei3e no si4nificant indust/ial 7/ofits.
>C? Most Disto7ian indust/ialists2 facilities located in A/cadia a/e e87ected to
6aintain the le3el of 7/ofits the< achie3ed du/in4 the wa/.
>D? Disto7ian indust/ialists2 facilities in A/cadia 6ade substantial 7/ofits befo/e
the e3ents that t/i44e/ed the ci3il wa/.
>E? Man< Disto7ians e87/essed conce/n o3e/ the suffe/in4 that A/cadians
unde/went du/in4 the ci3il wa/.
$. In the Dnited StatesB in;u/ies to 7assen4e/s in3ol3ed in auto6obile accidents a/e
t<7icall< 6o/e se3e/e than in Eu/o7eB whe/e laws /e@ui/e a diffe/ent 0ind of
safet< belt. It is clea/ f/o6 this that the Dnited States needs to ado7t 6o/e
st/in4ent standa/ds fo/ safet< belt desi4n to 7/otect auto6obile 7assen4e/s bette/.
Each of the followin4B if t/ueB wea0ens the a/4u6ent abo3e EHCEIT1
>A? Eu/o7eans a/e 6o/e li0el< to wea/ safet< belts than a/e 7eo7le in the Dnited
States.
>B? Dnli0e Dnited States d/i3e/sB Eu/o7ean d/i3e/s /ecei3e t/ainin4 in how best to
/eact in the e3ent of an accident to 6ini6i9e in;u/ies to the6sel3es and to
thei/ 7assen4e/s.
>C? Ca/s built fo/ the Eu/o7ean 6a/0et tend to ha3e 6o/e stu/d< const/uction than
do ca/s built fo/ the Dnited States 6a/0et.
>D? Auto6obile 7assen4e/s in the Dnited States ha3e a 4/eate/ statistical chance
of bein4 in3ol3ed in an accident than do 7assen4e/s in Eu/o7e.
>E? States that ha3e /ecentl< be4un /e@ui/in4 the Eu/o7ean safet< belt ha3e
e87e/ienced no /eduction in the a3e/a4e se3e/it< of in;u/ies suffe/ed b<
7assen4e/s in auto6obile accidents.
TEST 11
1. The school boa/d has dete/6ined that it is necessa/< to /educe the nu6be/ of
teache/s on the staff. -athe/ than decidin4 which teache/s will be laid off on the
basis of senio/itA? the/e is a wa< of dete/6inin4 the effecti3eness of teache/s
>B? what one indi3idual defines as effecti3e teachin4 will not be defined as
effecti3e teachin4 b< anothe/ indi3idual
>C? those with the 6ost e87e/ience teachin4 a/e the best teache/s
>D? those teache/s who a/e 7aid the 6ost a/e 4ene/all< the 6ost @ualified
>E? so6e teache/s will be 6o/e effecti3e wo/0in4 with so6e students than with
othe/ students
. Since a77lied scientific /esea/ch is /e@ui/ed fo/ technolo4ical ad3ance6entB 6an<
ha3e /i4htl< u/4ed an inc/eased e67hasis in uni3e/sities on a77lied /esea/ch. But
we 6ust not 4i3e too little attention to basic /esea/chB e3en thou4h it 6a< ha3e no
fo/eseeable a77licationB fo/ to6o//ow2s a77lied /esea/ch will de7end on the basic
/esea/ch of toda<.
If the state6ents abo3e a/e t/ueB which of the followin4 can be 6ost /eliabl<
infe//ed=
>A? If futu/e technolo4ical ad3ance6ent is desi/edB basic /esea/ch should /ecei3e
4/eate/ e67hasis than a77lied /esea/ch.
>B? If basic /esea/ch is 3alued in uni3e/sitiesB a77lied /esea/ch should be 4i3en
less e67hasis than it cu//entl< has.
>C? If futu/e technolo4ical ad3ance6ent is desi/edB /esea/ch should be li6ited to
that with so6e fo/eseeable a77lication.
>D? If too little attention is 4i3en to basic /esea/ch todaE? If technolo4ical ad3ance6ent is 4i3en insufficient e67hasisB basic /esea/ch
will also /ecei3e too little attention.
". The 5i/st Ban0in4 G/ou72s decision to in3est in an elect/onic netwo/0 fo/
t/ansfe//in4 funds was based on a cost ad3anta4e o3e/ a nonelect/onic s<ste6 of
about ten dolla/s 7e/ t/ansaction in usin4 an elect/onic s<ste6. E8ecuti3es
/easoned fu/the/ that the s<ste6 would 4i3e the6 an ad3anta4e o3e/ co67etito/s.
,hich of the followin4B if it is a /ealistic 7ossibilitA? The cost ad3anta4e of usin4 the elect/onic s<ste6 will not inc/ease
sufficientl< to 6atch the 7ace of inflation.
>B? Co67etito/s will fo/ the sa6e /easons install elect/onic s<ste6sB and the
/esultin4 o3e/ca7acit< will lead to 6utuall< da6a4in4 7/ice wa/s.
>C? The elect/onic s<ste6 will 7/o3ide a 6eans fo/ faste/ t/ansfe/ of fundsB if the
5i/st Ban0in4 G/ou7 wishes to 7/o3ide faste/ t/ansfe/ to its custo6e/s.
>D? 'a/4e ban0s f/o6 outside the a/ea se/3ed b< the 5i/st Ban0in4 G/ou7 ha3e
/ecentl< established b/anches in that a/ea as co67etito/s to the 5i/st Ban0in4
G/ou7.
1#$ GMAT
>E? E@ui76ent used in the elect/onic netwo/0 fo/ t/ansfe//in4 funds will be
co67atible with e@ui76ent used in othe/ such netwo/0s.
#. ,hich of the followin4 best co67letes the a/4u6ent below=
(ne effect of the int/oduction of the elect/ic /ef/i4e/ato/ was a colla7se in the
6a/0et fo/ ice. 5o/6e/l< householde/s had bou4ht ice to 0ee7 thei/ icebo8es cool
and the food sto/ed in the icebo8es f/esh. )ow the icebo8es cool the6sel3es.
Si6ila/lA? inc/ease the si9e of c/o7 ha/3ests
>B? inc/ease the cost of seeds
>C? /educe de6and fo/ che6ical 7esticides
>D? /educe the 3alue of fa/6land
>E? /educe the nu6be/ of fa/6e/s 0ee7in4 li3estoc0
!. In 1&8! the cit<2s 5ine A/ts Museu6 sold "$B$$$ sin4leAent/< tic0ets. In 1&86 the
cit<2s 5ol0 A/ts and Inte/io/ Desi4n 6useu6s o7enedB and these th/ee 6useu6s
to4ethe/ sold o3e/ 8$B$$$ such tic0ets that <ea/. These 6useu6s we/e wo/th the
costB since 6o/e than twice as 6an< citi9ens a/e now en;o<in4 the a/ts.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< wea0ens the autho/2s asse/tion that
6o/e than twice as 6an< citi9ens a/e now en;o<in4 the a/ts=
>A? Most 3isito/s to one 6useu6 also 3isit the othe/ two.
>B? The cost of buildin4 the 6useu6s will not be co3e/ed b< /e3enues 4ene/ated
b< the sale of 6useu6 tic0ets.
>C? As the two new 6useu6s beco6e bette/ 0nownB e3en 6o/e citi9ens will 3isit
the6.
>D? The cit<2s 5ine A/ts Museu6 did not e87e/ience a dec/ease in sin4leAent/<
tic0ets sold in 1&86.
>E? 5ewe/ 6useu6 ent/< tic0ets we/e sold in 1&86 than the 6useu6 7lanne/s had
ho7ed to sell.
6. 51 ,e ou4ht not to test the safet< of new d/u4s on sentient ani6alsB such as do4s
and /abbits. (u/ benefit 6eans thei/ 7ainB and the< a/e e@ual to us in the ca7acit<
to feel 7ain.
G1 ,e 6ust ca//< out such testsG othe/wiseB we would i//es7onsibl< sac/ifice the
hu6an li3es that could ha3e been sa3ed b< the d/u4s.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB is the best ob;ection that could be 6ade f/o6 52s
7oint of 3iew to counte/ G2s 7oint=
>A? E3en thou4h it is not necessa/< fo/ 7eo7le to use cos6eticsB cos6etics a/e
also bein4 tested on sentient ani6als.
>B? Medical science al/ead< has at its dis7osal a 4/eat nu6be/ of d/u4s and othe/
t/eat6ents fo/ se/ious illnesses.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 1#1
>C? It is not 7ossible to obtain scientificall< ade@uate /esults b< testin4 d/u4s in
the test tubeB without 6a0in4 tests on li3in4 tissue.
>D? So6e of the d/u4s to be tested would sa3e hu6an bein4s f/o6 4/eat 7ain.
>E? Man< tests now 7e/fo/6ed on sentient ani6als can be 7e/fo/6ed e@uall< well
on fe/tili9ed chic0en e44s that a/e at a 3e/< ea/l< sta4e of de3elo76ent.
%. ,hich of the followin4 best co67letes the 7assa4e below=
The une67lo<6ent /ate in the Dnited States fell f/o6 %.! 7e/cent in 1&81 to 6.&
7e/cent in 1&86. It cannotB howe3e/B be 7/o7e/l< concluded f/o6 these statistics
that the nu6be/ of une67lo<ed in 1&86 was lowe/ than it had been in 1&81
becauseCCCCCC
>A? hel7Awanted ad3e/tise6ents inc/eased between 1&81 and 1&86
>B? 6an< of the hi4hA7a<in4 indust/ial ;obs a3ailable in 1&81 we/e /e7laced b<
lowAwa4e se/3ice ;obs in 1&86B /esultin4 in dis7lace6ents of hund/eds of
thousands of wo/0e/s
>C? in so6e 6idweste/n indust/ial statesB the une67lo<6ent /ate was 6uch
hi4he/ in 1&86 than it had been in 1&81
>D? the total a3ailable wo/0 fo/ceB includin4 those with and without e67lo<6entB
inc/eased between 1&81 and 1&86
>E? the a3e/a4e ti6e that e67lo<ees sta< in an< one ;ob d/o77ed du/in4 the 7e/iod
1&81 to 1&86
8. To /educe costsB a co67an< is conside/in4 a d/astic /eduction in the nu6be/ of
6iddleAle3el 6ana4e/s. This /eduction would be acco67lished b< fi/st offe/in4
ea/l< /eti/e6ent to those !$ <ea/s of a4e o/ olde/ with 1! <ea/s of se/3iceB and
then b< fi/in4 enou4h of the othe/s to b/in4 the o3e/all /eduction to !$ 7e/cent.
Each of the followin4B assu6in4 that it is a /ealistic 7ossibilitA? 'o<alt< to the co67an< will be /educed a6on4 those su/3i3in4 the /eductionB
because the< will 7e/cei3e the status of e3en 4ood 6ana4e/s as unce/tain.
>B? The /est/uctu/in4 of 6ana4e/ial ;obs will allow business units to be ada7ted
to fit a chan4in4 business en3i/on6ent.
>C? The co67an< will ha3e a s6alle/ 7ool of 6ana4e/s f/o6 which to choose in
selectin4 futu/e senio/ 6ana4e/s.
>D? So6e of the best 6ana4e/sB unsu/e of thei/ secu/it< a4ainst bein4 fi/edB will
choose ea/l< /eti/e6ent.
>E? The inc/eased wo/0load of 6ana4e/s /e6ainin4 with the co67an< will
sub;ect the6 to st/ess that will e3entuall< affect thei/ 7e/fo/6ance.
&. In o/de/ to /elie3e con4estion in the ai/s7ace nea/ the ai/7o/ts of a ce/tain count/<B
t/ans7o/tation officials 7/o7ose sendin4 7assen4e/s b< new /a7id t/ains between
the count/<2s 6a;o/ ai/7o/t and se3e/al s6all cities within a "$$A6ile /adius of it.
1# GMAT
This 7lan was 7/o7osed e3en thou4h the officials /eali9ed that it is the 6a;o/
ai/7o/t that is con4estedB not those in the s6all cities.
The 7lan to /elie3e con4estion would wo/0 best if which of the followin4 we/e
t/ue about the 6a;o/ ai/7o/t=
>A? -ail tic0ets between the ai/7o/t and the s6all cities will 6ost li0el< cost 6o/e
than the cu//ent ai/ tic0ets fo/ those /outes.
>B? Most 7assen4e/s who f/e@uentl< use the ai/7o/t 7/efe/ to /each thei/ cities of
destination e8clusi3el< b< ai/B e3en if the< 6ust chan4e 7lanes twice.
>C? The/e a/e feasible chan4es in the ai/7o/t2s t/affic cont/ol s<ste6 which would
si4nificantl< /elie3e con4estion.
>D? So6e of the con4estion the ai/7o/t e87e/iences could be /elie3ed if 6o/e
fli4hts we/e scheduled at ni4ht and at othe/ offA7ea0 hou/s.
>E? A si4nificant 7/o7o/tion of the ai/7o/t2s t/affic consists of 7assen4e/s
t/ansfe//in4 between inte/national fli4hts and fli4hts to the s6all cities.
An annuall< conductedB nationwide su/3e< shows a continuin4 6a/0ed decline in the
use of ille4al d/u4s b< hi4h school senio/s o3e/ the last th/ee <ea/s.
1$. ,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB casts 6ost doubt on the /ele3ance of the su/3e<
/esults desc/ibed abo3e fo/ d/awin4 conclusions about ille4al d/u4 use in the
teenAa4e 7o7ulation as a whole=
>A? Because of cuts in fundin4B no su/3e< of ille4al d/u4 use b< hi4h school
senio/s will be conducted ne8t <ea/.
>B? The decline unco3e/ed in the su/3e< has occu//ed des7ite the dec/easin4 cost
of ille4al d/u4s.
>C? Ille4al d/u4 use b< teenAa4e/s is hi4hest in those a/eas of the count/< whe/e
teenAa4e/s a/e least li0el< to sta< in hi4h school fo/ thei/ senio/ <ea/.
>D? Su/3e< 7a/tici7ants a/e 6o/e li0el< now than the< we/e th/ee <ea/s a4o to
desc/ibe as Ehe/oicF 7eo7le who we/e addicted to ille4al d/u4s and ha3e
been able to @uit.
>E? The 7/o7o/tion of hi4h school senio/s who sa< that the< st/on4l< disa77/o3e
of ille4al d/u4 use has declined o3e/ the last th/ee <ea/s.
11. ,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would 7/o3ide 6ost su77o/t fo/ concludin4 f/o6
the su/3e< /esults desc/ibed abo3e that the use of ille4al d/u4s b< 7eo7le below
the a4e of $ is declinin4=
>A? Chan4es in the le3el of d/u4 use b< hi4h school senio/s a/e seldo6 6atched
b< chan4es in the le3el of d/u4 use b< othe/ 7eo7le below the a4e of $.
>B? In the 7astB hi4h school senio/s we/e consistentl< the 7o7ulation 4/ou7 6ost
li0el< to use ille4al d/u4s and 6ost li0el< to use the6 hea3il<.
>C? The 7e/centa4e of hi4h school senio/s who use ille4al d/u4s is consistentl<
GMAT . 'SAT C- 1#"
3e/< si6ila/ to the 7e/centa4e of all 7eo7le below the a4e of $ who use
ille4al d/u4s.
>D? The decline /e3ealed b< the su/3e<s is the /esult of d/u4 education 7/o4/a6s
s7ecificall< ta/4eted at those below the a4e of $.
>E? The nu6be/ of those su/3e<ed who ad6it to ha3in4 sold ille4al d/u4s has
declined e3en faste/ than has the nu6be/ who ha3e used d/u4s.
1. I/esident of the Dnited States1 I ha3e /ecei3ed o3e/ B$$$ lette/s on this issueB
and the 3ast 6a;o/it< of the6 su77o/t 6< cu//ent 7osition. These lette/s 7/o3e
that 6ost of the 7eo7le in the count/< a4/ee with 6e.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost wea0ens the I/esident2s conclusion=
>A? The issue is a 3e/< di3isi3e one on which 6an< 7eo7le ha3e st/on4 o7inions.
>B? So6e 6e6be/s of Con4/ess disa4/ee with the I/esident2s 7osition.
>C? Ieo7le who disa4/ee with the I/esident feel 6o/e st/on4l< about the issue
than do 7eo7le who a4/ee with hi6.
>D? Ieo7le who a4/ee with the I/esident a/e 6o/e li0el< to w/ite to hi6 than a/e
7eo7le who disa4/ee with hi6.
>E? Du/in4 the 7/esidential ca67ai4nB the I/esident stated a 7osition on this issue
that was so6ewhat diffe/ent f/o6 his cu//ent 7osition.
1". So6e 4o3e/n6ents ha3e t/ied to 6a0e alcohol and tobacco less att/acti3e to
consu6e/s b< /e4ulatin4 what can be shown in ad3e/tise6ents fo/ these 7/oductsB
/athe/ than b< bannin4 ad3e/tisin4 of the6 alto4ethe/. Howe3e/B the need to obe<
the lette/ of these /est/ictions has actuall< sti6ulated ad3e/tise/s to c/eate
ad3e/tise6ents that a/e 6o/e in3enti3e and hu6o/ous than the< we/e 7/io/ to the
/est/ictions2 int/oduction.
which of the followin4B if t/ueB wouldB in con;unction with the state6ents abo3eB
best su77o/t the conclusion that the 4o3e/n6ent 7olic< desc/ibed abo3e fails to
achie3e its ob;ecti3e=
>A? Because of the /e3enues 4ained f/o6 the sale of alcohol and tobaccoB
4o3e/n6ents ha3e no /eal inte/est in 6a0in4 these 7/oducts less att/acti3e to
consu6e/s.
>B? Ad3e/tise/s tend to c/eate in3enti3e and hu6o/ous ad3e/tise6ents onl< if the<
ha3e so6e 7a/ticula/ /eason to do so.
>C? Bannin4 ad3e/tisin4 of alcohol and tobacco is a 7a/ticula/l< effecti3e wa< of
6a0in4 these 7/oducts less att/acti3e to consu6e/s.
>D? ,ith the 7olic< in 7laceB ad3e/tise6ents fo/ alcohol and tobacco ha3e beco6e
fa/ 6o/e in3enti3e and hu6o/ous than ad3e/tise6ents fo/ othe/ 0inds of
7/oducts.
>E? The 6o/e in3enti3e an ad3e/tise6ent isB the 6o/e att/acti3e it 6a0es the
ad3e/tised 7/oduct a77ea/.
1## GMAT
1#. ,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB best co67letes the a/4u6ent below=
Co67a/isons of the a3e/a4e standa/ds of li3in4 of the citi9ens of two count/ies
should /eflect the citi9ens2 co67a/ati3e access to 4oods and se/3ices. -eliable
fi4u/es in a count/<2s own cu//enc< fo/ the a3e/a4e inco6e of its citi9ens a/e
easil< obtained. But it is difficult to 4et an accu/ate co67a/ison of a3e/a4e
standa/ds of li3in4 f/o6 these fi4u/esB becauseCCCCCC
>A? the/e a/e usuall< no fi4u/es co67a/in4 how 6uch of two diffe/ent cu//encies
6ust be s7ent in o/de/ to 7u/chase a 4i3en @uantit< of 4oods and se/3ices
>B? wa4e le3els fo/ the sa6e ;ob 3a/< 4/eatl< f/o6 count/< to count/C? these fi4u/es 6ust be calculated b< di3idin4 the 4/oss national 7/oduct of a
count/< b< the si9e of its 7o7ulation
>D? co67a/ati3e access to 4oods and se/3ices is onl< one of se3e/al facto/s
/ele3ant in dete/6inin4 @ualit< of life
>E? the wealthB and hence the standa/d of li3in4B of a count/<2s citi9ens is 3e/<
closel< /elated to thei/ inco6e
1!. The le3el of lead conta6ination in Dnited States /i3e/s declined between 1&%!
and 1&8!. 5ede/al /e4ulations /e@ui/in4 a d/o7 in indust/ial discha/4es of lead
went into effect in 1&%!B but the 6a;o/ cause of the decline was a %! 7e/cent d/o7
in the use of leaded 4asoline between 1&%! and 1&8!.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB best su77o/ts the clai6 that the 6a;o/ cause of the
decline in the le3el of lead conta6ination in Dnited States /i3es was the decline in
the use of leaded 4asoline=
>A? The le3el of lead conta6ination in Dnited States /i3e/s fell sha/7l< in both
1&%! and 1&8".
>B? Most of the decline in indust/ial discha/4es of lead occu//ed befo/e 1&%6B but
the la/4est decline in the le3el of /i3e/ conta6ination occu//ed between 1&8$
and 1&8!.
>C? 'e3els of lead conta6ination in /i3e/s fell sha/7l< in 1&%!A1&%6 and /ose 3e/<
sli4htl< o3e/ the ne8t nine <ea/s.
>D? 'e3els of lead conta6ination /ose in those /i3e/s whe/e the/e was /educed
/i3e/ flow due to d/ou4ht.
>E? Althou4h the use of leaded 4asoline declined %! 7e/cent between 1&%! and
1&8!B 8$ 7e/cent of the decline too0 7lace in 1&8!.
16. Geo/4e Be/na/d Shaw w/ote1 EThat an< sane nationB ha3in4 obse/3ed that <ou
could 7/o3ide fo/ the su77l< of b/ead b< 4i3in4 ba0e/s a 7ecunia/< inte/est in
ba0in4 fo/ <ouB should 4o on to 4i3e a su/4eon a 7ecunia/< inte/est in cuttin4 off
<ou/ le4 is enou4h to 6a0e one des7ai/ of 7olitical hu6anit<.F
Shaw2s state6ent would best se/3e as an illust/ation in an a/4u6ent c/itici9in4
which of the followin4=
GMAT . 'SAT C- 1#!
>A? Dentists who 7e/fo/6 unnecessa/< dental wo/0 in o/de/ to ea/n a 7/ofit
>B? Docto/s who inc/ease thei/ 7/ofits b< s7eciali9in4 onl< in diseases that affect
a la/4e 7e/centa4e of the 7o7ulation
>C? G/oce/s who /aise the 7/ice of food in o/de/ to inc/ease thei/ 7/ofit 6a/4ins
>D? (il co67anies that dec/ease the 7/ice of thei/ oil in o/de/ to inc/ease thei/
6a/0et sha/e
>E? Ba0e/s and su/4eons who ea/n a 7/ofit b< su77l<in4 othe/ 7eo7les2 basic
needs
1%. Since 1&%! the/e has been in the Dnited States a d/a6atic decline in the incidence
of t/aditional childhood diseases such as 6easles. This decline has been
acco67anied b< an inc/eased incidence of Iete/son2s diseaseB a hithe/to /a/e 3i/al
infectionB a6on4 child/en. 5ew adultsB howe3e/B ha3e been affected b< the
disease.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would best hel7 to e87lain the inc/eased
incidence of Iete/son2s disease a6on4 child/en=
>A? He/edita/< facto/s dete/6ine in 7a/t the de4/ee to which a 7e/son is
susce7tible to the 3i/us that causes Iete/son2s disease.
>B? The dec/ease in t/aditional childhood diseases and the acco67an<in4 inc/ease
in Iete/son2s disease ha3e not been found in an< othe/ count/<.
>C? Child/en who cont/act 6easles de3elo7 an i66unit< to the 3i/us that causes
Iete/son2s disease.
>D? Ie/sons who did not cont/act 6easles in childhood 6i4ht cont/act 6easles in
adulthoodB in which case the conse@uences of the disease would 4ene/all< be
6o/e se3e/e.
>E? Those who ha3e cont/acted Iete/son2s disease a/e at inc/eased /is0 of
cont/actin4 chic0en 7o8.
18. Man< 7lant 3a/ieties used in indust/iall< de3elo7ed nations to i67/o3e culti3ated
c/o7s co6e f/o6 less de3elo7ed nations. )o co67ensation is 7aid on the 4/ounds
that the 7lants used a/e Ethe co66on he/ita4e of hu6anit<.F Such /easonin4 isB
howe3e/B flawed. Afte/ allB no one su44ests that coalB oilB and o/es should be
e8t/acted without 7a<6ent.
,hich of the followin4 best desc/ibes an as7ect of the 6ethod used b< the autho/
in the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? The autho/ 7/oceeds f/o6 a nu6be/ of s7ecific obse/3ations to a tentati3e
4ene/ali9ation.
>B? The autho/ a77lies to the case unde/ discussion facts about 7heno6ena
assu6ed to be si6ila/ in so6e /ele3ant /es7ect.
>C? A 7osition is st/en4thened b< showin4 that the o77osite of that 7osition would
ha3e lo4icall< absu/d conse@uences.
>D? A line of /easonin4 is called into @uestion on the 4/ounds that it confuses
1#6 GMAT
cause and effect in a causal /elation.
>E? An a/4u6ent is anal<9ed b< se7a/atin4 state6ents of fact f/o6 indi3idual
3alue ;ud46ents.
1&. It is widel< assu6ed that a 6useu6 is hel7ed financiall< when a 4ene/ous 7at/on
donates a 7otential e8hibit. In t/uthB howe3e/B donated ob;ects /e@ui/e sto/a4e
s7aceB which is not f/eeB and /outine conse/3ationB which is /athe/ e87ensi3e.
The/efo/eB such 4ifts e8ace/bate /athe/ than li4hten the de6ands 6ade on a
6useu62s financial /esou/ces.
>A? To 0ee7 7at/ons well dis7osedB a 6useu6 will find it ad3isable to 7ut at least
so6e donated ob;ects on e8hibit /athe/ than 6e/el< in sto/a4e.
>B? The 7eo7le who a/e 6ost li0el< to donate 3aluable ob;ects to a 6useu6 a/e
also the 7eo7le who a/e 6ost li0el< to 6a0e cash 4ifts to it.
>C? A 6useu6 cannot sa3e 6one< b< /eso/tin4 to chea7 sto/a4e unde/ less than
ade@uate conditionsB because so doin4 would d/i3e u7 the cost of
conse/3ation.
>D? Iat/ons e87ect a 6useu6 to 0ee7 donated ob;ects in its 7ossession /athe/ than
to /aise cash b< sellin4 the6.
>E? (b;ects donated b< a 7at/on to a 6useu6 a/e often of such i67o/tance that
the 6useu6 would be obli4ed to add the6 to its collection th/ou4h 7u/chase
if necessa/<.
$. Des7ite the a77/oach of winte/B oil 7/ices to indust/ial custo6e/s a/e
e8ce7tionall< low this <ea/ and li0el< to /e6ain so. The/efo/eB unless the winte/ is
es7eciall< se3e/eB the 7/ice of natu/al 4as to indust/ial custo6e/s is also li0el< to
/e6ain low.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 7/o3ides the 6ost su77o/t fo/ the conclusion
abo3e=
>A? 'on4Ate/6 weathe/ fo/ecasts 7/edict a 6ild winte/.
>B? The indust/ial use/s who consu6e 6ost natu/al 4as can @uic0l< and chea7l<
switch to usin4 oil instead.
>C? The la/4est sou/ces of su77l< fo/ both oil and natu/al 4as a/e in subt/o7ical
/e4ions unli0el< to be affected b< winte/ weathe/.
>D? The fuel /e@ui/e6ents of indust/ial use/s of natu/al 4as a/e not se/iousl<
affected b< the weathe/.
>E? (il dist/ibution is 6o/e li0el< to be affected b< se3e/e winte/ weathe/ than is
the dist/ibution of natu/al 4as.
TEST 1
1. The count/< of Ma/a3ia has se3e/e ai/ 7ollutionB 8$ 7e/cent of which is caused b<
GMAT . 'SAT C- 1#%
the e8haust fu6es of ca/s. In o/de/ to /educe the nu6be/ of ca/s on the /oadB the
4o3e/n6ent is /aisin4 ta8es on the cost of bu<in4 and /unnin4 a ca/ b< $ 7e/cent.
This ta8 inc/easeB the/efo/eB will si4nificantl< /educe ai/ 7ollution in Ma/a3ia.
>A? The 4o3e/n6ent of Ma/a3ia is in the 7/ocess of buildin4 a si4nificant nu6be/
of /oadwa<s.
>B? Ma/a3ia is an oilA7/oducin4 count/< and is able to /efine an a6ount of
4asoline sufficient fo/ the needs of its 7o7ulation.
>C? Ma/a3ia has had an e8cellent 7ublic t/ans7o/tation s<ste6 fo/ 6an< <ea/s.
>D? )inet< 7e/cent of the 7o7ulation of Ma/a3ia is 3e/< 7/os7e/ous and has a
substantial a6ount of dis7osable inco6e.
>E? In Ma/a3iaB ca/s that e6it /elati3el< low le3els of 7ollutants cost 1$ 7e/cent
less to o7e/ateB on a3e/a4eB than do ca/s that e6it hi4h le3els of 7ollutants.
. Consu6e/ inco6e /e7o/ts 7/oduced b< the 4o3e/n6ent distin4uish between
households and fa6ilies b< 6eans of the followin4 definition1 EA fa6il< is a
household containin4 a householde/ and at least one 7e/son /elated to the
householde/.F E8ce7t fo/ the ho6eless and 7eo7le in 4/ou7 li3in4 @ua/te/sB 6ost
7eo7le li3e in households.
Acco/din4 to the definition abo3eB which of the followin4 6ust be t/ue=
>A? All householde/s a/e 6e6be/s of fa6ilies.
>B? All fa6ilies include a householde/.
>C? All of the 7eo7le /elated to a householde/ fo/6 a fa6il<.
>D? So6e 7eo7le /esidin4 in 4/ou7 li3in4 @ua/te/s a/e 6e6be/s of fa6ilies.
>E? So6e ho6eless 7eo7le /eside in 4/ou7 li3in4 @ua/te/s.
The 7/o7o/tion of 6anufactu/in4 co67anies in Ala6eda that use 6ic/oelect/onics in
thei/ 6anufactu/in4 7/ocesses inc/eased f/o6 6 7e/cent in 1&%& to 66 7e/cent in 1&&$.
Man< labo/ leade/s sa< that the int/oduction of 6ic/oelect/onics is the 7/inci7al cause
of the 4/eat inc/ease in une67lo<6ent du/in4 that 7e/iod in Ala6eda. In actual factB
howe3e/B 6ost of the ;ob losses we/e due to o/4ani9ational chan4es. Mo/eo3e/B
acco/din4 to new fi4u/es /eleased b< the labo/ de7a/t6entB the/e we/e 6an< 6o/e
7eo7le e67lo<ed in Ala6eda in the 6anufactu/in4 indust/< in 1&&$ than in 1&%&.
". ,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB best /econciles the disc/e7anc< between the
inc/ease in une67lo<6ent and the inc/ease in ;obs in the 6anufactu/in4 indust/<
of Ala6eda=
>A? Man< 7/oducts that contain 6ic/oelect/onic co67onents a/e now asse6bled
co67letel< b< 6achine.
>B? ,o/0e/s in3ol3ed in the 3a/ious as7ects of the 6anufactu/in4 7/ocesses that
use 6ic/oelect/onic technolo4< need e8tensi3e t/ainin4.
1#8 GMAT
>C? It is difficult to e3aluate nu6e/icall< what i67act on ;ob secu/it< the
int/oduction of 6ic/oelect/onics in the wo/07lace had befo/e 1&%&.
>D? In 1&&$ o3e/ &$ 7e/cent of the ;obs in Ala6eda2s 6anufactu/in4 co67anies
we/e filled b< wo/0e/s who 6o3ed to Ala6eda because the< had s0ills fo/
which the/e was no de6and in Ala6eda 7/io/ to the int/oduction of
6ic/oelect/onics the/e.
>E? Man< wo/0e/s who ha3e /eti/ed f/o6 the 6anufactu/in4 indust/< in Ala6eda
since 1&%& ha3e not been /e7laced b< <oun4e/ wo/0e/s.
#. ,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost st/en4then the labo/ leade/s2 clai6
conce/nin4 the 6anufactu/in4 indust/< in Ala6eda=
>A? 5/o6 1&%& to 1&&$B fewe/ e67lo<ees of 6anufactu/in4 co67anies in
Ala6eda lost thei/ ;obs because of the int/oduction of 6ic/oelect/onics than
did e67lo<ees of 6anufactu/in4 co67anies in the nea/b< co66unit< of
-oc0side.
>B? The fi4u/es on the use of 6ic/oelect/onics that we/e 6ade 7ublic a/e the
/esult of in@ui/ies 6ade of 6ana4e/s in the 6anufactu/in4 indust/< in
Ala6eda.
>C? The o/4ani9ational chan4es that led to ;ob losses in all secto/s of the
6anufactu/in4 indust/< in Ala6eda we/e 7/i6a/il< the /esult of the
int/oduction of 6ic/oelect/onics.
>D? 5i4u/es on ;ob losses in the 6anufactu/in4 indust/< in Ala6eda fo/ the late
si8ties and ea/l< se3enties ha3e not been 6ade a3ailable.
>E? A few ;obs in the 6anufactu/in4 indust/< in Ala6eda could ha3e been sa3ed if
wo/0e/s had been willin4 to beco6e 0nowled4eable in 6ic/oelect/onics.
!. The nu6be/ of 6usicians e67lo<ed to 7la< acco67ani6ent fo/ /adio and
tele3ision co66e/cials has sha/7l< dec/eased o3e/ the 7ast ten <ea/s. This has
occu//ed e3en thou4h the nu6be/ of co66e/cials 7/oduced each <ea/ has not
si4nificantl< chan4ed fo/ the last ten <ea/s.
,hich of the followin4B if it occu//ed du/in4 the 7ast ten <ea/sB would cont/ibute
'EAST to an e87lanation of the facts abo3e=
>A? The t<7e of 6usic 6ost 7o7ula/ fo/ use in co66e/cials has chan4ed f/o6 a
t<7e that /e@ui/es a la/4e nu6be/ of inst/u6ents to a t<7e that /e@ui/es 3e/<
few inst/u6ents.
>B? The/e has been an inc/ease in the nu6be/ of co66e/cials that use onl< the
s7o0en wo/d and sound effectsB /athe/ than 6usical acco67ani6ent.
>C? The/e has been an inc/ease in the nu6be/ of co66e/cials that use a
s<nthesi9e/B an inst/u6ent on which one 6usician can /e7/oduce the sound
of 6an< 6usicians 7la<in4 to4ethe/.
>D? The/e has been an inc/ease in the nu6be/ of co66e/cials that use
7/e/eco/ded 6usic as thei/ onl< sou/ce of 6usic.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 1#&
>E? The/e has been an inc/ease in the nu6be/ of co66e/cials that use 6usicians
;ust sta/tin4 in the 6usic indust/< /athe/ than 6usicians e87e/ienced in
acco67an<in4 co66e/cials.
6. -ecent audits /e3ealed that Ban@ueCa/dB a c/edit se/3iceB has e//ed in calculatin4
the inte/est it cha/4es its clients. But Ban@ueCa/d2s chief accountant /easoned that
the 7/ofits that the co67an< shows would /e6ain unaffected b< a /e3ision of its
clients2 c/edit state6ents to co//ect its 7/e3ious billin4 e//o/sB since ;ust as 6an<
clients had been o3e/cha/4ed as unde/cha/4ed.
,hich of the followin4 is a /easonin4 e//o/ that the accountant 6a0es in
concludin4 that co//ectin4 its clients2 state6ents would lea3e Ban@ueCa/d2s
7/ofits unaffected=
>A? -el<in4 on the /e7utation of Ban@ueCa/d as a t/ustwo/th< c/edit se/3ice to
6aintain the co67an<2s clientele afte/ the e//o/ beco6es widel< 0nown
>B? 5ailin4 to establish that Ban@ueCa/d cha/4es the sa6e /ates of inte/est fo/ all
of its clients
>C? (3e/loo0in4 the 7ossibilit< that the a6ount b< which Ban@ueCa/d2s clients
had been o3e/cha/4ed 6i4ht be 4/eate/ than the a6ount b< which the< had
been unde/cha/4ed
>D? Assu6in4 that the clients who had been o3e/cha/4ed b< Ban@ueCa/d had not
noticed the e//o/ in thei/ c/edit bills
>E? I/esu77osin4 that each one of Ban@ueCa/d2s clients had eithe/ been
o3e/cha/4ed o/ else had been unde/cha/4ed b< the billin4 e//o/
%. )ot Sco/ed
8. -esidents of an a7a/t6ent co67le8 a/e conside/in4 two 7ossible 7lans fo/
collectin4 /ec<clable t/ash.
Ilan 1 A -esidents will de7osit /ec<clable t/ash in 6unici7al du67ste/s located in
the 7a/0in4 lot. The t/ash will be collected on the fi/st and the fifteenth da<s of
each 6onth.
Ilan A -esidents will be 4i3en indi3idual containe/s fo/ /ec<clable t/ash. The
containe/s will be 7laced at the cu/b twice a wee0 fo/ t/ash collection.
,hich of the followin4 7oints /aised at a 6eetin4 of the /esidentsB if 3alidB would
6ost fa3o/ one of the /ec<clin4 7lans o3e/ the othe/=
>A? -esidents will be /e@ui/ed to e8e/cise ca/e in se7a/atin4 /ec<clable t/ash f/o6
non/ec<clable t/ash.
>B? 5o/ t/ash /ec<clin4 to be successfulB /esidents 6ust se7a/ate /ec<clable bottles
and cans f/o6 /ec<clable 7a7e/ 7/oducts.
>C? Ienalties will be le3ied a4ainst /esidents who fail to so/t thei/ t/ash co//ectl<.
>D? Indi3idual /ec<clin4 containe/s will need to be 6ade of a st/on4 and du/able
6ate/ial.
1!$ GMAT
>E? -ec<clable t/ash that is allowed to accu6ulate fo/ two wee0s will att/act
/odents.
&. In 1&&$ all of the 7eo7le who a77lied fo/ a ;ob at E3co also a77lied fo/ a ;ob at
-adecoB and E3co and -adeco each offe/ed ;obs to half of these a77licants.
The/efo/eB e3e/< one of these a77licants 6ust ha3e been offe/ed a ;ob in 1&&$.
The a/4u6ent abo3e is based on which of the followin4 assu67tions about these
;ob a77licants=
>A? All of the a77licants we/e 3e/< well @ualified fo/ a ;ob at eithe/ E3co o/
-adeco.
>B? All of the a77licants acce7ted a ;ob at eithe/ E3co o/ -adeco.
>C? )one of the a77licants was offe/ed a ;ob b< both E3co and -adeco.
>D? )one of the a77licants had a77lied fo/ ;obs at 7laces othe/ than E3co and
-adeco.
>E? )one of the a77licants had 7/e3iousl< wo/0ed fo/ eithe/ E3co o/ -adeco.
1$. The 4eese that 4athe/ at the 7ond of a la/4e co/7o/ation c/eate a ha9a/d fo/
e8ecuti3es who use the co/7o/ate helico7te/B whose landin4 site is #$ feet awa<
f/o6 the 7ond. To sol3e the 7/oble6B the co/7o/ation 7lans to i67o/t a la/4e
nu6be/ of he/din4 do4s to 0ee7 the 4eese awa< f/o6 the helico7te/.
,hich of the followin4B if a /ealistic 7ossibilitA? The do4s will fo/6 an uncont/ollable 7ac0.
>B? The do4s will /e@ui/e t/ainin4 to lea/n to he/d the 4eese.
>C? The do4s will f/i4hten awa< fo8es that 7/e< on old and sic0 4eese.
>D? It will be necessa/< to 0ee7 the do4s in @ua/antine fo/ "$ da<s afte/ i67o/tin4
the6.
>E? So6e of the 4eese will 6o3e to the 7ond of anothe/ co/7o/ation in o/de/ to
a3oid bein4 he/ded b< the do4s.
11. ,hen a 7e/son is unde/ intense 7s<cholo4ical st/essB his o/ he/ ca/dio3ascula/
/es7onse is the sa6e as it is du/in4 3i4o/ous 7h<sical e8e/cise. Is<cholo4ical
st/essB thenB 6ust be beneficial fo/ the hea/t as is 3i4o/ous 7h<sical e8e/cise.
The a/4u6ent abo3e /elies on which of the followin4 assu67tions=
>A? E8e/cise is an effecti3e 6eans of /elie3in4 7s<cholo4ical st/ess.
>B? The bod<2s sho/tAte/6 ca/dio3ascula/ /es7onse to an< acti3it< indicates that
acti3it<2s lon4Ate/6 effect on the bod<.
>C? Ca/dio3ascula/ /es7onse du/in4 an acti3it< is an ade@uate 6easu/e of how
beneficial the acti3it< is fo/ the hea/t.
>D? Is<cholo4ical st/ess can ha3e a 7ositi3e effect on the bod<.
>E? *i4o/ous e8e/cise is the 6ost /eliable 6ethod of 6aintainin4 a health< hea/t.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 1!1
1. Afte/ 4/aduatin4 f/o6 hi4h schoolB 7eo7le /a/el< 6ulti7l< f/actions o/ discuss
ancient -o6eB but the< a/e conf/onted dail< with decisions /elatin4 to ho6e
econo6ics. :et whe/eas 6athe6atics and histo/< a/e /e@ui/ed cou/ses in the hi4h
school cu//iculu6B ho6e econo6ics is onl< an electi3eB and few students choose
to ta0e it.
,hich of the followin4 7ositions would be best su77o/ted b< the conside/ations
abo3e=
>A? If 6athe6atics and histo/< we/e not /e@ui/ed cou/sesB few students would
choose to ta0e the6.
>B? ,he/eas ho6e econo6ics would be the 6ost useful sub;ect fo/ 7eo7le facin4
the decisions the< 6ust 6a0e in dail< lifeB often 6athe6atics and histo/< can
also hel7 the6 face these decisions.
>C? If it is i67o/tant to teach hi4h school students sub;ects that /elate to decisions
that will conf/ont the6 in thei/ dail< li3esB then ho6e econo6ics should be
6ade an i67o/tant 7a/t of the hi4h school cu//iculu6.
>D? Mathe6aticsB histo/E? Dnless hi4h schools 7ut 6o/e e67hasis on nonacade6ic sub;ects li0e ho6e
econo6icsB 7eo7le 4/aduatin4 f/o6 hi4h school will ne3e/ feel co6fo/table
about 6a0in4 the decisions that will conf/ont the6 in thei/ dail< li3es.
1". Houses built du/in4 the last ten <ea/s ha3e been found to contain indoo/ ai/
7ollution at le3els that a/eB on a3e/a4eB 6uch hi4he/ than the le3els found in olde/
houses. The /eason ai/A7ollution le3els a/e hi4he/ in the newe/ houses is that
6an< such houses a/e built nea/ the sites of old waste du67s o/ whe/e
auto6obile e6issions a/e hea3<.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB calls into @uestion the e87lanation abo3e=
>A? Man< new houses a/e built with ai/Afilt/ation s<ste6s that /e6o3e f/o6 the
house 7ollutants that a/e 4ene/ated indoo/s.
>B? The easin4 of standa/ds fo/ s6o0estac0 e6issions has led to an inc/ease in
ai/A7ollution le3els in ho6es.
>C? )ew houses built in secluded /u/al a/eas a/e /elati3el< f/ee of ai/ 7ollutants.
>D? ,a/6Aweathe/ conditions tend to slow down the 6o3e6ent of ai/B thus
0ee7in4 7ollution t/a77ed nea/ its sou/ce.
>E? I/essboa/dB an ine87ensi3e new 7l<wood substitute now often used in the
const/uction of housesB e6its the 7ollutant fo/6aldeh<de into the house.
1#. The 6ost i67o/tant as7ect of 6o3ie6a0in4 is con3e<in4 a scene2s /h<th6.
Con3e<in4 /h<th6 de7ends less on the a/tistic @ualit< of the indi3idual
7hoto4/a7hic i6a4es than on how the shots 4o to4ethe/ and the o/de/ in which
the< hi4hli4ht diffe/ent as7ects of the action ta0in4 7lace in f/ont of the ca6e/a.
1! GMAT
If the state6ents abo3e a/e t/ueB which of the followin4 6ust be t/ue on the basis
of the6=
>A? The a/tistic @ualit< of the indi3idual 7hoto4/a7hic i6a4e is uni67o/tant in
6o3ie 7hoto4/a7h<.
>B? Ihoto4/a7he/s 0nown fo/ the su7e/b a/tistic @ualit< of thei/ 7hoto4/a7hs a/e
seldo6 effecti3e as 6o3ie6a0e/s.
>C? Ha3in4 the abilit< to 7/oduce 7hoto4/a7hs of su7e/b a/tistic @ualit< does not
in itself 4ua/antee ha3in4 the abilit< to be a 4ood 6o3ie6a0e/.
>D? Mo3ie 7hoto4/a7he/s who a/e 4ood at thei/ ;obs /a/el< 4i3e se/ious thou4ht to
the a/tistic @ualit< of the 7hoto4/a7hs the< ta0e.
>E? To con3e< a scene2s /h<th6 effecti3el<B a 6o3ie6a0e/ 6ust hi4hli4ht 6an<
diffe/ent as7ects of the action ta0in4 7lace.
1!. Hu6an bein4s can see the s7atial /elations a6on4 ob;ects b< 7/ocessin4
info/6ation con3e<ed b< li4ht. Scientists t/<in4 to build co67ute/s that can
detect s7atial /elations b< the sa6e 0ind of 7/ocess ha3e so fa/ desi4ned and built
stationa/< 6achines. Howe3e/B these scientists will not achie3e thei/ 4oal until
the< 7/oduce such a 6achine that can 6o3e a/ound in its en3i/on6ent.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would best su77o/t the 7/ediction abo3e=
>A? Hu6an bein4s a/e de7endent on 3isual cues f/o6 6otion in o/de/ to detect
s7atial /elations.
>B? Hu6an bein4s can often easil< detect the s7atial /elations a6on4 ob;ectsB
e3en when those ob;ects a/e in 6otion.
>C? Detectin4 s7atial /elations a6on4 ob;ects /e@ui/es d/awin4 infe/ences f/o6
the info/6ation con3e<ed b< li4ht.
>D? Althou4h hu6an bein4s can disce/n s7atial /elations th/ou4h thei/ sense of
hea/in4B 3ision is usuall< the 6ost i67o/tant 6eans of detectin4 s7atial
/elations.
>E? Info/6ation about the s7atial /elations a6on4 ob;ects can be obtained b<
noticin4 such thin4s as shadows and the /elati3e si9es of ob;ects.
16. In a stud< of the effect of colo/ on 7/oducti3it<B !$ of 1$$ facto/< wo/0e/s we/e
6o3ed f/o6 thei/ d/ab wo/0/oo6 to a b/i4htl< colo/ed wo/0/oo6. Both these
wo/0e/s and the !$ who /e6ained in the d/ab wo/0/oo6 inc/eased thei/
7/oducti3it<B 7/obabl< as a /esult of the inte/est ta0en b< /esea/che/s in the wo/0
of both 4/ou7s du/in4 the stud<.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would cast 6ost doubt u7on the autho/2s
inte/7/etation of the stud< /esults 4i3en abo3e=
>A? The !$ wo/0e/s 6o3ed to the b/i4htl< colo/ed /oo6 7e/fo/6ed 7/ecisel< the
sa6e 6anufactu/in4 tas0 as the wo/0e/s who /e6ained in the d/ab
wo/0/oo6.
>B? The d/ab wo/0/oo6 was desi4ned to 7/o3ide ade@uate s7ace fo/ at 6ost 6!
GMAT . 'SAT C- 1!"
wo/0e/s.
>C? The !$ wo/0e/s who 6o3ed to the b/i4htl< colo/ed wo/0/oo6 we/e 6atched
as closel< as 7ossible in a4e and le3el of t/ainin4 to the !$ wo/0e/s who
/e6ained in the d/ab wo/0A/oo6.
>D? )ea/l< all the wo/0e/s in both 4/ou7s had 3oluntee/ed to 6o3e to the b/i4htl<
colo/ed wo/0/oo6.
>E? Man< of the wo/0e/s who 6o3ed to the b/i4htl< colo/ed wo/0/oo6 /e7o/ted
that the< li0ed the d/ab wo/0/oo6 as well as o/ bette/ than the< li0ed the
b/i4htl< colo/ed wo/0/oo6.
1%. )ot Sco/ed
18. Mana4e/1 Accountin4 and Billin4 a/e located /i4ht ne8t to each othe/ and the two
de7a/t6ents do si6ila/ 0inds of wo/0G <et e87enditu/es fo/ cle/ical su77lies
cha/4ed to Billin4 a/e 6uch hi4he/. Is Billin4 wastin4 su77lies=
Head of Billin41 )ot at all.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB best su77o/ts the 7osition of the Head of Billin4=
>A? The/e a/e 6o/e staff 6e6be/s in Accountin4 than in Billin4.
>B? Two <ea/s a4oB e87enditu/es in Accountin4 fo/ cle/ical su77lies we/e the
sa6e as we/e e87enditu/es that <ea/ in Billin4 fo/ cle/ical su77lies.
>C? The wo/0 of Billin4 now /e@ui/es a wide/ 3a/iet< of cle/ical su77lies than it
did in the 7ast.
>D? So6e of the 7a7e/AandA7encil wo/0 of both Accountin4 and Billin4 has been
/e7laced b< wo/0 done on co67ute/s.
>E? Me6be/s of Accountin4 found the cle/ical su77lies cabinet of Billin4 6o/e
con3enient to 4o to fo/ su77lies than thei/ own de7a/t6ent2s cabinet.
1&. Most 4eolo4ists belie3e oil /esults f/o6 che6ical t/ansfo/6ations of
h<d/oca/bons de/i3ed f/o6 o/4anis6s bu/ied unde/ ancient seas. Su77oseB
insteadB that oil actuall< /esults f/o6 bacte/ial action on othe/ co67le8
h<d/oca/bons that a/e t/a77ed within the Ea/th. As is well 0nownB the 3olu6e of
these h<d/oca/bons e8ceeds that of bu/ied o/4anis6s. The/efo/eB ou/ oil /ese/3es
would be 4/eate/ than 6ost 4eolo4ists belie3e.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 4i3es the st/on4est su77o/t to the a/4u6ent abo3e
about ou/ oil /ese/3es=
>A? Most 4eolo4ists thin0 o7ti6isticall< about the Ea/th2s /ese/3es of oil.
>B? Most 4eolo4ists ha3e 7e/fo/6ed accu/ate che6ical anal<ses on 7/e3iousl<
disco3e/ed oil /ese/3es.
>C? Ancient seas a/e bu/ied within the Ea/th at 6an< 7laces whe/e fossils a/e
abundant.
>D? The onl< bacte/ia <et found in oil /ese/3es could ha3e lea0ed down d/ill holes
f/o6 su/face conta6inants.
1!# GMAT
>E? Che6ical t/ansfo/6ations /educe the 3olu6e of bu/ied h<d/oca/bons de/i3ed
f/o6 o/4anis6s b< /ou4hl< the sa6e 7/o7o/tion as bacte/ial action /educes
the 3olu6e of othe/ co67le8 h<d/oca/bons.
$. The wild 6ouflon shee7 of the island of Co/sica a/e di/ect descendants of shee7
that esca7ed f/o6 do6estication on the island 8B$$$ <ea/s a4o. The< the/efo/e
7/o3ide a/chaeolo4ists with a 7ictu/e of what so6e ea/l< do6esticated shee7
loo0ed li0eB befo/e the delibe/ate selecti3e b/eedin4 that 7/oduced 6ode/n
do6esticated shee7 be4an.
The a/4u6ent abo3e 6a0es which of the followin4 assu67tions=
>A? The do6esticated shee7 of 8B$$$ <ea/s a4o we/e @uite dissi6ila/ f/o6 the
wild shee7 of the ti6e.
>B? The/e a/e no othe/ e8istin4 b/eeds of shee7 that esca7ed f/o6 do6estication
at about the sa6e ti6e as the fo/ebea/s of the 6ouflon.
>C? Mode/n do6esticated shee7 a/e di/ect descendants of shee7 that we/e wild
8B$$$ <ea/s a4o.
>D? Mouflon shee7 a/e 6o/e si6ila/ to thei/ fo/ebea/s of 8B$$$ <ea/s a4o than
6ode/n do6esticated shee7 a/e to thei/s.
>E? The cli6ate of Co/sica has not chan4ed at all in the last 8B$$$ <ea/s.
TEST 1"
"$ Minutes %& #uestions
1. CableAtele3ision s7o0es7e/son1 Subsc/i7tions to cable tele3ision a/e a ba/4ain in
co67a/ison to Ef/eeF tele3ision. -e6e6be/ that Ef/eeF tele3ision is not /eall<
f/ee. It is consu6e/sB in the endB who 7a< fo/ the costl< ad3e/tisin4 that su77o/ts
Ef/eeF tele3ision.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB is 6ost da6a4in4 to the 7osition of the cableA
tele3ision s7o0es7e/son=
>A? Consu6e/s who do not own tele3ision sets a/e less li0el< to be influenced in
thei/ 7u/chasin4 decisions b< tele3ision ad3e/tisin4 than a/e consu6e/s who
own tele3ision sets.
>B? Subsc/i7tions to cable tele3ision include access to so6e 7ublicAtele3ision
channelsB which do not acce7t ad3e/tisin4.
>C? 5o/ locations with 7oo/ tele3ision /ece7tionB cable tele3ision 7/o3ides 7ictu/e
@ualit< su7e/io/ to that 7/o3ided b< f/ee tele3ision.
>D? The/e is as 6uch ad3e/tisin4 on 6an< cableAtele3ision channels as the/e is on
Ef/eeF tele3ision channels.
>E? CableAtele3ision subsc/ibe/s can choose which channels the< wish to /ecei3eB
and the fees 3a/< acco/din4l<.
. ,oods6o0e contains dan4e/ous to8ins that cause chan4es in hu6an cells.
Because woods6o0e 7/esents such a hi4h health /is0B le4islation is needed to
GMAT . 'SAT C- 1!!
/e4ulate the use of o7enAai/ fi/es and woodAbu/nin4 sto3es.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 7/o3ides the 6ost su77o/t fo/ the a/4u6ent
abo3e=
>A? The a6ount of dan4e/ous to8ins contained in woods6o0e is 6uch less than
the a6ount contained in an e@ual 3olu6e of auto6obile e8haust.
>B? ,ithin the ;u/isdiction co3e/ed b< the 7/o7osed le4islationB 6ost heatin4 and
coo0in4 is done with oil o/ natu/al 4as.
>C? S6o0e 7/oduced b< coalAbu/nin4 sto3es is si4nificantl< 6o/e to8ic than
s6o0e f/o6 woodAbu/nin4 sto3es.
>D? )o si4nificant beneficial effect on ai/ @ualit< would /esult if o7enAai/ fi/es
we/e banned within the ;u/isdiction co3e/ed b< the 7/o7osed le4islation.
>E? In 3alle<s whe/e wood is used as the 7/i6a/< heatin4 fuelB the concent/ation
of s6o0e /esults in 7oo/ ai/ @ualit<.
". ,ithin $ <ea/s it will 7/obabl< be 7ossible to identif< the 4enetic susce7tibilit<
an indi3idual 6a< ha3e towa/d an< 7a/ticula/ disease. E3entuallA? 5o/ e3e/< disease the/e is onl< one st/ate4< that can 7/e3ent its occu//ence.
>B? In the futu/eB 4enetics will be the onl< 6edical s7ecialt< of an< i67o/tance.
>C? All hu6an sic0nesses a/e in 7a/t the /esult of indi3iduals2 4enetic
susce7tibilities.
>D? All hu6ans a/e 4eneticall< susce7tible to so6e diseases.
>E? Ieo7le will follow 6edical ad3ice when the< a/e con3inced that it is effecti3e.
#. Most e67lo<ees in the co67ute/ indust/< 6o3e f/o6 co67an< to co67an<B
chan4in4 ;obs se3e/al ti6es in thei/ ca/ee/s. Howe3e/B Su66it Co67ute/s is
0nown th/ou4hout the indust/< fo/ /etainin4 its e67lo<ees. Su66it c/edits its
success in /etainin4 e67lo<ees to its info/6alB nonhie/a/chical wo/0 en3i/on6ent.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ts Su66it2s e87lanation of
its success in /etainin4 e67lo<ees=
>A? So6e 7eo7le e67lo<ed in the co67ute/ indust/< chan4e ;obs if the< beco6e
bo/ed with thei/ cu//ent 7/o;ects.
>B? A hie/a/chical wo/0 en3i/on6ent hinde/s the coo7e/ati3e e8chan4e of ideas
that co67ute/ indust/< e67lo<ees conside/ necessa/< fo/ thei/ wo/0.
>C? Man< of Su66it2s senio/ e67lo<ees had 7/e3iousl< wo/0ed at onl< one othe/
co67ute/ co67an<.
>D? In a nonhie/a/chical wo/0 en3i/on6entB 7eo7le a3oid beha3io/ that 6i4ht
th/eaten 4/ou7 ha/6on< and thus a3oid discussin4 with thei/ collea4ues an<
1!6 GMAT
dissatisfaction the< 6i4ht ha3e with thei/ ;obs.
>E? The cost of li3in4 nea/ Su66it is /elati3el< low co67a/ed to a/eas in which
so6e othe/ co67ute/ co67anies a/e located.
!. 5inancin4 fo/ a la/4e const/uction 7/o;ect was 7/o3ided b< a 4/ou7 of ban0s.
,hen the 6one< was 4one befo/e the 7/o;ect was co67letedB the ban0s a77/o3ed
additional loans. )owB with funds used u7 a4ain and co67letion still not at handB
the ban0s /efuse to e8tend fu/the/ loansB althou4h without those loansB the 7/o;ect
is doo6ed.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB best e87lains wh< the ban02s cu//ent /eaction is
diffe/ent f/o6 thei/ /eaction in the 7/e3ious instance of de7letion of funds=
>A? The ban0s ha3e /eassessed the inco6e 7otential of the co67leted 7/o;ect and
ha3e concluded that total inco6e 4ene/able would be less than total inte/est
due on the old 7lus the needed new loans.
>B? The ban0s ha3e identified se3e/al othe/ 7/o;ects that offe/ faste/ /e7a<6ent of
the 7/inci7al if loans a/e a77/o3ed now to 4et those 7/o;ects sta/ted.
>C? The ban0s had a4/eed with the bo//owe/s that the const/uction loans would be
secu/ed b< the co67leted 7/o;ect.
>D? The cost o3e//uns we/e la/4el< due to unfo/eseeable 7/oble6s that a/ose in
the 6ost difficult 7hase of the const/uction wo/0.
>E? The 7/o;ect sti6ulated the de3elo76ent and /efine6ent of se3e/al new
const/uction techni@uesB which will 6a0e it easie/ and chea7e/ to ca//< out
si6ila/ 7/o;ects in the futu/e.
6. 'owAinco6e fa6ilies a/e often unable to affo/d as 6uch child ca/e as the< need.
(ne 4o3e/n6ent 7/o4/a6 would awa/d lowAinco6e fa6ilies a /efund on the
inco6e ta8es the< 7a< of as 6uch as L1B$$$ fo/ each child unde/ a4e fou/. This
7/o4/a6 would 6a0e it 7ossible fo/ all lowAinco6e fa6ilies with child/en unde/
a4e fou/ to obtain 6o/e child ca/e than the< othe/wise would ha3e been able to
affo/d.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< calls into @uestion the clai6 that
the 7/o4/a6 would 6a0e it 7ossible fo/ all lowAinco6e fa6ilies to obtain 6o/e
child ca/e=
>A? The a3e/a4e fa6il< with child/en unde/ a4e fou/ s7ends 6o/e than L1B$$$ a
<ea/ on child ca/e.
>B? So6e lowAinco6e fa6ilies in which one of the 7a/ents is usuall< a3ailable to
ca/e fo/ child/en unde/ a4e fou/ 6a< not want to s7end thei/ inco6e ta8
/efund on child ca/e.
>C? The /eduction in 4o3e/n6ent /e3enues ste66in4 f/o6 the inco6e ta8 /efund
will necessitate cuts in othe/ 4o3e/n6ent 7/o4/a6sB such as 4/ants fo/ hi4he/
education.
>D? Man< lowAinco6e fa6ilies with child/en unde/ a4e fou/ do not 7a< an<
GMAT . 'SAT C- 1!%
inco6e ta8es because thei/ total inco6e is too low to be sub;ect to such
ta8es.
>E? Inco6e ta8es ha3e inc/eased substantiall< o3e/ the 7ast twent< <ea/sB
/educin4 the 6one< that lowAinco6e fa6ilies ha3e a3ailable to s7end on
child ca/e.
%. )ot sco/ed
8. Althou4h 7a/a7s<cholo4< is often conside/ed a 7seudoscienceB it is in fact a
4enuine scientific ente/7/iseB fo/ it uses scientific 6ethods such as cont/olled
e87e/i6ents and statistical tests of clea/l< stated h<7otheses to e8a6ine the
@uestions it /aises.
The conclusion abo3e is 7/o7e/l< d/awn if which of the followin4 is assu6ed=
>A? If a field of stud< can conclusi3el< answe/ the @uestions it /aisesB then it is a
4enuine science.
>B? Since 7a/a7s<cholo4< uses scientific 6ethodsB it will 7/oduce c/edible /esults.
>C? An< ente/7/ise that does not use cont/olled e87e/i6ents and statistical tests is
not 4enuine science.
>D? An< field of stud< that e67lo<s scientific 6ethods is a 4enuine scientific
ente/7/ise.
>E? Since 7a/a7s<cholo4< /aises clea/l< statable @uestionsB the< can be tested in
cont/olled e87e/i6ents.
&. Hotco oil bu/ne/sB desi4ned to be used in as7halt 7lantsB a/e so efficient that
Hotco will sell one to the Clifton As7halt 7lant fo/ no 7a<6ent othe/ than the cost
sa3in4s between the total a6ount the as7halt 7lant actuall< 7aid fo/ oil usin4 its
fo/6e/ bu/ne/ du/in4 the last two <ea/s and the total a6ount it will 7a< fo/ oil
usin4 the Hotco bu/ne/ du/in4 the ne8t two <ea/s. (n installationB the 7lant will
6a0e an esti6ated 7a<6entB which will be ad;usted afte/ two <ea/s to e@ual the
actual cost sa3in4s.
,hich of the followin4B if it occu//edB would constitute a disad3anta4e fo/ Hotco
of the 7lan desc/ibed abo3e=
>A? Anothe/ 6anufactu/e/2s int/oduction to the 6a/0et of a si6ila/l< efficient
bu/ne/
>B? The Clifton As7halt 7lant2s need fo/ 6o/e than one new bu/ne/
>C? *e/< 7oo/ efficienc< in the Clifton As7halt 7lant2s old bu/ne/
>D? A dec/ease in the de6and fo/ as7halt
>E? A stead< inc/ease in the 7/ice of oil be4innin4 soon afte/ the new bu/ne/ is
installed
1$. Toda<2s low 4asoline 7/ices 6a0e consu6e/s willin4 to indul4e thei/ 7/efe/ence
fo/ la/4e/ ca/sB which consu6e 4/eate/ a6ounts of 4asoline as fuel. So Dnited
States auto6a0e/s a/e unwillin4 to 7u/sue the de3elo76ent of new fuelAefficient
1!8 GMAT
technolo4ies a44/essi3el<. The 7a/ticula/ /eluctance of the Dnited States
auto6obile indust/< to do soB howe3e/B could th/eaten the indust/<2s futu/e.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would 7/o3ide the 6ost su77o/t fo/ the clai6
abo3e about the futu/e of the Dnited States auto6obile indust/<=
>A? A 7/otot<7e fuelAefficient 3ehicleB built fi3e <ea/s a4oB achie3es a 3e/< hi4h
81 6iles 7e/ 4allon on the hi4hwa< and 6" in the citB? S6all ca/s sold b< 6anufactu/e/s in the Dnited States a/e 6o/e fuel efficient
now than befo/e the sudden ;u67 in oil 7/ices in 1&%".
>C? Auto6a0e/s elsewhe/e in the wo/ld ha3e slowed the int/oduction of fuelA
efficient technolo4ies but ha3e 7/essed ahead with /esea/ch and de3elo76ent
of the6 in 7/e7a/ation fo/ a 7/edicted /ise in wo/ld oil 7/ices.
>D? The/e a/e 6an< technolo4ical o77o/tunities fo/ /educin4 the waste of ene/4<
in ca/s and li4ht t/uc0s th/ou4h wei4htB ae/od<na6ic d/a4B and b/a0in4
f/iction.
>E? The 7/o6otion of 6ass t/ansit o3e/ auto6obiles as an alte/nati3e 6ode of
t/ans7o/tation has encounte/ed consu6e/ /esistance that is due in 7a/t to the
failu/e of 6ass t/ansit to acco66odate the wide dis7e/sal of 7oints of o/i4in
and destinations fo/ t/i7s.
11. An e87e/i6ent was done in which hu6an sub;ects /eco4ni9e a 7atte/n within a
6at/i8 of abst/act desi4ns and then select anothe/ desi4n that co67letes that
7atte/n. The /esults of the e87e/i6ent we/e su/7/isin4. The lowest e87enditu/e of
ene/4< in neu/ons in the b/ain was found in those sub;ects who 7e/fo/6ed 6ost
successfull< in the e87e/i6ents.
,hich of the followin4 h<7otheses best accounts fo/ the findin4s of the
e87e/i6ent=
>A? The neu/ons of the b/ain /eact less when a sub;ect is t/<in4 to /eco4ni9e
7atte/ns than when the sub;ect is doin4 othe/ 0inds of /easonin4.
>B? Those who 7e/fo/6ed best in the e87e/i6ent e87e/ienced 6o/e satisfaction
when wo/0in4 with abst/act 7atte/ns than did those who 7e/fo/6ed less well.
>C? Ieo7le who a/e bette/ at abst/act 7atte/n /eco4nition ha3e 6o/e ene/4<A
efficient neu/al connections.
>D? The ene/4< e87enditu/e of the sub;ects b/ains inc/eases when a desi4n that
co67letes the initiall< /eco4ni9ed 7atte/n is dete/6ined.
>E? The tas0 of co67letin4 a 4i3en desi4n is 6o/e ca7abl< 7e/fo/6ed b< athletesB
whose ene/4< e87enditu/e is lowe/ when the< a/e at /est than is that of the
4ene/al 7o7ulation.
1. A /esea/che/ stud<in4 d/u4 addicts found thatB on a3e/a4eB the< tend to
6ani7ulate othe/ 7eo7le a 4/eat deal 6o/e than nonaddicts do. The /esea/che/
concluded that 7eo7le who f/e@uentl< 6ani7ulate othe/ 7eo7le a/e li0el< to
GMAT . 'SAT C- 1!&
beco6e addicts.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< wea0ens the /esea/che/2s
conclusion=
>A? Afte/ beco6in4 addicted to d/u4sB d/u4 addicts lea/n to 6ani7ulate othe/
7eo7le as a wa< of obtainin4 d/u4s.
>B? ,hen the< a/e i67/isonedB d/u4 addicts often use thei/ abilit< to 6ani7ulate
othe/ 7eo7le to obtain bette/ li3in4 conditions.
>C? So6e nonaddicts 6ani7ulate othe/ 7eo7le 6o/e than so6e addicts do.
>D? Ieo7le who a/e li0el< to beco6e addicts e8hibit unusual beha3io/ 7atte/ns
othe/ than f/e@uent 6ani7ulation of othe/ 7eo7le.
>E? The addicts that the /esea/che/ studied we/e often unsuccessful in obtainin4
what the< wanted when the< 6ani7ulated othe/ 7eo7le.
1". (ne wa< to ;ud4e the 7e/fo/6ance of a co67an< is to co67a/e it with othe/
co67anies. This techni@ueB co66onl< called Ebench6a/0in4BF 7e/6its the
6ana4e/ of a co67an< to disco3e/ bette/ indust/ial 7/actices and can 7/o3ide a
;ustification fo/ the ado7tion of 4ood 7/actices.
An< of the followin4B if t/ueB is a 3alid /eason fo/ bench6a/0in4 the 7e/fo/6ance
of a co67an< a4ainst co67anies with which it is not in co67etition /athe/ than
a4ainst co67etito/s EHCEIT1
>A? Co67a/isons with co67etito/s a/e 6ost li0el< to focus on 7/actices that the
6ana4e/ 6a0in4 the co67a/isons al/ead< e67lo<s.
>B? Gettin4 EinsideF info/6ation about the uni@ue 7/actices of co67etito/s is
7a/ticula/l< difficult.
>C? Since co67anies that co67ete with each othe/ a/e li0el< to ha3e co67a/able
le3els of efficiencD? Mana4e/s a/e 4ene/all< 6o/e /ece7ti3e to new ideas that the< find outside
thei/ own indust/<.
>E? Much of the success of 4ood co67anies is due to thei/ ado7tion of 7/actices
that ta0e ad3anta4e of the s7ecial ci/cu6stances of thei/ 7/oducts of 6a/0ets.
1#. A6on4 the 6o/e effecti3e 0inds of 7ublicit< that 7ublishe/s can 4et fo/ a new
boo0 is to ha3e e8ce/7ts of it 7ublished in a hi4hAci/culation 6a4a9ine soon
befo/e the boo0 is 7ublished. The benefits of such e8ce/7tion include not onl< a
su/e inc/ease in sales but also a fee 7aid b< the 6a4a9ine to the boo02s 7ublishe/.
,hich of the followin4 conclusions is best su77o/ted b< the info/6ation abo3e=
>A? The nu6be/ of 7eo7le fo/ who6 seein4 an e8ce/7t of a boo0 in a 6a4a9ine
7/o3ides an ade@uate substitute fo/ /eadin4 the whole boo0 is s6alle/ than
the nu6be/ fo/ who6 the e8ce/7t sti6ulates a desi/e to /ead the boo0.
>B? Because the financial ad3anta4e of e8ce/7tin4 a new boo0 in a 6a4a9ine
usuall< acc/ues to the boo02s 7ublishe/B 6a4a9ine edito/s a/e unwillin4 to
16$ GMAT
7ublish e8ce/7ts f/o6 new boo0s.
>C? In calculatin4 the total nu6be/ of co7ies that a boo0 has soldB 7ublishe/s
include sales of co7ies of 6a4a9ines that featu/ed an e8ce/7t of the boo0.
>D? The effecti3eness of ha3in4 e8ce/7ts of a boo0 7ublished in a 6a4a9ineB
6easu/ed in te/6s of inc/eased sales of a boo0B is 7/o7o/tional to the
ci/culation of the 6a4a9ine in which the e8ce/7ts a/e 7ublished.
>E? Boo0s that a/e suitable fo/ e8ce/7tin4 in hi4hAci/culation 6a4a9ines sell 6o/e
co7ies than boo0s that a/e not suitable fo/ e8ce/7tin4.
1!. In Swa/t0ans te//ito/<B a/chaeolo4ists disco3e/ed cha//ed bone f/a46ents datin4
bac0 1 6illion <ea/s. Anal<sis of the f/a46entsB which ca6e f/o6 a 3a/iet< of
ani6alsB showed that the< had been heated to te67e/atu/es no hi4he/ than those
7/oduced in e87e/i6ental ca67fi/es 6ade f/o6 b/anches of white stin0woodB the
6ost co66on t/ee a/ound Swa/t0ans.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB wouldB to4ethe/ with the info/6ation abo3eB
7/o3ide the best basis fo/ the clai6 that the cha//ed bone f/a46ents a/e e3idence
of the use of fi/e b< ea/l< ho6inids=
>A? The white stin0wood t/ee is used fo/ buildin4 6ate/ial b< the 7/esentAda<
inhabitants of Swa/t0ans.
>B? 5o/est fi/es can heat wood to a /an4e of te67e/atu/es that occu/ in ca67fi/es.
>C? The bone f/a46ents we/e fitted to4ethe/ b< the a/chaeolo4ists to fo/6 the
co67lete s0eletons of se3e/al ani6als.
>D? A7a/t f/o6 the Swa/t0ans disco3e/E? The bone f/a46ents we/e found in se3e/al distinct la<e/s of li6estone that
contained 7/i6iti3e cuttin4 tools 0nown to ha3e been used b< ea/l<
ho6inids.
16. 5o/ a t/ade e6ba/4o a4ainst a 7a/ticula/ count/< to succeedB a hi4h de4/ee of both
inte/national acco/d and abilit< to 7/e3ent 4oods f/o6 ente/in4 o/ lea3in4 that
count/< 6ust be sustained. A total bloc0ade of Iat/ia2s 7o/ts is necessa/< to an
e6ba/4oB but such an action would be li0el< to cause inte/national disco/d o3e/
the e6ba/4o.
The clai6s abo3eB if t/ueB 6ost st/on4l< su77o/t which of the followin4
conclusions=
>A? The balance of o7inion is li0el< to fa3o/ Iat/ia in the e3ent of a bloc0ade.
>B? As lon4 as inte/national o7inion is unani6ousl< a4ainst Iat/iaB a t/ade
e6ba/4o is li0el< to succeed.
>C? A na3al bloc0ade of Iat/ia2s 7o/ts would ensu/e that no 4oods ente/ o/ lea3e
Iat/ia.
>D? An< t/ade e6ba/4o a4ainst Iat/ia would be li0el< to fail at so6e ti6e.
>E? 5o/ a bloc0ade of Iat/ia2s 7o/ts to be successfulB inte/national o7inion 6ust be
GMAT . 'SAT C- 161
unani6ous.
TEST 1#
1. The local boa/d of education found thatB because the cu//ent 7h<sics cu//iculu6
has little di/ect /ele3ance to toda<2s wo/ldB 7h<sics classes att/acted few hi4h
school students. So to att/act students to 7h<sics classesB the boa/d 7/o7osed a
cu//iculu6 that e67hasi9es 7/inci7les of 7h<sics in3ol3ed in 7/oducin4 and
anal<9in4 3isual i6a4es.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 7/o3ides the st/on4est /eason to e87ect that the
7/o7osed cu//iculu6 will be successful in att/actin4 students=
>A? Se3e/al of the funda6ental 7/inci7les of 7h<sics a/e in3ol3ed in 7/oducin4
and anal<9in4 3isual i6a4es.
>B? Mnowled4e of 7h<sics is beco6in4 inc/easin4l< i67o/tant in unde/standin4
the technolo4< used in toda<2s wo/ld.
>C? E@ui76ent that a la/4e 7/oduce/ of 7hoto4/a7hic e@ui76ent has donated to
the hi4h school could be used in the 7/o7osed cu//iculu6.
>D? The nu6be/ of students inte/ested in 7h<sics toda< is 6uch lowe/ than the
nu6be/ of students inte/ested in 7h<sics !$ <ea/s a4o.
>E? In toda<2s wo/ld the 7/oduction and anal<sis of 3isual i6a4es is of 6a;o/
i67o/tance in co66unicationsB businessB and /ec/eation.
. Man< co67anies now ha3e e67lo<ee assistance 7/o4/a6s that enable e67lo<eesB
f/ee of cha/4eB to i67/o3e thei/ 7h<sical fitnessB /educe st/essB and lea/n wa<s to
sto7 s6o0in4. These 7/o4/a6s inc/ease wo/0e/ 7/oducti3it<B /educe absenteeis6B
and lessen insu/ance costs fo/ e67lo<ee health ca/e. The/efo/eB these 7/o4/a6s
benefit the co67an< as well as the e67lo<ee.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost si4nificantl< st/en4thens the conclusion
abo3e=
>A? Ih<sical fitness 7/o4/a6s a/e often the 6ost 7o7ula/ se/3ices offe/ed to
e67lo<ees.
>B? Studies ha3e shown that t/ainin4 in st/ess 6ana4e6ent is not effecti3e fo/
6an< 7eo7le.
>C? -e4ula/ e8e/cise /educes 7eo7le2s /is0 of hea/t disease and 7/o3ides the6
with inc/eased ene/4<.
>D? Ih<sical in;u/ies so6eti6es /esult f/o6 ente/in4 a st/enuous 7h<sical fitness
7/o4/a6 too @uic0l<.
>E? E67lo<ee assistance 7/o4/a6s /e@ui/e co67anies to hi/e 7eo7le to su7e/3ise
the 3a/ious 7/o4/a6s offe/ed.
". Dnli0e the wholesale 7/ice of /aw woolB the wholesale 7/ice of /aw cotton has
fallen conside/abl< in the last <ea/. ThusB althou4h the /etail 7/ice of cotton
16 GMAT
clothin4 at /etail clothin4 sto/es has not <et fallenB it will ine3itabl< fall.
>A? The cost of 7/ocessin4 /aw cotton fo/ cloth has inc/eased du/in4 the last <ea/.
>B? The wholesale 7/ice of /aw wool is t<7icall< hi4he/ than that of the sa6e
3olu6e of /aw cotton.
>C? The o7e/atin4 costs of the a3e/a4e /etail clothin4 sto/e ha3e /e6ained
constant du/in4 the last <ea/.
>D? Chan4es in /etail 7/ices alwa<s la4 behind chan4es in wholesale 7/ices.
>E? The cost of ha/3estin4 /aw cotton has inc/eased in the last <ea/.
#. S6allAbusiness 4/ou7s a/e lobb<in4 to defeat 7/o7osed fede/al le4islation that
would substantiall< /aise the fede/al 6ini6u6 wa4e. This o77osition is su/7/isin4
since the le4islation the< o77ose wouldB fo/ the fi/st ti6eB e8e67t all s6all
businesses f/o6 7a<in4 an< 6ini6u6 wa4e.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would best e87lain the o77osition of s6allA
business 4/ou7s to the 7/o7osed le4islation=
>A? Dnde/ the cu//ent fede/al 6ini6u6Awa4e lawB 6ost s6all businesses a/e
/e@ui/ed to 7a< no less than the 6ini6u6 wa4e to thei/ e67lo<ees.
>B? In o/de/ to att/act wo/0e/sB s6all co67anies 6ust 6atch the wa4es offe/ed b<
thei/ la/4e/ co67etito/sB and these co67etito/s would not be e8e67t unde/
the 7/o7osed laws.
>C? The e8act nu6be/ of co67anies that a/e cu//entl< /e@ui/ed to 7a< no less than
the 6ini6u6 wa4e but that would be e8e67t unde/ the 7/o7osed laws is
un0nown.
>D? So6e states ha3e set thei/ own 6ini6u6 wa4esKin so6e casesB @uite a bit
abo3e the le3el of the 6ini6u6 wa4e 6andated b< cu//ent fede/al lawKfo/
ce/tain 0e< indust/ies.
>E? Se/3ice co67anies 6a0e u7 the 6a;o/it< of s6all businesses and the<
4ene/all< e67lo< 6o/e e67lo<ees 7e/ dolla/ of /e3enues than do /etail o/
6anufactu/in4 businesses.
!. -e3iewe/1 The boo0 %rt*s De$line a/4ues that Eu/o7ean 7ainte/s toda< lac0 s0ills
that we/e co66on a6on4 Eu/o7ean 7ainte/s of 7/ecedin4 centu/ies. In this the
boo0 6ust be /i4htB since its anal<sis of 1$$ 7aintin4sB !$ old and !$
conte67o/a/<B de6onst/ates con3incin4l< that none of the conte67o/a/<
7aintin4s a/e e8ecuted as s0illfull< as the olde/ 7aintin4s.
,hich of the followin4 7oints to the 6ost se/ious lo4ical flaw in the /e3iewe/2s
a/4u6ent=
>A? The 7aintin4s chosen b< the boo02s autho/ fo/ anal<sis could be those that
6ost su77o/t the boo02s thesis.
>B? The/e could be c/ite/ia othe/ than the technical s0ill of the a/tist b< which to
e3aluate a 7aintin4.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 16"
>C? The title of the boo0 could cause /eade/s to acce7t the boo02s thesis e3en
befo/e the< /ead the anal<sis of the 7aintin4s that su77o/ts it.
>D? The 7a/ticula/ 6ethods cu//entl< used b< Eu/o7ean 7ainte/s could /e@ui/e
less a/tistic s0ill than do 6ethods used b< 7ainte/s in othe/ 7a/ts of the
wo/ld.
>E? A /eade/ who was not fa6ilia/ with the lan4ua4e of a/t c/iticis6 6i4ht not be
con3inced b< the boo02s anal<sis of the 1$$ 7aintin4s.
6. The 7ha/6aceutical indust/< a/4ues that because new d/u4s will not be de3elo7ed
unless hea3< de3elo76ent costs can be /ecou7ed in late/ salesB the cu//ent $
<ea/s of 7/otection 7/o3ided b< 7atents should be e8tended in the case of newl<
de3elo7ed d/u4s. Howe3e/B in othe/ indust/ies newA7/oduct de3elo76ent
continues des7ite hi4h de3elo76ent costsB a fact that indicates that the e8tension
is unnecessa/<.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ts the 7ha/6aceutical
indust/<2s a/4u6ent a4ainst the challen4e 6ade abo3e=
>A? )o indust/ies othe/ than the 7ha/6aceutical indust/< ha3e as0ed fo/ an
e8tension of the $A<ea/ li6it on 7atent 7/otection.
>B? Clinical t/ials of new d/u4sB which occu/ afte/ the 7atent is 4/anted and befo/e
the new d/u4 can be 6a/0etedB often now ta0e as lon4 as 1$ <ea/s to
co67lete.
>C? The/e a/e se3e/al indust/ies in which the /atio of /esea/ch and de3elo76ent
costs to /e3enues is hi4he/ than it is in the 7ha/6aceutical indust/<.
>D? An e8istin4 7atent fo/ a d/u4 does not le4all< 7/e3ent 7ha/6aceutical
co67anies f/o6 b/in4in4 to 6a/0et alte/nati3e d/u4sB 7/o3ided the< a/e
sufficientl< dissi6ila/ to the 7atented d/u4.
>E? Much /ecent indust/ial inno3ation has occu//ed in 7/oductsKfo/ e8a67leB in
the co67ute/ and elect/onics indust/iesKfo/ which 7atent 7/otection is often
3e/< ineffecti3e.
Questions '-8 are based on the following.
Ban0 de7osito/s in the Dnited States a/e all financiall< 7/otected a4ainst ban0 failu/e
because the 4o3e/n6ent insu/es all indi3iduals2 ban0 de7osits. An econo6ist a/4ues
that this insu/ance is 7a/tl< /es7onsible fo/ the hi4h /ate of ban0 failu/esB since it
/e6o3es f/o6 de7osito/s an< financial incenti3e to find out whethe/ the ban0 that
holds thei/ 6one< is secu/e a4ainst failu/e. If de7osito/s we/e 6o/e selecti3eB then
ban0s would need to be secu/e in o/de/ to co67ete fo/ de7osito/s2 6one<.
%. The econo6ist2s a/4u6ent 6a0es which of the followin4 assu67tions=
>A? Ban0 failu/es a/e caused when bi4 bo//owe/s default on loan /e7a<6ents.
>B? A si4nificant 7/o7o/tion of de7osito/s 6aintain accounts at se3e/al diffe/ent
ban0s.
16# GMAT
>C? The 6o/e a de7osito/ has to de7ositB the 6o/e ca/eful he o/ she tends to be in
selectin4 a ban0.
>D? The diffe/ence in the inte/est /ates 7aid to de7osito/s b< diffe/ent ban0s is not
a si4nificant facto/ in ban0 failu/es.
>E? Iotential de7osito/s a/e able to dete/6ine which ban0s a/e secu/e a4ainst
failu/e.
8. ,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< wea0ens the econo6ist2s
a/4u6ent=
>A? Befo/e the 4o3e/n6ent sta/ted to insu/e de7osito/s a4ainst ban0 failu/eB the/e
was a lowe/ /ate of ban0 failu/e than the/e is now.
>B? ,hen the 4o3e/n6ent did not insu/e de7ositsB f/e@uent ban0 failu/es occu//ed
as a /esult of de7osito/s2 fea/s of losin4 6one< in ban0 failu/es.
>C? Su/3e<s show that a si4nificant 7/o7o/tion of de7osito/s a/e awa/e that thei/
de7osits a/e insu/ed b< the 4o3e/n6ent.
>D? The/e is an u77e/ li6it on the a6ount of an indi3idual2s de7osit that the
4o3e/n6ent will insu/eB but 3e/< few indi3iduals2 de7osits e8ceed this li6it.
>E? The secu/it< of a ban0 a4ainst failu/e de7ends on the 7e/centa4e of its assets
that a/e loaned out and also on how 6uch /is0 its loans in3ol3e.
&. Iassen4e/s 6ust e8it ai/7lanes swiftl< afte/ accidentsB since 4ases /eleased
followin4 accidents a/e to8ic to hu6ans and often e87lode soon afte/ bein4
/eleased. In o/de/ to 7/e3ent 7assen4e/ deaths f/o6 4as inhalationB safet< officials
/eco66end that 7assen4e/s be 7/o3ided with s6o0e hoods that 7/e3ent inhalation
of the 4ases.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB constitutes the st/on4est /eason not to /e@ui/e
i67le6entation of the safet< officials2 /eco66endation=
>A? Test e3acuations showed that 7uttin4 on the s6o0e hoods added conside/abl<
to the o3e/all ti6e it too0 7assen4e/s to lea3e the cabin.
>B? So6e ai/lines a/e unwillin4 to bu< the s6o0e hoods because the< conside/
the6 to be 7/ohibiti3el< e87ensi3e.
>C? Althou4h the s6o0e hoods 7/otect 7assen4e/s f/o6 the to8ic 4asesB the< can
do nothin4 to 7/e3ent the 4ases f/o6 i4nitin4.
>D? So6e e87e/ienced fl<e/s fail to 7a< attention to the safet< inst/uctions 4i3en
on e3e/< co66e/cial fli4ht befo/e ta0eoff.
>E? In 6an< ai/7lane accidentsB 7assen4e/s who we/e able to /each e6e/4enc<
e8its we/e o3e/co6e b< to8ic 4ases befo/e the< could e8it the ai/7lane.
1$. In 1&6$B 1$ 7e/cent of e3e/< dolla/ 7aid in auto6obile insu/ance 7/e6iu6s went
to 7a< costs a/isin4 f/o6 in;u/ies incu//ed in ca/ accidents. In 1&&$B !$ 7e/cent of
e3e/< dolla/ 7aid in auto6obile insu/ance 7/e6iu6s went towa/d such costsB
des7ite the fact that ca/s we/e 6uch safe/ in 1&&$ than in 1&6$.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 16!
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB best e87lains the disc/e7anc< outlined abo3e=
>A? The/e we/e fewe/ accidents in 1&&$ than in 1&6$.
>B? (n a3e/a4eB 7eo7le d/o3e 6o/e slowl< in 1&&$ than in 1&6$.
>C? Ca/s 4/ew inc/easin4l< 6o/e e87ensi3e to /e7ai/ o3e/ the 7e/iod in @uestion.
>D? The 7/ice of insu/ance inc/eased 6o/e /a7idl< than the /ate of inflation
between 1&6$ and 1&&$.
>E? HealthAca/e costs /ose sha/7l< between 1&6$ and 1&&$.
11. Cate/7illa/s of all s7ecies 7/oduce an identical ho/6one called E;u3enile
ho/6oneF that 6aintains feedin4 beha3io/. (nl< when a cate/7illa/ has 4/own to
the /i4ht si9e fo/ 7u7ation to ta0e 7lace does a s7ecial en9<6e halt the 7/oduction
of ;u3enile ho/6one. This en9<6e can be s<nthesi9ed and willB on bein4 in4ested
b< i66atu/e cate/7illa/sB 0ill the6 b< sto77in4 the6 f/o6 feedin4.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ts the 3iew that it would not
be ad3isable to t/< to e/adicate a4/icultu/al 7ests that 4o th/ou4h a cate/7illa/
sta4e b< s7/a<in4 c/o7lands with the en9<6e 6entioned abo3e=
>A? Most s7ecies of cate/7illa/ a/e sub;ect to so6e natu/al 7/edation.
>B? Man< a4/icultu/al 7ests do not 4o th/ou4h a cate/7illa/ sta4e.
>C? Man< a4/icultu/all< beneficial insects 4o th/ou4h a cate/7illa/ sta4e.
>D? Since cate/7illa/s of diffe/ent s7ecies e6e/4e at diffe/ent ti6esB se3e/al
s7/a<in4s would be necessa/<.
>E? Althou4h the en9<6e has been s<nthesi9ed in the labo/ato/<B no la/4eAscale
7/oduction facilities e8ist as <et.
1. Althou4h as7i/in has been 7/o3en to eli6inate 6ode/ate fe3e/ associated with
so6e illnessesB 6an< docto/s no lon4e/ /outinel< /eco66end its use fo/ this
7u/7ose. A 6ode/ate fe3e/ sti6ulates the acti3it< of the bod<2s diseaseAfi4htin4
white blood cells and also inhibits the 4/owth of 6an< st/ains of diseaseAcausin4
bacte/ia.
If the state6ents abo3e a/e t/ueB which of the followin4 conclusions is 6ost
st/on4l< su77o/ted b< the6=
>A? As7i/inB an effecti3e 7ain0ille/B alle3iates the 7ain and disco6fo/t of 6an<
illnesses.
>B? As7i/in can 7/olon4 a 7atient2s illness b< eli6inatin4 6ode/ate fe3e/ hel7ful
in fi4htin4 so6e diseases.
>C? As7i/in inhibits the 4/owth of white blood cellsB which a/e necessa/< fo/
fi4htin4 so6e illnesses.
>D? The 6o/e white blood cells a 7atient2s bod< 7/oducesB the less se3e/e the
7atient2s illness will be.
>E? The focus of 6ode/n 6edicine is on inhibitin4 the 4/owth of diseaseAcausin4
bacte/ia within the bod<.
166 GMAT
1". Because 7osta4e /ates a/e /isin4B +o,e De$orator 6a4a9ine 7lans to 6a8i6i9e
its 7/ofits b< /educin4 b< one half the nu6be/ of issues it 7ublishes each <ea/.
The @ualit< of a/ticlesB the nu6be/ of a/ticles 7ublished 7e/ <ea/B and the
subsc/i7tion 7/ice will not chan4e. Ma/0et /esea/ch shows that neithe/ subsc/ibe/s
no/ ad3e/tise/s will be lost if the 6a4a9ine2s 7lan is instituted.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 7/o3ides the st/on4est e3idence that the
6a4a9ine2s 7/ofits a/e li0el< to decline if the 7lan is instituted=
>A? ,ith the new 7osta4e /atesB a t<7ical issue unde/ the 7/o7osed 7lan would
cost about oneAthi/d 6o/e to 6ail than a t<7ical cu//ent issue would.
>B? The 6a;o/it< of the 6a4a9ine2s subsc/ibe/s a/e less conce/ned about a
7ossible /eduction in the @uantit< of the 6a4a9ine2s a/ticles than about a
7ossible loss of the cu//ent hi4h @ualit< of its a/ticles.
>C? Man< of the 6a4a9ine2s lon4Ati6e subsc/ibe/s would continue thei/
subsc/i7tions e3en if the subsc/i7tion 7/ice we/e inc/eased.
>D? Most of the ad3e/tise/s that 7u/chase ad3e/tisin4 s7ace in the 6a4a9ine will
continue to s7end the sa6e a6ount on ad3e/tisin4 7e/ issue as the< ha3e in
the 7ast.
>E? I/oduction costs fo/ the 6a4a9ine a/e e87ected to /e6ain stable.
1#. A stud< of 6a/ital /elationshi7s in which one 7a/tne/2s slee7in4 and wa0in4
c<cles diffe/ f/o6 those of the othe/ 7a/tne/ /e3eals that such cou7les sha/e fewe/
acti3ities with each othe/ and ha3e 6o/e 3iolent a/4u6ents than do cou7les in a
/elationshi7 in which both 7a/tne/s follow the sa6e slee7in4 and wa0in4 7atte/ns.
ThusB 6is6atched slee7in4 and wa0in4 c<cles can se/iousl< ;eo7a/di9e a
6a//ia4e.
>A? Ma//ied cou7les in which both s7ouses follow the sa6e slee7in4 and wa0in4
7atte/ns also occasionall< ha3e a/4u6ents than can ;eo7a/di9e the cou7le2s
6a//ia4e.
>B? The slee7in4 and wa0in4 c<cles of indi3iduals tend to 3a/< f/o6 season to
season.
>C? The indi3iduals who ha3e slee7in4 and wa0in4 c<cles that diffe/ si4nificantl<
f/o6 those of thei/ s7ouses tend to a/4ue little with collea4ues at wo/0.
>D? Ieo7le in unha77< 6a//ia4es ha3e been found to e87/ess hostilit< b<
ado7tin4 a diffe/ent slee7in4 and wa0in4 c<cle f/o6 that of thei/ s7ouses.
>E? Acco/din4 to a /ecent stud<B 6ost 7eo7le2s slee7in4 and wa0in4 c<cles can be
cont/olled and 6odified easil<.
-oland1 The ala/6in4 fact is that &$ 7e/cent of the 7eo7le in this count/< now /e7o/t
that the< 0now so6eone who is une67lo<ed.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 16%
Sha/on1 But a no/6alB 6ode/ate le3el of une67lo<6ent is ! 7e/centB with 1 out of $
wo/0e/s une67lo<ed. So at an< 4i3en ti6e if a 7e/son 0nows a77/o8i6atel< !$
wo/0e/sB 1 o/ 6o/e will 3e/< li0el< be une67lo<ed.
1!. Sha/on2s a/4u6ent is st/uctu/ed to lead to which of the followin4 as a conclusion=
>A? The fact that &$P of the 7eo7le 0now so6eone who is une67lo<ed is not an
indication that une67lo<6ent is abno/6all< hi4h.
>B? The cu//ent le3el of une67lo<6ent is not 6ode/ate.
>C? If at least !P of wo/0e/s a/e une67lo<edB the /esult of @uestionin4 a
/e7/esentati3e 4/ou7 of 7eo7le cannot be the 7e/centa4e -oland cites.
>D? It is unli0el< that the 7eo7le whose state6ents -oland cites a/e 4i3in4
accu/ate /e7o/ts.
>E? If an une67lo<6ent fi4u/e is 4i3en as a ce/tain 7e/centB the actual 7e/centa4e
of those without ;obs is e3en hi4he/.
16. Sha/on2s a/4u6ent /elies on the assu67tion that
>A? no/6al le3els of une67lo<6ent a/e /a/el< e8ceeded
>B? une67lo<6ent is not no/6all< concent/ated in 4eo4/a7hicall< isolated
se46ents of the 7o7ulation
>C? the nu6be/ of 7eo7le who each 0now so6eone who is une67lo<ed is alwa<s
hi4he/ than &$P of the 7o7ulation
>D? -oland is not consciousl< disto/tin4 the statistics he 7/esents
>E? 0nowled4e that a 7e/sonal ac@uaintance is une67lo<ed 4ene/ates 6o/e fea/ of
losin4 one2s ;ob than does 0nowled4e of une67lo<6ent statistics
TEST 1!
1. A co67an< is conside/in4 chan4in4 its 7olic< conce/nin4 dail< wo/0in4 hou/s.
Cu//entl<B this co67an< /e@ui/es all e67lo<ees to a//i3e at wo/0 at 8 a.6. The
7/o7osed 7olic< would 7e/6it each e67lo<ee to decide when to a//i3eKf/o6 as
ea/l< as 6 a.6. to as late as 11 a.6.
The ado7tion of this 7olic< would be 6ost li0el< to dec/ease e67lo<ees2
7/oducti3it< if the e67lo<ees2 ;ob functions /e@ui/ed the6 to
>A? wo/0 without inte//u7tion f/o6 othe/ e67lo<ees
>B? consult at least once a da< with e67lo<ees f/o6 othe/ co67anies
>C? sub6it thei/ wo/0 fo/ a su7e/3iso/2s e3entual a77/o3al
>D? inte/act f/e@uentl< with each othe/ th/ou4hout the enti/e wo/0da<
>E? unde/ta0e 7/o;ects that ta0e se3e/al da<s to co67lete
. The a6ount of ti6e it ta0es fo/ 6ost of a wo/0e/2s occu7ational 0nowled4e and
s0ills to beco6e obsolete has been declinin4 because of the int/oduction of
ad3anced 6anufactu/in4 technolo4< >AMT?. Gi3en the /ate at which AMT is
168 GMAT
cu//entl< bein4 int/oduced in 6anufactu/in4B the a3e/a4e wo/0e/2s old s0ills
beco6e obsolete and new s0ills a/e /e@ui/ed within as little as fi3e <ea/s.
,hich of the followin4 7lansB if feasibleB would allow a co67an< to 7/e7a/e 6ost
effecti3el< fo/ the /a7id obsolescence of s0ills desc/ibed abo3e=
>A? The co67an< will de3elo7 a 7/o4/a6 to offe/ selected e67lo<ees the
o77o/tunit< to /ecei3e t/ainin4 si8 <ea/s afte/ the< we/e o/i4inall< hi/ed.
>B? The co67an< will inc/ease its in3est6ent in AMT e3e/< <ea/ fo/ a 7e/iod of
at least fi3e <ea/s.
>C? The co67an< will 7e/iodicall< su/3e< its e67lo<ees to dete/6ine how the
int/oduction of AMT has affected the6.
>D? Befo/e the int/oduction of AMTB the co67an< will institute an educational
7/o4/a6 to info/6 its e67lo<ees of the 7/obable conse@uences of the
int/oduction of AMT.
>E? The co67an< will ensu/e that it can offe/ its e67lo<ees an< t/ainin4
necessa/< fo/ 6eetin4 thei/ ;ob /e@ui/e6ents.
". Installin4 sc/ubbe/s in s6o0estac0s and switchin4 to cleane/Abu/nin4 fuel a/e the
two 6ethods a3ailable to )o/the/n Iowe/ fo/ /educin4 ha/6ful e6issions f/o6 its
7lants. Sc/ubbe/s will /educe ha/6ful e6issions 6o/e than cleane/Abu/nin4 fuels
will. The/efo/eB b< installin4 sc/ubbe/sB )o/the/n Iowe/ will be doin4 the 6ost
that can be done to /educe ha/6ful e6issions f/o6 its 7lants.
,hich of the followin4 is an assu67tion on which the a/4u6ent de7ends=
>A? Switchin4 to cleane/Abu/nin4 fuel will not be 6o/e e87ensi3e than installin4
sc/ubbe/s.
>B? )o/the/n Iowe/ can choose f/o6 a6on4 3a/ious 0inds of sc/ubbe/sB so6e of
which a/e 6o/e effecti3e than othe/s.
>C? )o/the/n Iowe/ is not necessa/il< co66itted to /educin4 ha/6ful e6issions
f/o6 its 7lants.
>D? Ha/6ful e6issions f/o6 )o/the/n Iowe/2s 7lants cannot be /educed 6o/e b<
usin4 both 6ethods to4ethe/ than b< the installation of sc/ubbe/s alone.
>E? Aside f/o6 ha/6ful e6issions f/o6 the s6o0estac0s of its 7lantsB the
acti3ities of )o/the/n Iowe/ do not cause si4nificant ai/ 7ollution.
#. So6e anth/o7olo4ists stud< 6ode/nAda< societies of fo/a4e/s in an effo/t to lea/n
about ou/ ancient ancesto/s who we/e also fo/a4e/s. A flaw in this st/ate4< is that
fo/a4e/ societies a/e e8t/e6el< 3a/ied. IndeedB an< fo/a4e/ societ< with which
anth/o7olo4ists a/e fa6ilia/ has had conside/able contact with 6ode/n nonfo/a4e/
societies.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost wea0en the c/iticis6 6ade abo3e of
the anth/o7olo4ists2 st/ate4<=
>A? All fo/a4e/ societies th/ou4hout histo/< ha3e had a nu6be/ of i67o/tant
featu/es in co66on that a/e absent f/o6 othe/ t<7es of societies.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 16&
>B? Most ancient fo/a4e/ societies eithe/ dissol3ed o/ 6ade a t/ansition to anothe/
wa< of life.
>C? All anth/o7olo4ists stud< one 0ind o/ anothe/ of 6ode/nAda< societ<.
>D? Man< anth/o7olo4ists who stud< 6ode/nAda< fo/a4e/ societies do not d/aw
infe/ences about ancient societies on the basis of thei/ studies.
>E? E3en those 6ode/nAda< fo/a4e/ societies that ha3e not had si4nificant contact
with 6ode/n societies a/e i67o/tantl< diffe/ent f/o6 ancient fo/a4e/
societies.
!. Ma<o/1 In each of the 7ast fi3e <ea/sB the cit< has cut school fundin4 and each
ti6e school officials co67lained that the cuts would fo/ce the6 to /educe
e87enditu/es fo/ essential se/3ices. But each ti6eB onl< e87enditu/es fo/
nonessential se/3ices we/e actuall< /educed. So school officials can i67le6ent
fu/the/ cuts without /educin4 an< e87enditu/es fo/ essential se/3ices.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ts the 6a<o/2s conclusion=
>A? The cit<2s schools ha3e alwa<s 7/o3ided essential se/3ices as efficientl< as
the< ha3e 7/o3ided nonessential se/3ices.
>B? Sufficient funds a/e cu//entl< a3ailable to allow the cit<2s schools to 7/o3ide
so6e nonessential se/3ices.
>C? I/ice esti6ates @uoted to the cit<2s schools fo/ the 7/o3ision of nonessential
se/3ices ha3e not inc/eased substantiall< since the 6ost /ecent school
fundin4 cut.
>D? 5ew influential cit< ad6inist/ato/s su77o/t the fundin4 of costl< nonessential
se/3ices in the cit<2s schools.
>E? The cit<2s school officials /a/el< e8a44e/ate the 7otential i67act of th/eatened
fundin4 cuts.
6. Ad3e/tise6ent1 5o/ sinus 7ainB th/ee out of fou/ hos7itals 4i3e thei/ 7atients
)o3e8. So when <ou want the 6ost effecti3e 7ain0ille/ fo/ sinus 7ainB )o3e8 is
the one to choose.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< unde/6ines the ad3e/tise6ent2s
a/4u6ent=
>A? So6e co67etin4 b/ands of 7ain0ille/s a/e intended to /educe othe/ 0inds of
7ain in addition to sinus 7ain.
>B? Man< hos7itals that do not usuall< use )o3e8 will do so fo/ those 7atients
who cannot tole/ate the d/u4 the hos7itals usuall< use.
>C? Man< d/u4 6anufactu/e/s inc/ease sales of thei/ 7/oducts to hos7itals b<
sellin4 these 7/oducts to the hos7itals at the lowest 7/ice the 6anufactu/e/s
can affo/d.
>D? Dnli0e so6e co67etin4 b/ands of 7ain0ille/sB )o3e8 is a3ailable f/o6
7ha/6acies without a docto/2s 7/esc/i7tion.
>E? In clinical t/ials )o3e8 has been found 6o/e effecti3e than co67etin4 b/ands
1%$ GMAT
of 7ain0ille/s that ha3e been on the 6a/0et lon4e/ than )o3e8.
%. A /e7o/t that 6an< a77les contain a cance/Acausin4 7/ese/3ati3e called Ala/
a77a/entl< had little effect on consu6e/s. 5ew consu6e/s 7lanned to chan4e thei/
a77leAbu<in4 habits as a /esult of the /e7o/t. )onethelessB sales of a77les in
4/oce/< sto/es fell sha/7l< in Ma/chB a 6onth afte/ the /e7o/t was issued.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB best e87lains the /eason fo/ the a77a/ent
>A? In Ma/chB 6an< 4/oce/s /e6o3ed a77les f/o6 thei/ shel3es in o/de/ to
de6onst/ate conce/n about thei/ custo6e/s2 health.
>B? Because of a 4/owin4 nu6be/ of foodAsafet< wa/nin4sB consu6e/s in Ma/ch
we/e indiffe/ent to such wa/nin4s.
>C? The /e7o/t was deli3e/ed on tele3ision and also a77ea/ed in news7a7e/s.
>D? The /e7o/t did not 6ention that an< othe/ f/uit contains Ala/B althou4h the
7/ese/3ati3e is used on othe/ f/uit.
>E? Iublic health officials did not belie3e that a77les 7osed a health th/eat
because onl< 6inute t/aces of Ala/ we/e 7/esent in affected a77les.
8. A new law 4i3es owne/shi7 of 7atentsKdocu6ents 7/o3idin4 e8clusi3e /i4ht to
6a0e and sell an in3entionKto uni3e/sitiesB not the 4o3e/n6entB when those
7atents /esult f/o6 4o3e/n6entAs7onso/ed uni3e/sit< /esea/ch. Ad6inist/ato/s at
'o4os Dni3e/sit< 7lan to sell an< 7atents the< ac@ui/e to co/7o/ations in o/de/ to
fund 7/o4/a6s to i67/o3e unde/4/aduate teachin4.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would cast 6ost doubt on the 3iabilit< of the
colle4e ad6inist/ato/s2 7lan desc/ibed abo3e=
>A? I/ofitA6a0in4 co/7o/ations inte/ested in de3elo7in4 7/oducts based on
7atents held b< uni3e/sities a/e li0el< to t/< to se/3e as e8clusi3e s7onso/s of
on4oin4 uni3e/sit< /esea/ch 7/o;ects.
>B? Co/7o/ate s7onso/s of /esea/ch in uni3e/sit< facilities a/e entitled to ta8
c/edits unde/ new fede/al ta8Acode 4uidelines.
>C? -esea/ch scientists at 'o4os Dni3e/sit< ha3e few o/ no teachin4
/es7onsibilities and 7a/tici7ate little if at all in the unde/4/aduate 7/o4/a6s
in thei/ field.
>D? Go3e/n6entAs7onso/ed /esea/ch conducted at 'o4os Dni3e/sit< fo/ the 6ost
7a/t du7licates /esea/ch al/ead< co67leted b< se3e/al 7/ofitA6a0in4
co/7o/ations.
>E? 'o4os Dni3e/sit< is unli0el< to att/act co/7o/ate s7onso/shi7 of its scientific
/esea/ch.
&. Cont/a/< to ea/lie/ 7/edictionsB de6and fo/ su4a/cane has not inc/eased in /ecent
<ea/s. :etB e3en thou4h 7/ices and 7/oduction a6ounts ha3e also been stable
du/in4 the last th/ee <ea/sB su4a/cane 4/owe/s last <ea/ inc/eased thei/ 7/ofits b<
6o/e than ten 7e/cent o3e/ the 7/e3ious <ea/2s le3el.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 1%1
An< of the followin4 state6entsB if t/ueB about last <ea/B hel7s to e87lain the /ise
in 7/ofits EHCEIT1
>A? Man< count/ies that a/e la/4e consu6e/s of su4a/cane inc/eased thei/
7/oduction of su4a/caneAbased ethanolB <et thei/ o3e/all consu67tion of
su4a/cane dec/eased.
>B? Su4a/cane 4/owe/s ha3e sa3ed 6one< on wa4es b< switchin4 f/o6 7a<in4
labo/e/s an hou/l< wa4e to 7a<in4 the6 b< the a6ount ha/3ested.
>C? The 7/ice of oilB the 6a;o/ ene/4< sou/ce used b< su4a/cane 4/owe/s in
ha/3estin4 thei/ c/o7sB d/o77ed b< o3e/ twent< 7e/cent.
>D? Man< s6all su4a/cane 4/owe/s ;oined to4ethe/ to fo/6 an association of
su4a/cane 7/oduce/s and be4an to bu< su77lies at low 4/ou7 /ates.
>E? -ainfall in su4a/caneA4/owin4 /e4ions was hi4he/ than it had been du/in4 the
7/e3ious <ea/B allowin4 the 4/owe/s to sa3e 6one< on e87ensi3e a/tificial
i//i4ation.
1$. If the count< continues to collect /esidential t/ash at cu//ent le3elsB landfills will
soon be o3e/flowin4 and 7a/0land will need to be used in o/de/ to c/eate 6o/e
s7ace. Cha/4in4 each household a fee fo/ each 7ound of t/ash it 7uts out fo/
collection will induce /esidents to /educe the a6ount of t/ash the< c/eateG this
cha/4e will the/efo/e 7/otect the /e6ainin4 count< 7a/0land.
,hich of the followin4 is an assu67tion 6ade in d/awin4 the conclusion abo3e=
>A? -esidents will /educe the a6ount of t/ash the< 7ut out fo/ collection b<
/educin4 the nu6be/ of 7/oducts the< bu<.
>B? The collection fee will not si4nificantl< affect the 7u/chasin4 7owe/ of 6ost
/esidentsB e3en if thei/ households do not /educe the a6ount of t/ash the< 7ut
out.
>C? The collection fee will not induce /esidents to du67 thei/ t/ash in the
7a/0lands ille4all<.
>D? The beaut< of count< 7a/0land is an i67o/tant issue fo/ 6ost of the count<2s
/esidents.
>E? 'andfills outside the count<2s bo/de/s could be used as du67in4 sites fo/ the
count<2s t/ash.
Questions 11-1! are based on the following.
En3i/on6entalist1 The co66issione/ of the 5ish and Ga6e Autho/it< would ha3e the
7ublic belie3e that inc/eases in the nu6be/ of 6a/ine fish cau4ht de6onst/ate that this
/esou/ce is no lon4e/ endan4e/ed. This is a s7ecious a/4u6entB as unsound as it would
be to asse/t that the e3e/Ainc/easin4 /ate at which /ain fo/ests a/e bein4 cut down
de6onst/ates a lac0 of dan4e/ to that /esou/ce. The /eal cause of the inc/eased fishA
catch is a 4/eate/ efficienc< in usin4 technolo4ies that de7lete /esou/ces.
11. ,hich of the followin4 st/ate4ies is used in the 7/esentation of the
1% GMAT
en3i/on6entalist2s 7osition=
>A? Nuestionin4 the 6oti3es of an o77onent
>B? Showin4 that an o77osin4 7osition is selfAcont/adicto/<
>C? Attac0in4 an a/4u6ent th/ou4h the use of an analo4<
>D? De6onst/atin4 the inaccu/ac< of ce/tain data
>E? Iointin4 out ad3e/se conse@uences of a 7/o7osal
1. The en3i/on6entalist2s state6entsB if t/ueB best su77o/t which of the followin4 as
a conclusion=
>A? The use of technolo4< is the /eason fo/ the inc/easin4 enc/oach6ent of
7eo7le on natu/e.
>B? It is 7ossible to dete/6ine how 6an< fish a/e in the sea in so6e wa< othe/
than b< catchin4 fish.
>C? The 7/o7o/tion of 6a/ine fish that a/e cau4ht is as hi4h as the 7/o7o/tion of
/ainAfo/est t/ees that a/e cut down each <ea/.
>D? Mode/n technolo4ies waste /esou/ces b< catchin4 inedible fish.
>E? Ma/ine fish continue to be an endan4e/ed /esou/ce.
1". Bio6et/ic accessAcont/ol s<ste6sKthose usin4 fin4e/7/intsB 3oice7/intsB etc.B to
/e4ulate ad6ittance to /est/icted a/easKwo/0 b< de4/ees of si6ila/it<B not b<
identit<. Afte/ allB e3en the sa6e fin4e/ will /a/el< lea3e e8actl< identical 7/ints.
Such s<ste6s can be ad;usted to 6ini6i9e /efusals of access to le4iti6ate accessA
see0e/s. Such ad;ust6entsB howe3e/B inc/ease the li0elihood of ad6ittin4
i67osto/s.
,hich of the followin4 conclusions is 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ted b< the info/6ation
abo3e=
>A? If a bio6et/ic accessAcont/ol s<ste6 we/e 6ade to wo/0 b< identitB? If a bio6et/ic accessAcont/ol s<ste6 /eliabl< 7/e3ents i67osto/s f/o6 bein4
ad6ittedB it will so6eti6es tu/n awa< le4iti6ate accessAsee0e/s.
>C? Bio6et/ic accessAcont/ol s<ste6s a/e a77/o7/iate onl< in situations in which
ad6ittance of i67osto/s is less of a 7/oble6 than is 6ista0en /efusal of
access.
>D? )onbio6et/ic accessAcont/ol s<ste6sKbasedB fo/ e8a67leB on nu6e/ical
codesKa/e less li0el< than bio6et/ic ones to ad6it i67osto/s.
>E? An<one choosin4 an accessAcont/ol s<ste6 should base the choice solel< on
the /atio of false /efusals to false ad6ittances.
1#. Althou4h co67ute/s can enhance 7eo7le2s abilit< to co66unicateB co67ute/
4a6es a/e a cause of unde/de3elo7ed co66unication s0ills in child/en. Afte/A
school hou/s s7ent 7la<in4 co67ute/ 4a6es a/e hou/s not s7ent tal0in4 with
7eo7le. The/efo/eB child/en who s7end all thei/ s7a/e ti6e 7la<in4 these 4a6es
GMAT . 'SAT C- 1%"
ha3e less e87e/ience in inte/7e/sonal co66unication than othe/ child/en ha3e.
The a/4u6ent de7ends on which of the followin4 assu67tions=
>A? Iassi3e acti3ities such as watchin4 tele3ision and listenin4 to 6usic do not
hinde/ the de3elo76ent of co66unication s0ills in child/en.
>B? Most child/en ha3e othe/ o77o/tunitiesB in addition to afte/Aschool hou/sB in
which the< can choose whethe/ to 7la< co67ute/ 4a6es o/ to inte/act with
othe/ 7eo7le.
>C? Child/en who do not s7end all of thei/ afte/Aschool hou/s 7la<in4 co67ute/
4a6es s7end at least so6e of that ti6e tal0in4 with othe/ 7eo7le.
>D? 5o/6al inst/uction cont/ibutes little o/ nothin4 to child/en2s ac@uisition of
co66unication s0ills.
>E? The 6ental s0ills de3elo7ed th/ou4h 7la<in4 co67ute/ 4a6es do not
cont/ibute si4nificantl< to child/en2s intellectual de3elo76ent.
1!. (ne 3a/iet< of 7a/tiall< biode4/adable 7lastic be3e/a4e containe/ is 6anufactu/ed
f/o6 s6all bits of 7lastic bound to4ethe/ b< a de4/adable bondin4 a4ent such as
co/nsta/ch. Since onl< the bondin4 a4ent de4/adesB lea3in4 the s6all bits of
7lasticB no less 7lastic /efuse 7e/ containe/ is 7/oduced when such containe/s a/e
disca/ded than when co67a/able nonbiode4/adable containe/s a/e disca/ded.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost st/en4thens the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? Both 7a/tiall< biode4/adable and nonbiode4/adable 7lastic be3e/a4e
containe/s can be c/ushed co67letel< flat b< /efuse co67acto/s.
>B? The 7a/tiall< biode4/adable 7lastic be3e/a4e containe/s a/e 6ade with 6o/e
7lastic than co67a/able nonbiode4/adable ones in o/de/ to co67ensate fo/
the wea0enin4 effect of the boundin4 a4ents.
>C? Man< consu6e/s a/e ecolo4<A6inded and 7/efe/ to bu< a 7/oduct sold in the
7a/tiall< biode4/adable 7lastic be3e/a4e containe/s /athe/ than in
nonbiode4/adable containe/sB e3en if the 7/ice is hi4he/.
>D? The 6anufactu/in4 7/ocess fo/ the 7a/tiall< biode4/adable 7lastic be3e/a4e
containe/s /esults in less 7lastic waste than the 6anufactu/in4 7/ocess fo/
nonbiode4/adable 7lastic be3e/a4e containe/s.
>E? Technolo4ical 7/oble6s with /ec<clin4 cu//entl< 7/e3ent the /euse as food o/
be3e/a4e containe/s of the 7lastic f/o6 eithe/ t<7e of 7lastic be3e/a4e
containe/.
16. Co66entato/1 The theo/< of t/ade /etaliation states that count/ies closed out of
an< of anothe/ count/<2s 6a/0ets should close so6e of thei/ own 6a/0ets to the
othe/ count/< in o/de/ to 7/essu/e the othe/ count/< to /eo7en its 6a/0ets. If e3e/<
count/< acted acco/din4 to this theo/A? )o count/< actuall< acts acco/din4 to the theo/< of t/ade /etaliation.
>B? )o count/< should bloc0 an< of its 6a/0ets to fo/ei4n t/ade.
1%# GMAT
>C? T/ade dis7utes should be settled b< inte/national t/ibunal.
>D? 5o/ an< two count/iesB at least one has so6e 6a/0et closed to the othe/.
>E? Count/ies close thei/ 6a/0ets to fo/ei4ne/s to 7/otect do6estic 7/oduce/s.
TEST 16
1. The chante/elleB a t<7e of wild 6ush/oo6B 4/ows beneath host t/ees such as the
Dou4las fi/B which 7/o3ide it with necessa/< su4a/s. The unde/4/ound fila6ents
of chante/ellesB which e8t/act the su4a/sB in tu/n 7/o3ide nut/ients and wate/ fo/
thei/ hosts. Because of this 6utuall< beneficial /elationshi7B ha/3estin4 the
chante/elles 4/owin4 beneath a Dou4las fi/ se/iousl< endan4e/s the t/ee.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB casts the 6ost doubt on the conclusion d/awn
abo3e=
>A? The nu6be/ of wild 6ush/oo6s ha/3ested has inc/eased in /ecent <ea/s.
>B? Chante/elles 4/ow not onl< beneath Dou4las fi/s but also beneath othe/ host
t/ees.
>C? Man< t<7es of wild 6ush/oo6s a/e found onl< in fo/ests and cannot easil< be
4/own elsewhe/e.
>D? The ha/3estin4 of wild 6ush/oo6s sti6ulates futu/e 4/owth of those
6ush/oo6s.
>E? :oun4 Dou4las fi/ seedlin4s die without the nut/ients and wate/ 7/o3ided b<
chante/elle fila6ents.
. The /eason 6uch /ef/i4e/ated food s7oils is that it ends u7 out of si4ht at the bac0
of the shelf. So wh< not ha3e /ound shel3es that /otate= Because such /otatin4
shel3es would ha3e ;ust the sa6e so/t of d/awbac0B since thin4s would fall off the
shel3es2 ed4es into the /ea/ co/ne/s.
,hich of the followin4 is 7/esu77osed in the a/4u6ent a4ainst int/oducin4
/otatin4 shel3es=
>A? -ef/i4e/ato/s would not be 6ade so that thei/ inte/io/ s7ace is c<lind/ical.
>B? -ef/i4e/ato/s would not be 6ade to ha3e a window in f/ont fo/ eas< 3iewin4
of thei/ contents without o7enin4 the doo/.
>C? The 7/oble6 of s7oila4e of /ef/i4e/ated food is not a6enable to an< solution
based on desi4n chan4es.
>D? -ef/i4e/ato/s a/e so well desi4ned that the/e a/e bound to be d/awbac0s to
an< desi4n chan4e.
>E? -otatin4 shel3es would be desi4ned to /otate onl< while the /ef/i4e/ato/ doo/
was o7en.
". It would cost -osetown one 6illion dolla/s to /e7ai/ all of its /oads. In the <ea/
afte/ co67letion of those /e7ai/sB howe3e/B -osetown would the/eb< a3oid
incu//in4 th/ee 6illion dolla/s wo/th of da6a4esB since cu//entl< -osetown 7a<s
GMAT . 'SAT C- 1%!
that a6ount annuall< in co67ensation fo/ da6a4e done to ca/s each <ea/ b< its
un/e7ai/ed /oads.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 4i3es the st/on4est su77o/t to the a/4u6ent
abo3e=
>A? Co66unities bo/de/in4 on -osetown also 7a< co67ensation fo/ da6a4e
done to ca/s b< thei/ un/e7ai/ed /oads.
>B? Afte/ an< -osetown /oad has been /e7ai/edB se3e/al <ea/s will ela7se befo/e
that /oad be4ins to da6a4e ca/s.
>C? -osetown would need to /aise additional ta8es if it we/e to s7end one 6illion
dolla/s in one <ea/ on /oad /e7ai/s.
>D? The de4/ee of da6a4e caused to -osetown2s /oads b< ha/sh weathe/ can 3a/<
widel< f/o6 <ea/ to <ea/.
>E? T/uc0s cause 6uch of the wea/ on -osetown2s /oadsB but owne/s of ca/s file
al6ost all of the clai6s fo/ co67ensation fo/ da6a4e caused b< un/e7ai/ed
/oads.
#. Two e87e/i6ental 4a/den 7lots we/e each 7lanted with the sa6e nu6be/ of
to6ato 7lants. Ma4nesiu6 salts we/e added to the fi/st 7lot but not to the second.
The fi/st 7lot 7/oduced $ 7ounds of to6atoes and the second 7lot 7/oduced 1$
7ounds. Since nothin4 else but wate/ was added to eithe/ 7lotB the hi4he/ <ields in
the fi/st 7lot 6ust ha3e been due to the 6a4nesiu6 salts.
>A? A s6all a6ount of the 6a4nesiu6 salts f/o6 the fi/st 7lot leached into the
second 7lot.
>B? To6ato 7lants in a thi/d e87e/i6ental 7lotB to which a hi4hAnit/o4en fe/tili9e/
was addedB but no 6a4nesiu6 saltsB 7/oduced 1! 7ounds of to6atoes.
>C? 5ou/ diffe/ent t<7es of to6atoes we/e 4/own in e@ual 7/o7o/tions in each of
the 7lots.
>D? So6e weeds that co67ete with to6atoes cannot tole/ate hi4h a6ounts of
6a4nesiu6 salts in the soil.
>E? The two e87e/i6ental 7lots diffe/ed f/o6 each othe/ with /es7ect to soil
te8tu/e and e87osu/e to sunli4ht.
!. A/chaeolo4ists ha3e found wheeled ce/a6ic to<s 6ade b< the ToltecB twelfthA
centu/< inhabitants of what is now *e/ac/u9. Althou4h the/e is no a/chaeolo4ical
e3idence that the Toltec used wheels fo/ an<thin4 but to<sB so6e anth/o7olo4ists
h<7othesi9e that wheeled utilit< 3ehicles we/e used to ca//< 6ate/ials needed fo/
the 6onu6ental st/uctu/es the Toltec 7/oduced.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost hel7 the anth/o7olo4ists e87lain the
lac0 of e3idence noted abo3e=
>A? The Toltec so6eti6es inco/7o/ated into thei/ to<s /e7/esentations of utensils
o/ othe/ de3ices that se/3ed so6e 7/actical 7u/7ose.
1%6 GMAT
>B? An< wheeled utilit< 3ehicles used b< the Toltec could ha3e been 6ade
enti/el< of woodB and unli0e ce/a6icB wood deca<s /a7idl< in the hu6id
cli6ate of *e/ac/u9.
>C? Ca/3in4s in 6onu6ent walls su44est that the Toltec2s wheeled ce/a6ic to<s
so6eti6es had /itual uses in addition to bein4 used b< both child/en and
adults as deco/ations and 7la<thin4s.
>D? ,heeled utilit< 3ehicles we/e used du/in4 the twelfth centu/< in 6an< a/eas
of the wo/ldB but du/in4 this ti6e wheeled to<s we/e not 3e/< co66on in
a/eas outside *e/ac/u9.
>E? So6e of the wheeled ce/a6ic to<s we/e found nea/ the /e6ains of
6onu6ental st/uctu/es.
6. De6o4/a7he/s doin4 /esea/ch fo/ an inte/national econo6ics newslette/ clai6
that the a3e/a4e 7e/ ca7ita inco6e in the count/< of Mu7tala is substantiall< lowe/
than that in the count/< of Bahlton. The< also clai6B howe3e/B that whe/eas
7o3e/t< is /elati3el< /a/e in Mu7talaB o3e/ half the 7o7ulation of Bahlton li3es in
e8t/e6e 7o3e/t<. At least one of the de6o4/a7he/s2 clai6s 6ustB the/efo/eB be
w/on4.
The a/4u6ent abo3e is 6ost 3ulne/able to which of the followin4 c/iticis6s=
>A? It /e;ects an e67i/ical clai6 about the a3e/a4e 7e/ ca7ita inco6es in the two
count/ies without 6a0in4 an< atte67t to disc/edit that clai6 b< offe/in4
additional econo6ic e3idence.
>B? It t/eats the 3a4ue te/6 E7o3e/t<F as thou4h it had a 7/ecise and uni3e/sall<
acce7ted 6eanin4.
>C? It o3e/loo0s the 7ossibilit< that the nu6be/ of 7eo7le in the two count/ies
who li3e in 7o3e/t< could be the sa6e e3en thou4h the 7e/centa4es of the
two 7o7ulations that li3e in 7o3e/t< diffe/ 6a/0edl<.
>D? It fails to show that wealth and 7o3e/t< ha3e the sa6e social si4nificance in
Mu7tala as in Bahlton.
>E? It does not conside/ the 7ossibilit< that inco6es in Mu7talaB unli0e those in
BahltonB 6i4ht all be 3e/< close to the count/<2s a3e/a4e 7e/ ca7ita inco6e.
%. )o/6all<B inc/eases in the 7/ice of a 7/oduct dec/ease its sales e8ce7t when the
7/ice inc/ease acco67anies an i67/o3e6ent in the 7/oduct. ,ine is unusualB
howe3e/. (ften inc/eases in the 7/ice of a 7a/ticula/ 7/oduce/2s wine will /esult in
inc/eased salesB e3en when the wine itself is unchan4ed.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB does 6ost to e87lain the ano6al< desc/ibed
abo3e=
>A? The /etail wine 6a/0et is cha/acte/i9ed b< an e8t/e6el< wide /an4e of
co67etin4 7/oducts.
>B? Man< consu6e/s 6a0e decisions about which wines to 7u/chase on the basis
of /e3iews of wine 7ublished in boo0s and 7e/iodicals.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 1%%
>C? Consu6e/s selectin4 wine in a sto/e often use the 7/ice cha/4ed as thei/ 6ain
4uide to the wine2s @ualit<.
>D? ,ine /etaile/s and 7/oduce/s can 4ene/all< inc/ease the sales of a 7a/ticula/
wine te67o/a/il< b< int/oducin4 a 7/ice discount.
>E? Consu6e/s who 7u/chase wine /e4ula/l< 4ene/all< ha3e st/on4 o7inions about
which wines the< 7/efe/.
8. The /ecent decline in land 7/ices has hu/t 6an< institutions that had in3ested
hea3il< in /eal estate. 'ast <ea/B befo/e the decline be4anB a local colle4e added
B$$$ ac/es to its holdin4s. The colle4eB howe3e/B did not 7u/chase the land but
/ecei3ed it as a 4ift. The/efo/e the 7/ice decline will 7/obabl< not affect the
colle4e.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB casts 6ost doubt on the conclusion abo3e=
>A? The B$$$ ac/es that the colle4e was 4i3en last <ea/ a/e located within the
sa6e co66unit< as the colle4e itself.
>B? The colle4e usuall< /ecei3es 6o/e cont/ibutions of 6one< than of /eal estate.
>C? 'and 7/ices in the /e4ion in which the colle4e is located a/e cu//entl< hi4he/
than the national a3e/a4e.
>D? 'ast <ea/B the a6ount that the colle4e allocated to 7a< fo/ /eno3ations
included 6one< it e87ected to /ecei3e b< sellin4 so6e of its land this <ea/.
>E? 'ast <ea/B the colle4e 7aid no 7/o7e/t< ta8es on land occu7ied b< colle4e
buildin4s but instead 7aid fees to co67ensate the local 4o3e/n6ent fo/
se/3ices 7/o3ided.
&. Ci3il t/ials often in3ol3e 4/eat co67le8ities that a/e be<ond the ca7acities of
;u/o/s to unde/stand. As a /esultB ;u/o/s2 decisions in such t/ials a/e f/e@uentl<
inco//ect. +ustice would the/efo/e be bette/ se/3ed if the 6o/e co67le8 t/ials we/e
decided b< ;ud4es /athe/ than ;u/ies.
The a/4u6ent abo3e de7ends on which of the followin4 assu67tions=
>A? A 6a;o/it< of ci3il t/ials in3ol3e co67le8ities that ;u/o/s a/e not ca7able of
unde/standin4.
>B? The ;ud4es who would decide co67le8 ci3il t/ials would be bette/ able to
unde/stand the co67le8ities of those t/ials than ;u/o/s a/e.
>C? The ;ud4es who would 7/eside o3e/ ci3il t/ials would disallow the 6ost
co67le8 so/ts of e3idence f/o6 bein4 int/oduced into those t/ials.
>D? +u/o/s2 decisions a/e f/e@uentl< inco//ect e3en in those ci3il t/ials that do not
in3ol3e 4/eat co67le8ities.
>E? The sole /eason in fa3o/ of ha3in4 ;u/ies decide ci3il t/ials is the su77osition
that thei/ decisions will al6ost alwa<s be co//ect.
1$. So6e s7ecies of dol7hins find thei/ 7/e< b< echolocationG the< e6it clic0in4
sounds and listen fo/ echoes /etu/nin4 f/o6 distant ob;ects in the wate/. Ma/ine
1%8 GMAT
biolo4ists ha3e s7eculated that those sa6e clic0in4 sounds 6i4ht ha3e a second
function1 7a/ticula/l< loud clic0s 6i4ht be used b< the dol7hins to stun thei/ 7/e<
at close /an4e th/ou4h senso/< o3e/load.
,hich of the followin4B if disco3e/ed to be t/ueB would cast the 6ost se/ious
doubt on the co//ectness of the s7eculation desc/ibed abo3e=
>A? Dol7hins that use echolocation to locate distant 7/e< also e6it f/e@uent clic0s
at inte/6ediate distances as the< close in on thei/ 7/e<.
>B? The usefulness of echolocation as a 6eans of locatin4 7/e< de7ends on the
clic0in4 sounds bein4 of a t<7e that the 7/e< is inca7able of 7e/cei3in4B
/e4a/dless of 3olu6e.
>C? If dol7hins stun thei/ 7/eD? Echolocation a77ea/s to 4i3e dol7hins that use it info/6ation about the
/ichness of a sou/ce of food as well as about its di/ection.
>E? The 6o/e distant a dol7hin2s 7/e<B the loude/ the echolocation clic0s 6ust be
if the< a/e to /e3eal the 7/e<2s 7/esence to the huntin4 dol7hin.
11. Ad3e/tise6ent1 The wo/ld2s best coffee beans co6e f/o6 Colo6bia. The 6o/e
Colo6bian beans in a blend of coffeeB the bette/ the blendB and no co67an<
7u/chases 6o/e Colo6bian beans than M/ee6o CoffeeB Inc. So it onl< stands to
/eason that if <ou bu< a can of M/ee6o2s coffeeB <ou2/e bu<in4 the best blended
coffee a3ailable toda<.
The /easonin4 of the a/4u6ent in the ad3e/tise6ent is flawed because it
o3e/loo0s the 7ossibilit< that
>A? the e@ui76ent used b< M/ee6o to blend and 7ac0a4e its coffee is no diffe/ent
f/o6 that used b< 6ost othe/ coffee 7/oduce/s
>B? not all of M/ee6o2s co67etito/s use Colo6bian coffee beans in the blends of
coffee the< sell
>C? M/ee6o sells 6o/e coffee than does an< othe/ co67an<
>D? M/ee6o2s coffee is the 6ost e87ensi3e blended coffee a3ailable toda<
>E? the best unblended coffee is bette/ than the best blended coffee
1. The onl< 7u/7ose fo/ which a 7a/ticula/ t<7e of ta7e is needed is to hold ce/tain
su/4ical wounds closed fo/ ten da<sKthe 6a8i6u6 ti6e such wounds need ta7e.
)ewta7e is a new b/and of this t<7e of ta7e. )ewta7e2s sales7eo7le clai6 that
)ewta7e will i67/o3e healin4 because )ewta7e adhe/es twice as lon4 as the
cu//entl< used ta7e does.
,hich of the followin4 state6entsB if t/ueB would 6ost se/iousl< call into
@uestion the clai6 6ade b< )ewta7e2s sales7eo7le=
>A? Most su/4ical wounds ta0e about ten da<s to heal.
>B? Most su/4ical ta7e is 7u/chased b< hos7itals and clinics /athe/ than b<
indi3idual su/4eons.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 1%&
>C? The cu//entl< used ta7e2s adhesi3eness is 6o/e than sufficient to hold wounds
closed fo/ ten da<s.
>D? )eithe/ )ewta7e no/ the cu//entl< used ta7e adhe/es well to s0in that has not
been cleaned.
>E? )ewta7e2s adhesion to s0in that has been coated with a s7ecial che6ical
7/e7a/ation is onl< half as 4ood as the cu//entl< used ta7e2s adhesion to such
coated s0in.
1". A se3e/e d/ou4ht can actuall< lessen the total a6ount of 4o3e/n6ent aid that
Dnited States fa/6e/s /ecei3e as a 4/ou7. The 4o3e/n6ent 7a<s fa/6e/s the
a6ountB if an<B b< which the 6a/0et 7/ice at which c/o7s a/e actuall< sold falls
sho/t of a 7/eset ta/4et 7/ice 7e/ bushel fo/ the c/o7s. The d/ou4ht of 1&8"B fo/
e8a67leB caused fa/6A7/o4/a6 7a<6ents to d/o7 b< L1$ billion.
Gi3en the info/6ation abo3eB which of the followin4B if t/ueB best e87lains wh<
the d/ou4ht of 1&8" /esulted in a /eduction in fa/6A7/o4/a6 7a<6ents=
>A? I/io/ to the d/ou4ht of 1&8"B the 4o3e/n6ent /aised the ta/4et 7/ice fo/ c/o7s
in o/de/ to aid fa/6e/s in /educin4 thei/ debt loads.
>B? Due to the d/ou4ht of 1&8"B Dnited States fa/6e/s e87o/ted less food in 1&8"
than in the 7/ecedin4 <ea/.
>C? Due to the d/ou4ht of 1&8"B Dnited States fa/6e/s had s6alle/ ha/3ests and
thus /ecei3ed a hi4he/ 6a/0et 7/ice fo/ the 1&8" c/o7 than fo/ the la/4e/ c/o7
of the 7/ecedin4 <ea/.
>D? Due to the d/ou4ht of 1&8"B Dnited States fa/6e/s 7lanned to 7lant s6alle/
c/o7s in 1&8# than the< had in 1&8".
>E? Des7ite the d/ou4ht of 1&8"B /etail 7/ices fo/ food did not inc/ease
si4nificantl< between 1&8 and 1&8".
1#. In o/de/ to inc/ease /e3enuesB an ai/7o/t 7lans to chan4e the 7a/0in4 fees it
cha/4es at its hou/l< 7a/0in4 lots. -athe/ than cha/4in4 L.$$ fo/ the fi/st twoA
hou/ 7e/iodB o/ 7a/t the/eofB and L1.$$ fo/ each hou/ the/eafte/B the ai/7o/t will
cha/4e L#.$$ fo/ the fi/st fou/Ahou/ 7e/iodB o/ 7a/t the/eofB and L1.$$ fo/ each
hou/ the/eafte/.
,hich of the followin4 is a conside/ation thatB if t/ueB su44ests that the 7lan will
be successful in inc/easin4 /e3enues=
>A? *e/< few 7eo7le who 7a/0 thei/ ca/s at the hou/l< 7a/0in4 lot at the ai/7o/t
lea3e thei/ ca/s fo/ 6o/e than two hou/s at a ti6e.
>B? (3e/ the 7ast se3e/al <ea/sB the cost to the ai/7o/t of o7e/atin4 its hou/l<
7a/0in4 facilities has been 4/eate/ than the /e3enues it has /ecei3ed f/o6
the6.
>C? Ieo7le who lea3e thei/ ca/s at the ai/7o/t while on a t/i7 4ene/all< 7a/0 thei/
ca/s in lots that cha/4e b< the da< /athe/ than b< the hou/.
>D? A si4nificant 7o/tion of the 6one< s7ent to o7e/ate the ai/7o/t 7a/0in4 lot is
18$ GMAT
s7ent to 6aintain the facilities /athe/ than to 7a< the sala/ies of the 7e/sonnel
who collect the 7a/0in4 fees.
>E? The hou/l< 7a/0in4 lots at the ai/7o/t ha3e /ecentl< been e87anded and a/e
the/efo/e /a/el< filled to ca7acit<.
1!. In the cou/se of he/ /esea/chesB a histo/ian /ecentl< found two docu6ents
6entionin4 the sa6e 7e/sonB E/ich Schnit9le/. (neB dated Ma< "B 1%"&B is a
/eco/d of Schnit9le/2s a//est fo/ 7eddlin4 without a license. The secondB undatedB
is a state6ent b< Schnit9le/ asse/tin4 that he has been 7eddlin4 off and on fo/ $
<ea/s.
The facts abo3e best su77o/t which of the followin4 conclusions=
>A? Schnit9le/ sta/ted 7eddlin4 a/ound 1%1&.
>B? Schnit9le/ was a//ested /e7eatedl< fo/ 7eddlin4.
>C? The undated docu6ent was w/itten befo/e 1%6!.
>D? The a//est /eco/d was w/itten afte/ the undated docu6ent.
>E? The a//est /eco/d 7/o3ides bette/ e3idence that Schnit9le/ 7eddled than does
the undated docu6ent.
16. The /ecent u7hea3al in the officeAe@ui76ent /etail businessB in which 6an< s6all
fi/6s ha3e 4one out of businessB has been att/ibuted to the ad3ent of office
e@ui76ent Esu7e/sto/esF whose hi4h sales 3olu6e 0ee7s thei/ 7/ices low. This
anal<sis is flawedB howe3e/B since e3en toda< the su7e/sto/es cont/ol a 3e/< s6all
sha/e of the /etail 6a/0et.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost wea0en the a/4u6ent that the
anal<sis is flawed=
>A? Most of the la/4e/ custo6e/s fo/ office e@ui76ent 7u/chase unde/ cont/act
di/ectl< f/o6 6anufactu/e/s and thus do not 7a/tici7ate in the /etail 6a/0et.
>B? The su7e/sto/es2 hea3< ad3e/tisin4 of thei/ low 7/ices has fo/ced 7/ices down
th/ou4hout the /etail 6a/0et fo/ office su77lies.
>C? So6e of the su7e/sto/es that onl< /ecentl< o7ened ha3e the6sel3es 4one out
of business.
>D? Most of the office e@ui76ent su7e/sto/es a/e owned b< la/4e /etailin4 chains
that also own sto/es sellin4 othe/ t<7es of 4oods.
>E? The 4/owin4 i67o/tance of co67ute/s in 6ost offices has chan4ed the 0ind of
office e@ui76ent /etaile/s 6ust stoc0.
TEST 1%
1. A /e7o/t on acid /ain concludedB EMost fo/ests in Canada a/e not bein4 da6a4ed
b< acid /ain.F C/itics of the /e7o/t insist the conclusion be chan4ed toB EMost
fo/ests in Canada do not show 3isible s<67to6s of da6a4e b< acid /ainB such as
abno/6al loss of lea3esB slowe/ /ates of 4/owthB o/ hi4he/ 6o/talit<.F
GMAT . 'SAT C- 181
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 7/o3ides the best lo4ical ;ustification fo/ the
c/itics2 insistence that the /e7o/t2s conclusion be chan4ed=
>A? So6e fo/ests in Canada a/e bein4 da6a4ed b< acid /ain.
>B? Acid /ain could be causin4 da6a4e fo/ which s<67to6s ha3e not <et beco6e
3isible.
>C? The /e7o/t does not co67a/e acid /ain da6a4e to Canadian fo/ests with acid
/ain da6a4e to fo/ests in othe/ count/ies.
>D? All fo/ests in Canada ha3e /ecei3ed acid /ain du/in4 the 7ast fifteen <ea/s.
>E? The se3e/it< of da6a4e b< acid /ain diffe/s f/o6 fo/est to fo/est.
. In the 7ast 6ost ai/line co67anies 6ini6i9ed ai/c/aft wei4ht to 6ini6i9e fuel
costs. The safest ai/line seats we/e hea3<B and ai/lines e@ui77ed thei/ 7lanes with
few of these seats. This <ea/ the seat that has sold best to ai/lines has been the
safest oneKa clea/ indication that ai/lines a/e assi4nin4 a hi4he/ 7/io/it< to safe
seatin4 than to 6ini6i9in4 fuel costs.
>A? 'ast <ea/2s bestAsellin4 ai/line seat was not the safest ai/line seat on the
6a/0et.
>B? )o ai/line co67an< has announced that it would be 6a0in4 safe seatin4 a
hi4he/ 7/io/it< this <ea/.
>C? The 7/ice of fuel was hi4he/ this <ea/ than it had been in 6ost of the <ea/s
when the safest ai/line seats sold 7oo/l<.
>D? Because of inc/eases in the cost of 6ate/ialsB all ai/line seats we/e 6o/e
e87ensi3e to 6anufactu/e this <ea/ than in an< 7/e3ious <ea/.
>E? Because of technolo4ical inno3ationsB the safest ai/line seat on the 6a/0et this
<ea/ wei4hed less than 6ost othe/ ai/line seats on the 6a/0et.
". A co67ute/ e@ui77ed with si4natu/eA/eco4nition softwa/eB which /est/icts access
to a co67ute/ to those 7eo7le whose si4natu/es a/e on fileB identifies a 7e/son2s
si4natu/e b< anal<9in4 not onl< the fo/6 of the si4natu/e but also such
cha/acte/istics as 7en 7/essu/e and si4nin4 s7eed. E3en the 6ost ade7t fo/4e/s
cannot du7licate all of the cha/acte/istics the 7/o4/a6 anal<9es.
,hich of the followin4 can be lo4icall< concluded f/o6 the 7assa4e abo3e=
>A? The ti6e it ta0es to /eco/d and anal<9e a si4natu/e 6a0es the softwa/e
i67/actical fo/ e3e/<da< use.
>B? Co67ute/s e@ui77ed with the softwa/e will soon be installed in 6ost ban0s.
>C? )obod< can 4ain access to a co67ute/ e@ui77ed with the softwa/e solel< b<
3i/tue of s0ill at fo/4in4 si4natu/es.
>D? Si4natu/eA/eco4nition softwa/e has ta0en 6an< <ea/s to de3elo7 and 7e/fect.
>E? In 6an< cases e3en autho/i9ed use/s a/e denied le4iti6ate access to
co67ute/s e@ui77ed with the softwa/e.
18 GMAT
#. Di3ision 6ana4e/1 I want to /e7lace the Mic/oton co67ute/s in 6< di3ision with
*itech co67ute/s.
Gene/al 6ana4e/1 ,h<=
Di3ision 6ana4e/1 It costs 8 7e/cent less to t/ain new staff on the *itech.
Gene/al 6ana4e/1 But that is not a 4ood enou4h /eason. ,e can si67l< hi/e onl<
7eo7le who al/ead< 0now how to use the Mic/oton co67ute/.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< unde/6ines the 4ene/al 6ana4e/2s
ob;ection to the /e7lace6ent of Mic/oton co67ute/s with *itechs=
>A? Cu//entl< all e67lo<ees in the co67an< a/e /e@ui/ed to attend wo/0sho7s on
how to use Mic/oton co67ute/s in new a77lications.
>B? (nce e67lo<ees lea/n how to use a co67ute/B the< tend to chan4e e67lo<e/s
6o/e /eadil< than befo/e.
>C? E87e/ienced use/s of Mic/oton co67ute/s co66and 6uch hi4he/ sala/ies
than do 7/os7ecti3e e67lo<ees who ha3e no e87e/ience in the use of
co67ute/s.
>D? The a3e/a4e 7/oducti3it< of e67lo<ees in the 4ene/al 6ana4e/2s co67an< is
below the a3e/a4e 7/oducti3it< of the e67lo<ees of its co67etito/s.
>E? The hi4h costs of /e7lace6ent 7a/ts 6a0e *itech co67ute/s 6o/e e87ensi3e
to 6aintain than Mic/oton co67ute/s.
!. An ai/7lane en4ine 6anufactu/e/ de3elo7ed a new en4ine 6odel with safet<
featu/es lac0in4 in the ea/lie/ 6odelB which was still bein4 6anufactu/ed. Du/in4
the fi/st <ea/ that both we/e soldB the ea/lie/ 6odel fa/ outsold the new 6odelG the
6anufactu/e/ thus concluded that safet< was not the custo6e/s2 7/i6a/<
conside/ation.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost se/iousl< wea0en the 6anufactu/e/2s
conclusion=
>A? Both 7/i3ate 7lane owne/s and co66e/cial ai/lines bu< en4ines f/o6 this
ai/7lane en4ine 6anufactu/e/.
>B? Man< custo6e/s conside/ ea/lie/ en4ine 6odels bette/ safet< /is0s than new
en4ine 6odelsB since 6o/e is usuall< 0nown about the safet< of the ea/lie/
6odels.
>C? Man< custo6e/s of this ai/7lane en4ine 6anufactu/e/ also bou4ht ai/7lane
en4ines f/o6 6anufactu/e/s who did not 7/o3ide additional safet< featu/es in
thei/ newe/ 6odels.
>D? The newe/ en4ine 6odel can be used in all 7lanes in which the ea/lie/ en4ine
6odel can be used.
>E? The/e was no si4nificant diffe/ence in 7/ice between the newe/ en4ine 6odel
and the ea/lie/ en4ine 6odel.
6. Between 1&%! and 1&8!B nu/sin4Aho6e occu7anc< /ates a3e/a4ed 8% 7e/cent of
ca7acit<B while ad6ission /ates /e6ained constantB at an a3e/a4e of &! ad6issions
GMAT . 'SAT C- 18"
7e/ 1B$$$ beds 7e/ <ea/. Between 1&8! and 1&88B howe3e/B occu7anc< /ates /ose
to an a3e/a4e of & 7e/cent of ca7acitA? The a3e/a4e len4th of ti6e nu/sin4Aho6e /esidents sta<ed in nu/sin4 ho6es
inc/eased between 1&8! and 1&88.
>B? The 7/o7o/tion of olde/ 7eo7le li3in4 in nu/sin4 ho6es was 4/eate/ in 1&88
than in 1&%!.
>C? )u/sin4 ho6e ad6ission /ates tend to decline whene3e/ occu7anc< /ates /ise.
>D? )u/sin4 ho6es built 7/io/ to 1&8! 4ene/all< had fewe/ beds than did nu/sin4
ho6es built between 1&8! and 1&88.
>E? The 6o/e beds a nu/sin4 ho6e hasB the hi4he/ its occu7anc< /ate is li0el< to
be.
%. 5i/6s ado7tin4 E7/ofitA/elatedA7a<F >I-I? cont/acts 7a< wa4es at le3els that 3a/<
with the fi/62s 7/ofits. In the 6etalwo/0in4 indust/< last <ea/B fi/6s with I-I
cont/acts in 7lace showed 7/oducti3it< 7e/ wo/0e/ on a3e/a4e 1" 7e/cent hi4he/
than that of thei/ co67etito/s who used 6o/e t/aditional cont/acts.
IfB on the basis of the e3idence abo3eB it is a/4ued that I-I cont/acts inc/ease
wo/0e/ 7/oducti3itA? -esults si6ila/ to those cited fo/ the 6etalwo/0in4 indust/< ha3e been found
in othe/ indust/ies whe/e I-I cont/acts a/e used.
>B? Dnde/ I-I cont/acts costs othe/ than labo/ costsB such as 7lantB 6achine/C? Because int/oducin4 I-I cont/acts 4/eatl< chan4es indi3idual wo/0e/s2
/elationshi7s to the fi/6B ne4otiatin4 the int/oduction of I-I cont/acts is
co67le8 and ti6e consu6in4.
>D? Man< fi/6s in the 6etalwo/0in4 indust/< ha3e 6ode/ni9ed 7/oduction
e@ui76ent in the last fi3e <ea/sB and 6ost of these int/oduced I-I cont/acts
at the sa6e ti6e.
>E? In fi/6s in the 6etalwo/0in4 indust/< whe/e I-I cont/acts a/e in 7laceB the
a3e/a4e ta0eAho6e 7a< is 1! 7e/cent hi4he/ than it is in those fi/6s whe/e
wo/0e/s ha3e 6o/e t/aditional cont/acts.
8. C/o7s can be t/aded on the futu/es 6a/0et befo/e the< a/e ha/3ested. If a 7oo/
co/n ha/3est is 7/edictedB 7/ices of co/n futu/es /iseG if a bountiful co/n ha/3est is
7/edictedB 7/ices of co/n futu/es fall. This 6o/nin4 6eteo/olo4ists a/e 7/edictin4
6uchAneeded /ain fo/ the co/nA4/owin4 /e4ion sta/tin4 to6o//ow. The/efo/eB
since ade@uate 6oistu/e is essential fo/ the cu//ent c/o72s su/3i3alB 7/ices of co/n
18# GMAT
futu/es will fall sha/7l< toda<.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost wea0ens the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? Co/n that does not /ecei3e ade@uate 6oistu/e du/in4 its c/itical 7ollination
sta4e will not 7/oduce a bountiful ha/3est.
>B? 5utu/es 7/ices fo/ co/n ha3e been fluctuatin4 6o/e d/a6aticall< this season
than last season.
>C? The /ain that 6eteo/olo4ists 7/edicted fo/ to6o//ow is e87ected to e8tend
well be<ond the co/nA4/owin4 /e4ion.
>D? A4/icultu/e e87e/ts announced toda< that a disease that has de3astated so6e
of the co/n c/o7 will s7/ead widel< befo/e the end of the 4/owin4 season.
>E? Most 7eo7le who t/ade in co/n futu/es /a/el< ta0e 7h<sical 7ossession of the
co/n the< t/ade.
&. A discount /etaile/ of basic household necessities e67lo<s thousands of 7eo7le
and 7a<s 6ost of the6 at the 6ini6u6 wa4e /ate. :et followin4 a fede/all<
6andated inc/ease of the 6ini6u6 wa4e /ate that inc/eased the /etaile/2s
o7e/atin4 costs conside/ablA? (3e/ half of the /etaile/2s o7e/atin4 costs consist of 7a</oll e87enditu/esG <et
onl< a s6all 7e/centa4e of those e87enditu/es 4o to 7a< 6ana4e6ent
sala/ies.
>B? The /etaile/2s custo6e/ base is 6ade u7 7/i6a/il< of 7eo7le who ea/nB o/ who
de7end on the ea/nin4s of othe/s who ea/nB the 6ini6u6 wa4e.
>C? The /etaile/2s o7e/atin4 costsB othe/ than wa4esB inc/eased substantiall< afte/
the inc/ease in the 6ini6u6 wa4e /ate went into effect.
>D? ,hen the inc/ease in the 6ini6u6 wa4e /ate went into effectB the /etaile/
also /aised the wa4e /ate fo/ e67lo<ees who had been ea/nin4 ;ust abo3e
6ini6u6 wa4e.
>E? The 6a;o/it< of the /etaile/2s e67lo<ees wo/0 as cashie/sB and 6ost cashie/s
a/e 7aid the 6ini6u6 wa4e.
1$. The cotton fa/6s of Count/< N beca6e so 7/oducti3e that the 6a/0et could not
abso/b all that the< 7/oduced. Conse@uentl<B cotton 7/ices fell. The 4o3e/n6ent
t/ied to boost cotton 7/ices b< offe/in4 fa/6e/s who too0 ! 7e/cent of thei/
cotton ac/ea4e out of 7/oduction di/ect su77o/t 7a<6ents u7 to a s7ecified
6a8i6u6 7e/ fa/6.
The 4o3e/n6ent2s 7/o4/a6B if successfulB will not be a net bu/den on the bud4et.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB is the best basis fo/ an e87lanation of how this
could be so=
>A? De7/essed cotton 7/ices 6eant o7e/atin4 losses fo/ cotton fa/6sB and the
4o3e/n6ent lost /e3enue f/o6 ta8es on fa/6 7/ofits.
>B? Cotton 7/oduction in se3e/al counties othe/ than N declined sli4htl< the <ea/
GMAT . 'SAT C- 18!
that the su77o/tA7a<6ent 7/o4/a6 went into effect in N.
>C? The fi/st <ea/ that the su77o/tA7a<6ent 7/o4/a6 was in effectB cotton ac/ea4e
in N was !P below its le3el in the base <ea/ fo/ the 7/o4/a6.
>D? The s7ecified 6a8i6u6 7e/ fa/6 6eant that fo/ 3e/< la/4e cotton fa/6s the
su77o/t 7a<6ents we/e less 7e/ ac/e fo/ those ac/es that we/e withd/awn
f/o6 7/oduction than the< we/e fo/ s6alle/ fa/6s.
>E? 5a/6e/s who wished to @ualif< fo/ su77o/t 7a<6ents could not use the cotton
ac/ea4e that was withd/awn f/o6 7/oduction to 4/ow an< othe/ c/o7.
11. Dnited States hos7itals ha3e t/aditionall< /elied 7/i6a/il< on /e3enues f/o6
7a<in4 7atients to offset losses f/o6 un/ei6bu/sed ca/e. Al6ost all 7a<in4
7atients now /el< on 4o3e/n6ental o/ 7/i3ate health insu/ance to 7a< hos7ital
bills. -ecentl<B insu/e/s ha3e been st/ictl< li6itin4 what the< 7a< hos7itals fo/ the
ca/e of insu/ed 7atients to a6ounts at o/ below actual costs.
,hich of the followin4 conclusions is best su77o/ted b< the info/6ation abo3e=
>A? Althou4h the ad3ance of technolo4< has 6ade e87ensi3e 6edical 7/ocedu/es
a3ailable to the wealthB? If hos7itals do not find wa<s to /aisin4 additional inco6e fo/ un/ei6bu/sed
ca/eB the< 6ust eithe/ den< so6e of that ca/e o/ suffe/ losses if the< 4i3e it.
>C? So6e 7atients ha3e inco6es too hi4h fo/ eli4ibilit< fo/ 4o3e/n6ental health
insu/ance but a/e unable to affo/d 7/i3ate insu/ance fo/ hos7ital ca/e.
>D? If the hos7itals /educe thei/ costs in 7/o3idin4 ca/eB insu/ance co67anies will
6aintain the cu//ent le3el of /ei6bu/se6entB the/eb< 7/o3idin4 6o/e funds
fo/ un/ei6bu/sed ca/e.
>E? E3en thou4h 7hilanth/o7ic donations ha3e t/aditionall< 7/o3ided so6e
su77o/t fo/ the hos7italsB such donations a/e at 7/esent declinin4.
1. Gene/all< scientists ente/ thei/ field with the 4oal of doin4 i67o/tant new
/esea/ch and acce7t as thei/ collea4ues those with si6ila/ 6oti3ation. The/efo/eB
when an< scientist wins /enown as an e87ounde/ of science to 4ene/al audiencesB
6ost othe/ scientists conclude that this 7o7ula/i9e/ should no lon4e/ be /e4a/ded
as a t/ue collea4ue.
The e87lanation offe/ed abo3e fo/ the low estee6 in which scientific 7o7ula/i9e/s
a/e held b< /esea/ch scientists assu6es that
>A? se/ious scientific /esea/ch is not a solita/< acti3itB? /esea/ch scientists tend not to /e4a/d as collea4ues those scientists whose
/enown the< en3<
>C? a scientist can beco6e a fa6ous 7o7ula/i9e/ without ha3in4 co67leted an<
i67o/tant /esea/ch
>D? /esea/ch scientists belie3e that those who a/e well 0nown as 7o7ula/i9e/s of
186 GMAT
science a/e not 6oti3ated to do i67o/tant new /esea/ch
>E? no i67o/tant new /esea/ch can be accessible to o/ accu/atel< assessed b<
those who a/e not the6sel3es scientists
1". Mouth cance/ is a dan4e/ fo/ 7eo7le who /a/el< b/ush thei/ teeth. In o/de/ to
achie3e ea/l< detection of 6outh cance/ in these indi3idualsB a town2s 7ublic
health officials sent a 7a67hlet to all town /esidentsB desc/ibin4 how to 7e/fo/6
wee0l< selfAe8a6inations of the 6outh fo/ lu67s.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB is the best c/iticis6 of the 7a67hlet as a 6ethod
of achie3in4 the 7ublic health officials2 4oal=
>A? Man< dental diseases 7/oduce s<67to6s that cannot be detected in a wee0l<
selfAe8a6ination.
>B? (nce 6outh cance/ has been detectedB the effecti3eness of t/eat6ent can 3a/<
f/o6 7e/son to 7e/son.
>C? The 7a67hlet was sent to all town /esidentsB includin4 those indi3iduals who
b/ush thei/ teeth /e4ula/l<.
>D? Mouth cance/ is 6uch 6o/e co66on in adults than in child/en.
>E? Ieo7le who /a/el< b/ush thei/ teeth a/e unli0el< to 7e/fo/6 a wee0l<
e8a6ination of thei/ 6outh.
1#. Technolo4ical i67/o3e6ents and /educed e@ui76ent costs ha3e 6ade con3e/tin4
sola/ ene/4< di/ectl< into elect/icit< fa/ 6o/e costAefficient in the last decade.
Howe3e/B the th/eshold of econo6ic 3iabilit< fo/ sola/ 7owe/ >that isB the 7/ice
7e/ ba//el to which oil would ha3e to /ise in o/de/ fo/ new sola/ 7owe/ 7lants to
be 6o/e econo6ical than new oilAfi/ed 7owe/ 7lants? is unchan4ed at thi/t<Afi3e
dolla/s.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB does 6ost to hel7 e87lain wh< the inc/eased costA
efficienc< of sola/ 7owe/ has not dec/eased its th/eshold of econo6ic 3iabilit<=
>A? The cost of oil has fallen d/a6aticall<.
>B? The /eduction in the cost of sola/A7owe/ e@ui76ent has occu//ed des7ite
inc/eased /aw 6ate/ial costs fo/ that e@ui76ent.
>C? Technolo4ical chan4es ha3e inc/eased the efficienc< of oilAfi/ed 7owe/ 7lants.
>D? Most elect/icit< is 4ene/ated b< coalAfi/ed o/ nuclea/B /athe/ than oilAfi/edB
7owe/ 7lants.
>E? ,hen the 7/ice of oil inc/easesB /ese/3es of oil not 7/e3iousl< wo/th
e87loitin4 beco6e econo6icall< 3iable.
1!. Sta/tAu7 co67anies financed b< 3entu/e ca7italist ha3e a 6uch lowe/ failu/e /ate
than co67anies financed b< othe/ 6eans. Sou/ce of financin4B the/efo/eB 6ust be
a 6o/e i67o/tant causati3e facto/ in the success of a sta/tAu7 co67an< than a/e
such facto/s as the 7e/sonal cha/acte/istics of the ent/e7/eneu/B the @ualit< of
st/ate4ic 7lannin4B o/ the 6ana4e6ent st/uctu/e of the co67an<.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 18%
>A? *entu/e ca7italists tend to be 6o/e /es7onsi3e than othe/ sou/ces of financin4
to chan4es in a sta/tAu7 co67an<2s financial needs.
>B? The st/ate4ic 7lannin4 of a sta/tAu7 co67an< is a less i67o/tant facto/ in the
lon4Ate/6 success of the co67an< than a/e the 7e/sonal cha/acte/istics of the
ent/e7/eneu/.
>C? Mo/e than half of all new co67anies fall within fi3e <ea/s.
>D? The 6ana4e6ent st/uctu/es of sta/tAu7 co67anies a/e 4ene/all< less fo/6al
than the 6ana4e6ent st/uctu/es of on4oin4 businesses.
>E? *entu/e ca7italists base thei/ decisions to fund sta/tAu7 co67anies on such
facto/s as the cha/acte/istics of the ent/e7/eneu/ and @ualit< of st/ate4ic
7lannin4 of the co67an<.
16. The 7/o7o/tion of wo6en a6on4 students en/olled in hi4he/ education 7/o4/a6s
has inc/eased o3e/ the 7ast decades. This is 7a/tl< shown b< the fact that in 1&!&B
onl< 11 7e/cent of the wo6en between twent< and twent<Aone we/e en/olled in
colle4eB while in 1&81B "$ 7e/cent of the wo6en between twent< and twent<Aone
we/e en/olled in colle4e.
To e3aluate the a/4u6ent abo3eB it would be 6ost useful to co67a/e 1&!& and
1&81 with /e4a/d to which of the followin4 cha/acte/istics=
>A? The 7e/centa4e of wo6en between twent< and twent<Aone who we/e not
en/olled in colle4e
>B? The 7e/centa4e of wo6en between twent< and twent<Afi3e who 4/aduated
f/o6 colle4e
>C? The 7e/centa4e of wo6en whoB afte/ attendin4 colle4eB ente/ed hi4hl< 7aid
7/ofessions
>D? The 7e/centa4e of 6en between twent< and twent<Aone who we/e en/olled in
colle4e
>E? The 7e/centa4e of 6en who 4/aduated f/o6 hi4h school
TEST 18
1. Since a /hinoce/os that has no ho/n is wo/thless to 7oache/sB the ,ildlife
I/otection Co66ittee 7lans to 7/otect selected /hinoce/oses f/o6 bein4 0illed b<
7oache/s b< cuttin4 off the /hinos2 ho/ns.
The ,ildlife I/otection Co66ittee2s 7lan assu6es that
>A? 7oache/s do not 0ill /hinos that a/e wo/thless to the6
>B? ho/nless /hinos 7ose less of a th/eat to hu6ansB includin4 7oache/sB than do
/hinos that ha3e ho/ns
>C? /hinos a/e the onl< ani6als 7oache/s 0ill fo/ thei/ ho/ns
>D? ho/nless /hinos can successfull< defend thei/ <oun4 a4ainst nonhu6an
188 GMAT
7/edato/s
>E? i67osin4 6o/e st/in4ent 7enalties on 7oache/s will not dec/ease the nu6be/
of /hinos 0illed b< 7oache/s
. C/i6es a/e 6ainl< co66itted b< the <oun4B and fo/ this /eason 6e/el< inc/easin4
the nu6be/ of 7olice office/s o/ e87enditu/es on 7olice se/3ices has little effect
on /educin4 the c/i6e /ate. In factB the onl< facto/ associated with a c/i6eA/ate
d/o7 is a dec/ease in the nu6be/ of 7eo7le in the co66unit< a4ed fou/teen to
thi/t<.
The findin4s abo3e can best se/3e as 7a/t of an a/4u6ent a4ainst
>A? the li0elihood that an< law enfo/ce6ent 7/o4/a6 will be effecti3e in /educin4
the c/i6e /ate within a sho/t ti6e
>B? inc/easin4 7/ison te/6s fo/ <oun4 7eo7le found 4uilt< of c/i6es
>C? int/oducin4 co67ulso/< 6ilita/< consc/i7tion fo/ 7eo7le a4ed se3enteen to
nineteen
>D? /aisin4 the a4e at which students a/e 7e/6itted to lea3e school
>E? a co66unit<2s 7lan to inc/ease the nu6be/ of /ec/eational and educational
acti3ities in which <oun4 adults can 7a/tici7ate
". A $ 7e/cent decline in lobste/ catches in Maine wate/s since 1&8$ can be
;ustifiabl< bla6ed on le4islation 7assed in 1&% to 7/otect ha/bo/ seals. Maine2s
7o7ulation of ha/bo/ seals is now double the le3el e8istin4 befo/e 7/otection was
initiatedB and these seals a/e 0nown to eat both fish and lobste/s.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost se/iousl< wea0en the a/4u6ent
abo3e=
>A? Ha/bo/ seals usuall< eat 6o/e fish than lobste/sB but the seals a/e natu/al
7/edato/s of both.
>B? Althou4h ha/bo/ seals a/e s0illful 7/edato/s of lobste/sB the< /a/el< finish
eatin4 thei/ catch.
>C? Ha/bo/ seals att/act tou/ists to Maine2s coastal a/easB thus /e3itali9in4 the
local econo6<.
>D? Autho/s of the 1&% le4islation 7/otectin4 ha/bo/ seals we/e con3inced that an
inc/ease in that ani6al2s nu6be/s would not ha3e a 6easu/abl< ne4ati3e
i67act on the lobste/ catch.
>E? The /eco/d lobste/ ha/3ests of the late 1&%$2s /e6o3ed la/4e nu6be/s of
6atu/e lobste/s f/o6 the /e7/oducti3e stoc0.
#. Iolitician1 5ewe/ 7eo7le a/e ente/in4 the labo/ 6a/0et now than 7/e3iousl<. If the
econo6< 4/owsB the de6and fo/ 6oti3ated and educated 7eo7le will fa/ outst/i7
the su77l<. So6e co67anies ha3e al/ead< sta/ted to /es7ond to this labo/A6a/0et
situation b< findin4 bette/ wa<s to 0ee7 thei/ cu//ent e67lo<ees. Thei/ conce/n is
a su/e indicato/ that the econo6< is 4/owin4.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 18&
,hich of the followin4 is the best c/iticis6 of the 7olitician2s /easonin4=
>A? The fact that co67anies a/e 6a0in4 7/udent 7/e7a/ations fo/ a 7ossible futu/e
de3elo76ent does not 6ean that this de3elo76ent is al/ead< ta0in4 7lace.
>B? The fact that so6e co67anies now t/< ha/de/ to 0ee7 thei/ e67lo<ees does
not 6ean that the< used to be indiffe/ent to e67lo<ee 6o/ale.
>C? The fact that de6and will outst/i7 su77l< does not 6ean that the/e will be no
su77l< at all.
>D? The fact that the nu6be/ of new ent/ants into the labo/ 6a/0et is declinin4
does not 6ean that the nu6be/ of new ent/ants is lowe/ than it has e3e/ been.
>E? The fact that cu//ent e67lo<ees ha3e beco6e 6o/e 3aluable to so6e
co67anies does not 6ean that those e67lo<ees will do thei/ ;obs bette/ than
the< used to.
!. Dnde/ cu//ent fede/al lawB e67lo<e/s a/e allowed to offe/ thei/ e67lo<ees f/ee
7a/0in4 s7aces as a ta8Af/ee benefitB but the< can offe/ e67lo<ees onl< u7 to L18$
7e/ <ea/ as a ta8Af/ee benefit fo/ usin4 6ass t/ansit. The 4o3e/n6ent could
si4nificantl< inc/ease 6ass t/ansit /ide/shi7 b< /aisin4 the li6it of this benefit to
6eet co66ute/s2 t/ans7o/tation costs.
The 7/o7osal abo3e to inc/ease 6ass t/ansit /ide/shi7 assu6es that
>A? cu//ent 6ass t/ansit s<ste6s a/e sub;ect to une87ected /oute closin4s and
dela<s
>B? usin4 6ass t/ansit c/eates less ai/ 7ollution 7e/ 7e/son than usin4 a 7/i3ate
auto6obile
>C? the 7a/0in4 s7aces offe/ed b< e67lo<e/s as ta8Af/ee benefits can be wo/th as
6uch as LB!$$ 7e/ <ea/
>D? 6an< e67lo<ees a/e dete//ed b< financial conside/ations f/o6 usin4 6ass
t/ansit to co66ute to thei/ 7laces of e67lo<6ent
>E? because of t/affic con4estion on 6a;o/ co66ute/ /outesB it is often faste/ to
t/a3el to one2s 7lace of e67lo<6ent b< 6eans of 6ass t/ansit than b< 7/i3ate
auto6obile
EGo3e/n6entF does not e8ist as an inde7endent entit< definin4 7olic<. Instead
the/e e8ists a 4/ou7 of de6oc/aticall< elected 7/a46atists sensiti3e to the
electo/ateB who establish 7olicies that will /esult in thei/ own /eelection.
The/efo/eB if 7ublic 7olic< is hostile toB saA? en3i/on6entalists would be e8t/e6el< difficult to satisf< with an< 7olicB? en3i/on6ental conce/ns a/e bein4 acco66odated as well as 7ublic funds
7e/6it
1&$ GMAT
>C? the 7ublic is o3e/l< an8ious about en3i/on6ental dete/io/ation
>D? the 6a;o/it< of 3ote/s 3ote fo/ ce/tain 7oliticians because of those 7oliticians2
idios<nc/atic 7ositions on 7olic< issues
>E? the 6a;o/it< of 3ote/s do not st/on4l< wish fo/ a diffe/ent 7olic<
%. 5/esh 7otatoes 4ene/all< cost about L fo/ a 1$A7ound ba4B whe/eas deh<d/ated
instant 7otatoes costB on a3e/a4eB about L" 7e/ 7ound. It can be concluded that
so6e consu6e/s will 7a< 1! ti6es as 6uch fo/ con3enienceB since sales of this
con3enience food continue to /ise.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB indicates that the/e is a 6a;o/ flaw in the
a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? 5/esh 7otatoes bou4ht in con3enient A7ound ba4s a/e about L1 a ba4B o/
1R ti6es 6o/e e87ensi3e than f/esh 7otatoes bou4ht in 1$A7ound ba4s.
>B? Since f/esh 7otatoes a/e 8$ 7e/cent wate/B one 7ound of deh<d/ated 7otatoes
is the e@ui3alent of ! 7ounds of f/esh 7otatoes.
>C? Ieeled 7otatoes in cans a/e also 6o/e e87ensi3e than the less con3enient f/esh
7otatoes.
>D? -etail 7/ices of deh<d/ated 7otatoes ha3e declined b< $ 7e/cent since 1&6$
to the cu//ent le3el of about L" a 7ound.
>E? As a conse@uence of labo/ and 7/ocessin4 costsB all con3enience foods cost
6o/e than the basic foods f/o6 which the< a/e de/i3ed.
8. Consu6e/s in Califo/nia see0in4 7e/sonal loans ha3e fewe/ ban0s to tu/n to than
do consu6e/s elsewhe/e in the Dnited States. This sho/ta4e of co67etition
a6on4 ban0s e87lains wh< inte/est /ates on 7e/sonal loans in Califo/nia a/e
hi4he/ than in an< othe/ /e4ion of the Dnited States.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost substantiall< wea0ens the conclusion abo3e=
>A? Because of the co67a/ati3el< hi4h wa4es the< 6ust 7a< to att/act @ualified
wo/0e/sB Califo/nia ban0s cha/4e de7osito/s 6o/e than ban0s elsewhe/e do
fo/ 6an< of the se/3ices the< offe/.
>B? Ie/sonal loans a/e /is0ie/ than othe/ t<7es of loansB such as ho6e 6o/t4a4e
loansB that ban0s 6a0e.
>C? Since ban0 de7osits in Califo/nia a/e co3e/ed b< the sa6e t<7e of insu/ance
that 4ua/antees ban0 de7osits in othe/ 7a/ts of the Dnited StatesB the< a/e no
less secu/e than de7osits elsewhe/e.
>D? The 7/o7o/tion of consu6e/s who default on thei/ 7e/sonal loans is lowe/ in
Califo/nia than in an< othe/ /e4ion of the Dnited States.
>E? Inte/est /ates 7aid b< Califo/nia ban0s to de7osito/s a/e lowe/ than those 7aid
b< ban0s in othe/ 7a/ts of the Dnited States because in Califo/nia the/e is
less co67etition to att/act de7osito/s.
&. Technicall< a 4i3en cate4o/< of insu/ance 7olic< is unde/7/iced ifB o3e/ ti6eB
GMAT . 'SAT C- 1&1
clai6s a4ainst it 7lus e87enses associated with it e8ceed total inco6e f/o6
7/e6iu6s. But 7/e6iu6 inco6e can be in3ested and will then <ield /etu/ns of its
own. The/efo/eB an unde/7/iced 7olic< does not /e7/esent a net loss in e3e/< case.
>A? )o insu/ance 7olicies a/e delibe/atel< unde/7/iced in o/de/ to att/act
custo6e/s to the insu/ance co67an< offe/in4 such 7olicies.
>B? A 7olic< that /e7/esents a net loss to the insu/ance co67an< is not an
unde/7/iced 7olic< in e3e/< case.
>C? The/e a/e 7olicies fo/ which the le3el of clai6s 7e/ <ea/ can be 7/edicted with
4/eat accu/ac< befo/e 7/e6iu6s a/e set.
>D? The inco6e ea/ned b< in3estin4 7/e6iu6 inco6e is the 6ost i67o/tant
dete/6inant of an insu/ance co67an<2s 7/ofits.
>E? The clai6s a4ainst at least so6e unde/7/iced 7olicies do not /e@ui/e 7a<in4
out all of the 7/e6iu6 inco6e f/o6 those 7olicies as soon as it is ea/ned.
1$. Iu/eb/ed cows nati3e to Mon4olia 7/oduceB on a3e/a4eB #$$ lite/s of 6il0 7e/
<ea/G if Mon4olian cattle a/e c/ossb/ed with Eu/o7ean b/eedsB the c/ossb/ed cows
can 7/oduceB on a3e/a4eB B%$$ lite/s 7e/ <ea/. An inte/national a4enc< 7lans to
inc/ease the 7/ofitabilit< of Mon4olia2s dai/< secto/ b< encou/a4in4 wides7/ead
c/ossb/eedin4 of nati3e Mon4olian cattle with Eu/o7ean b/eeds.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB casts the 6ost se/ious doubt on the 3iabilit< of the
a4enc<2s 7lan=
>A? )ot all Eu/o7ean b/eeds of cattle can be successfull< b/ed with nati3e
Mon4olian cattle.
>B? Man< <oun4 Mon4olians now /e4a/d cattle /aisin4 as a lowAstatus occu7ation
because it is less luc/ati3e than othe/ endea3o/s o7en to the6.
>C? Mon4olia2s te//ain is suitable fo/ 4/a9in4 nati3e he/ds but not fo/ 4/owin4 the
fodde/ needed to 0ee7 c/ossb/ed ani6als health<.
>D? Cowhide and leathe/ 7/oductsB not 6il0B 6a0e u7 the bul0 of Mon4olia2s
ani6al 7/oduct e87o/ts to Eu/o7e.
>E? Man< Eu/o7ean b/eeds of cattle attain a3e/a4e 6il0 7/oduction le3els
e8ceedin4 B%$$ lite/s.
11. An< co6bination of o3e/wo/0 and st/ess ine3itabl< leads of inso6nia. Mana4e/s
at HiCo/7B Inc.B all suffe/ f/o6 st/ess. A 6a;o/it< of the 6ana4e/sKdes7ite thei/
docto/s2 wa/nin4sKwo/0 well o3e/ 6$ hou/s 7e/ wee0B whe/eas the othe/
6ana4e/s wo/0 no 6o/e than the no/6al #$ hou/s 7e/ wee0. HiCo/7 4i3es /e4ula/
bonuses onl< to e67lo<ees who wo/0 6o/e than #$ hou/s 7e/ wee0.
,hich of the followin4 conclusions is 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ted b< the state6ents
abo3e=
>A? Mana4e/s at HiCo/7 wo/0 unde/ conditions that a/e 6o/e st/essful than the
conditions unde/ which 6ana4e/s at 6ost othe/ co67anies wo/0.
1& GMAT
>B? Most of the e67lo<ee bonuses 4i3en b< HiCo/7 a/e 4i3en to 6ana4e/s.
>C? At HiCo/7B inso6nia is 6o/e wides7/ead a6on4 6ana4e/s than a6on4 an<
othe/ 4/ou7 of e67lo<ees.
>D? )o 6ana4e/ at HiCo/7 who wo/0s onl< #$ hou/s 7e/ wee0 suffe/s f/o6
o3e/wo/0.
>E? Most of the 6ana4e/s at HiCo/7 who /ecei3e /e4ula/ bonuses ha3e inso6nia.
1. Holida< /ecei7tsKthe total sales /eco/ded in the fou/th @ua/te/ of the <ea/K
dete/6ine the econo6ic success o/ failu/e of 6an< /etail businesses. Ca6coB a
/etaile/ sellin4 ;ust one ca6e/a 6odelB is an e8cellent e8a67le. Ca6co2s holida<
/ecei7tsB on a3e/a4eB account fo/ a thi/d of its <ea/l< total /ecei7ts and about half
of its <ea/l< 7/ofits.
If the state6ents abo3e a/e t/ueB which of the followin4 6ust also be t/ue about
Ca6co on the basis of the6=
>A? Its fi8ed e87enses 7e/ ca6e/a sold a/e hi4he/ du/in4 the fou/th @ua/te/ than
fo/ an< of the othe/ th/ee @ua/te/s.
>B? It 6a0es 6o/e 7/ofit du/in4 the fi/st and thi/d @ua/te/s co6bined than du/in4
the fou/th @ua/te/.
>C? Its 7e/Aca6e/a /etail 7/ice is lowe/B on a3e/a4eB du/in4 the fou/th @ua/te/ than
du/in4 an< one of the fi/st th/ee @ua/te/s.
>D? It 6a0es less 7/ofitB on a3e/a4eB fo/ a 4i3en dolla/ a6ount of sales du/in4 the
fi/st th/ee @ua/te/s co6bined than du/in4 the fou/th @ua/te/.
>E? The 7e/Aca6e/a 7/ice it 7a<s to wholesale/s is hi4he/B on a3e/a4eB du/in4 the
fou/th @ua/te/ than du/in4 an< of the othe/ th/ee @ua/te/s.
1". Canadians now inc/easin4l< en4a4e in EoutAsho77in4BF which is sho77in4 ac/oss
the national bo/de/B whe/e 7/ices a/e lowe/. I/ices a/e lowe/ outside of Canada in
la/4e 7a/t because the 4oodsAandAse/3ices ta8 that 7a<s fo/ Canadian social
se/3ices is not a77lied.
,hich one of the followin4 is best su77o/ted on the basis of the info/6ation
abo3e=
>A? If the u7wa/d t/end in outAsho77in4 continues at a si4nificant le3el and the
a6ounts 7aid b< the 4o3e/n6ent fo/ Canadian social se/3ices a/e
6aintainedB the Canadian 4oodsAandAse/3ices ta8 will be assessed at a hi4he/
/ate.
>B? If Canada i67oses a substantial ta/iff on the 4oods bou4ht ac/oss the bo/de/B a
/eci7/ocal ta/iff on c/ossAbo/de/ sho77in4 in the othe/ di/ection will be
i67osedB the/eb< ha/6in4 Canadian businesses.
>C? The a6ounts the Canadian 4o3e/n6ent 7a<s out to those who 7/o3ide social
se/3ices to Canadians a/e inc/easin4.
>D? The sa6e b/ands of 4oods a/e a3ailable to Canadian sho77e/s ac/oss the
bo/de/ as a/e a3ailable in Canada.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 1&"
>E? (utAsho77in4 7u/chases a/e sub;ect to Canadian ta8es when the 7u/chase/
c/osses the bo/de/ to b/in4 the6 into Canada.
1#. Su/3e<s indicate that ! 7e/cent of all wo6en a4ed ei4hteen to si8t<Afi3e a/e in
the labo/ fo/ce >e67lo<ed outside the ho6e? in an< 4i3en 6onth. (n the basis of
these su/3e<sB a 6a/0et /esea/che/ concluded that #8 7e/cent of all wo6en a4ed
ei4hteen to si8t<Afi3e a/e fullAti6e ho6e6a0e/s <ea/A/ound.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost se/iousl< wea0en the /esea/che/2s
conclusion=
>A? Mo/e wo6en a/e in the labo/ fo/ce toda< than du/in4 an< othe/ 7e/iod since
the Second ,o/ld ,a/.
>B? Man< wo/0e/sB both 6en and wo6enB ente/ and e8it the labo/ fo/ce
f/e@uentl<.
>C? Althou4h onl< a s6all sa67le of the total 7o7ulation is su/3e<ed each 6onthB
these sa67les ha3e been found to be a /eliable indicato/ of total 6onthl<
e67lo<6ent.
>D? Su/3e<s show that 6o/e wo6en than e3e/ befo/e conside/ ha3in4 a /ewa/din4
;ob an i67o/tant 7/io/it<.
>E? ,o6en who a/e in the labo/ fo/ce ha3e 6o/e disc/etiona/< inco6e a3ailable
to the6 than do wo6en who a/e not.
1!. 'eftAhanded 7e/sons suffe/ 6o/e f/e@uentl< than do /i4htAhanded 7e/sons f/o6
ce/tain i66une diso/de/sB such as alle/4ies. 'eftAhande/s tend to ha3e an
ad3anta4e o3e/ the /i4htAhanded 6a;o/it<B howe3e/B on tas0s cont/olled b< the
/i4ht he6is7he/e of the b/ainB and 6athe6atical /easonin4 is st/on4l< unde/ the
influence of the /i4ht he6is7he/e in 6ost 7eo7le.
If the info/6ation abo3e is t/ueB it best su77o/ts which of the followin4
h<7otheses=
>A? Most 7eo7le who suffe/ f/o6 alle/4ies o/ othe/ such i66une diso/de/s a/e
leftAhanded /athe/ than /i4htAhanded.
>B? Most leftAhanded 6athe6aticians suffe/ f/o6 so6e 0ind of alle/4<.
>C? The/e a/e 7/o7o/tionall< 6o/e leftAhande/s a6on4 7eo7le whose abilit< to
/eason 6athe6aticall< is abo3e a3e/a4e than the/e a/e a6on4 7eo7le with
7oo/ 6athe6atical /easonin4 abilit<.
>D? If a leftAhanded 7e/son suffe/s f/o6 an alle/4E? The/e a/e 7/o7o/tionall< 6o/e 7eo7le who suffe/ f/o6 i66une diso/de/s such
as alle/4ies than the/e a/e 7eo7le who a/e leftAhanded o/ 7eo7le whose
6athe6atical /easonin4 abilit< is unusuall< 4ood.
16. Afte/ obse/3in4 the Ea/th2s weathe/ 7atte/ns and the 11A<ea/ suns7ot c<cle of the
Sun fo/ "6 <ea/sB scientists ha3e found that hi4h le3els of suns7ot acti3it< 7/ecede
shifts in wind 7atte/ns that affect the Ea/th2s weathe/. (ne can conclude that
1&# GMAT
6eteo/olo4ists will be able to i67/o3e thei/ weathe/ fo/ecasts based on this
info/6ation.
>A? ,eathe/ fo/ecasts a/e 6o/e detailed toda< than the< we/e "6 <ea/s a4o.
>B? Scientists can establish that suns7ot acti3it< di/ectl< affects the Ea/th2s
weathe/.
>C? E3idence othe/ than suns7ot acti3it< has 7/e3iousl< enabled 6eteo/olo4ists to
fo/ecast the weathe/ conditions that a/e 7/edictable on the basis of suns7ot
acti3it<.
>D? Scientists ha3e not dete/6ined wh< the suns7ot acti3it< on the Sun follows an
11A<ea/ c<cle.
>E? It has been established that 7/edictable wind 7atte/ns <ield 7/edictable
weathe/ 7atte/ns.
TEST 1&
1. A 7ublishe/ is now 7/o3idin4 uni3e/sit< 7/ofesso/s with the o7tion of o/de/in4
custo6 te8tboo0s fo/ thei/ cou/ses. The 7/ofesso/s can edit out those cha7te/s of a
boo0 the< a/e not inte/ested in and add 6ate/ial of thei/ own choosin4.
The wides7/ead use of the o7tion 6entioned abo3e is 'EAST li0el< to cont/ibute
to fulfillin4 which of the followin4 educational ob;ecti3es=
>A? Co3e/a4e of 6ate/ial /ele3ant to a 7a/ticula/ student bod<2s s7ecific needs
>B? (ffe/in4 ad3anced electi3e cou/ses that 7u/sue inAde7th in3esti4ation of
selected to7ics in a field
>C? Ensu/in4 that students nationwide en4a4ed in a s7ecific cou/se of stud< a/e
unifo/6l< e87osed to a basic set of /eadin4s
>D? Ma0in4 the te8tboo0s used in uni3e/sit< cou/ses 6o/e satisfacto/< f/o6 the
indi3idual teache/2s 7oint of 3iew
>E? Mee7in4 students2 inte/est in a cou/se b< offe/in4 li3el<B wellAw/itten /eadin4
assi4n6ents
. Mechanico/72s newest 7/oduct costs so little to 6a0e that it a77ea/s doubtful the
co67an< will be able to sell it without inc/easin4 the 6a/0u7 the co67an<
usuall< allows fo/ 7/ofit1 7otential clients would si67l< not belie3e that
so6ethin4 so ine87ensi3e would /eall< wo/0. :et Mechanico/72s /e7utation is
built on fai/ 7/ices inco/7o/atin4 onl< 6odest 7/ofit 6a/4ins.
The state6ents abo3eB if t/ueB 6ost st/on4l< su77o/t which of the followin4=
>A? Mechanico/7 will encounte/ difficulties in t/<in4 to set a 7/ice fo/ its newest
7/oduct that will 7/o6ote sales without th/eatenin4 to co67/o6ise the
co67an<2s /e7utation.
>B? Mechanico/7 achie3es la/4e annual 7/ofitsB des7ite s6all 7/ofits 7e/ unit soldB
GMAT . 'SAT C- 1&!
b< 6eans of a hi4h 3olu6e of sales.
>C? Mechanico/7 6ade a si4nificant co67utational e//o/ in calculatin4 the
7/oduction costs fo/ its newest 7/oduct.
>D? Mechanico/72s newest 7/oduct is intended to 7e/fo/6 tas0s that can be
7e/fo/6ed b< othe/ de3ices costin4 less to 6anufactu/e.
>E? Mechanico/72s 7/oduction 7/ocesses a/e desi4ned with the sa6e in4enuit< as
a/e the 7/oducts that the co67an< 6a0es.
". Co67anies in the count/< of Mollonta< can sell se6iconducto/s in the count/< of
*aldi3ia at a 7/ice that is below the cost to *aldi3ian co67anies of 7/oducin4
the6. To hel7 those *aldi3ian co67aniesB the *aldi3ian le4islatu/e 7lans to set a
6ini6u6 sellin4 7/ice in *aldi3ia fo/ se6iconducto/s 6anufactu/ed in Mollonta<
that is ten 7e/cent 4/eate/ than the a3e/a4e 7/oduction costs fo/ co67anies in
*aldi3ia.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< th/eatens the success of the 7lan=
>A? The annual /ate of inflation in Mollonta< is e87ected to e8ceed ten 7e/cent
within the ne8t <ea/.
>B? *aldi3ia is not the onl< count/< whe/e co67anies in Mollonta< cu//entl< sell
se6iconducto/s.
>C? So6e *aldi3ian co67anies that sell se6iconducto/s ha3e announced that the<
7lan to dec/ease thei/ 7/ice fo/ se6iconducto/s.
>D? The 4o3e/n6ent of Mollonta< will also set a 6ini6u6 7/ice fo/ sellin4
se6iconducto/s in that count/<.
>E? E6e/4in4 co67anies in count/ies othe/ than Mollonta< will still be able to sell
se6iconducto/s in *aldi3ia at a 7/ice below the cost to *aldi3ian co67anies
to 6anufactu/e the6.
#. An e87e/i6ental 6ic/owa3e clothes d/<e/ heats neithe/ ai/ no/ cloth. -athe/B it
heats wate/ on clothesB the/eb< sa3in4 elect/icit< and 7/otectin4 delicate fibe/s b<
o7e/atin4 at a lowe/ te67e/atu/e. Mic/owa3es a/e wa3es that usuall< heat 6etal
ob;ectsB but de3elo7e/s of a 6ic/owa3e d/<e/ a/e 7e/fectin4 a 7/ocess that will
7/e3ent thin 6etal ob;ects such as hai/7ins f/o6 heatin4 u7 and bu/nin4 clothes.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost st/on4l< indicates that the 7/ocessB when
7e/fectedB will be insufficient to 6a0e the d/<e/ /eadil< 6a/0etable=
>A? Metal sna7 fastene/s on clothes that a/e co66onl< 7ut into d/<in4 6achines
a/e about the sa6e thic0ness as 6ost hai/7ins.
>B? Man< clothes that a/e cu//entl< 7laced into 6echanical d/<e/s a/e not 7laced
the/e alon4 with hai/7ins o/ othe/ thin 6etal ob;ects.
>C? The e87e/i6ental 6ic/owa3e d/<e/ uses 6o/e elect/icit< than futu/eB
i67/o3ed 6odels would be e87ected to use.
>D? D/<in4 clothes with the 7/ocess would not cause 6o/e sh/in0a4e than the
cu//entl< used 6echanical d/<in4 7/ocess causes.
1&6 GMAT
>E? Man< clothes that a/e f/e@uentl< 6achineAd/ied b< 7/os7ecti3e custo6e/s
inco/7o/ate thic0 6etal 7a/ts such as deco/ati3e b/ass studs o/ buttons.
!. Ai/7lane 6anufactu/e/1 I ob;ect to <ou/ cha/acte/i9ation of ou/ HA"8% ;ets as
dan4e/ous. )o HA"8% in co66e/cial use has e3e/ c/ashed o/ e3en had a se/ious
6alfunction.
Ai/line /e4ulato/1 The 7/oble6 with the HA"8% is not that itB itselfB 6alfunctionsB
but that it c/eates a tu/bulence in its wa0e that can c/eate ha9a/dous conditions fo/
ai/c/aft in its 3icinit<.
The ai/line /e4ulato/ /es7onds to the 6anufactu/e/ b< doin4 which of the
followin4=
>A? Cha/acte/i9in4 the 6anufactu/e/2s asse/tion as ste66in4 f/o6 sub;ecti3e
inte/est /athe/ than f/o6 ob;ecti3e e3aluation of the facts
>B? D/awin4 attention to the fact that the 6anufactu/e/2s inte/7/etation of the
wo/d Edan4e/ousF is too na//ow
>C? In3o0in4 e3idence that the 6anufactu/e/ has e87licitl< dis6issed as i//ele3ant
to the 7oint at issue
>D? Citin4 statistical e3idence that /efutes the 6anufactu/e/2s clai6
>E? Castin4 doubt on the e8tent of the 6anufactu/e/2s 0nowled4e of the nu6be/
of /ecent ai/line disaste/s
6. Da6a4ed ne/3es in the s7inal co/d do not /e4ene/ate the6sel3es natu/all<B no/
e3en unde/ the s7u/ of ne/3eA4/owth sti6ulants. The /easonB /ecentl< disco3e/edB
is the 7/esence of ne/3eA4/owth inhibito/s in the s7inal co/d. Antibodies that
deacti3ate those inhibito/s ha3e now been de3elo7ed. Clea/lA? I/e3ention of the /e4ene/ation of da6a4ed ne/3es is 6e/el< a b<A7/oduct of
the 6ain function in the hu6an bod< of the substances inhibitin4 ne/3e
4/owth.
>B? Ce/tain ne/3eA4/owth sti6ulants ha3e si6ila/ che6ical st/uctu/es to those of
the antibodies a4ainst ne/3eA4/owth inhibito/s.
>C? )e/3es in the b/ain a/e si6ila/ to ne/3es in the s7inal co/d in thei/ inabilit< to
/e4ene/ate the6sel3es natu/all<.
>D? -esea/che/s ha3e been able to sti6ulate the 4/owth of ne/3es not located in
the s7inal co/d b< usin4 onl< ne/3eA4/owth sti6ulants.
>E? Deacti3atin4 the substances inhibitin4 ne/3e 4/owth fo/ an e8tended 7e/iod
would /e@ui/e a stead< su77l< of antibodies.
%. The hu6an bod< sec/etes 6o/e 7ainAbloc0in4 ho/6ones late at ni4ht than du/in4
the da<. Conse@uentl<B su/4ical 7atients o7e/ated on at ni4ht need less anesthesia.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 1&%
Since la/4e/ a6ounts of anesthesia 7ose 4/eate/ /is0s fo/ 7atientsB the /is0s of
su/4e/< could be /educed if o7e/ations /outinel< too0 7lace at ni4ht.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB a/4ues 6ost st/on4l< a4ainst the 3iew that
su/4ical /is0s could be /educed b< schedulin4 o7e/ations at ni4ht=
>A? Ene/4< costs in hos7itals a/e 4ene/all< lowe/ at ni4ht than the< a/e du/in4 the
da<.
>B? Mo/e babies a/e bo/n between 6idni4ht and se3en o2cloc0 in the 6o/nin4
than at an< othe/ ti6e.
>C? (3e/ the cou/se of a <ea/B 7eo7le2s biolo4ical /h<th6s shift sli4htl< in
/es7onse to chan4es in the a6ounts of da<li4ht to which the 7eo7le a/e
e87osed.
>D? )u/ses and 6edical technicians a/e 4ene/all< 7aid 6o/e 7e/ hou/ when the<
wo/0 du/in4 the ni4ht than when the< wo/0 du/in4 the da<.
>E? Manual de8te/it< and 6ental ale/tness a/e lowe/ in the late ni4ht than the< a/e
du/in4 the da<B e3en in 7eo7le accusto6ed to wo/0in4 at ni4ht.
Questions 8-9
,alte/1 A co7< of an a/two/0 should be wo/th e8actl< what the o/i4inal is wo/th if the
two wo/0s a/e 3isuall< indistin4uishable. Afte/ allB if the two wo/0s a/e 3isuall<
indistin4uishableB the< ha3e all the sa6e @ualitiesB and if the< ha3e all the sa6e
@ualitiesB thei/ 7/ices should be e@ual.
Ma/issa1 How little <ou unde/stand a/tJ E3en if so6eone could 6a0e a 7e/fect co7<
that is 3isuall< indistin4uishable f/o6 the o/i4inalB the co7< would ha3e a diffe/ent
histo/< and hence not ha3e all the sa6e @ualities as the o/i4inal.
8. ,hich of the followin4 is a 7oint at issue between ,alte/ and Ma/issa=
>A? ,hethe/ a co7< of an a/two/0 could e3e/ be 3isuall< indistin4uishable f/o6
the o/i4inal
>B? ,hethe/ the /e7/oduction of a wo/0 of a/t is e3e/ wo/th 6o/e than the
o/i4inal is wo/th
>C? ,hethe/ a co7< of a wo/0 of a/t is e3e/ 6ista0en fo/ the o/i4inal
>D? ,hethe/ a co7< of a wo/0 of a/t could ha3e all the sa6e @ualities as the
o/i4inal
>E? ,hethe/ o/i4inalit< is the onl< 3aluable att/ibute that a wo/0 of a/t can
7ossess
&. Ma/issa uses which of the followin4 techni@ues in atte67tin4 to /efute ,alte/2s
a/4u6ent=
>A? Attac0in4 his assu67tion that the 7/ice of an a/two/0 indicates its wo/th
>B? -aisin4 a 7oint that would unde/6ine one of the clai6s on which his
conclusion is based
1&8 GMAT
>C? Nuestionin4 his clai6 that a 7e/fect co7< of a wo/0 of a/t would be 3isuall<
indistin4uishable f/o6 the o/i4inal
>D? Gi3in4 /eason to belie3e that ,alte/ is unable to ;ud4e the @ualit< of a wo/0
of a/t because of his inade@uate unde/standin4 of the histo/< of a/t
>E? I/o7osin4 alte/nati3e c/ite/ia fo/ dete/6inin4 whethe/ two wo/0s of a/t a/e
3isuall< indistin4uishable
1$. Ma4netic /esonance i6a4in4 >M-I?Ka nonin3asi3e dia4nostic 7/ocedu/eKcan
be used to identif< bloc0a4es in the co/ona/< a/te/ies. In cont/ast to an4io4/a6sK
the in3asi3e 7/ocedu/e custo6a/il< usedKM-I2s 7ose no /is0 to 7atients. ThusB
to 4ua/antee 7atient safet< in the atte67t to dia4nose a/te/ial bloc0a4esB M-I2s
should /e7lace an4io4/a6s in all atte67ts at dia4nosin4 co/ona/< bloc0a4es.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost su77o/t the /eco66endation abo3e=
>A? An4io4/a6s can be used to dia4nose conditions othe/ than bloc0a4es in
a/te/ies.
>B? M-I2s we/e desi4ned 7/i6a/il< in o/de/ to dia4nose bloc0a4es in the co/ona/<
a/te/ies.
>C? An4io4/a6s /e3eal 6o/e info/6ation about the natu/e of a bloc0a4e than an
M-I can.
>D? An M-I is ;ust as li0el< as an an4io4/a6 to identif< an a/te/ial bloc0a4e.
>E? So6e 7atients fo/ who6 an an4io4/a6 7/esents no /is0 a/e unwillin4 to
unde/4o an M-I.
11. )atu/all< occu//in4 che6icals cannot be newl< 7atented once thei/ st/uctu/es
ha3e been 7ublished. Befo/e a natu/all< occu//in4 che6ical co67ound can be
used as a d/u4B howe3e/B it 6ust be 7ut th/ou4h the sa6e /i4o/ous testin4 7/o4/a6
as an< s<nthetic co67oundB cul6inatin4 in a 7ublished /e7o/t detailin4 the
che6ical2s st/uctu/e and obse/3ed effects.
If the state6ents abo3e a/e t/ueB which of the followin4 6ust also be t/ue on the
basis of the6=
>A? An< natu/all< occu//in4 che6ical can be /e7/oduced s<ntheticall< once its
st/uctu/e is 0nown.
>B? S<ntheticall< 7/oduced che6ical co67ounds cannot be 7atented unless thei/
che6ical st/uctu/es a/e 6ade 7ublic.
>C? If 7/o3en no less effecti3eB natu/all< occu//in4 che6icals a/e to be 7/efe//ed
to s<nthetic co67ounds fo/ use in d/u4s.
>D? (nce a natu/all< occu//in4 co67ound has been a77/o3ed fo/ use as a d/u4B it
can no lon4e/ be newl< 7atented.
>E? A natu/all< occu//in4 che6ical cannot be 7atented unless its effecti3eness as a
d/u4 has been /i4o/ousl< established.
1. A 7ublicAse/3ice ad3e/tise6ent ad3ises that 7eo7le who ha3e consu6ed alcohol
GMAT . 'SAT C- 1&&
should not d/i3e until the< can do so safel<. In a hos7ital stud<B howe3e/B sub;ects
@uestioned i66ediatel< afte/ the< consu6ed alcohol unde/esti6ated the ti6e
necessa/< to /e4ain thei/ d/i3in4 abilit<. This /esult indicates that 6an< 7eo7le
who d/in0 befo/e d/i3in4 will ha3e difficult< followin4 the ad3e/tise6ent2s
ad3ice.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ts the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? Man< 7eo7leB if the< 7lan to d/in0 alcoholB 6a0e a//an4e6ents befo/ehand
fo/ a nond/in0e/ to d/i3e the6 ho6e.
>B? The sub;ects in the hos7ital stud< 4ene/all< /ated thei/ abilities 6o/e
conse/3ati3el< than would 7eo7le d/in0in4 alcohol outside a hos7ital settin4.
>C? So6e 7eo7le /ef/ain f/o6 d/in0in4 if the< will ha3e to d/i3e to 4et ho6e
afte/wa/d.
>D? The sub;ects in the hos7ital stud< we/e also @uestioned about the ti6e
necessa/< to /e4ain abilities that do not 7la< an i67o/tant /ole in d/i3in4
safel<.
>E? Awa/eness of the 7ublicAse/3ice ad3e/tise6ent is hi4he/ a6on4 the 4ene/al
7o7ulation than it was a6on4 the sub;ects in the hos7ital stud<.
1". In3esti4ato/1 H:Q Coins has 6isled its clients b< 7/o6otin4 so6e coins as
Ee8t/e6el< /a/eF when in fact those coins a/e /elati3el< co66on and /eadil<
a3ailable.
H:Q a4ent1 That is /idiculous. H:Q Coins is one of the la/4est coin deale/s in the
wo/ld. ,e authenticate the coins we sell th/ou4h a nationall< /eco4ni9ed fi/6 and
o7e/ate a licensed coin deale/shi7.
The H:Q a4ent2s /e7l< is 6ost 3ulne/able to the c/iticis6 that it
>A? e8a44e/ates the in3esti4ato/2s a clai6s in o/de/ to 6a0e the6 a77ea/ absu/d
>B? accuses the in3esti4ato/ of bias but 7/esents no e3idence to su77o/t that
accusation
>C? fails to establish that othe/ coin deale/s do not also authenticate the coins
those deale/s sell
>D? lists st/en4ths of H:Q Coins while failin4 to add/ess the in3esti4ato/2s cha/4e
>E? 7/o3ides no definition fo/ the inhe/entl< 3a4ue 7h/ase Ee8t/e6el< /a/eF
1#. Both ,/itewell and E87/ess 7/o3ide /oundAtheAcloc0 tele7hone assistance to an<
custo6e/ who uses thei/ wo/dA7/ocessin4 softwa/e. Since custo6e/s onl< call the
hot lines when the< find the softwa/e difficult to useB and the ,/itewell hot line
/ecei3es fou/ ti6es as 6an< calls as the E87/ess hot lineB ,/itewell2s wo/dA
7/ocessin4 softwa/e 6ust be 6o/e difficult to use than E87/ess2s.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost st/en4thens the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? Calls to the E87/ess hot line a/e al6ost twice as lon4B on a3e/a4eB as a/e calls
to the ,/itewell hot line.
$$ GMAT
>B? E87/ess has th/ee ti6es the nu6be/ of wo/dA7/ocessin4 softwa/e custo6e/s
that ,/itewell has.
>C? E87/ess /ecei3es twice as 6an< lette/s of co67laint about its wo/dA7/ocessin4
softwa/e as ,/itewell /ecei3es about its wo/dA7/ocessin4 softwa/e.
>D? The nu6be/ of calls /ecei3ed b< each of the two hot lines has been 4/aduall<
inc/easin4.
>E? The ,/itewell hotAline nu6be/ is 6o/e widel< 7ublici9ed than the E87/ess
hotAline nu6be/.
1!. (3e/ the last centu/<B 7aleontolo4ists ha3e used s6all diffe/ences between fossil
s7eci6ens to classif< t/ice/ato7s into si8teen s7ecies. This classification is
un;ustifiedB howe3e/B since the s7eci6ens used to distin4uish ele3en of the
s7ecies co6e f/o6 ani6als that li3ed in the sa6e a/ea at the sa6e ti6e.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would enable the conclusion of the a/4u6ent to
be 7/o7e/l< d/awn=
>A? )ot e3e/< s7ecies that li3ed in a 4i3en a/ea is 7/ese/3ed as a fossil.
>B? At least one indi3idual of e3e/< t/ue s7ecies of t/ice/ato7s has been
disco3e/ed as a fossil s7eci6en.
>C? )o 4eo4/a7hical a/ea e3e/ su77o/ts 6o/e than th/ee si6ila/ s7ecies at the
sa6e ti6e.
>D? In 6an< s7eciesB indi3iduals dis7la< @uite 6a/0ed 3a/iation.
>E? Diffe/ences between fossil s7eci6ens of t/ice/ato7s that ca6e f/o6 the sa6e
a/ea a/e no less distincti3e than diffe/ences between s7eci6ens that ca6e
f/o6 diffe/ent a/eas.
16. Man< consu6e/s a/e conce/ned about the ecolo4ical effects of wasteful
7ac0a4in4. This conce/n 7/obabl< e87lains wh< sto/es ha3e been @uic0 to stoc0
new cleanin4 7/oducts that ha3e been 7/oduced in a concent/ated fo/6. The
concent/ated fo/6 is 7ac0a4ed in s6alle/ containe/s that use less 7lastic and
/e@ui/e less t/ans7o/tation s7ace.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< unde/6ines the e87lanation
offe/ed abo3e=
>A? 5ew consu6e/s belie3e that containe/s of concent/ated cleanin4 7/oducts a/e
6e/el< s6all 7ac0a4es of /e4ula/ cleanin4 7/oducts.
>B? The containe/s in which concent/ated cleanin4 7/oducts a/e 7ac0a4ed a/e no
ha/de/ to /ec<cle than those in which /e4ula/ cleanin4 7/oducts a/e
7ac0a4ed.
>C? Those concent/ated cleanin4 7/oducts that a/e intended to be used diluted
ha3e clea/ inst/uctions fo/ dilution 7/inted on thei/ labels.
>D? The s6alle/ containe/s of concent/ated cleanin4 7/oducts enable
su7e/6a/0ets and d/u4sto/es to inc/ease thei/ /e3enues f/o6 a 4i3en shelf
s7ace.
GMAT . 'SAT C- $1
>E? Consu6e/ 7/essu/e has led to the eli6ination of wasteful ca/dboa/d
7ac0a4in4 that was used fo/ co67act discs.
TEST $
1. In the fi/st half of this <ea/B f/o6 +anua/< to +uneB about th/ee 6illion
3ideocassette /eco/de/s we/e sold. This nu6be/ is onl< "! 7e/cent of the total
nu6be/ of 3ideocassette /eco/de/s sold last <ea/. The/efo/eB total sales of
3ideocassette /eco/de/s will al6ost ce/tainl< be lowe/ fo/ this <ea/ than the< we/e
fo/ last <ea/.
>A? The total nu6be/ of 3ideocassette /eco/de/s sold last <ea/ was lowe/ than the
total nu6be/ sold in the <ea/ befo/e that.
>B? Most 7eo7le who a/e inte/ested in ownin4 a 3ideocassette /eco/de/ ha3e
al/ead< 7u/chased one.
>C? *ideocassette /eco/de/s a/e less e87ensi3e this <ea/ than the< we/e last <ea/.
>D? (f the 3ideocassette /eco/de/s sold last <ea/B al6ost 6$ 7e/cent we/e sold in
+anua/<.
>E? T<7icall<B o3e/ %$ 7e/cent of the sales of 3ideocassette /eco/de/s 6ade in a
<ea/ occu/ in the 6onths of )o3e6be/ and Dece6be/.
. Mud f/o6 a la0e on an uninhabited wooded island in no/the/n 'a0e Su7e/io/
contains to8ic che6icalsB includin4 to8a7heneB a banned 7esticide fo/ cotton that
7/e3iousl< was 6anufactu/ed and usedB not in nea/b< /e4ions of Canada o/ the
no/the/n Dnited StatesB but in the southe/n Dnited States. )o du67in4 has
occu//ed on the island. The island la0e is sufficientl< ele3ated that wate/ f/o6
'a0e Su7e/io/ does not /each it.
The state6ents abo3eB if t/ueB 6ost st/on4l< su77o/t which of the followin4
h<7otheses=
>A? The wate/s of the island la0e a/e 6o/e se3e/el< 7olluted than those of 'a0e
Su7e/io/.
>B? The to8a7hene was ca//ied to the island in the at6os7he/e b< winds.
>C? Bannin4 che6icals such as to8a7hene does not aid the natu/al en3i/on6ent.
>D? To8a7hene has ad3e/se effects on hu6an bein4s but not on othe/ o/4anis6s.
>E? Concent/ations of to8a7hene in the soil of cottonA4/owin4 /e4ions a/e not
sufficient of be 6easu/able.
". 'ast <ea/ in the Dnited StatesB wo6en who /an fo/ state and national offices we/e
about as li0el< to win as 6en. Howe3e/B onl< about fifteen 7e/cent of the
candidates fo/ these offices we/e wo6en. The/efo/eB the /eason the/e a/e so few
wo6en who win elections fo/ these offices is not that wo6en ha3e difficult<
winnin4 elections but that so few wo6en want to /un.
$ GMAT
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< unde/6ines the conclusion 4i3en=
>A? 'ast <ea/ the 7/o7o/tion of wo6en incu6bents who won /eelection was
s6alle/ than the 7/o7o/tion of 6en incu6bents who won /eelection.
>B? 5ew wo6en who /un fo/ state and national offices /un a4ainst othe/ wo6en.
>C? Most wo6en who ha3e no st/on4 desi/e to be 7oliticians ne3e/ /un fo/ state
and national offices.
>D? The 7/o7o/tion of 7eo7le holdin4 local offices who a/e wo6en is s6alle/ than
the 7/o7o/tion of 7eo7le holdin4 state and national offices who a/e wo6en.
>E? Man< 6o/e wo6en than 6en who want to /un fo/ state and national offices
do not because the< cannot 4et ade@uate fundin4 fo/ thei/ ca67ai4ns.
#. Sa67les f/o6 a ce/a6ic 3ase found at a to6b in Sicil< 7/o3e that the 3ase was
6anufactu/ed in G/eece. Since the occu7ant of the to6b died du/in4 the /ei4n of
a Sicilian /ule/ who li3ed B%$$ <ea/s a4oB the location of the 3ase indicates that
the/e was t/ade between Sicil< and G/eece B%$$ <ea/s a4o.
>A? Sicilian 7otte/s who li3ed du/in4 the /ei4n of the /ule/ did not 7/oduce wo/0
of the sa6e le3el of @ualit< as did G/ee0 7otte/s.
>B? Sicilian cla< that was used in the 6anufactu/e of 7otte/< du/in4 the /ule/2s
/ei4n bo/e little /ese6blance to G/ee0 cla< used to 6anufactu/e 7otte/< at
that ti6e.
>C? At the ti6e that the occu7ant of the to6b was ali3eB the/e we/e shi7s ca7able
of t/ans7o/tin4 la/4e @uantities of 6anufactu/ed 4oods between Sicil< and
G/eece.
>D? The 3ase that was found at the Sicilian to6b was not 7laced the/e 6an<
4ene/ations late/ b< descendants of the occu7ant of the to6b.
>E? The occu7ant of the to6b was not a 6e6be/ of the /o<al fa6il< to which the
Sicilian /ule/ belon4ed.
!. In se3e/al citiesB the 4o3e/n6ent is 4oin4 ahead with a6bitious const/uction
7/o;ects des7ite the hi4h office 3acanc< /ates in those cities. The 3acant officesB
thou4h a3ailable fo/ leasin4B unfo/tunatel< do not 6eet the /e@ui/e6ents fo/ the
facilities neededB such as cou/t houses and labo/ato/ies. The 4o3e/n6entB
the/efo/eB is not 4uilt< of an< fiscal wastefulness.
>A? Ada7tation of 3acant office s7ace to 6eet the 4o3e/n6ent2s /e@ui/e6entsB if
7ossibleB would not 6a0e leasin4 such office s7ace a 6o/e costAeffecti3e
alte/nati3e to new const/uction.
>B? The 4o3e/n6ent 7/efe/s leasin4 facilities to ownin4 the6 in cases whe/e the
two alte/nati3es a/e e@uall< costAeffecti3e.
>C? If facilities a3ailable fo/ leasin4 co6e 3e/< close to 6eetin4 the 4o3e/n6ent2s
/e@ui/e6ents fo/ facilities the 4o3e/n6ent needsB the 4o3e/n6ent can /ela8
GMAT . 'SAT C- $"
its own /e@ui/e6ents sli4htl< and conside/ those facilities in co67liance.
>D? The 4o3e/n6ent2s const/uction 7/o;ects would not on bein4 co67letedB add to
the stoc0 of facilities a3ailable fo/ leasin4 in the cities conce/ned.
>E? Befo/e e6ba/0in4 on an< 6a;o/ const/uction 7/o;ectB the 4o3e/n6ent is
/e@ui/ed b< law to establish be<ond an< /easonable doubt that the/e a/e no
alte/nati3es that a/e 6ost costAeffecti3e.
6. Iotato c<st ne6atodes a/e a 7est of 7otato c/o7s. The ne6atodes can lie do/6ant
fo/ se3e/al <ea/s in thei/ c<stsB which a/e 7/otecti3e ca7sulesB and do not e6e/4e
e8ce7t in the 7/esence of che6icals e6itted b< 7otato /oots. A co67an< that has
identified the /ele3ant che6icals is 7lannin4 to 6a/0et the6 to 7otato fa/6e/s to
s7/ead on thei/ fields when no 7otatoes a/e 7lantedG an< ne6atodes that e6e/4e
will soon sta/3e to death.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB best su77o/ts the clai6 that the co67an<2s 7lan
will be successful=
>A? )e6atodes that ha3e e6e/4ed f/o6 thei/ c<sts can be 0illed b< o/dina/<
7esticides.
>B? The onl< 7a/t of a 7otato 7lant that a ne6atode eats is the /oots.
>C? So6e bacte/ia co66onl< 7/esent in the /oots of 7otatoes di4est the che6icals
that cause the ne6atodes to e6e/4e f/o6 thei/ c<sts.
>D? T/ials ha3e shown that s7/eadin4 e3en 6inute @uantities of the che6icals on
7otato fields caused nineAtenths of the ne6atodes 7/esent to e6e/4e f/o6
thei/ c<sts.
>E? The che6icals that cause the ne6atodes to e6e/4e f/o6 thei/ c<sts a/e not
e6itted all the ti6e the 7otato 7lant is 4/owin4.
%. It is bette/ fo/ the en3i/on6ent if as 6uch of all 7ac0a4in4 as 7ossible is 6ade
f/o6 6ate/ials that a/e biode4/adable in landfills. The/efo/eB it is alwa<s a chan4e
fo/ the wo/se to /e7lace 7ac0a4in4 6ade f/o6 7a7e/ o/ ca/dboa/d with 7ac0a4in4
6ade f/o6 7lastics that a/e not biode4/adable in landfills.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB constitutes the st/on4est ob;ection to the a/4u6ent
abo3e=
>A? The 7a7e/ and ca/dboa/d used in 7ac0a4in4 a/e usuall< not biode4/adable in
landfills.
>B? So6e 7lastic used in 7ac0a4in4 is biode4/adable in landfills.
>C? In 6an< landfillsB a si4nificant 7/o7o/tion of s7ace is ta0en u7 b< 6ate/ials
othe/ than disca/ded 7ac0a4in4 6ate/ials.
>D? It is i67ossible to a3oid enti/el< the use of 7ac0a4in4 6ate/ials that a/e not
biode4/adable in landfills.
>E? So6eti6esB in 7ac0a4in4 an ite6B 7lastics that a/e not biode4/adable in
landfills a/e co6bined with ca/dboa/d.
$# GMAT
8. An< se/ious 7olic< discussion about acce7table le3els of /is0 in connection with
e87losions is not well se/3ed if the 7a/tici7ants fail to use the wo/d Ee87losionF
and use the 7h/ase Eene/4etic disasse6bl<F instead. In factB the wo/d Ee87losionF
elicits desi/able /eactionsB such as a hei4htened le3el of attentionB whe/eas the
substitute 7h/ase does not. The/efo/eB of the two te/6sB Ee87losionF is the one
that should be used th/ou4hout discussions of this so/t.
>A? In the 0ind of discussion at issueB the ad3anta4es of desi/able /eactions to the
te/6 Ee87losionF outwei4h the d/awbac0sB if anB? The 7h/ase Eene/4etic disasse6bl<F has not so fa/ been used as a substitute
fo/ the wo/d Ee87losionF in the 0ind of discussion at issue.
>C? In an< se/ious 7olic< discussionB what is said b< the 7a/tici7ants is 6o/e
i67o/tant than how it is 7ut into wo/ds.
>D? The onl< /eason that 7eo7le would ha3e fo/ usin4 Eene/4etic disasse6bl<F in
7lace of Ee87losionF is to /ende/ i67ossible an< se/ious 7olic< discussion
conce/nin4 e87losions.
>E? The 7h/ase Eene/4etic disasse6bl<F is not necessa/il< out of 7lace in
desc/ibin4 a cont/olled /athe/ than an accidental e87losion.
&. Mannis Co/7o/ation2s a/chi3al /eco/ds a/e sto/ed in an obsolete fo/6at that is
accessible onl< b< its cu//ent co67ute/ s<ste6G thus the< a/e inaccessible when
that s<ste6 is not functionin4 7/o7e/l<. In o/de/ to a3oid the 7ossibilit< of losin4
access to thei/ a/chi3al /eco/ds in the case of co67ute/ 6alfunctionB Mannis 7lans
to /e7lace its cu//ent co67ute/ s<ste6 with a new s<ste6 that sto/es /eco/ds in a
fo/6at that is accessible to se3e/al diffe/ent s<ste6s.
The answe/ to which of the followin4 @uestions would be 6ost hel7ful in
e3aluatin4 the effecti3eness of the 7lan as a 6eans of /etainin4 access to the
a/chi3al /eco/ds=
>A? ,ill the new co67ute/ s<ste6 /e@ui/e fewe/ o7e/ato/s than the cu//ent
s<ste6 /e@ui/es=
>B? Has Mannis Co/7o/ation alwa<s sto/ed its a/chi3al /eco/ds in a co67ute/i9ed
fo/6at=
>C? ,ill the new co67ute/ s<ste6 that Mannis 7lans ensu/e 4/eate/ secu/it< fo/
the /eco/ds sto/ed than does Mannis2 cu//ent s<ste6=
>D? ,ill Mannis2 cu//ent collection of a/chi3al /eco/ds be /eadil< t/ansfe/able to
the new co67ute/ s<ste6=
>E? ,ill the new co67ute/ s<ste6 be able to 7e/fo/6 6an< 6o/e tas0s than the
cu//ent s<ste6 is able to 7e/fo/6=
1$. 'ast <ea/ the wo/ldwide 7a7e/ indust/< used o3e/ twice as 6uch f/esh 7ul7 >7ul7
6ade di/ectl< f/o6 /aw 7lant fibe/s? as /ec<cled 7ul7 >7ul7 6ade f/o6
GMAT . 'SAT C- $!
waste7a7e/?. A 7a7e/Aindust/< anal<st has 7/o;ected that b< $1$ the indust/< will
use at least as 6uch /ec<cled 7ul7 annuall< as it does f/esh 7ul7B while usin4 a
4/eate/ @uantit< of f/esh 7ul7 than it did last <ea/.
If the info/6ation abo3e is co//ect and the anal<st2s 7/o;ections 7/o3e to be
accu/ateB which of the followin4 7/o;ections 6ust also be accu/ate=
>A? In $1$ the 7a7e/ indust/< will use at least twice as 6uch /ec<cled 7ul7 as it
did last <ea/s.
>B? In $1$ the 7a7e/ indust/< will use at least twice as 6uch total 7ul7 as it did
last <ea/.
>C? In $1$ the 7a7e/ indust/< will 7/oduce 6o/e 7a7e/ f/o6 a 4i3en a6ount of
7ul7 than it did last <ea/.
>D? As co67a/ed with last <ea/B in $1$ the 7a7e/ indust/< will 6a0e 6o/e 7a7e/
that contains onl< /ec<cled 7ul7.
>E? As co67a/ed with last <ea/B in $1$ the 7a7e/ indust/< will 6a0e less 7a7e/
that contains onl< f/esh 7ul7.
11. In 6ala/iaAinfested a/easB 6an< child/en tend to suffe/ se3e/al bouts of 6ala/ia
befo/e beco6in4 i66une to the disease. Clea/l<B what 6ust be ha77enin4 is that
those child/en2s i66une s<ste6s a/e onl< wea0l< sti6ulated b< an< sin4le
e87osu/e to the 6ala/ia 7a/asite and need to be challen4ed se3e/al ti6es to
7/oduce an effecti3e i66une /es7onse.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< unde/6ines the e87lanato/<
h<7othesis=
>A? I66ediatel< afte/ a child has suffe/ed a bout of 6ala/iaB the child2s ca/e4i3e/s
tend to 4o to 4/eat len4ths in ta0in4 7/ecautions to 7/e3ent anothe/ infectionB
but this le3el of attention is not sustained.
>B? Mala/ia is s7/ead f/o6 7e/son to 7e/son b< 6os@uitoesB and 6os@uitoes ha3e
beco6e inc/easin4l< /esistant to the 7esticides used to cont/ol the6.
>C? A ce/tain 4eneB if inhe/ited b< child/en f/o6 onl< one of thei/ 7a/entsB can
/ende/ those child/en la/4el< i66une to infection with 6ala/ia.
>D? Anti6ala/ia 3accinesB of which se3e/al a/e in de3elo76entB a/e all desi4ned to
wo/0 b< sti6ulatin4 the bod<2s i66une s<ste6.
>E? The/e a/e se3e/al distinct st/ains of 6ala/iaB and the bod<2s i66une /es7onse
to an< one of the6 does not 7/otect it a4ainst the othe/s.
1. An ad3e/tise6ent desi4ned to con3ince /eade/s of the 4/eat du/abilit< of
auto6obiles 6anufactu/ed b< the Delu8e Moto/ Ca/ Co67an< cites as e3idence
the fact that o3e/ half of all auto6obiles built b< the co67an< since 1&%$ a/e still
on the /oad todaA? Afte/ ta0in4 inflation into accountB a new Delu8e auto6obile costs onl<
$6 GMAT
sli4htl< 6o/e than a new 6odel did in 1&%$.
>B? The nu6be/ of auto6obiles built b< Delu8e each <ea/ has not inc/eased
sha/7l< since 1&%$.
>C? (wne/s of Delu8e auto6obiles t<7icall< 0ee7 thei/ ca/s well 6aintained.
>D? Since 1&%$B Delu8e has 6ade fewe/ chan4es in the auto6obiles it
6anufactu/es than othe/ ca/ co67anies ha3e 6ade in thei/ auto6obiles.
>E? Delu8e auto6obiles ha3e been sellin4 at /elati3el< stable 7/ices in /ecent
<ea/s.
1". Man< state le4islatu/es a/e conside/in4 7/o7osals to the effect that ce/tain 7olicies
should be dete/6ined not b< the le4islatu/e itself but b< 7ublic /efe/enda in which
e3e/< 3ote/ can ta0e 7a/t. C/itics of the 7/o7osals a/4ue that the outco6es of
7ublic /efe/enda would be biasedB since wealth< s7ecialAinte/est 4/ou7s a/e able
to influence 3ote/s2 3iews b< 6eans of tele3ision ad3e/tise6ents.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost st/en4thens the c/itics2 a/4u6ent=
>A? Man< state le4islato/s /e4a/d 7ublic /efe/enda as a wa< of a3oidin4 3otin4 on
issues on which thei/ constituents a/e di3ided.
>B? Du/in4 elections fo/ 6e6be/s of the le4islatu/eB the nu6be/ of 7eo7le who
3ote is unaffected b< whethe/ the candidates /un tele3ision ad3e/tise6ents o/
not.
>C? I/o7onents of 7olicies that a/e o77osed b< wealth< s7ecialAinte/est 4/ou7s a/e
often unable to affo/d ad3e/tisin4 ti6e on local tele3ision stations.
>D? Diffe/ent s7ecialAinte/est 4/ou7s often ta0e o77osin4 7ositions on @uestions
of which 7olicies the state should ado7t.
>E? Tele3ision stations a/e /eluctant to beco6e associated with an< one 7olitical
o7inionB fo/ fea/ of losin4 3iewe/s who do not sha/e that o7inion.
1#. Ad3e/tise6ent1 (f the 6an< o3e/AtheAcounte/ 6edications 6a/0eted fo/ the /elief
of sinus headache. SineEase costs the least 7e/ dose. And SineEase is as effecti3e
7e/ dose as the 6ost effecti3e of those othe/ 6edications. So fo/ /elief f/o6 sinus
headachesB SineEase is the best bu<.
>A? Most of the o3e/AtheAcounte/ 6edications 6a/0eted fo/ the /elief of sinus
headache a/e e@uall< effecti3e 7e/ dose in 7/o3idin4 such /elief.
>B? Man< of the o3e/AtheAcounte/ 6edications 6a/0eted fo/ the /elief of sinus
headache contain the sa6e acti3e in4/edient as SineEase.
>C? Ieo7le who suffe/ f/o6 f/e@uent sinus headaches a/e st/on4l< ad3ised to
consult a docto/ befo/e ta0in4 an< o3e/AtheAcounte/ 6edication.
>D? An o3e/AtheAcounte/ 6edication that is 6a/0eted fo/ the /elief of s<67to6s of
head cold is identical in co67osition to SineEase but costs less 7e/ dose.
>E? The 7e/ dose 7/ice fo/ an< 4i3en o3e/AtheAcounte/ 6edication 6a/0eted fo/
GMAT . 'SAT C- $%
the /elief of sinus headache is hi4he/ fo/ s6alle/ 7ac0a4es than it is fo/ la/4e/
7ac0a4es.
1!. In the Dnited StatesB 3acatione/s account fo/ 6o/e than half of all 3isito/s to what
a/e technicall< called E7u/e a@ua/iu6sF but fo/ fewe/ than one @ua/te/ of all
3isito/s to 9oosB which usuall< include a E9oo a@ua/iu6F of /elati3el< 6odest
sco7e.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost hel7s to account fo/ the diffe/ence desc/ibed
abo3e between 3isito/s to 9oos and 3isito/s to 7u/e a@ua/iu6s=
>A? In cities that ha3e both a 9oo and a 7u/e a@ua/iu6B local /esidents a/e twice as
li0el< to 3isit the a@ua/iu6 as the< a/e to 3isit the 9oo.
>B? *i/tuall< all la/4e 6et/o7olitan a/eas ha3e 9oosB whe/eas onl< a few la/4e
6et/o7olitan a/eas ha3e 7u/e a@ua/iu6s.
>C? (3e/ the last ten <ea/sB newl< const/ucted 7u/e a@ua/iu6s ha3e outnu6be/ed
newl< established 9oos b< a facto/ of two to one.
>D? Ieo7le who 3isit a 9oo in a 4i3en <ea/ a/e two ti6es 6o/e li0el< to 3isit a
7u/e a@ua/iu6 that <ea/ than a/e 7eo7le who do not 3isit a 9oo.
>E? The 9oo a@ua/iu6s of 9oos that a/e in the sa6e cit< as a 7u/e a@ua/iu6 tend
to be s6alle/ than the a@ua/iu6s of 9oos that ha3e no 7u/e a@ua/iu6 nea/b<.
16. ,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB is the 6ost lo4ical co67letion of the a/4u6ent
below=
The ta8 s<ste6 of the -e7ublic of G/ootland encou/a4es bo//owin4 b< 4/antin4
its ta87a<e/s ta8 /elief fo/ inte/est 7aid on loans. The s<ste6 also discou/a4es
sa3in4 b< ta8in4 an< inte/est ea/ned on sa3in4s. )e3e/thelessB it is clea/ that
G/ootland2s ta8 s<ste6 does not consistentl< fa3o/ bo//owin4 o3e/ sa3in4B fo/ if it
didB the/e would be noCCCCCC
>A? ta8 /elief in G/ootland fo/ those 7o/tions of a ta87a<e/2s inco6eB if anB? ta8 /elief in G/ootland fo/ the 7/ocessin4 fees that ta87a<e/s 7a< to lendin4
institutions when obtainin4 ce/tain 0inds of loans
>C? ta8 /elief in G/ootland fo/ inte/est that ta87a<e/s a/e cha/4ed on the un7aid
balance in c/edit ca/d accounts
>D? ta8es due in G/ootland on the cash 3alue of 4ifts /ecei3ed b< ta87a<e/s f/o6
ban0s t/<in4 to encou/a4e 7eo7le to o7en sa3in4s accounts
>E? ta8es due in G/ootland on the a6ount that a ta87a<e/ has in3ested in inte/estA
bea/in4 sa3in4s accounts
$8 'SAT
'(AT
TEST 1
SECTI() I
Time $ minutes "$ #uestions
Directions: The questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief
statements or passages. For some questions, more than one of the choices could conceivably
answer the question. owever, you are to choose the best answer! that is, the response that most
accurately and completely answers the question. "ou should not ma#e assumptions that are by
commonsense standards implausible, superfluous, or incompatible with the passage. $fter you
have chosen the best answer, blac#en the corresponding space on your answer sheet.
1. M/. ,est1 ,ellB Ms. S6ithB b< how 6uch do <ou 7lan to inc/ease <ou/ donation
to the cultu/al societ< this <ea/= :ou 0now how 6an< wo/thwhile 7/o;ects we do.
Ms. S6ith1 I26 not so su/e of that. I was 3e/< u7set about the statue <ou
7u/chased last 6onth. I thin0 I2ll 4i3e no 6o/e 6one< to <ou/ cause.
M/. ,est1 That2s all /i4ht1 we2ll ;ust 7ut <ou down fo/ the sa6e a6ount that <ou
4a3e last <ea/.
,hich one of the followin4 wo/ds o/ 7h/ases has been 6isinte/7/eted in the
con3e/sation=
>A? Einc/easeF
>B? E<ou 0nowF
>C? Ewo/thwhileF
>D? Eno 6o/eF
>E? Esa6e a6ountF
. Handw/itin4 anal<sisKalso 0nown as 4/a7holo4<Kis a 7oo/ wa< to 7/edict
7e/sonalit< t<7esB e3en thou4h it is used b< "B$$$ Dnited States fi/6s and b< a
6a;o/it< of Eu/o7ean co67anies. In a /ecent studA? Ieo7le in the sa6e occu7ation usuall< do not ha3e the sa6e 7e/sonalit< t<7e.
>B? G/a7holo4< is an effecti3e 6eans of 7/edictin4 7e/sonalit< t<7es in nonA
business conte8ts.
>C? The/e a/e 6o/e Dnited States fi/6s that do not use 4/a7holo4< than all the
Dnited States and Eu/o7ean fi/6s that do use it.
>D? The/e a/e se3e/al othe/ techni@ues fo/ 7/edictin4 7e/sonalit< t<7es that a/e
6o/e accu/ate than 4/a7holo4<.
>E? The/e is a co//es7ondence between t<7e of 7e/sonalit< and choice of
occu7ation.
GMAT . 'SAT C- $&
Questions 3-4
The si67le facts a/e these1 the nu6be/ of 7eo7le 0illed each <ea/ b< 4/i99l< bea/s is
about the sa6e as the nu6be/ of 7eo7le 0illed b< li4htnin4 on 4olf cou/ses. And the
nu6be/ of 7eo7le 0illed b< li4htnin4 on 4olf cou/ses each <ea/ is about the sa6e as
the nu6be/ of 7eo7le elect/ocuted b< elect/ic blende/s. All the ho//ible 6<ths and
4/ueso6e sto/ies asideB the/efo/eB a 4/i99l< bea/ is in fact about as dan4e/ous as an
elect/ic blende/ o/ a 4a6e of 4olf.
". ,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion that the autho/ /elies u7on in the
7assa4e=
>A? Most incidents in3ol3in4 4/i99l< bea/s a/e fatal.
>B? G/i99l< bea/s a/e no lon4e/ the dan4e/ the< once we/e.
>C? The nu6be/ of fatalities 7e/ <ea/ is an ade@uate indication of so6ethin42s
dan4e/ousness.
>D? A 4olf cou/se is a 7a/ticula/l< dan4e/ous 7lace to be in a thunde/sto/6.
>E? So6ethin4 is dan4e/ous onl< if it /esults in death in the 6a;o/it< of cases.
#. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost effecti3el< unde/6ine the
autho/2s a/4u6ent=
>A? Althou4h the nu6be/ of 7eo7le 0illed b< li4htnin4 on 4olf cou/ses each <ea/
is 3e/< s6allB the total nu6be/ of li4htnin4 fatalities is 6an< ti6es 4/eate/.
>B? Elect/ic blende/s a/e a6on4 the safest household a77liancesG we/e the autho/
to co67a/e fatalities f/o6 elect/ical a77liances in 4ene/alB she would 4et a
6uch hi4he/ fi4u/e.
>C? Most 7eo7le would /athe/ ta0e thei/ chances with blende/s and 4olf 4a6es
than with 4/i99l< bea/s.
>D? Bea/s in 4ene/alKincludin4 blac0B b/ownB and cinna6on bea/sB as well as
4/i99l< bea/sK0ill 6an< 6o/e 7eo7le than do elect/ic blende/s.
>E? Statistics show that the nu6be/ of ti6es 7eo7le use elect/ic blende/s each
<ea/ e8ceeds the nu6be/ of ti6es 7eo7le 7la< 4olf each <ea/B which in tu/n
fa/ e8ceeds the nu6be/ of contacts 7eo7le ha3e with 4/i99l< bea/s each <ea/.
!. E67e/o/1 The ene6< e67i/e ac/oss the sea has ha/assed us fo/ centu/ies. I want
to con@ue/ it and sto7 it once and fo/ all. ,hat ad3ice can <ou 4i3e 6e=
Ad6i/al1 If <ou c/oss the seaB a 6i4ht< e67i/e will fall.
E67e/o/1 In that caseB 7/e7a/e the t/oo7s. ,e set sail toni4ht.
(f the followin4B the st/on4est c/iticis6 of the E67e/o/2s decision to in3ade
would be that it
>A? is ce/tain to lead to the e67e/o/2s defeat
>B? is based on o7inion /athe/ than ob;ecti3e facts about t/oo7 st/en4th
>C? cont/adicts the Ad6i/al2s state6ent
1$ 'SAT
>D? fails to conside/ full< the 7ossible 6eanin4s of the Ad6i/al2s ad3ice
>E? is a futile st/ate4< fo/ sol3in4 the 7/oble6 at hand
6. )o senato/ s7o0e at the con3ention unless he o/ she was a De6oc/at. )o
De6oc/at both s7o0e at the con3ention and was a senato/.
,hich one of the followin4 conclusions can be co//ectl< d/awn f/o6 the
state6ents abo3e=
>A? )o one but senato/s s7o0e at the con3ention.
>B? )o De6oc/at s7o0e at the con3ention.
>C? (nl< De6oc/ats s7o0e at the con3ention.
>D? )o senato/ s7o0e at the con3ention.
>E? So6e De6oc/at senato/s s7o0e at the con3ention.
%. If Sa/ah we/e a conce/t 7ianist fo/ a 6a;o/ o/chest/aB she would be fa6ous. She is
not a conce/t 7ianist since she is not fa6ous.
The conclusion abo3e is unsound because the autho/ does not conside/ that
>A? Sa/ah could be a fa6ous act/ess.
>B? Sa/ah could be a ha/7ist fo/ a 6a;o/ o/chest/a.
>C? Sa/ah could be a 7ianist with a /oc0 4/ou7.
>D? Sa/ah could be a conce/t 7ianist with a 6ino/ o/chest/a.
>E? Sa/ah could be fa6ous fo/ anothe/ /eason.
8. )eu/oscientists a/e 6a0in4 7/o4/ess in disco3e/in4 6o/e about the cause of
Al9hei6e/2s disease. Al9hei6e/2s disease 7atients suffe/ f/o6 de6entia and se3e/
6e6o/< loss. Auto7sies 7e/fo/6ed on such 7atients ha3e /e3ealed the 7/esence of
b/ain lesions caused b< abno/6al 7/otein de7osits. Si6ila/ de7osits a/e also found
in the b/ains of elde/l< 7atients who do not suffe/ f/o6 Al9hei6e/2s disease. It
follows that e3e/<one who li3es lon4 enou4h will e3entuall< de3elo7 Al9hei6e/2s
disease.
,hich one of the followin4 state6entsB if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< unde/6ines the
conclusion that e3e/<one who li3es lon4 enou4h will e3entuall< de3elo7
Al9hei6e/2s disease=
>A? The lesions found in the b/ains of nonAAl9hei6e/2s disease 7atients a/e fa/
less e8tensi3e than those found in the b/ains of Al9hei6e/2s disease 7atients.
>B? The de3elo7in4 b/ain 7/oduces a 4/eate/ nu6be/ of cells than it will e3e/ use.
The e8t/a cells a/e late/ dest/o<ed b< what biolo4ists call E7/o4/a66ed cell
death.F
>C? The 7/ocedu/e that allows scientists to disco3e/ the 7/esence of 7/otein
de7osits du/in4 an auto7s< is not <et /efined enou4h to ensu/e detection of
the lesions in all 7atients.
>D? Auto7sies ha3e shown that so6e 7eo7le lac0 the che6ical necessa/< fo/
GMAT . 'SAT C- 11
7/otein de7osits to cause b/ain lesions.
>E? Thou4h 6ost Al9hei6e/2s disease 7atients de3elo7 the disease when the< a/e
in thei/ late fifties to ea/l< se3entiesB the f/e@uenc< of 7atients who de3elo7
the disease in thei/ fo/ties is on the /ise.
&. 5/ee 7ublic education is the best fo/6 of education the/e is. The/efo/eB we 6ust
fi4ht to ensu/e its continued e8istenceG that isB we 6ust be /ead< to defend the
7/inci7le of e@ualit< of educational o77o/tunit<. Because this 7/inci7le is we
wo/th defendin4B it is clea/ that f/ee 7ublic education is bette/ than an< othe/ fo/6
of education.
,hich one of the followin4 illust/ates the sa6e wea0 /easonin4 as found in the
7assa4e=
>A? I lo3e 6usicB and that2s whB? Boo0s a/e 6< 6ost 3aluable 7ossessions. M< boo0s a/e li0e 6< f/iendsK
each 7leases 6e in diffe/ent wa<s. +ust as I would 4i3e u7 e3e/<thin4 to sa3e
6< f/iendsB so too with 6< boo0s.
>C? I would 6uch /athe/ be 7oo/ and /es7ected than be /ich and des7ised. To ha3e
the /es7ect of othe/s is fa/ 6o/e 3aluable than to ha3e 6illions of dolla/s.
>D? I ha3e ne3e/ been bet/a<ed b< an< of 6< f/iends. The< ha3e been t/ue to 6e
th/ou4h 4ood ti6es and bad. The/efo/e I will ne3e/ bet/a< an< of 6< f/iends.
>E? Because e3e/< 7lant I ha3e e3e/ seen has 4/een lea3esB I ha3e concluded that
all 7lants 6ust ha3e 4/een lea3es. This loo0s li0e a 7lant but it does not ha3e
4/een lea3esB so it cannot be a 7lant.
1$. So6e 7eo7le sa< that the sca/cit< of food is a function of the finite li6its of the
ea/th2s /esou/cesB cou7led with a /elentless /ate of 7o7ulation 4/owth. This
anal<sis fails to /eco4ni9eB howe3e/B that 6uch of the wo/ld2s a4/icultu/al
/esou/ces a/e used to feed li3estoc0 instead of 7eo7le. In the Dnited StatesB fo/
e8a67leB al6ost oneAhalf of the a4/icultu/al ac/ea4e is de3oted to c/o7s fed to
li3estoc0. A stee/ /educes twent<Aone 7ounds of ine87ensi3e 4/ain to one 7ound
of e87ensi3e 6eat. ThusB the sca/cit< of food is not 6e/el< a function of li6ited
/esou/ces and 7o7ulation 4/owth.
,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion that would allow the conclusion in
the a/4u6ent to be 7/o7e/l< d/awn=
>A? Ieo7le 7/efe/ eatin4 6eat to eatin4 4/ain.
>B? Meat is twent<Aone ti6es 6o/e e87ensi3e than 4/ain.
>C? The li6its of the ea/th2s a4/icultu/al /esou/ces a/e not finite.
>D? Mo/e than oneAhalf of the a4/icultu/al ac/ea4e in the Dnited States is de3oted
to c/o7s fed to hu6ans.
>E? G/owin4 c/o7s fo/ hu6an consu67tion on the ac/ea4e cu//entl< de3oted to
1 'SAT
c/o7s fo/ li3estoc0 will <ield 6o/e food fo/ 6o/e 7eo7le.
11. Hanifah1 A /ecent su/3e< shows that the/e a/e fewe/ 7eo7le who d/i3e onl< on
wee0ends than the/e a/e 7eo7le who d/i3e to wo/0 each wee0da<. As a /esultB
wee0endAonl< d/i3es a/e in3ol3ed in fewe/ accidents. The/efo/eB insu/ance /ates
should be ad;usted so that /ates would be si4nificantl< hi4he/ fo/ the /e4ula/
co66ute/s.
Matsu1 I can2t a4/ee with <ou/ conclusion. The sa6e stud< also showed thatB
althou4h wee0endAonl< d/i3es a/e in3ol3ed in fewe/ accidentsB when conside/ed
on the basis of accidentsA7e/A6ileAd/i3en thei/ /eco/ds a/e wo/se than those of
/e4ula/ co66ute/s. The/efo/eB insu/ance /ates should be ad;usted to inc/ease the
/ates of wee0endAonl< d/i3e/s o3e/ those of /e4ula/ co66ute/s.
In the con3e/sation abo3eB Matsu does which one of the followin4=
>A? Matsu disa4/ees with each of the 7/e6ises of the a/4u6ent that Hanifah
offe/s.
>B? Matsu cites additional e3idence statin4 that wee0endAonl< d/i3e/s a/e actuall<
in3ol3ed in a 4/eate/ nu6be/ of accidents than /e4ula/ co66ute/s.
>C? Matsu accuses Hanifah of usin4 inaccu/ate statistical info/6ation.
>D? Matsu 7/o3es that Hanifah didn2t /ead the enti/e /e7o/t that was cited.
>E? Matsu disa4/ees with Hanifah o3e/ how accident /eco/ds a/e to be e3aluated
fo/ insu/ance /ates.
1. If Count/< H does not inte/3ene 6ilita/il< in Count/< :B then the whole /e4ion
will definitel< fall unde/ ene6< influence.
It 6ost lo4icall< follows f/o6 the state6ent abo3e thatB if Count/< H does
inte/3ene 6ilita/il< in Count/< :B then the whole /e4ion
>A? ,ill definitel< fall unde/ ene6< influence
>B? ,ill 7/obabl< fall unde/ ene6< influence
>C? ,ill 7/obabl< not fall unde/ ene6< influence
>D? ,ill definitel< not fall unde/ ene6< influence
>E? Ma< o/ 6a< not fall unde/ ene6< influence
1". To7 colle4e 4/aduates a/e ha3in4 6o/e difficult< de6onst/atin4 thei/ su7e/io/it<
to 7/os7ecti3e e67lo<e/s than did the to7 students of twent< <ea/s a4o when an
hono/s de4/ee was distinction enou4h. Toda<2s e67lo<e/s a/e less i67/essed with
the hono/s de4/ee. Twent< <ea/s a4o no 6o/e than 1$ 7e/cent of a 4i3en class
4/aduated with hono/s. Toda<B howe3e/B because of 4/ade inflationB the hono/s
de4/ee 4oes to 6o/e than !$ 7e/cent of a 4/aduatin4 class. The/efo/eB to /esto/e
confidence in the de4/ees the< awa/dB colle4es 6ust ta0e ste7s to cont/ol 4/ade
inflation.
,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion thatB if t/ueB would su77o/t the
conclusion in the 7assa4e=
GMAT . 'SAT C- 1"
>A? Toda<2s students a/e not hi4he/ achie3e/s than the students of twent< <ea/s
a4o.
>B? Awa/din4 too 6an< hono/s de4/ees causes colle4es to inflate 4/ades.
>C? Toda<2s e67lo<e/s /el< on hono/s /an0in4 in 6a0in4 thei/ hi/in4 decisions.
>D? It is not eas< fo/ students with low 4/ades to obtain ;obs.
>E? Colle4es 6ust 6a0e e67lo<e/s awa/e of the c/ite/ia used to dete/6ine who
/ecei3es an hono/s de4/ee.
1#. Eithe/ Ie//<2s faction o/ Tuc0e/2s factionB but not bothB will win cont/ol of the
4o3e/n6ent. If Ie//<2s faction winsB the nation will suffe/ econo6icall<. If
Tuc0e/2s faction winsB the nation will suffe/ 6ilita/il<.
Gi3en the state6ents in the 7assa4eB which one of the followin4 state6ents 6ust
be t/ue=
>A? It is 7ossibleB but not ce/tainB that the nation will neithe/ suffe/ econo6icall<
no/ suffe/ 6ilita/il<.
>B? If the nation suffe/s econo6icallC? It is ce/tain that the nation will suffe/ eithe/ econo6icall< o/ 6ilita/ilD? If the nation suffe/s 6ilita/ilE? If the nation suffe/s both econo6icall< and 6ilita/il<B it is ce/tain that neithe/
Ie//<2s faction no/ Tuc0e/2s has won cont/ol of the 4o3e/n6ent.
1!. (ne of the 6o/e /eliable 6ethods of dete/6inin4 /e4ional cli6atic conditions in
7/ehisto/ic 7e/iods is to e8a6ine 7lant 7ollen t/a77ed in 4lacial ice du/in4 ancient
ti6es. B< co67a/in4 such 7ollen sa67les with s7o/es ta0en f/o6 6ode/n
3e4etationB scientists can fi4u/e out a77/o8i6atel< what the weathe/ was li0e at
the ti6e of 7ollen de7osition. 5u/the/6o/eB b< sub6ittin4 the 7/ehisto/ic sa67les
to /adioca/bon datin4 techni@uesB we can also dete/6ine when ce/tain cli6atic
conditions we/e 7/e3alent in that 7o/tion of the 4lobe.
,hich one of the followin4 6a< be infe//ed f/o6 the info/6ation in the 7assa4e=
>A? The ea/th has unde/4one se3e/al 4lacial 7e/iods.
>B? -adioca/bon datin4 can be co//obo/ated b< 4lacial e3idence.
>C? Si6ila/ities between 7/ehisto/ic and conte67o/a/< cli6ates do not e8ist.
>D? Iollen de7osition is a fai/l< continuous 7/ocess.
>E? Ce/tain flo/a a/e /eliabl< associated with 7a/ticula/ cli6atic conditions.
16. In3esti4ato/s concluded that hu6an failu/e was not /es7onsible fo/ the fatal
ai/7lane c/ash last Au4ustB and since that ti6e new and 6o/e st/in4ent /ules fo/
identif<in4 and /e7o/tin4 6echanical 7/oble6s ha3e been in effect. That accounts
fo/ the fact that /e7o/ts of ai/7lane 6echanical 7/oble6s ha3e inc/eased in
1# 'SAT
f/e@uenc< b< !$ 7e/cent since last Au4ust.
,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion unde/l<in4 the a/4u6ent in the
7assa4e=
>A? Ai/7lane t/a3el is still /elati3el< safeB des7ite the inc/ease in /e7o/ted
6echanical 7/oble6s.
>B? Mechanical 7/oble6s in ai/7lanes ha3e inc/eased d/a6aticall< since last
Au4ust.
>C? Mechanical 7/oble6s in ai/7lanes ha3e not inc/eased b< !$ 7e/cent since last
Au4ust.
>D? Ai/lines a/e less /eluctant to /e7o/t 6echanical 7/oble6s than the< 7/e3iousl<
we/e.
>E? Mechanical 7/oble6s in ai/7lanes ha3e beco6e easie/ to detect since last
Au4ust.
1%. The 7eculia/ e3il of silencin4 the e87/ession of an o7inion is that it /obs the
hu6an /ace. It ta0es f/o6 7oste/it<B as well as the e8istin4 4ene/ationB and f/o6
those who dissent f/o6 the o7inion e3en 6o/e than f/o6 those who hold it. If the
o7inion is /i4htB the< a/e de7/i3ed of the o77o/tunit< of e8chan4in4 e//o/ fo/
t/uthG if it is w/on4B the< lose what is al6ost as 4/eat a benefit1 the clea/e/
7e/ce7tion and li3elie/ i67/ession of t/uthB 7/oduced b< its collision with e//o/.
,hich one of the followin4 best e87/esses the conclusion 7/esented in the
a/4u6ent=
>A? Silencin4 the e87/ession of an o7inion is /obbin4 the hu6an /ace.
>B? Silencin4 the e87/ession of an o7inion ha/6s those who dissent 6o/e than
those who a4/ee.
>C? An<one who a4/ees with an o7inion would not want to silence its e87/ession.
>D? Gainin4 a clea/e/ 7e/ce7tion and li3elie/ i67/ession of t/uth is a 4/eat benefit.
>E? The 4/eatest benefit is the o77o/tunit< of e8chan4in4 t/uth fo/ e//o/.
18. B/ushin4 <ou/ teeth /e4ula/l<B no 6atte/ which tooth7aste <ou useB will /educe
<ou/ chances of tooth deca<. Scientists ha3e concluded thatB when <ou b/ushB <ou
/educe tooth deca< b< /e6o3in4 the fil6 of 7la@ue that fo/6s on teeth and 4u6s.
SoB <ou can fo/4et about fluo/ides1 b/ush <ou/ teeth ca/efull< and sa< 4oodb<e to
ca3ities.
,hich one of the followin4 is a c/iticis6 of the /easonin4 in the a/4u6ent=
>A? B/ushin4 with fluo/ide tooth7aste has been shown to /educe tooth deca<.
>B? The fact that b/ushin4 will /educe tooth deca< does not show that fluo/ides
a/e of no 3alue.
>C? 5ew 7eo7le ade@uatel< /e6o3e 7la@ue b< b/ushin4.
>D? Ieo7le ha3e 7la@ue on thei/ teeth 6ost of the ti6e.
>E? Scientists ha3e been w/on4 about fluo/ides.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 1!
1&. So6e 4ood coo0s a/e 4ou/6et coo0s who 7/ide the6sel3es on alwa<s usin4
e8t/a3a4antl< /ich in4/edients in elabo/ate /eci7es. So6e 4ood coo0s can be
cha/acte/i9ed as fastAfood coo0s. The< 6a< use /ich in4/edients as lon4 as the
/eci7es a/e eas< to follow and ta0e little ti6e. (the/ 4ood coo0s a/e health food
enthusiastsB who a/e conce/ned 7/i6a/il< with the nut/itional 3alue of food. But
e3en thou4h not all 4ood coo0s a/e bi4 eate/sB the< all en;o< 7/e7a/in4 and
se/3in4 food.
If the info/6ation in the 7assa4e is t/ueB which one of the followin4 CA))(T be
t/ue=
>A? Most 4ood coo0s do not use e8t/a3a4antl< /ich in4/edients.
>B? E3e/<one who en;o<s 7/e7a/in4 and se/3in4 food is a 4ood coo0.
>C? Mo/e 4ood coo0s who use e8t/a3a4antl< /ich in4/edients a/e bi4 eate/s than
a/e 4ood coo0s who do not use such in4/edients.
>D? The/e a/e fewe/ 4ood coo0s who en;o< se/3in4 and 7/e7a/in4 food than the/e
a/e 4ood coo0s who a/e bi4 eate/s.
>E? Gou/6et coo0sB fastAfood coo0sB and coo0s who a/e health food enthusiasts
a/e all bi4 eate/s.
$. Most discussions of the facto/s cont/ibutin4 to i67/o3e6ents in 7ublic health
4/eatl< unde/esti6ate the influence of the 3alues held b< indi3iduals. This
influence is indicated b< the fact that the astonishin4 decline in 6o/talit< f/o6
infectious disease du/in4 the 7ast centu/< was 7/i6a/il< due to an i67/o3e6ent in
li3in4 conditions. To a substantial de4/eeB these i67/o3e6ents de7ended on the
e67hasis b< an inc/easin4 sha/e of the 7o7ulation on cleanlinessB 7/udenceB and
6ode/ation.
The 6ain 7oint of the 7assa4e is 6ade 7/i6a/il< b<
>A? anal<9in4 e8istin4 data on 6edical 7/actices and health outco6es
>B? 7/esentin4 a set of /elated causeAandAeffect asse/tions
>C? a77l<in4 se3e/al 4ene/al 7/inci7les to a s7ecific case
>D? 7/esentin4 a 4ene/al obse/3ation and su77o/tin4 it with se3e/al s7ecific
e8a67les
>E? /efutin4 in detail a co66onl< acce7ted a/4u6ent
Questions !1-!!
If the cit< council institutes new 7a/0in4 /e4ulationsB cit< /e3enues will su/el<
inc/easeB since studies ha3e conclusi3el< shown thatB if such 7a/0in4 /e4ulations a/e
7ut into effectB the/e is an inc/ease in 7a/0in4 3iolationsB and an inc/ease in 7a/0in4
3iolations will /esult in a 4/eate/ nu6be/ of 7a/0in4 fines collected.
1. ,hich one of the followin4 is closestB in te/6s of its lo4ical featu/esB to the
/easonin4 used in the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? 'ast <ea/2s inc/ease in /e3enues can be easil< e87lained. That was the <ea/
16 'SAT
the cit< council instituted new 7a/0in4 /e4ulations. )o doubt the new law
b/ou4ht with it an inc/ease in the nu6be/ of 7a/0in4 3iolations.
>B? If ta8es we/e inc/easedB this act would natu/all< /esult in inc/eased /e3enues
fo/ the citC? Hen/< sa<s thatB if the cit< council 4oes into closed sessionB an i67o/tant
6atte/ of 7e/sonnel 7olic< is bein4 discussed. Howe3e/B no 7e/sonnel
6atte/s we/e discussed at the council 6eetin4B so if Hen/< is /i4htB the
council did not 4o into closed session.
>D? All ca/s 7a/0ed on the no/th side of the st/eet we/e tic0eted last ni4htB and the
sa6e ca/s we/e towed awa< this 6o/nin4. So bewa/eJ A ca/ tic0eted in this
cit< also 4ets towed awa<.
>E? Allen sa<s thatB if the cit< council institutes new 7a/0in4 /e4ulationsB it is
unli0el< that /e3enues fo/ the cit< will inc/ease. If Allen is /i4htB then the
7a/0in4 /e4ulation 7lan should not be instituted.
. If the state6ents in the 7assa4e a/e t/ueB which one of the followin4 6ust also be
t/ue=
>A? Dnless the/e is an inc/ease in the nu6be/ of 7a/0in4 3iolations in the citB? If the cit< council institutes new 7a/0in4 /e4ulationsB the council will fall
f/o6 fa3o/ with the citi9ens.
>C? The cit< council will institute new 7a/0in4 /e4ulations onl< if an inc/ease in
cit< /e3enues can be e87ected to /esult.
>D? If the cit< council2s new /e4ulations cause 6o/e 7a/0in4 3iolato/s to be
tic0etedB the cit< /e3enues will inc/ease.
>E? Dnless the cit< institutes a co67le8 s<ste6 of 7a/0in4 /e4ulationsB the cit<
cannot e87ect t/affic 3iolations to inc/ease.
". The function of 4o3e/n6ent is to satisf< the 4enuine wants of the 6assesB and
4o3e/n6ent cannot satisf< those wants unless it is info/6ed about what those
wants a/e. 5/eedo6 of s7eech ensu/es that such info/6ation will /each the ea/s of
4o3e/n6ent officials. The/efo/eB f/eedo6 of s7eech is indis7ensable fo/ a health<
state.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB would )(T unde/6ine the conclusion of the
a/4u6ent=
>A? Ieo7le 6ost often do not 0now what the< 4enuinel< want.
>B? 5/eedo6 of s7eech tends ulti6atel< to unde/6ine social o/de/B and social
o/de/ is a 7/e/e@uisite fo/ satisf<in4 the wants of the 6asses.
>C? The 7/o7e/ function of 4o3e/n6ent is not to satisf< wantsB but to 7/o3ide
e@ualit< of o77o/tunit<.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 1%
>D? 5/eedo6 of s7eech is not sufficient fo/ satisf<in4 the wants of the 6asses1
social o/de/ is necessa/< as well.
>E? -ule/s al/ead< 0now what the 7eo7le want.
#. An unbiased obse/3e/ of e3e/<da< encounte/s in ,este/n societies would su/el<
not find 6an< instances of un0indness b< 7eo7le unde/ 6! towa/d 7eo7le o3e/ 6!.
The/e a/e undoubtedl< incidents of un0indness based on a4eB and these wa//ant
/e7/oof. Howe3e/B the 3e/< fact that such /e7/oof occu/s and is 4ene/all< acce7ted
i67lies that ou/ ,este/n societies basicall< /es7ect the elde/l<. The sa6e
conclusion can be d/awn f/o6 a /ecent su/3e< findin41 %1 7e/cent of the unde/ 6!
7o7ulation a4/eed with the state6ent that E7eo7le o3e/ 6! /ecei3e too little
/es7ect f/o6 societ<FB while onl< ## 7e/cent of the o3e/A6! 7o7ulationB the ta/4et
of the alle4ed i//e3e/ence a4/eed with it.
The autho/ concludes that ,este/n societies basicall< /es7ect the elde/l< 7a/tl<
because
>A? 7eo7le unde/ 6! a/e ;ust as 0ind to 7eo7le o3e/ 6! as the< a/e to 7eo7le of
thei/ own a4e 4/ou7
>B? su/3e< data su44est that fewe/ 7eo7le o3e/ 6! than unde/ 6! 4et too little
/es7ect
>C? dis/es7ect fo/ the elde/l< does not 4o so fa/ as to /esult in actual ha/6
>D? su/3e< data su44est that 7eo7le o3e/ 6! a/e 6o/e awa/e of incidents in3ol3in4
dis/es7ect to the elde/l< than a/e 7eo7le unde/ 6!
>E? incidents of un0indness to the elde/l< a/e neithe/ co66on no/ 4ene/all<
acce7ted in ,este/n societies
!. These da<sB e3e/<one tal0s about bein4 too bus<. But all this bus<ness does not
see6 to /esult in thin4s 4ettin4 done. +ust as 6an< tas0s a/e still left unco67letedB
7hone calls un/etu/nedB and a77oint6ents 6issed as the/e we/e in the da<s befo/e
this outb/ea0 of bus<ness. The/efo/eB 7eo7le 6ust not be as bus< as the< clai6.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost se/iousl< wea0en the conclusion
in the 7assa4e=
>A? These da<sB loo0in4 bus< is a status s<6bol.
>B? Ieo7le ha3e to do 6uch 6o/e these da<s than befo/e the soAcalled outb/ea0 of
bus<ness.
>C? Ieo7le waste so 6uch ti6e tal0in4 about bein4 bus< that the< fail to 4et
thin4s done.
>D? +ust as 6an< thin4s a/e 4ettin4 done now as befo/e the soAcalled outb/ea0 of
bus<ness.
>E? Ieo7le ha3e 6o/e leisu/e ti6e these da<s than befo/e the soAcalled outb/ea0
of bus<ness.
SECTI() I*
18 'SAT
Time $ minutes "& #uestions
statements or passages...
1. The 4o3e/n6ent should enact a bill that would 7/ohibit the sale and consu67tion
of alcohol on co66ute/ t/ains. -ecentl<B the stateB e8e/cisin4 its le4iti6ate
autho/it<B 7assed a law to 7/otect the health of co66ute/s b< 7/ohibitin4 s6o0in4
on the co66ute/ line. ,hen into8icated /ide/s 4et off the t/ainB 4et in thei/ ca/sB
and d/i3eB the 7ublic is e87osed to at least as 6uch dan4e/ as a/e nons6o0in4 /ail
7assen4e/s who a/e fo/ced to inhale ci4a/ette s6o0e.
In a/4uin4 that alcohol consu67tion on co66ute/ t/ains should be bannedB the
autho/ /elies on
>A? the fact that d/in0in4 alcohol is dan4e/ous to one2s health
>B? the 7/inci7le that 7eo7le need to be 7/otected f/o6 thei/ own actions
>C? the use of e6otionall< cha/4ed desc/i7tions of s6o0in4 and d/in0in4 alcohol
>D? the /eade/2s s<67ath< fo/ the 7/oble6s of co66ute/s
>E? a co67a/ison between the effects of s6o0in4 and the effects of d/in0in4
alcohol
. C/eatin4 false 6a/ble is an a/t at which onl< those with a li4ht hand can e8cel.
IicassoB howe3e/B was a 4/eat a/tistB so while he did not ha3e a li4ht hand he
could ha3e e8celled at c/eatin4 false 6a/ble.
,hich one of the followin4 contains a lo4ical e//o/ that 6ost closel< /ese6bles
the lo4ical e//o/ contained in the 7assa4e=
>A? The 7olice ha3e dete/6ined that the 6u/de/e/ left his fin4e/7/ints on the
0nife. I/a2s fin4e/7/ints do not 6atch those on the 0nifeB so we can eli6inate
hi6 as a sus7ect.
>B? It is t/ue that it is necessa/< to wo/0 ha/d in o/de/ to succeed. Howe3e/B s6ith
was 4o3e/no/ of the stateB so it was 7ossible fo/ hi6 to succeed without
wo/0in4 ha/d.
>C? ,hene3e/ I eat nuts of an< 0ind I b/ea0 out in hi3es. Afte/ eatin4 the 7ie I did
not b/ea0 outB so I 0now it could not ha3e been /eal 7ecan 7ie.
>D? If the in3ento/< can be sold within the ne8t few 6onths the business can be
sa3ed. Howe3e/B since a sale cannot be concluded @uic0lE? (nl< the b/a3e dese/3e the s7oils. Ma;o/ ,ilson has distin4uished hi6self
se3e/al ti6es fo/ b/a3e/<B so su/el< he dese/3es the s7oils.
". Cass1 ,a/ and 7eace a/e 6utuall< e8clusi3e. The/efo/eB a nation cannot be
7/e7a/in4 fo/ both wa/ and 7eace si6ultaneousl<.
Stanislaus1 But a/en2t the D.S. and the D.S.S.-. doin4 7/ecisel< that= The< a/e
s7endin4 3ast a6ounts of 6one< on wa/ /esea/ch and a/6a6ents while at the
GMAT . 'SAT C- 1&
sa6e ti6e the< a/e ne4otiatin4 t/ade a4/ee6ents and nuclea/ a/6s t/eaties that a/e
desi4ned to secu/e 7eace. Althou4h the< a/e 6aintainin4 a sha0< 7eaceful
coe8istenceB the< a/e 7/e7a/in4 fo/ both wa/ and 7eace si6ultaneousl<.
In o/de/ to /efute Cass2s conclusionB Stanislaus
>A? de6onst/ates that a nation can be at wa/ and at 7eace at the sa6e ti6e
>B? 7oints out that the/e a/e se3e/al diffe/ent 6eanin4s to the wo/ds Ewa/F and
E7eaceF
>C? uses a diffe/ent 6eanin4 fo/ the te/6 Esi6ultaneousl<F than Cass does
>D? shows that 7/e7a/in4 fo/ wa/ and 7/e7a/in4 fo/ 7eace a/e not 6utuall<
e8clusi3e
>E? chan4es an a/4u6ent based on a definition into one based on an ethical
conside/ation
#. Acco/din4 to ad3e/tise6entsB the hi4he/ a suntan lotion2s sun 7/otection facto/B o/
SI5B the 6o/e 7/otection f/o6 sunbu/n. In o/de/ fo/ a suntan lotion to wo/0B
howe3e/B one has to /e6e6be/ to 7ut it on befo/e 4oin4 in the sunB 7ut on an
ade@uate a6ount to co3e/ the s0inB and /ea77l< it as needed. The/efo/eB it /eall<
does not 6atte/ what SI5 a suntan lotion has.
,hich one of the followin4 best identifies the e//o/ in /easonin4 6ade in the
7assa4e=
>A? It is un/easonable to assu6e that the onl< 7u/7ose of a suntan lotion is to
7/o3ide 7/otection f/o6 sunbu/n.
>B? Because so6e 7eo7le 4et sunbu/ned 6o/e easil< than othe/sB the fact that
the/e a/e diffe/ent SI5s cannot be i4no/ed.
>C? It cannot be concluded that the SI5 is not i67o/tant ;ust because the/e a/e
/e@ui/e6ents fo/ the a77lication of the suntan lotion.
>D? It is un/easonable to assu6e that all suntan lotions /e@ui/e the sa6e
a77lication.
>E? The/e is no /eason to assu6e that 6anufactu/e/s a/e unawa/e that 7eo7le
so6eti6es fo/4et to a77l< suntan lotion befo/e 4oin4 in the sun.
Questions 5-&
Iatient1 Docto/B I /ead an a/ticle that clai6ed that the fi/st few hou/s afte/ bi/th a/e
3e/< i67o/tant to establishin4 a 6othe/Ainfant bondB which is the fi/st ste7 in buildin4
a health< /elationshi7. Can <ou assu/e 6e that 6< /elationshi7 with 6< bab< has not
been 7e/6anentl< ha/6ed b< ou/ se7a/ation fo/ se3e/al da<s afte/ his bi/th=
Ih<sician1 :ou/ /elationshi7 with <ou/ child has not been ha/6ed b< the se7a/ation.
Mothe/Ainfant bondin4 is not li0e an Einstant 4lueF that ce6ents <ou/ /elationshi7
fo/e3e/. Ha3in4 <ou/ infant with <ou du/in4 the 7e/iod i66ediatel< afte/ bi/th does
4i3e <ou/ /elationshi7 a head sta/tB but 6an< facto/s a/e in3ol3ed in buildin4 a st/on4
and lastin4 /elationshi7 between a 6othe/ and he/ child.
$ 'SAT
!. If e3e/<thin4 the docto/ sa<s is co//ectB which one of the followin4 6ust be t/ue=
>A? The best /elationshi7s between 6othe/s and thei/ child/en a/e caused b<
i66ediate 6othe/Ainfant bondin4.
>B? The/e is a hi4h de4/ee of co//elation between the best /elationshi7s between
6othe/s and thei/ child/en and those that be4an with i66ediate 6othe/A
infant bondin4.
>C? A st/on4 and lastin4 /elationshi7 is necessa/< fo/ 6othe/Ainfant bondin4.
>D? ,he/e i66ediate 6othe/Ainfant bondin4 ta0es 7laceB a st/on4 and lastin4
/elationshi7 between a 6othe/ and he/ child will be assu/ed.
>E? I66ediate 6othe/Ainfant bondin4 is not necessa/< fo/ a st/on4 and lastin4
/elationshi7 between a 6othe/ and he/ child.
6. The docto/ does which one of the followin4 in he/ /e7l< to he/ 7atient=
>A? She /e;ects an analo4< in an atte67t to /educe the 7atient2s conce/n.
>B? She cites e3idence to show that the 7atient2s wo//< is unfounded.
>C? She 6isinte/7/ets the 7atient2s e87lanation of he/ conce/n.
>D? She establishes that the a/ticle that the 7atient /ead was in e//o/.
>E? She na6es othe/ facto/s that a/e 6o/e i67o/tant in c/eatin4 a 6othe/Ainfant
bond.
%. A /ecent su/3e< showed that 6an< wo/0e/s in a ce/tain co67an< a/e dissatisfied
with thei/ ;obs. The su/3e< also showed that 6ost of the dissatisfied wo/0e/s
belie3e that the< ha3e little cont/ol o3e/ thei/ ;ob assi4n6ents. The/efo/eB to
inc/ease wo/0e/s ;ob satisfaction the co67an<2s 6ana4e6ent need onl<
concent/ate on chan4in4 wo/0e/s2 beliefs /e4a/din4 the de4/ee of cont/ol the<
ha3e o3e/ thei/ ;ob assi4n6ents.
,hich one of the followin4B if also shown b< the su/3eA? The dissatisfied wo/0e/s feel that thei/ wa4es a/e too low and wo/0in4
conditions a/e unsatisfacto/<.
>B? The nu6be/ of wo/0e/s in the co67an< who a/e satisfied with thei/ ;obs is
4/eate/ than the nu6be/ who a/e dissatisfied.
>C? The wo/0e/s in the co67an< a/e 6o/e dissatisfied than wo/0e/s in othe/
co67anies.
>D? Most 7eo7le in co67an< 6ana4e6ent belie3e that the wo/0e/s al/ead< ha3e
too 6uch cont/ol o3e/ thei/ wo/0.
>E? The wo/0e/s in the co67an< who a/e satisfied with thei/ ;obs belie3e that the<
ha3e a lot of cont/ol o3e/ thei/ ;ob assi4n6ents.
8. D/. Sheila Io/te/ 7lans to /un an e87e/i6ent usin4 nu/sin4 students. Each student
will be shown eithe/ a 7leasant natu/e fil6 o/ a distu/bin4 ho//o/ fil6. Each
student will be obse/3ed b< so6eone whoKloo0in4 onl< at the student2s facial
GMAT . 'SAT C- 1
e87/essionsK6ust asce/tain which fil6 is bein4 shown. Students shown the
ho//o/ 6o3ie a/e told to hide thei/ feelin4s in o/de/ to con3ince the obse/3e/ that
the< a/e watchin4 a 7leasant fil6. D/. Io/te/ h<7othesi9es that all the students in
the e87e/i6ent who a/e con3incin4 will be a6on4 the best at wo/0in4 with
7atients. The h<7othesis will be tested b< co67a/in4 the con3incin4 students and
uncon3incin4 students in te/6s of thei/ 7e/fo/6ance with 7atents.
,hich one of the followin4 incidents best illust/ates D/. Io/te/2s h<7othesis=
>A? )ilesB the 6ost con3incin4 student in the e87e/i6entB late/ went on to beco6e
a 7h<sician.
>B? Afte/ 4/aduatin4B :oshi/oB a nu/sin4 student who was con3incin4 in the
e87e/i6entB hel7ed ca/e fo/ B/a6B a 7atient at a hos7ital. B/a6 /eco3e/ed
f/o6 his o7e/ation.
>C? Afte/ 4/aduatin4B Mi6B a nu/sin4 student in the e87e/i6ent who watched the
natu/e fil6B was /e6o3ed f/o6 the staff of a hos7ital fo/ unacce7table
7e/fo/6ance in 7atient ca/e.
>D? Da/iaB a nu/sin4 student who was con3incin4 in the e87e/i6entB late/ /ecei3ed
EA2sF in those classes in which wo/0in4 with 7atients in a teachin4 hos7ital
was the sole basis of he/ 4/ades.
>E? Ma/iteB a nu/sin4 student who was not con3incin4 in the e87e/i6entB late/ @uit
nu/sin4 school.
&. Those who thin0 with a hie/a/chical 6entalit< st/i3e fo/ situations in which thei/
side is do6inant and the othe/ side is sub6issi3e. In cont/astB co66unal thin0e/s
st/i3e fo/ 7a/it< a6on4 all sides. The/efo/eB achie3in4 7a/it< of nuclea/ wea7on/<
between the East and the ,est is not enou4h fo/ ,este/n 6ilita/< 4ene/als.
,hich one of the followin4 assu67tions would 7/o3ide the 6ost su77o/t fo/ the
conclusion abo3e=
>A? ,este/n 6ilita/< 4ene/als do not ha3e the sa6e 6entalit< as do Easte/n
6ilita/< 4ene/als.
>B? Ia/it< in nuclea/ wea7on/< /e@ui/es that 6ilita/< 4ene/als f/o6 both the East
and the ,est thin0 in co66unal te/6s.
>C? ,este/n 6ilita/< 4ene/als want 7a/it< with /es7ect to st/en4th in nuclea/
wea7on/< between the East and the ,est.
>D? ,este/n 6ilita/< 4ene/als2 thin0in4 about /elati3e st/en4th in nuclea/
wea7on/< is hie/a/chical.
>E? The thin0in4 of 6ilita/< 4ene/als with /es7ect to /elati3e st/en4th in nuclea/
wea7on/< is eithe/ hie/a/chical o/ co66unal.
1$. It has alwa<s been difficult to unde/stand the basis of 7olitics in the Ieo7le2s
-e7ublic of China. Because the s<ste6 is effecti3el< closedB it is i67ossible to
0now with an< de4/ee of confidence who is allied with who6 and fo/ what
/easons. :et Chinese 7olitics does e8hibit 6an< of the e8te/nal cha/acte/istics of
'SAT
factional 7olitical s<ste6sB as found in 6o/e o7en societies. It is le4iti6ate to
concludeB the/efo/eB that China has a factional 7olitical s<ste6.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB would confi/6 the autho/2s conclusion that
China has a factional 7olitical s<ste6=
>A? All o7en 7olitical s<ste6s a/e factional 7olitical s<ste6s.
>B? All factional 7olitical s<ste6s a/e closed 7olitical s<ste6s.
>C? All closed 7olitical s<ste6s a/e factional 7olitical s<ste6s.
>D? China2s 7olitical s<ste6 is 6o/e o7en than 6an< e8istin4 factional 7olitical
s<ste6s.
>E? China2s 7olitical s<ste6 is 6o/e closed than all e8istin4 factional 7olitical
s<ste6s.
11. Since no one /etu/ns f/o6 deathB we can ne3e/ be ce/tain about what 7asses
th/ou4h the 6ind of the d<in4 7e/son. 5o/ the unconsciousB the confusedB and the
hea3il< sedatedB these final 6o6ents a/e 7/obabl< 6eanin4less. Howe3e/B fo/ the
6entall< ale/tB it is @uite 7ossible that death 7/esents itself as an unbelie3abl<
4lo/ious e87e/ienceB a fli4ht into an enti/el< new uni3e/se of sensation. ,h<
should we thin0 so= So6e 7eo7le who ha3e been /e7/ie3ed f/o6 Ece/tainF death
at the last 6o6ent ha3e e87e/ienced what 4oes th/ou4h the consciousness of
those who a/e not so fo/tunate. 5o/ e8a67leB 7a/achutists who ha3e su/3i3ed falls
/e7o/t e87e/iences that /ese6ble 7s<chedelic Et/i7s.F
The 7/i6a/< 7oint of the a/4u6ent in the 7assa4e is
>A? no one /etu/ns f/o6 death
>B? d<in4 can be a 4lo/ious e87e/ience
>C? we can ne3e/ 0now what 7asses th/ou4h the 6ind of a d<in4 7e/son
>D? so6e 7eo7le a/e /e7/ie3ed f/o6 death at the last 6o6ent
>E? so6e 7eo7le EdieFB <et li3e to /e7o/t thei/B e87e/iences
1. A/istotle w/ote that a t</ant would be well ad3ised to 7ut on the a77ea/ance of
unco66on de3otion to /eli4ion. Sub;ects a/e 6o/e tole/ant of un;ust t/eat6ent
f/o6 a /ule/ who6 the< conside/ 4odA/ea/in4 and 7ious. Mo/eo3e/ as 6ost
sub;ects belie3e that e3en the 4ods a/e on the side of the /ule/B the sub;ects a/e
less a7t to 6o3e a4ainst hi6.
,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion on which A/istotle2s a/4u6ent
de7ends=
>A? The sub;ects of t</annical /ule/s t<7icall< belie3e that the/e is a 7owe/ othe/
than the 6o/tal.
>B? A t</ant cannot /ule unless he has di3ine 7owe/ on his side.
>C? The sub;ects of t</annical /ule/s can /a/el< be fooled b< a77ea/ances.
>D? T</ants who a/e de3oted to /eli4ion will not t/eat thei/ sub;ects un;ustl<.
>E? 5o/ a t</antB the a77ea/ance of unco66on de3otion to /eli4ion is a 6o/e
GMAT . 'SAT C- "
effecti3e 6eans of /ulin4 than un;ust t/eat6ent.
1". That 4ad4et I bou4ht fo/ the 0itchen last wee0 has al/ead< b/o0en. It2s ;ust
anothe/ e8a67le of the shodd< 7/oducts that we a/e seein4 6o/e and 6o/e of
these da<s. The thin4 was 7/obabl< 6anufactu/ed in East Golo.
,hich one of the followin4 is the best e87/ession of an unstated 7/e6ise that
unde/lies the autho/2s /easonin4 in the 7assa4e=
>A? If a 6anufactu/e/ uses shodd< 6ate/ials to 6a0e a 4ad4etB the 4ad4et is li0el<
to b/ea0 @uic0l<.
>B? If a 4ad4et b/ea0s @uic0lC? If a 0itchen 4ad4et was 6anufactu/ed in East GoloB it should not be sold in
this count/<.
>D? If e3e/<thin4 that is 6anufactu/ed in East Golo b/ea0s @uic0lE? )othin4 that is 6anufactu/ed in East Golo can be e87ected to last 6o/e than a
wee0.
1#. All those who 0ee7 a ;ou/nal will be hea/d b< the ne8t 4ene/ation. So6e of these
;ou/nal w/ite/s a/e t/ue a/tistsB othe/s hu6o/ous obse/3e/s of the co66on7laceB
and still othe/s insuffe/able e4otists who feel co67elled to /eco/d thei/ e3e/<
thou4ht.
If the state6ents abo3e a/e t/ueB which one of the followin4 6ust be t/ue=
>A? )ot all of those who a/e hu6o/ous obse/3e/s of the co66on7lace will be
hea/d b< the ne8t 4ene/ation.
>B? E3e/<one who will be hea/d b< the ne8t 4ene/ation 0ee7s a ;ou/nal.
>C? The ne8t 4ene/ation will hea/ both insuffe/able e4otists and t/ue a/tists.
>D? So6e of those who 0ee7 ;ou/nals a/e not t/ue a/tistsB hu6o/ous obse/3e/s of
the co66on7laceB o/ insuffe/able e4otists.
>E? The ne8t 4ene/ation will bea/ so6e of those who a/e t/ue a/tists but not all of
the6.
1!. S3en1 T/ade unions a/e t/aditionall< /e4a/ded b< 4o3e/n6ents and econo6ists as
/est/aints of t/adeB wo/0in4 a4ainst the co67lete f/eedo6 of the econo6<B but I
belie3e that unions a/e indis7ensable since the< a/e often the wo/0e/2s onl<
7/otection a4ainst e87loitation.
-a3i1 I don2t a4/ee. The e87loitation of the wo/0e/s and thei/ wo/0 is a no/6al
7a/t of o/dina/< t/ade ;ust li0e the e87loitation of natu/al o/ othe/ 6ate/ial
/esou/ces.
S3en and -a3i will not be able to /esol3e thei/ disa4/ee6ent lo4icall< unless the<
>A? define a 0e< te/6
>B? /el< on the o7inions of established autho/ities
>C? @uestion an un7/o3ed 7/e6ise
# 'SAT
>D? 7/esent su77o/tin4 data
>E? distin4uish fact f/o6 o7inion
16. Histo/< te8tboo0s f/e@uentl< need to be /e3ised. The /easons fo/ this a/e clea/1
new disco3e/ies of docu6ents and /e6ainsB the disco3e/< of 6ista0en infe/ences
in 7/io/ histo/iesB the disco3e/< of 7/e3iousl< unnoticed /elationshi7s a6on4 dataB
and the a77lication of hithe/to undisco3e/ed 7/inci7les of natu/al science all 6a<
indicate inade@uacies in cu//ent histo/< te8ts. An< of these conside/ations 6a<
/e@ui/e that the 7ast be /einte/7/eted in a 6anne/ that is new and 6o/e
illu6inatin4.
,hich one of the followin4 can be infe//ed f/o6 the a/4u6ent in the 7assa4e=
>A? The inte/7/etation of histo/ical e3ents is affected b< natu/al science.
>B? The 7ast is constantl< /enewed because of illu6inatin4 /einte/7/etations.
>C? Histo/< boo0s a/e outdated as soon as the< a/e w/itten.
>D? )atu/al scientists also function as histo/ians.
>E? Histo/ians2 6ista0en infe/ences a/e caused b< unnoticed /elationshi7s a6on4
data.
Questions 1'-18
If the a/tificial is not bette/ than the natu/alB to what end a/e all the a/ts of life= To di4B
to 7lowB to buildB to wea/ clothesKall a/e di/ect 3iolations of the in;unction to follow
natu/e.
1%. ,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion 6ade b< the autho/ of the 7assa4e=
>A? The a/ts of life ha3e no useful end.
>B? The a/tificial is not bette/ than the natu/al.
>C? Di44in4B 7lowin4B buildin4B and wea/in4 clothes a/e bette/ than natu/e.
>D? The in;unction to follow natu/e should not be 3iolated.
>E? The a/ts of life a/e indi/ect 6eans of followin4 natu/e.
18. If the autho/2s a/4u6ent we/e challen4ed on the 4/ounds that the const/uction of
buildin4s has ad3e/se effects on the natu/al en3i/on6entB which of the followin4
/e7lies 6i4ht the autho/ use to /es7ond to the challen4e lo4icall<=
>A? The/e a/e hu6an acti3itiesB such as 6a0in4 6usicB that a/e en3i/on6entall<
ha/6less.
>B? Ha/6in4 the en3i/on6ent is not an endB o/ 7u/7oseB of the a/ts of life.
>C? The const/uction could in3ol3e the use of natu/alB not a/tificialB 6ate/ials.
>D? Const/uctin4 buildin4s is not an Ea/t of life.F
>E? E3en if the natu/al en3i/on6ent is distu/bed b< the const/uction of buildin4sB
it is i67/o3ed fo/ hu6an use.
1&. The/e a/e at least th/ee 7eo7le in the /oo6. At 6ost two 7eo7le in the /oo6
GMAT . 'SAT C- !
/eco4ni9e each othe/. At least one 7e/son in the /oo6 /eco4ni9es e3e/<bod< else
in the /oo6.
,hich one of the followin4 is )(T consistent with the abo3e=
>A? 5ou/ 7eo7le a/e in the /oo6.
>B? )o two 7eo7le in the /oo6 /eco4ni9e each othe/.
>C? At 6ost one 7e/son in the /oo6 /eco4ni9es e3e/<bod< else in the /oo6.
>D? An<one in the /oo6 who /eco4ni9es an< othe/ 7e/son in the /oo6 is also
/eco4ni9ed b< that 7e/son.
>E? Two 7eo7le in the /oo6 /eco4ni9e e3e/< one else in the /oo6.
$. Abolish ta8esB and /eal ta87a<e/s would find that thei/ dis7osable inco6es ha3e
inc/eased. Abolish ta8esB and 7ublic e67lo<ees would find that thei/ inco6es
ha3e disa77ea/ed.
,hich one of the followin4 is a lo4ical conclusion that de7ends on info/6ation in
both of the state6ents abo3e=
>A? Iublic offices should be abolished so that dis7osable inco6es will /ise.
>B? The onl< /eal ta87a<e/s a/e those who would ha3e 6o/e to s7end if the< did
not 7a< ta8es.
>C? Iublic e67lo<ees a/e not /eal ta87a<e/s.
>D? Iublic e67lo<ees2 inco6es should not be ta8ed since the< co6e f/o6 ta8es.
>E? If the/e we/e no ta8esB then 7ublic e67lo<ees could not be 7aid.
1. A lowA7/essu/e weathe/ s<ste6 is a77/oachin4 Ilain3illeG /ainfall /esults f/o6
about %$ 7e/cent of such s<ste6s in the Ilain3ille a/ea. Mo/eo3e/B the cu//ent
seasonB s7/in4B is the ti6e of <ea/ in which thunde/showe/sB which so6eti6es
/esult f/o6 lowA7/essu/e s<ste6sB a/e 6ost li0el< to occu/ in Ilain3ille.
Mnowin4 which one of the followin4B in addition to the info/6ation abo3eB would
be 6ost useful fo/ dete/6inin4 the 7/obabilit< that Ilain3ille will ha3e a
thunde/showe/ soon=
>A? the 7e/centa4e of thunde/showe/s in Ilain3ille that occu/ in the s7/in4
>B? the 7e/centa4e of s7/in4 /ainfalls in Ilain3ille that a/e thunde/showe/s
>C? the 7e/centa4e of thunde/showe/s in Ilain3ille that /esult f/o6 lowA7/essu/e
s<ste6s
>D? whethe/ lowA7/essu/e s<ste6s in othe/ a/eas a/e associated with /ainfall
>E? whethe/ Ilain3ille has 6o/e o/ fewe/ thunde/showe/s each s7/in4 than do
nea/b< towns
. It is illo4ical to infe/ a second and diffe/ent effect f/o6 a cause which is 0nown
onl< b< one 7a/ticula/ effect. This is inco//ect because the infe//ed effect 6ust
necessa/il< be 7/oduced b< so6e diffe/ent cha/acte/istic of the cause than is the
obse/3ed effectB which al/ead< se/3es enti/el< to desc/ibe the cause.
6 'SAT
,hich one of the followin4 a/4u6ents 6a0es the sa6e lo4ical e//o/ as the one
desc/ibed b< the autho/ in the 7assa4e=
>A? An anon<6ous dono/ 4a3e a thousand dolla/s to ou/ histo/ical societ<. I
would 4uess that that indi3idual also 3oluntee/s at the child/en2s hos7ital.
>B? The /adioacti3e 6ate/ial caused a 4enetic 6utationB whichB in tu/nB caused the
bi/th defect. The/efo/eB the /adioacti3e 6ate/ial caused the bi/th defect.
>C? The tinD? The cit< o/chest/a /ecei3ed 6o/e funds f/o6 the local 4o3e/n6ent this <ea/
than e3e/ befo/e. Clea/l< this ad6inist/ation is 6o/e ci3icA6inded than
7/e3ious ones.
>E? If I heat wate/B which is a li@uidB it e3a7o/ates. If I heat hund/eds of othe/
li@uids li0e wate/B the< e3a7o/ate. The/efo/eB if I heat an< li@uid li0e wate/B it
will e3a7o/ate.
Questions !3-!4
+ust as a bic<cle chain 6a< be too ti4htB so 6a< one2s ca/efulness and
conscientiousness be so tense as to hinde/ the /unnin4 of one2s 6ind.
". ,hich one of the followin4 6ost closel< 7a/allels the /easonin4 used in the
a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? +ust as a cloc0 6a< be wound too ti4htlB? +ust as a ca/ousel 6a< s7in too @uic0lC? +ust as a 6achine 6a< be oiled too 6uchB so 6a< one2s hea3< d/in0in4 of
alcoholic be3e/a4es lead to co67lete dissi7ation.
>D? +ust as a /a4in4 /i3e/ 6a< be f/o9en into stillness du/in4 the winte/B so 6a<
one2s ca/ee/ falte/ at ce/tain ti6es of the <ea/.
>E? +ust as a bo8e/ 6a< beco6e too tense befo/e a bi4 fi4htB so 6a< one2s
7e/sonal conce/ns stand in the wa< of 7/ofessional success.
#. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost se/iousl< wea0en the a/4u6ent=
>A? Bic<cle chains a/e used to tu/n wheelsB but the hu6an 6ind is used to Etu/nF
ideas.
>B? Ieo7le and bic<cles a/e si6ila/ onl< in that both 6a< not function well unde/
st/ess.
>C? Bic<cles hel7 7eo7le with t/ans7o/tationB but ca/efulB conscientious thou4ht
hel7s to sol3e 6an< diffe/ent 7/oble6s.
>D? E8t/e6e tension hel7s a bic<cle chain to function efficientl<.
>E? Ieo7le en4a4e in 7oo/ /easonin4 whethe/ the< a/e ca/eful and conscientious
o/ not.
GMAT . 'SAT C- %
!. All of the best co6edians ha3e had unha77< childhoods. :etB 6an< 7eo7le who
ha3e had ha77< childhoods a/e 4ood co6ediansB and so6e 4ood co6edians who
ha3e had 6ise/abl< unha77< childhoods a/e ha77< adults.
If the state6ents in the 7assa4e a/e t/ueB which one of the followin4 CA))(T be
t/ue=
>A? The 7/o7o/tion of 4ood co6edians who had unha77< childhoods is 4/eate/
than the 7/o7o/tion of the best co6edians who did.
>B? So6e 4ood co6edians ha3e had unha77< childhoods and a/e unha77< adults.
>C? Most of the best co6edians a/e ha77< adults.
>D? Mo/e 4ood co6edians ha3e had unha77< childhoods than ha3e had ha77<
childhoods.
>E? The 7/o7o/tion of co6edians who a/e ha77< adults is hi4he/ than the
7/o7o/tion who a/e unha77< adults.
6. The usefulness of lie detecto/s cannot be o3e/esti6ated. Althou4h the/e is no
e67lo<ee sc/eenin4 7/ocedu/e that is 1$$ 7e/cent accu/ateB the lie detecto/ is a
3aluable tool fo/ e67lo<e/s and e67lo<ees ali0e. The lie detecto/2s usefulness is
a67l< de6onst/ated in a /ecent su/3e< conducted b< a 7/esti4ious uni3e/sit<. In
the su/3e<B those e67lo<ees of a la/4e co67an< who we/e a77l<in4 fo/ a newl<
c/eated 7osition within the co67an< we/e as0ed if the< had e3e/ wo/0ed on
I/o;ect H. Mo/e than oneAthi/d of the a77licants studied lied and said the< had
wo/0ed on the 7/o;ectKa 7/o;ect that ne3e/ e8isted.
,hich one of the followin4 best identifies a flaw in the autho/2s a/4u6ent about
the usefulness of lie detecto/s=
>A? The a/4u6ent de7ends on the assu67tion that whate3e/ is 4ood fo/ the
e67lo<e/ is 4ood fo/ the e67lo<ee.
>B? Since lie detecto/s a/e 0nown to be less than 1$$ 7e/cent accu/ateB the test
will tend to hel7 onl< those with so6ethin4 to hide.
>C? B< /efe//in4 to a 7/esti4ious uni3e/sitD? The stud< shows onl< that ce/tain indi3idual will lieB not that the lie detecto/
can detect the6.
>E? The autho/ fails to add/ess the issue that the use of lie detecto/s 6a< fail to
7/e3ent e6be99le6ent.
TEST
SECTI() II
Time $ minutes ") #uestions
1. So6e 7eo7le belie3e that witnessin4 3iolence in 6o3ies will discha/4e a44/essi3e
8 'SAT
ene/4<. Does watchin4 so6eone else eat fill one2s own sto6ach=
In which one of the followin4 does the /easonin4 6ost closel< 7a/allel that
e67lo<ed in the 7assa4e=
>A? So6e 7eo7le thin0 a77/o7/iatin4 su77lies at wo/0 fo/ thei/ own 7e/sonal use
is 6o/all< w/on4. Isn2t sho7liftin4 6o/all< w/on4=
>B? So6e 7eo7le thin0 nationalis6 is defensible. Hasn2t nationalis6 been the
e8cuse fo/ co66ittin4 abo6inable c/i6es=
>C? So6e 7eo7le thin0 that bo8in4 is fi8ed ;ust because w/estlin4 usuall< is. A/e
the two s7o/ts 6ana4ed b< the sa6e so/t of 7eo7le=
>D? So6e 7eo7le thin0 that econo6ists can cont/ol inflation. Can 6eteo/olo4ists
6a0e the sun shine=
>E? So6e 7eo7le thin0 wo/0aholics a/e co67ensatin4 fo/ a lac0 of inte/7e/sonal
s0ills. Howe3e/B a/en2t 6ost docto/s wo/0aholics=
. Ann1 All the ca67e/s at Ca67 ,innehatchee 4o to T/iACities Hi4h School
Bill1 That2s not t/ue. So6e T/iACities students a/e ca67e/s at Ca67 'a0e6ont.
Bill2s answe/ can be best e87lained on the assu67tion that he has inte/7/eted
Ann2s /e6a/0 to 6ean that
>A? 6ost of the ca67e/s at Ca67 'a0e6ont co6e f/o6 hi4h schools othe/ than
T/iACities
>B? 6ost T/iACities Hi4h School students a/e ca67e/s at Ca67 ,innehatchee
>C? so6e T/iACities Hi4h School students ha3e withd/awn f/o6 Ca67 'a0e6ont
>D? all T/iACities Hi4h School students ha3e withd/awn f/o6 Ca67 'a0e6ont
>E? onl< ca67e/s at Ca67 ,innehatchee a/e students at T/iACities Hi4h School
". Mo/e than a <ea/ a4oB the cit< announced that 7olice would c/ac0 down on
ille4all< 7a/0ed ca/s and that /esou/ces would be di3e/ted f/o6 w/itin4 s7eedin4
tic0ets to tic0etin4 ille4all< 7a/0ed ca/s. But no c/ac0down has ta0en 7lace. The
7olice chief clai6s that /esou/ces ha3e had to be di3e/ted f/o6 w/itin4 s7eedin4
tic0ets to co6batin4 the cit<2s sta44e/in4 d/u4 7/oble6. :et the 7olice a/e still
w/itin4 as 6an< s7eedin4 tic0ets as e3e/. The/efo/eB the e8cuse about /esou/ces
bein4 tied u7 in fi4htin4 d/u4A/elated c/i6e si67l< is not t/ue.
The conclusion in the 7assa4e de7ends on the assu67tion that
>A? e3e/< 6e6be/ of the 7olice fo/ce is @ualified to wo/0 on co6batin4 the cit<2s
d/u4 7/oble6
>B? d/u4A/elated c/i6e is not as se/ious a 7/oble6 fo/ the cit< as the 7olice chief
clai6s it is
>C? w/itin4 s7eedin4 tic0ets should be as i67o/tant a 7/io/it< fo/ the cit< as
co6batin4 d/u4A/elated c/i6e
>D? the 7olice could be c/ac0in4 down on ille4all< 7a/0ed ca/s and co6batin4 the
d/u4 7/oble6 without ha3in4 to /educe w/itin4 s7eedin4 tic0ets
GMAT . 'SAT C- &
>E? the 7olice cannot continue w/itin4 as 6an< s7eedin4 tic0ets as e3e/ while
di3e/tin4 /esou/ces to co6batin4 d/u4A/elated c/i6e
#. D/ied 4/ass cli77in4s 6i8ed into 4a/den soil 4/aduall< deco67oseB 7/o3idin4
nut/ients fo/ beneficial soil bacte/ia. This /esults in bette/AthanAa3e/a4e 7lant
4/owth. :et 6i8in4 f/esh 4/ass cli77in4s into 4a/den soil usuall< causes 7oo/e/A
thanAa3e/a4e 7lant 4/owth.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost hel7s to e87lain the diffe/ence in 7lant
4/owth desc/ibed abo3e=
>A? The nu6be/ of beneficial soil bacte/ia inc/eases whene3e/ an< 0ind of 7lant
6ate/ial is 6i8ed into 4a/den soil.
>B? )ut/ients /eleased b< d/ied 4/ass cli77in4s a/e i66ediatel< a3ailable to
beneficial soil bacte/ia.
>C? So6e d/ied 4/ass cli77in4s /etain nut/ients o/i4inall< de/i3ed f/o6
co66e/cial lawn fe/tili9e/sB and thus 7/o3ide additional en/ich6ent to the
soil.
>D? 5/esh 4/ass cli77in4s 6i8ed into soil deco67ose /a7idlE? ,hen a 6i8 of f/esh and d/ied 4/ass cli77in4s is 6i8ed into 4a/den soilB 7lant
4/owth often dec/eases.
!. A 4as ta8 of one cent 7e/ 4allon would /aise one billion dolla/s 7e/ <ea/ at cu//ent
consu67tion /ates. Since a ta8 of fift< cents 7e/ 4allon would the/efo/e /aise fift<
billion dolla/s 7e/ <ea/B it see6s a 7e/fect wa< to deal with the fede/al bud4et
deficit. This ta8 would ha3e the additional ad3anta4e that the /esultin4 d/o7 in the
de6and fo/ 4asoline would be ecolo4icall< sound and would 0ee7 ou/ count/<
f/o6 bein4 too de7endent on fo/ei4n oil 7/oduce/s.
,hich one of the followin4 6ost clea/l< identifies an e//o/ in the autho/2s
/easonin4=
>A? The autho/ cites i//ele3ant data.
>B? The autho/ /elies on inco//ect cu//ent consu67tion fi4u/es.
>C? The autho/ 6a0es inco67atible assu67tions.
>D? The autho/ 6ista0es an effect fo/ a cause.
>E? The autho/ a77eals to conscience /athe/ than /eason.
6. As s<6bols of the f/eedo6 of the wilde/nessB bald ea4les ha3e the uni@ue
ca7acit< to ins7i/e 7eo7le and foste/ in the6 a s<67athetic attitude towa/d the
needs of othe/ th/eatened s7ecies. Clea/l<B without that s<67ath< and the 7olitical
will it en4ende/sB the needs of 6o/e obscu/e s7ecies will 4o un6et. The
conse/3ation needs of 6an< obscu/e s7ecies can onl< be 6et b< be4innin4 with
the conse/3ation of this s<6bolic s7eciesB the bald ea4le.
,hich one of the followin4 is the 6ain 7oint of the 7assa4e as a whole=
"$ 'SAT
>A? Because bald ea4les s<6boli9e f/eedo6B conse/3ation effo/ts should be
concent/ated on the6 /athe/ than on othe/B 6o/e obscu/e s7ecies.
>B? The conse/3ation of bald ea4les is the fi/st necessa/< ste7 in conse/3in4 othe/
endan4e/ed s7ecies.
>C? ,ithout inc/eased 7ublic s<67ath< fo/ conse/3ationB the needs of 6an<
s<6bolic s7ecies will 4o un6et.
>D? Ieo7le2s lo3e of the wilde/ness can be used to en4ende/ 7olitical su77o/t fo/
conse/3ation effo/ts.
>E? (the/ th/eatened s7ecies do not ins7i/e 7eo7le o/ foste/ s<67ath< as 6uch as
do bald ea4les.
%. The/e is no /eason wh< the wo/0 of scientists has to be officiall< confi/6ed
befo/e bein4 7ublished. The/e is a s<ste6 in 7lace fo/ the confi/6ation o/
disconfi/6ation of scientific findin4B na6el<B the /e7lication of /esults b< othe/
scientists. Ioo/ scientific wo/0 on the 7a/t of an< one scientistB which can include
an<thin4 f/o6 ca/eless /e7o/tin4 7/actices to f/audB is not ha/6ful. It will be
e87osed and /ende/ed ha/6less when othe/ scientists conduct the e87e/i6ents
and obtain disconfi/6ato/< /esults.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB would wea0en the a/4u6ent=
>A? Scientific e87e/i6ents can 4o unchallen4ed fo/ 6an< <ea/s befo/e the< a/e
/e7licated.
>B? Most scientists wo/0 in uni3e/sitiesB whe/e thei/ wo/0 is sub6itted to 7ee/
/e3iew befo/e 7ublication.
>C? Most scientists a/e unde/ 7/essu/e to 6a0e thei/ wo/0 accessible to the
sc/utin< of /e7lication.
>D? In scientific e87e/i6entsB ca/eless /e7o/tin4 is 6o/e co66on than f/aud.
>E? Most scientists wo/0 as 7a/t of a tea6 /athe/ than alone.
8. Alice1 Nuotas on auto6obile i67o/ts to the Dnited States should be eli6inated.
Then do6estic 7/oduce/s would ha3e to co67ete di/ectl< with +a7anese
6anufactu/e/s and would be fo/ced to 7/oduce hi4he/A@ualit< ca/s. Such
co67etition would be 4ood fo/ consu6e/s.
Da3id1 :ou fail to /eali9eB AliceB that @uotas on auto6obile i67o/ts a/e 7e/3asi3e
wo/ldwide. Since Ge/6anB B/itainB and 5/ance ha3e @uotasB so should the Dnited
States.
,hich one of the followin4 6ost accu/atel< cha/acte/i9es Da3id2s /es7onse to
Alice2s state6ent=
>A? Da3id falsel< accuses Alice of cont/adictin4 he/self.
>B? Da3id unfai/l< di/ects his a/4u6ent a4ainst Alice 7e/sonall<.
>C? Da3id unco3e/s a hidden assu67tion unde/l<in4 Alice2s 7osition.
>D? Da3id ta0es a 7osition that is si6ila/ to the one Alice has ta0en.
GMAT . 'SAT C- "1
>E? Da3id fails to add/ess the /easons Alice cites in fa3o/ of he/ conclusion.
&. Go3e/n6ents ha3e onl< one /es7onse to 7ublic c/iticis6 of sociall< necessa/<
se/3ices1 /e4ulation of the acti3it< of 7/o3idin4 those se/3ices. But 4o3e/n6ents
ine3itabl< 6a0e the acti3it< 6o/e e87ensi3e b< /e4ulatin4 itB and that is
7a/ticula/l< t/oubleso6e in these ti6es of st/ained financial /esou/ces. Howe3e/B
since 7ublic c/iticis6 of childAca/e se/3ices has unde/6ined all confidence in
such se/3icesB and since such se/3ices a/e sociall< necessa/A? The @ualit< of child ca/e will i67/o3e.
>B? The cost of 7/o3idin4 childAca/e se/3ices will inc/ease.
>C? The 4o3e/n6ent will use fundin4 to foste/ ad3ances in child ca/e.
>D? If 7ublic c/iticis6 of 7olic< is st/on4l< 3oicedB the 4o3e/n6ent is ce/tain to
/es7ond.
>E? If childAca/e se/3ices a/e not /e4ulatedB the cost of 7/o3idin4 child ca/e will
not inc/ease.
1$. Ad3e/tise/s a/e often c/itici9ed fo/ thei/ unsc/u7ulous 6ani7ulation of 7eo7le2s
tastes and wants. The/e is e3idenceB howe3e/B that so6e ad3e/tise/s a/e 6oti3ated
b< 6o/al as well as financial conside/ations. A 7a/ticula/ 7ublication decided to
chan4e its i6a4e f/o6 bein4 a fa6il< news7a7e/ to concent/atin4 on se8 and
3iolenceB thus a77ealin4 to a diffe/ent /eade/shi7. So6e ad3e/tise/s withd/ew
thei/ ad3e/tise6ents f/o6 the 7ublicationB and this 6ust ha3e been because the<
6o/all< disa77/o3ed of 7ublishin4 salacious 6ate/ial.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost st/en4then the a/4u6ent=
>A? The ad3e/tise/s switched thei/ ad3e/tise6ents to othe/ fa6il< news7a7e/s.
>B? So6e ad3e/tise/s switched f/o6 fa6il< news7a7e/s to ad3e/tise in the
chan4ed 7ublication.
>C? The ad3e/tise/s e87ected thei/ 7/oduct sales to inc/ease if the< sta<ed with the
chan4ed 7ublicationB but to dec/ease if the< withd/ew.
>D? Ieo7le who 4ene/all< /ead fa6il< news7a7e/s a/e not li0el< to bu<
news7a7e/s that concent/ate on se8 and 3iolence.
>E? It was e87ected that the chan4ed 7ublication would a77eal 7/inci7all< to those
in a diffe/ent inco6e 4/ou7.
11. EIf the fo/est continues to disa77ea/ at its 7/esent 7aceB the 0oala will a77/oach
e8tinctionBF said the biolo4ist.
ESo all that is needed to sa3e the 0oala is to sto7 defo/estationBF said the
7olitician.
,hich one of the followin4 state6ents is consistent with the biolo4ist2s clai6 but
not with the 7olitician2s clai6=
" 'SAT
>A? Defo/estation continues and the 0oala beco6es e8tinct.
>B? Defo/estation is sto77ed and the 0oala beco6es e8tinct.
>C? -efo/estation be4ins and the 0oala su/3i3es.
>D? Defo/estation is slowed and the 0oala su/3i3es.
>E? Defo/estation is slowed and the 0oala a77/oaches e8tinction.
1. Ieo7le ha3e lon4 been fascinated b< the 7a/ano/6al. (3e/ the <ea/sB nu6e/ous
/esea/che/s ha3e in3esti4ated tele7ath< onl< to find that conclusi3e e3idence fo/
its e8istence has 7e/sistentl< e3aded the6. Des7ite thisB the/e a/e still those who
belie3e that the/e 6ust be Eso6ethin4 in itF since so6e /esea/ch see6s to su77o/t
the 3iew that tele7ath< e8ist. Howe3e/B it can often be shown that othe/
e87lanations that do co67l< with 0nown laws can be 4i3en. The/efo/eB it is
7/e6atu/e to conclude that tele7ath< is an alte/nati3e 6eans of co66unication.
In the 7assa4eB the autho/
>A? su77o/ts the conclusion b< 7ointin4 to the inade@uac< of e3idence fo/ the
o77osite 3iew
>B? su77o/ts the conclusion b< desc/ibin4 7a/ticula/ e87e/i6ents
>C? su77o/ts the conclusion b< o3e/4ene/ali9in4 f/o6 a s7ecific 7iece of e3idence
>D? d/aws a conclusion that is not su77o/ted b< the 7/e6ises
>E? /e7h/ases the conclusion without offe/in4 an< su77o/t fo/ it
1". If /etail sto/es e87e/ience a dec/ease in /e3enues du/in4 this holida< seasonB then
eithe/ attitudes towa/d e8t/a3a4ant 4iftA4i3in4 ha3e chan4ed o/ 7/ices ha3e /isen
be<ond the le3el 6ost 7eo7le can affo/d. If attitudes ha3e chan4edB then we all
ha3e so6ethin4 to celeb/ate this season. If 7/ices ha3e /isen be<ond the le3el
6ost 7eo7le can affo/dB then it 6ust be that sala/ies ha3e not 0e7t 7ace with
/isin4 7/ices du/in4 the 7ast <ea/.
Assu6e the 7/e6ises abo3e to be t/ue. If sala/ies ha3e 0e7t 7ace with /isin4
7/ices du/in4 the 7ast <ea/B which one of the followin4 6ust be t/ue=
>A? Attitudes towa/d e8t/a3a4ant 4iftA4i3in4 ha3e chan4ed.
>B? -etail sto/es will not e87e/ience a dec/ease in /etail sales du/in4 this holida<
season.
>C? I/ices in /etail sto/es ha3e not /isen be<ond the le3el that 6ost 7eo7le can
affo/d du/in4 this holida< season.
>D? Attitudes towa/d e8t/a3a4ant 4iftA4i3in4 ha3e not chan4edB and sto/es will not
e87e/ience a dec/ease in /e3enues du/in4 this holida< season.
>E? Eithe/ attitudes towa/d e8t/a3a4ant 4iftA4i3in4 ha3e chan4ed o/ 7/ices ha3e
/isen be<ond the le3el that 6ost 7eo7le can affo/d du/in4 this holida<
season.
1#. The Esuicide wa3eF that followed the Dnited States stoc0 6a/0et c/ash of (ctobe/
1&& is 6o/e le4end than fact. Ca/eful e8a6ination of the 6onthl< fi4u/es on the
GMAT . 'SAT C- ""
causes of death in 1&& shows that the nu6be/ of suicides in (ctobe/ and in
)o3e6be/ was co67a/ati3el< low. In onl< th/ee othe/ 6onths we/e the 6onthl<
fi4u/es lowe/. Du/in4 the su66e/ 6onthsB when the stoc0 6a/0et was
flou/ishin4B the nu6be/ of suicides was substantiall< hi4he/.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB would best challen4e the conclusion of the
7assa4e=
>A? The suicide /ate is influenced b< 6an< 7s<cholo4icalB inte/7e/sonalB and
societal facto/s du/in4 an< 4i3en histo/ical 7e/iod.
>B? (ctobe/ and )o3e6be/ ha3e al6ost alwa<s had /elati3el< hi4h suicide /atesB
e3en du/in4 the 1&$s and 1&"$s.
>C? The suicide /ate in (ctobe/ and )o3e6be/ of 1&& was conside/abl< hi4he/
than the a3e/a4e fo/ those 6onths du/in4 se3e/al 7/ecedin4 and followin4
<ea/s.
>D? Du/in4 the <ea/s su//oundin4 the stoc0 6a/0et c/ashB suicide /ates we/e
t<7icall< lowe/ at the be4innin4 of an< calenda/ <ea/ than towa/d the end of
that <ea/.
>E? Because of seasonal diffe/encesB the nu6be/ of suicides in (ctobe/ and
)o3e6be/ of 1&& would not be e87ected to be the sa6e as those fo/ othe/
6onths.
1!. A wellA0nown s7o/ts fi4u/e found that co6binin4 7ublicit< tou/s with 7la<in4
tou/s led to 7/oble6sB so she sto77ed co6binin4 the two. She no lon4e/ allows
boo0sto/e a77ea/ances and 7la<in4 in co67etition to occu/ in the sa6e cit<
within the sa6e t/i7. This wee0 she is t/a3elin4 to 'ondon to 7la< in a 6a;o/
co67etitionB so du/in4 he/ sta< in 'ondon she will not be 6a0in4 an< 7ublicit<
a77ea/ances at an< boo0sto/e in 'ondon.
,hich one of the followin4 6ost closel< 7a/allels the /easonin4 used in the
7assa4e=
>A? ,he/e3e/ the/e is an Ac6e Bu40ille/B 6an< was7s a/e 0illed. The Q fa6il<
4a/den has an Ac6e Bu40ille/B so an< was7s /e6ainin4 in the 4a/den will
soon be 0illed.
>B? The onl< ti6es that the hos7ital2s e6e/4enc< /oo6 staff attends to /elati3el<
less se/ious e6e/4encies a/e ti6es when the/e is no c/itical e6e/4enc< to
attend to. (n Monda< ni4ht the e6e/4enc< /oo6 staff attended to a se/ies of
fai/l< 6ino/ e6e/4enciesB so the/e 6ust not ha3e been an< c/itical
e6e/4encies to ta0e ca/e of at the ti6e.
>C? To6ato 7lants /e@ui/e hot su66e/s to th/i3e. 5a/6s in the cool su66e/s of
count/< : 7/obabl< do not ha3e th/i3in4 to6ato 7lants.
>D? Hi4he/ 4/ades lead to bette/ ;ob o77o/tunitiesB and stud<in4 leads to hi4he/
4/ades. The/efo/eB stud<in4 will lead to bette/ ;ob o77o/tunities.
>E? Butte/ 0ni3es a/e not sha/7. N was not 6u/de/ed with a sha/7 bladeB so
sus7ect H2s butte/ 0nife 6a< ha3e been the 6u/de/ wea7on.
"# 'SAT
Questions 1&-1'
The ad3anced technolo4< of s0i boots and bindin4s has b/ou4ht a d/a6atic d/o7 in the
incidence of in;u/ies that occu/ on the slo7es of s0i /eso/ts1 f/o6 & in;u/ies 7e/ 1B$$$
s0ie/s in 1&!$ to " in 1&8$. As a /esultB the /e6ainde/ of s0iA/elated in;u/iesB which
includes all in;u/ies occu//in4 on the 7/e6ises of a s0i /eso/t but not on the slo7esB
/ose f/o6 1$ 7e/cent of all s0iA/elated in;u/ies in 1&!$ to ! 7e/cent in 1&8$. The
incidence of these in;u/iesB includin4 accidents such as fallin4 down ste7sB inc/eases
with the a6ount of alcohol consu6ed 7e/ s0ie/.
16. ,hich one of the followin4 can be 7/o7e/l< infe//ed f/o6 the 7assa4e=
>A? As the nu6be/ of s0i in;u/ies that occu/ on the slo7es dec/easesB the nu6be/
of in;u/ies that occu/ on the 7/e6ises of s0i /eso/ts inc/eases.
>B? The a6ount of alcohol consu6ed 7e/ s0ie/ inc/eased between 1&!$ and 1&8$.
>C? The technolo4< of s0i boots and bindin4s affects the incidence of each t<7e of
s0iA/elated in;u/<.
>D? If the technolo4< of s0i boots and bindin4s continues to ad3anceB the
incidence of s0iA/elated in;u/ies will continue to decline.
>E? In;u/ies that occu//ed on the slo7es of s0i /eso/ts 6ade u7 a s6alle/
7e/centa4e of s0iA/elated in;u/ies in 1&8$ than in 1&!$.
1%. ,hich one of the followin4 conflicts with info/6ation in the 7assa4e=
>A? The nu6be/ of s0i in;u/ies that occu//ed on the slo7es was 4/eate/ in 1&8$
than in 1&!$.
>B? A s0ie/ was less li0el< to be in;u/ed on the slo7es in 1&!$ than in 1&8$.
>C? The /e7o/tin4 of s0i in;u/ies beca6e 6o/e accu/ate between 1&!$ and 1&8$.
>D? The total nu6be/ of s0ie/s d/o77ed between 1&!$ and 1&8$.
>E? So6e s0iA/elated in;u/ies occu//ed in 1&8$ to 7eo7le who we/e not s0iin4.
18. 'ea/nin4 how to build a nest 7la<s an i67o/tant 7a/t in the b/eedin4 success of
bi/ds. 5o/ e8a67leB D/. Snow has /eco/ded the success of a nu6be/ of blac0bi/ds
in se3e/al successi3e <ea/s. He finds that bi/ds nestin4 fo/ the fi/st ti6e a/e less
successful in b/eedin4 than a/e olde/ bi/dsB and also less successful than the<
the6sel3es a/e a <ea/ late/. This cannot be a 6e/e 6atte/ of si9e and st/en4thB
since blac0bi/dsB li0e the 4/eat 6a;o/it< of bi/dsB a/e full< 4/own when the< lea3e
the nest. It is difficult to a3oid the conclusion that the< benefit b< thei/ nestin4
e87e/ience.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost wea0en the a/4u6ent=
>A? Blac0bi/ds build bette/ nests than othe/ bi/ds.
>B? The ca7acit< of blac0bi/ds to la< 3iable e44s inc/eases with each successi3e
t/ial du/in4 the fi/st few <ea/s of /e7/oduction.
>C? The b/eedin4 success of bi/ds nestin4 fo/ the second ti6e is 4/eate/ than that
of bi/ds nestin4 fo/ the fi/st ti6e.
GMAT . 'SAT C- "!
>D? S6alle/ and wea0e/ blac0bi/ds b/eed ;ust as successfull< as bi44e/ and
st/on4e/ blac0bi/ds.
>E? D7 to ! 7e/cent of all bi/ds a/e 0illed b< 7/edato/s befo/e the< sta/t to nest.
1&. How do the ai/lines e87ect to 7/e3ent co66e/cial 7lane c/ashes= Studies ha3e
shown that 7ilot e//o/ cont/ibutes to twoAthi/ds of all such c/ashes. To add/ess this
7/oble6B the ai/lines ha3e u74/aded thei/ t/ainin4 7/o4/a6s b< inc/easin4 the
hou/s of class/oo6 inst/uction and e67hasi9in4 co66unication s0ills in the
coc07it. But it is un/ealistic to e87ect such 6easu/es to co67ensate fo/ 7ilots2
lac0 of actual fl<in4 ti6e. The/efo/eB the ai/lines should /ethin0 thei/ t/ainin4
a77/oach to /educin4 co66e/cial c/ashes.
,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion u7on which the a/4u6ent de7ends=
>A? T/ainin4 7/o4/a6s can eli6inate 7ilot e//o/s.
>B? Co66e/cial 7ilots /outinel< unde/4o additional t/ainin4 th/ou4hout thei/
ca/ee/s.
>C? The nu6be/ of ai/line c/ashes will dec/ease if 7ilot t/ainin4 7/o4/a6s focus
on inc/easin4 actual fl<in4 ti6e.
>D? 'ac0 of actual fl<in4 ti6e is an i67o/tant cont/ibuto/ to 7ilot e//o/ in
co66e/cial 7lane c/ashes.
>E? Co66unication s0ills a/e not i67o/tant to 7ilot t/ainin4 7/o4/a6s.
$. All sa3in4s accounts a/e inte/estAbea/in4 accounts. The inte/est f/o6 so6e
inte/estAbea/in4 accounts is ta8Af/eeB so the/e 6ust be so6e sa3in4s accounts that
ha3e ta8Af/ee inte/est.
,hich one of the followin4 a/4u6ents is flawed in a wa< 6ost si6ila/ to the wa<
in which the 7assa4e is flawed=
>A? All a/tists a/e intellectuals. So6e 4/eat 7hoto4/a7he/s a/e a/tists. The/efo/eB
so6e 4/eat 7hoto4/a7he/s 6ust be intellectuals.
>B? All 4/eat 7hoto4/a7he/s a/e a/tists. All a/tists a/e intellectuals. The/efo/eB
so6e 4/eat 7hoto4/a7he/s 6ust be intellectuals.
>C? All 4/eat 7hoto4/a7he/s a/e a/tists. So6e a/tists a/e intellectuals. The/efo/eB
so6e 4/eat 7hoto4/a7he/s a/e intellectuals.
>D? All 4/eat 7hoto4/a7he/s a/e a/tists. So6e 4/eat 7hoto4/a7he/s a/e
intellectuals. The/efo/eB so6e a/tists 6ust be intellectuals.
>E? All 4/eat 7hoto4/a7he/s a/e a/tists. )o a/tists a/e intellectuals. The/efo/eB
so6e 4/eat 7hoto4/a7he/s 6ust not be intellectuals.
1. (ne 6ethod of datin4 the e6e/4ence of s7ecies is to co67a/e the 4enetic 6ate/ial
of /elated s7ecies. Scientists theo/i9e that the 6o/e 4eneticall< si6ila/ two s7ecies
a/e to each othe/B the 6o/e /ecentl< the< di3e/4ed f/o6 a co66on ancesto/. Afte/
co67a/in4 4enetic 6ate/ial f/o6 4iant 7andasB /ed 7andasB /accoonsB coatisB and
all se3en bea/ s7eciesB scientists concluded that bea/s and /accoons di3e/4ed "$ to
"6 'SAT
!$ 6illion <ea/s a4o. The< fu/the/ concluded that /ed 7andas se7a/ated f/o6 the
ancesto/ of toda<2s /accoons and coatis a few 6illion <ea/s late/B so6e 1$ 6illion
<ea/s befo/e 4iant 7andas di3e/4ed f/o6 the othe/ bea/s.
,hich one of the followin4 can be 7/o7e/l< infe//ed f/o6 the 7assa4e=
>A? Giant 7andas and /ed 7andas a/e 6o/e closel< /elated than scientists
o/i4inall< thou4ht the< we/e.
>B? Scientists now count the 4iant 7anda as the ei4hth s7ecies of bea/.
>C? It is 7ossible to dete/6ineB within a 6a/4in of ;ust a few <ea/sB the ti6in4 of
di3e/4ence of 3a/ious s7ecies.
>D? Scientists ha3e found that 4iant 7andas a/e 6o/e si6ila/ 4eneticall< to bea/s
than to /accoons.
>E? The/e is substantial consensus a6on4 scientists that 4iant 7andas and /ed
7andas a/e e@uall< /elated to /accoons.
Questions !!-!3
Des7ite i67/o3e6ents in t/eat6ent fo/ asth6aB the death /ate fo/6 this disease has
doubled du/in4 the 7ast decade f/o6 its 7/e3ious /ate. Two 7ossible e87lanations fo/
this inc/ease ha3e been offe/ed. 5i/stB the /eco/din4 of deaths due to asth6a has
beco6e 6o/e wides7/ead and accu/ate in the 7ast decade than it had been 7/e3iousl<.
SecondB the/e has been an inc/ease in u/ban 7ollution. Howe3e/B since the /ate of
deaths due to asth6a has inc/eased d/a6aticall< e3en in cities with lon4Astandin4B
co67/ehensi3e 6edical /eco/ds and with little o/ no u/ban 7ollutionB one 6ust instead
conclude that the cause of inc/eased deaths is the use of b/onchial inhale/s b< asth6a
suffe/e/s to /elie3e thei/ s<67to6s.
. Each of the followin4B if t/ueB 7/o3ides su77o/t to the a/4u6ent EHCEIT1
>A? D/ban 7o7ulations ha3e doubled in the 7ast decade.
>B? -eco/ds of asth6a deaths a/e as accu/ate fo/ the 7ast twent< <ea/s as fo/ the
7ast ten <ea/s.
>C? E3idence su44ests that b/onchial inhale/s 6a0e the lun4s 6o/e sensiti3e to
i//itation b< ai/bo/ne 7ollen.
>D? B< te67o/a/il< /elie3in4 the s<67to6s of asth6aB inhale/s encou/a4e
suffe/e/s to a3oid 6o/e beneficial 6easu/es.
>E? Ten <ea/s a4o b/onchial inhale/s we/e not a3ailable as an asth6a t/eat6ent.
". ,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion on which the a/4u6ent de7ends=
>A? D/ban 7ollution has not doubled in the 7ast decade.
>B? Docto/s and 7atients 4ene/all< i4no/e the /ole of alle/4ies in asth6a.
>C? B/onchial inhale/s a/e unsafeB e3en when used acco/din4 to the /eco66ended
inst/uctions.
>D? The use of b/onchial inhale/s a44/a3ates othe/ diseases that f/e@uentl< occu/
a6on4 asth6a suffe/e/s and that often lead to fatal outco6es e3en when the
GMAT . 'SAT C- "%
asth6a itself does not.
>E? Inc/eased u/ban 7ollutionB i67/o3ed /eco/din4 of asth6a deathsB and the use
of b/onchial inhale/s a/e the onl< 7ossible e87lanations of the inc/eased
death /ate due to asth6a.
#. The/e is little 7oint in loo0in4 to a/tists fo/ insi4hts into 7olitical issues. Most of
the6 hold 7olitical 3iews that a/e less insi4htful than those of an< /easonabl<
wellAeducated 7e/son who is not an a/tist. IndeedB when ta0en as a wholeB the
state6ents 6ade b< a/tistsB includin4 those conside/ed to be 4/eatB indicate that
a/tistic talent and 7olitical insi4ht a/e /a/el< found to4ethe/.
,hich one of the followin4 can be infe//ed f/o6 the 7assa4e=
>A? The/e a/e no a/tists who ha3e insi4hts into 7olitical issues.
>B? A tho/ou4h education in a/t 6a0es a 7e/son /easonabl< well educated.
>C? E3e/< /easonabl< wellAeducated 7e/son who s not an a/tist has 6o/e insi4ht
into 7olitical issues than an< a/tist.
>D? Ioliticians /a/el< ha3e an< a/tistic talent.
>E? So6e a/tists a/e no less 7oliticall< insi4htful than so6e /easonabl< wellA
educated 7e/sons who a/e not a/tists.
SECTI() I*
1. A 6a;o/ a/t theft f/o6 a 6useu6 was /e6a/0able in that the 7ieces stolen clea/l<
had been ca/efull< selected. The c/ite/ion fo/ selectionB howe3e/B clea/l< had not
been 4/eatest esti6ated 6a/0et 3alue. It follows that the theft was s7ecificall<
ca//ied out to suit the taste of so6e indi3idual collecto/ fo/ whose 7/i3ate
collection the 7ieces we/e destined.
The a/4u6ent tacitl< a77eals to which one of the followin4 7/inci7les=
>A? An< a/t theft canB on the e3idence of the selection of 7ieces stolenB be
cate4o/i9ed as co66itted eithe/ at the di/ection of a sin4le 0nown indi3idual
o/ at the di/ection of a 4/ou7 of 0nown indi3iduals.
>B? An< a/t theft co66itted at the di/ection of a sin4le indi3idual /esults in a
7atte/n of wo/0s ta0en and wo/0s left alone that defies /ational anal<sis.
>C? The 7atte/n of wo/0s ta0en and wo/0s left alone can so6eti6es distin4uish
one t<7e of a/t theft f/o6 anothe/.
>D? A/t thefts co66itted with no 7/ee8istin4 7lan fo/ the dis7osition of the stolen
wo/0s do not alwa<s in3ol3e theft of the 6ost 3aluable 7ieces onl<.
>E? The 7atte/n of wo/0s ta0en and wo/0s left alone in an a/t theft can be
7a/ticula/l< da6a4in4 to the inte4/it< of the /e6ainin4 collection.
. The teeth of so6e 6a66als show E4/owth /in4sF that /esult f/o6 the constant
"8 'SAT
de7ositin4 of la<e/s of ce6entu6 as o7a@ue bands in su66e/ and t/anslucent
bands in winte/. C/oss sections of 7i4s teeth found in an e8ca3ated Stone A4e
t/ash 7it /e3ealed bands of /e6a/0abl< constant width e8ce7t that the band
de7osited lastB which was in3a/iabl< t/anslucentB was onl< about half the no/6al
width.
The state6ents abo3e 6ost st/on4l< su77o/t the conclusion that the ani6als died
>A? in an unusuall< ea/l< winte/
>B? at /ou4hl< the sa6e a4e
>C? /ou4hl< in 6idwinte/
>D? in a natu/al catast/o7he
>E? f/o6 sta/3ation
". The Dnited States has ne3e/ been a 4/eat inte/national t/ade/. It found 6ost of its
/aw 6ate/ials and custo6e/s fo/ finished 7/oducts within its own bo/de/s. The
te//ible conse@uences of this situation ha3e beco6e a77a/entB as this count/< now
owes the la/4est fo/ei4n debt in the wo/ld and is a 7la<4/ound fo/ wealth< fo/ei4n
in3esto/s. The 6o/al is clea/1 a count/< can no 6o/e li3e without fo/ei4n t/ade
than a do4 can li3e b< eatin4 its own tail.
In o/de/ to ad3ance he/ 7oint of 3iewB the autho/ does each of the followin4
EHCEIT1
>A? d/aw on an analo4<
>B? a77eal to histo/ical fact
>C? identif< a cause and an effect
>D? su44est a cause of the cu//ent econo6ic situation
>E? @uestion the ethical basis of an econo6ic situation
#. Giselle1 The 4o3e/n6ent needs to ensu/e that the 7ublic consu6es less 7et/oleu6.
,hen thin4s cost 6o/eB 7eo7le bu< and use less of the6. The/efo/eB the
4o3e/n6ent should /aise the sales ta8 on 4asolineB a 6a;o/ 7et/oleu6 7/oduct.
Antoine1 The 4o3e/n6ent should not /aise the sales ta8 on 4asoline. Such an
inc/ease would be unfai/ to 4asoline use/s. If ta8es a/e to be inc/easedB the
inc/eases should be a77lied in such a wa< that the< s7/ead the bu/den of
7/o3idin4 the 4o3e/n6ent with inc/eased /e3enues a6on4 6an< 7eo7leB not ;ust
the use/s of 4asoline.
As a /ebuttal of Giselle2s a/4u6entB Antoine2s /es7onse is ineffecti3e because
>A? he i4no/es the fact that Giselle does not base he/ a/4u6ent fo/ /aisin4 the
4asoline sales ta8 on the 4o3e/n6ent2s need fo/ inc/ease /e3enues
>B? he fails to s7ecif< how 6an< ta87a<e/s the/e a/e who a/e not 4asoline use/s
>C? his conclusion is based on an asse/tion /e4a/din4 unfai/nessB and unfai/ness is
a 3e/< sub;ecti3e conce7t
>D? he 6ista0enl< assu6es that Giselle wants a sales ta8 inc/ease onl< on
GMAT . 'SAT C- "&
4asoline
>E? he 6a0es the i67lausible assu67tion that the bu/den of inc/easin4
4o3e/n6ent /e3enues can be 6o/e e3enl< dist/ibuted a6on4 the 7eo7le
th/ou4h othe/ 6eans besides inc/easin4 the 4asoline sales ta8
!. A 4o3e/n6ent a4enc< 7ublishes /atin4s of ai/linesB /an0in4 hi4hest the ai/lines
that ha3e the s6allest 7/o7o/tion of late fli4hts. The a4enc<2s 7u/7ose is to
establish an ob;ecti3e 6easu/e of the /elati3e efficienc< of diffe/ent ai/lines2
7e/sonnel in 6eetin4 7ublished fli4ht schedules.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB would tend to in3alidate use of the /atin4s fo/
the a4enc<2s 7u/7ose=
>A? T/a3ele/s so6eti6es ha3e no choice of ai/lines fo/ a 4i3en t/i7 at a 4i3en
ti6e.
>B? 5li4hts a/e often 6ade late b< bad weathe/ conditions that affect so6e ai/lines
6o/e that othe/s.
>C? The fli4ht schedules of all ai/lines allow e8t/a ti6e fo/ fli4hts that 4o into o/
out of 3e/< bus< ai/7o/ts.
>D? Ai/line 7e/sonnel a/e awa/e that the 4o3e/n6ent a4enc< is 6onito/in4 all
ai/line fli4hts fo/ lateness.
>E? 5li4hts a/e defined as ElateF onl< if the< a//i3e 6o/e that fifteen 6inutes 7ast
thei/ scheduled a//i3al ti6eB and a /eco/d is 6ade of how 6uch late/ than
fifteen 6inutes the< a/e.
6. Althou4h this bottle is labeled E3ine4a/BF no fi99in4 occu//ed when so6e of the
li@uid in it was added to 7owde/ f/o6 this bo8 labeled Eba0in4 soda.F But when
an acidic li@uid such as 3ine4a/ is added to ba0in4 soda the /esultin4 6i8tu/e
fi99esB so this bottle clea/l< has been 6islabeled.
A flaw in the /easonin4 in the a/4u6ent abo3e is that this a/4u6ent
>A? i4no/es the 7ossibilit< that the bottle contained an acidic li@uid othe/ than
3ine4a/
>B? fails to e8clude an alte/nati3e e87lanation fo/ the obse/3ed effect
>C? de7ends on the use of the i67/ecise te/6 Efi99F
>D? does not ta0e into account the fact that scientific 7/inci7les can be definiti3el<
tested onl< unde/ cont/olled labo/ato/< conditions
>E? assu6es that the fact of a labelin4 e//o/ is 7/oof of an intention to decei3e
%. Ma/ine biolo4ists ha3e lon4 thou4ht that 3a/iation in the shell colo/ of a@uatic
snails e3ol3ed as a 7/otecti3e ca6oufla4e a4ainst bi/ds and othe/ 7/edato/s.
B/own shells see6 to be 6o/e f/e@uent when the unde/l<in4 seafloo/ is da/0A
colo/ed and white shells 6o/e f/e@uent when the unde/l<in4 seafloo/ is li4htA
colo/ed. A new theo/< has been ad3ancedB howe3e/B that clai6s that shell colo/ is
/elated to 7h<siolo4ical st/ess associated with heat abso/7tion. Acco/din4 to this
#$ 'SAT
theo/<B b/own shells will be 6o/e 7/e3alent in a/eas whe/e the wa3e action of the
sea is 4/eat and thus heat abso/7tion f/o6 the Sun is 6ini6i9edB whe/eas white
shells will be 6o/e nu6e/ous in cal6e/ wate/s whe/e the snails will abso/b 6o/e
heat f/o6 the Sun2s /a<s.
E3idence that would st/on4l< fa3o/ the new theo/< o3e/ the t/aditional theo/<
would be the disco3e/< of a la/4e 6a;o/it< of
>A? da/0Ashelled snails in a cal6 inlet with a da/0B /oc0< botto6 and 6an<
7/edato/s
>B? da/0Ashelled snails in a cal6 inlet with a whiteB sand< botto6
>C? li4htAshelled snails in an inlet with 6uch wa3e action and a da/0B /oc0<
botto6
>D? li4htAshelled snails in a cal6 inlet with a da/0B /oc0< botto6 and 6an<
7/edato/s
>E? li4htAshelled snails in a cal6 inlet with a whiteB sand< botto6 and 6an<
7/edato/s
8. Measu/e6ents of the e8tent of a6inoAacid deco67osition in f/a46ents of
e44shell found at a/chaeolo4ical sites in such 7laces as southe/n Af/ica can be
used to obtain accu/ate dates fo/ sites u7 to $$B$$$ <ea/s old. Because the
deco67osition is slowe/ in cool cli6atesB the techni@ue can be used to obtain
accu/ate dates fo/ sites al6ost a 6illion <ea/s old in coole/ /e4ions.
The info/6ation abo3e 7/o3ides the 6ost su77o/t fo/ which one of the followin4
conclusions=
>A? The oldest a/chaeolo4ical sites a/e not in southe/n Af/icaB but /athe/ in coole/
/e4ions of the wo/ld.
>B? The a6inoAacid deco67osition that enables e44shells to be used in datin4
does not ta0e 7lace in othe/ o/4anic 6atte/ found at ancient a/chaeolo4ical
sites.
>C? If the site bein4 dated had been sub;ect to la/4e unsus7ected cli6atic
fluctuations du/in4 the ti6e the e44shell has been at the siteB a77lication of
the techni@ue is less li0el< to <ield accu/ate /esults.
>D? Afte/ $$B$$$ <ea/s in a cool cli6ateB less than oneAfifth of the a6ino acids in
a f/a46ent of e44shell that would 7/o3ide 6ate/ial fo/ datin4 with the
techni@ue will ha3e deco67osed and will thus no lon4e/ be suitable fo/
e8a6ination b< the techni@ue.
>E? 5/a46ents of e44shell a/e 6o/e li0el< to be found at ancient a/chaeolo4ical
sites in wa/6 /e4ions of the wo/ld than at such sites in coole/ /e4ions.
&. Ad3e/tise6ent1 Cla/0 b/andAna6e 7a/ts a/e 6ade fo/ ca/s 6anufactu/ed in this
count/<. The< satisf< all of ou/ 4o3e/n6ent auto6oti3e testKthe tou4hest such
tests in the wo/ld. ,ith fo/ei4nA6ade 7a/tsB <ou ne3e/ 0now which 6i4ht be
/eliable and which a/e chea7 loo0Aali0es that a/e 7oo/l< const/ucted and liable to
GMAT . 'SAT C- #1
cost <ou hund/eds of dolla/s in /e7ai/s. The/efo/eB be s6a/t and insist on b/andA
na6e 7a/ts b< Cla/0 fo/ <ou/ ca/.
The a/4u6ent /e@ui/es the assu67tion that
>A? Cla/0 7a/ts a/e a3ailable onl< in this count/<
>B? fo/ei4nA6ade 7a/ts a/e not suitable fo/ ca/s 6anufactu/ed in this count/<
>C? no fo/ei4nA6ade 7a/ts satisf< ou/ 4o3e/n6ent standa/ds
>D? 7a/ts that satisf< ou/ 4o3e/n6ent standa/ds a/e not as 7oo/l< const/ucted as
chea7 fo/ei4nA6ade 7a/ts
>E? if 7a/ts a/e 6ade fo/ ca/s 6anufactu/ed in ou/ count/<B the< a/e not 7oo/l<
const/ucted
1$. E3en if a c/i6e that has been co66itted b< co67ute/ is disco3e/ed and /e7o/tedB
the odds of bein4 both a//ested and con3icted 4/eatl< fa3o/ the c/i6inal.
Each of the followin4B if t/ueB su77o/ts the clai6 abo3e EHCEIT1
>A? The 7/e7a/ation of co67ute/Af/aud cases ta0es 6uch 6o/e ti6e than is
/e@ui/ed fo/ a3e/a4e f/aud casesB and the 7/oducti3it< of 7/osecuto/s is
e3aluated b< the nu6be/ of 4ood cases 6ade.
>B? In 6ost 7olice de7a/t6entsB office/s a/e /otated th/ou4h diffe/ent assi4n6ents
e3e/< two o/ th/ee <ea/sB a sho/te/ ti6e than it ta0es to beco6e 7/oficient as
a co67ute/Ac/i6e in3esti4ato/.
>C? The 7/io/ities of local 7olice de7a/t6entsB unde/ whose ;u/isdiction 6ost
co67ute/ c/i6e fallsB a/e wei4hted towa/d 3isible st/eet c/i6e that
co66unities 7e/cei3e as th/eatenin4.
>D? Co67ute/ c/i6inals ha3e /a/el< been sentenced to se/3e ti6e in 7/isonB
because 7/isons a/e o3e/c/owded with 3iolent c/i6inals and d/u4 offende/s.
>E? The 6an< 7olice office/s who a/e unt/ained in co67ute/s often inad3e/tentl<
dest/o< the 7h<sical e3idence of co67ute/ c/i6e.
11. E3e/< wee0B the 7/o4/a66in4 office at an 5M /adio station /e3iewed unsolicited
lette/s f/o6 listene/s who we/e e87/essin4 co66ents on the station2s 7/o4/a6s.
(ne wee0B the station /ecei3ed !$ lette/s with fa3o/able co66ents about the
station2s news /e7o/tin4 and 6usic selection and 1$ lette/s with unfa3o/able
co66ents on the station2s new 6o3ie /e3iew se46ent of the e3enin4 7/o4/a6.
5aced with this info/6ationB the 7/o4/a66in4 di/ecto/ assu6ed that if so6e
listene/s did not li0e the 6o3ie /e3iew se46entB then the/e 6ust be othe/ listene/s
who did li0e it. The/efo/eB he decided to continue the 6o3ie /e3iew se46ent of
the e3enin4 7/o4/a6.
,hich on e of the followin4 identifies a 7/oble6 with the 7/o4/a66in4 di/ecto/2s
decision 7/ocess=
>A? He failed to /eco4ni9e that 7eo7le a/e 6o/e li0el< to w/ite lette/s of c/iticis6
than of 7/aise.
>B? He could not 7/o7e/l< infe/ f/o6 the fact that so6e listene/s did not li0e the
# 'SAT
6o3ie /e3iew se46ent that so6e othe/s did.
>C? He failed to ta0e into conside/ation the disc/e7anc< in nu6be/s between
fa3o/able and unfa3o/able lette/s /ecei3ed.
>D? He failed to ta0e into account the /elation e8istin4 between the 6o3ie /e3iew
se46ent and the news.
>E? He did not wait until he /ecei3ed at least !$ lette/s with unfa3o/able
co66ents about the 6o3ie /e3iew se46ent befo/e 6a0in4 his decision.
1. EThou4h the< soon willB 7atients should not ha3e a le4al /i4ht to see thei/ 6edical
/eco/ds. As a docto/B I see two /easons fo/ this. 5i/stB 4i3in4 the6 access will be
ti6eAwastin4 because it will si4nificantl< /educe the a6ount of ti6e that 6edical
staff can s7end on 6o/e i67o/tant dutiesB b< fo/cin4 the6 to /et/ie3e and /etu/n
files. SecondB if 6< e87e/ience is an<thin4 to 4o bA? The new law will /e@ui/e that docto/sB when seein4 a 7atient in thei/ officeB
6ust be /ead< to 7/oduce the 7atient2s /eco/ds i66ediatelB? The tas0 of /et/ie3in4 and /etu/nin4 files would fall to the lowestA7aid
6e6be/ of a docto/2s office staff.
>C? An< 7atients who as0ed to see thei/ 6edical /eco/ds would also insist on
ha3in4 details the< did not unde/stand e87lained to the6.
>D? The new law does not /ule out that docto/s 6a< cha/4e 7atients fo/ e8t/a
e87enses incu//ed s7ecificall< in o/de/ to co67l< with the new law.
>E? So6e docto/s ha3e all allowin4 thei/ 7atients access to thei/ 6edical /eco/dsB
but those docto/s2 7atients too0 no ad3anta4e of this 7olic<.
1". Alia1 Hawtho/ne ad6its that he has influence with hi4h 4o3e/n6ent officials. He
fu/the/ ad6its that he sold that influence to an en3i/on6ental inte/est 4/ou7.
The/e can be no ;ustification fo/ this 0ind of unethical beha3io/.
Ma/tha1 I disa4/ee that he was unethical. The 4/ou7 that /etained Hawtho/ne2s
se/3ices is dedicated to the cause of 7/e3entin4 wate/ 7ollution. SoB in usin4 his
influence to benefit this 4/ou7B Hawtho/ne also benefited the 7ublic.
Alia and Ma/tha disa4/ee on whethe/
>A? the 6eanin4 of ethical beha3io/ has chan4ed o3e/ ti6e
>B? the conse@uences of Hawtho/ne2s beha3io/ can ethicall< ;ustif< that beha3io/
>C? the standa/ds fo/ ;ud4in4 ethical beha3io/ can be i67osed on Hawtho/ne b<
anothe/
>D? the 6eanin4 of ethical beha3io/ is the sa6e in a 7ublic situation as in a
7/i3ate one
GMAT . 'SAT C- #"
>E? the definition of ethical beha3io/ is /ooted in 7hiloso7h< o/ /eli4ion
1#. The 6a<o/ boasts that the a3e/a4e a6bulance tu/na/ound ti6eB the ti6e f/o6
su66ons to deli3e/< of the 7atientB has been /educed this <ea/ fo/ to7A7/io/it<
e6e/4encies. This is a se/ious 6is/e7/esentation. This E/eductionF was 7/oduced
si67l< b< /edefinin4 Eto7 7/io/it<.F Such e6e/4encies used to include 4unshot
wounds and elect/ocutionsB the 6ost ti6eAconsu6in4 cases. )ow the< a/e li6ited
st/ictl< to hea/t attac0s and st/o0es.
,hich one of the followin4 would st/en4then the autho/2s conclusion that it was
the /edefinition of Eto7 7/io/it<F that 7/oduced the /eduction in tu/na/ound ti6e=
>A? The nu6be/ of hea/t attac0s and st/o0es declined this <ea/.
>B? The 6a<o/ /edefined the cit<2s financial 7/io/ities this <ea/.
>C? E87e/ts disa4/ee with the 6a<o/2s definition of Eto7A7/io/it< e6e/4enc<.F
>D? (the/ cities include 4unshot wound cases in thei/ cate4o/< o to7A7/io/it<
e6e/4encies.
>E? (ne half of all of last <ea/2s to7A7/io/it< e6e/4encies we/e 4unshot wounds
and elect/ocution cases.
1!. In a la/4e /esidential buildin4B the/e is a /ule that no 7ets a/e allowed. A 4/ou7 of
7et lo3e/s t/ied to chan4e that /ule but failed. The /uleAchan4in4 7/ocedu/e
outlined in the buildin42s /e4ulations states that onl< if a 4/ou7 of tenants can
obtain the si4natu/es of 1$ 7e/cent of the tenants on a 7etition to chan4e a /ule
will the 7/o7osed chan4e be 7ut to a 6a;o/it< 3ote of all the tenants in the
buildin4. It follows that the 7et lo3e/s we/e 3oted down on thei/ 7/o7osal b< the
6a;o/it< of the tenants.
The a/4u6ent de7ends on which one of the followin4 assu67tions=
>A? The 7et lo3e/s succeeded in obtainin4 the si4natu/es of 1$ 7e/cent of the
tenants on thei/ 7etition.
>B? The si4natu/es of less than 1$ 7e/cent of the tenants we/e obtained on the 7et
lo3e/s2 7etition.
>C? )inet< 7e/cent of the tenants a/e a4ainst chan4in4 the /ule fo/biddin4 7ets.
>D? The su77o/t of 1$ 7e/cent of the tenants fo/ a /ule chan4e ensu/es that the /ule
chan4e will be ado7ted.
>E? The failu/e of the 7et lo3e/s to obtain the si4natu/es of 1$ 7e/cent of the
tenants on thei/ 7etition fo/ a /ule chan4e ensu/es that the /ule chan4e will be
3oted down b< a 6a;o/it< of the tenants.
16. )uclea/ fusion is a 7/ocess whe/eb< the nuclei of ato6s a/e ;oinedB o/ EfusedBF
and in which ene/4< is /eleased. (ne of the b<A7/oducts of fusion is heliu6A# 4as.
A /ecent fusion e87e/i6ent was conducted usin4 Ehea3<F wate/ contained in a
sealed flas0. The flas0 wasB in tu/nB contained in an ai/Afilled cha6be/ desi4ned to
eli6inate e8t/aneous 3ib/ation. Afte/ the e87e/i6entB a 6easu/able a6ount of
heliu6A# 4as was found in the ai/ of the cha6be/. The e87e/i6ente/s cited this
## 'SAT
e3idence in su77o/t of thei/ conclusion that fusion had been achie3ed.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB would cast doubt on the e87e/i6ente/s2
conclusion=
>A? Heliu6A# was not the onl< 4as found in the e87e/i6ent cha6be/.
>B? ,hen fusion is achie3edB it no/6all< 7/oduces se3e/al b<A7/oductsB includin4
t/itiu6 and 4a66a /a<s.
>C? The a6ount of heliu6A# found in the cha6be/2s ai/ did not e8ceed the
a6ount of heliu6A# that is found in o/dina/< ai/.
>D? Heliu6A# 4as /a7idl< b/ea0s downB fo/6in4 o/dina/< heliu6 4as afte/ a few
hou/s.
>E? )uclea/ fusion /eactions a/e cha/acte/i9ed b< the /elease of la/4e a6ounts of
heat.
1%. E3e/< 7hoto4/a7hB because it in3ol3es the li4ht /a<s that so6ethin4 e6its hittin4
fil6B 6ust in so6e ob3ious sense be t/ue. But because it could alwa<s ha3e been
6ade to show thin4s diffe/entl< than it doesB it cannot e87/ess the whole t/uth
andB in that senseB is false. The/efo/eB nothin4 can e3e/ be definiti3el< 7/o3ed
with a 7hoto4/a7h.
,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion that would 7e/6it the conclusion
abo3e to be 7/o7e/l< d/awn=
>A? ,hate3e/ is false in the sense that it cannot e87/ess the whole t/uth cannot
fu/nish definiti3e 7/oof.
>B? The whole t/uth cannot be 0nown.
>C? It is not 7ossible to dete/6ine the t/uthfulness of a 7hoto4/a7h in an< sense.
>D? It is 7ossible to use a 7hoto4/a7h as co//obo/ati3e e3idence if the/e is
additional e3idence establishin4 the t/uth about the scene 7hoto4/a7hed.
>E? If so6ethin4 is bein4 7hoto4/a7hedB then it is 7ossible to 7/o3e definiti3el<
the t/uth about it.
Questions 18-19
So6e cleanin4 fluidsB s<nthetic ca/7etsB wall 7anelin4B and othe/ 7/oducts /elease
to8insB such as fo/6aldeh<de and ben9eneB into the household ai/ su77l<. This is not a
7/oble6 in wellA3entilated housesB but it is a 7/oble6 in houses that a/e so well
insulated that the< t/a7 to8ins as well as heat. -ecent testsB howe3e/B de6onst/ate that
house7lants /e6o3e so6e household to8ins f/o6 the ai/ and the/eb< eli6inate thei/
dan4e/. In one testB $ la/4e 7lants eli6inated fo/6aldeh<de f/o6 a s6allB wellA
insulated house.
18. Assu6e that a 7e/son who li3es in a s6allB wellAinsulated house that contains
to8inA/eleasin4 7/oducts 7laces house7lantsB such as those testedB in the house.
,hich one of the followin4 can be e87ected as a /esult=
>A? The/e will no lon4e/ be an< need to 3entilate the house.
GMAT . 'SAT C- #!
>B? The concent/ation of to8ins in the household ai/ su77l< will /e6ain the sa6e.
>C? The house will be wa/6 and ha3e a safe ai/ su77l<.
>D? If the/e is fo/6aldeh<de in the household ai/ su77lE? If fo/6aldeh<de and ben9ene a/e bein4 /eleased into the household ai/ su77lA? House7lants can /e6o3e ben9ene f/o6 the ai/.
>B? )ons<nthetic 7/oducts do not /elease to8ins into houses.
>C? Mee7in4 house7lants is an effecti3e 6eans of t/a77in4 heat in a 7oo/l<
insulated house.
>D? Mee7in4 house7lants can co67ensate fo/ so6e of the ne4ati3e effects of 7oo/
3entilation.
>E? The ai/ in a wellAinsulated house with house7lants will contain fewe/ to8ins
than the ai/ in a wellA3entilated house without house7lants.
$. )o/6al fullAte/6 babies a/e all bo/n with ce/tain instincti3e /efle8es that
disa77ea/ b< the a4e of two 6onths. Because this th/eeA6onthAold bab< e8hibits
these /efle8esB this bab< is not a no/6al fullAte/6 bab<.
,hich one of the followin4 has a lo4ical st/uctu/e 6ost li0e that of the a/4u6ent
abo3e=
>A? Because ca/bon dio8ide tu/ns li6ewate/ 6il0< and this 4as is o8<4enB it will
not tu/n li6ewate/ 6il0<.
>B? Because no a7e can tal0 and Su9< is an a7eB Su9< cannot tal0.
>C? Because hu6ans a/e social ani6als and Hen/< is sociableB Hen/< is no/6al.
>D? Because o7ossu6s ha3e abdo6inal 7ouches and this ani6al lac0s an< such
7ouchB this ani6al is not an o7ossu6.
>E? Because so6e t<7es of t/ees shed thei/ lea3es annuall< and this t/ee has not
shed its lea3esB it is not no/6al.
1. Efficienc< and /edundanc< a/e cont/adicto/< cha/acte/istics of lin4uistic s<ste6s1
howe3e/B the< can be used to4ethe/ to achie3e usefulness and /eliabilit< in
co66unication. If a s7o0en lan4ua4e is co67letel< efficientB then e3e/< 7ossible
7e/6utation of its basic lan4ua4e sounds can be an unde/standable wo/d.
Howe3e/B if the hu6an audito/< s<ste6 is an i67e/fect /ece7to/ of soundsB then it
is not t/ue that e3e/< 7ossible 7e/6utation of a s7o0en lan4ua4e2s basic lan4ua4e
sounds can be an unde/standable wo/d.
If all of the state6ents abo3e a/e t/ueB which one of the followin4 6ust also be
t/ue=
>A? Efficienc< causes a s7o0en lan4ua4e to be useful and /edundanc< causes it to
be /eliable.
>B? )eithe/ efficienc< no/ /edundanc< can be co67letel< achie3ed in s7o0en
#6 'SAT
lan4ua4e.
>C? If a s7o0en lan4ua4e we/e co67letel< /edundantB then it could not be useful.
>D? If the hu6an audito/< s<ste6 we/e a 7e/fect /ece7to/ of soundsB then e3e/<
7e/6utation of lan4ua4e sounds would be an unde/standable wo/d.
>E? If the hu6an audito/< s<ste6 is an i67e/fect /ece7to/ of soundsB then a
s7o0en lan4ua4e cannot be co67letel< efficient.
. All intelli4ent 7eo7le a/e nea/si4hted. I a6 3e/< nea/si4hted. So I 6ust be a
4enius.
,hich one of the followin4 e8hibits both of the lo4ical flaws e8hibited in the
a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? I 6ust be stu7id because all intelli4ent 7eo7le a/e nea/si4hted and I ha3e
7e/fect e<esi4ht.
>B? All chic0ens ha3e bea0s. This bi/d has a bea0. So this bi/d 6ust be a chic0en.
>C? All 7i4s ha3e fou/ le4sB but this s7ide/ has ei4ht le4s. So this s7ide/ 6ust be
twice as bi4 as an< 7i4.
>D? +ohn is e8t/e6el< ha77E? All 4eniuses a/e 3e/< nea/si4hted. I 6ust be 3e/< nea/si4hted since I a6 a
4enius.
". An ad3e/tise6ents states1
'i0e Dana8ilB all headache 7ills can sto7 <ou/ headache. But when <ou a/e in
7ainB <ou want /elief /i4ht awa<. Dana8il is fo/ <ouKno headache 7ill sto7s 7ain
6o/e @uic0l<.
E3el<n and +ane a/e each suffe/in4 f/o6 a headache. Su77ose E3el<n ta0es
Dana8il and +ane ta0es its leadin4 co67etito/.
,hich one of the followin4 can be 7/o7e/l< concluded f/o6 the clai6s in the
ad3e/tise6ent=
>A? E3el<n2s headache 7ain will be /elie3edB but +ane2s will not.
>B? E3el<n2s headache 7ain will be /elie3ed 6o/e @uic0l< than +ane2s.
>C? E3el<n2s headache will be /elie3ed at least as @uic0l< as +ane2s.
>D? +ane2s headache 7ain will be /elie3ed at the sa6e ti6e as is E3el<n2s.
>E? +ane will be ta0in4 Dana8il fo/ /elief f/o6 headache 7ain.
Questions !4-!5
In o77osin4 the 1&%$ Clean Ai/ ActB the Dnited States auto6obile indust/< a/4ued that
6eetin4 the act2s standa/ds fo/ auto6obile e6issions was neithe/ econo6icall<
feasible no/ en3i/on6entall< necessa/<. Howe3e/B the catal<tic con3e/te/B in3ented in
1&6%B enabled auto6a0e/s to 6eet the 1&%$ standa/ds efficientl<. Cu//entl<B
auto6a0e/s a/e lobb<in4 a4ainst the 4o3e/n6ent2s atte67t to 7ass le4islation that
GMAT . 'SAT C- #%
would ti4hten /est/ictions on auto6obile e6issions. The auto6a0e/s contend that
these new /est/ictions would be o3e/l< e87ensi3e and unnecessa/< to effo/ts to cu/b
ai/ 7ollution. Clea/lA? The auto6a0e/s2 7/e6ises a/e shown to lead to a cont/adiction.
>B? 5acts a/e 6entioned that show that the auto6a0e/s a/e /el<in4 on false
info/6ation.
>C? A flaw is 7ointed out in the /easonin4 used b< the auto6a0e/s to /each thei/
conclusion.
>D? A co67a/ison is d/awn between the auto6a0e/s2 cu//ent 7osition and a
7osition the< held in the 7ast.
>E? E3idence is 7/o3ided that the new e6issions le4islation is both econo6icall<
feasible and en3i/on6entall< necessa/<.
!. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB lends the 6ost su77o/t to the auto6a0e/s2
cu//ent 7osition=
>A? The 6o/e st/in4ent the le4islation /est/ictin4 e6issions beco6esB the 6o/e
difficult it beco6es fo/ auto6a0e/s to 7/o3ide the /e@ui/ed technolo4<
econo6icall<.
>B? E6issionsA/est/iction technolo4< can often be en4inee/ed so as to a3oid
/educin4 the efficienc< with which an auto6obile uses fuel.
>C? )ot e3e/< new 7iece of le4islation /est/ictin4 e6issions /e@ui/es new
auto6oti3e technolo4< in o/de/ fo/ auto6a0e/s to co67l< with it.
>D? The 6o/e auto6obiles the/e a/e on the /oadB the 6o/e st/in4ent e6ission
/est/ictions 6ust be to 7/e3ent inc/eased o3e/all ai/ 7ollution.
>E? Dnless fo/ced to do so b< the 4o3e/n6entB auto6a0e/s /a/el< 6a0e chan4es in
auto6oti3e technolo4< that is not /elated to 7/ofitabilit<.
TEST "
SECTI() I
1. -ita1 The o/i4inal 7u/7ose of 4o3e/n6ent fa/6 subsid< 7/o4/a6s was to 7/o3ide
inco6e stabilit< fo/ s6all fa6il< fa/6e/s. But 6ost fa/6Asubsid< 6one< 4oes to a
few fa/6e/s with la/4e holdin4s. Ia<6ents to fa/6e/s whose inco6eB befo/e
subsidiesB is 4/eate/ than L1$$B$$$ a <ea/ should be sto77ed.
Tho6as1 It would be i67ossible to ad6iniste/ such a cutoff 7oint. Subsidies a/e
needed du/in4 the 7lantin4 and 4/owin4 seasonB but fa/6e/s do not 0now thei/
inco6e fo/ 4i3en calenda/ <ea/ until ta8 /etu/ns a/e calculated and sub6itted the
#8 'SAT
followin4 A7/il.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB is the st/on4est counte/ -ita can 6a0e to
Tho6as2 ob;ection=
>A? It has beco6e difficult fo/ s6all fa/6e/s to obtain ban0 loans to be /e7aid
late/ b< 6one< f/o6 subsidies.
>B? Ha3in4 such a cutoff 7oint would cause so6e fa/6e/s whose inco6e would
othe/wise e8ceed L1$$B$$$ to /educe thei/ 7lantin4s.
>C? The inco6e of a fa/6e/ 3a/ies because weathe/ and 6a/0et 7/ices a/e not
stable f/o6 <ea/ to <ea/.
>D? If subsid< 7a<6ents to la/4e fa/6e/s we/e eli6inated the financial condition
of the 4o3e/n6ent would i67/o3e.
>E? Subsid< cutoffs can be dete/6ined on the basis of inco6e fo/ the 7/ecedin4
<ea/.
. Mode/n 7h<sicians often e67lo< labo/ato/< testsB in addition to 7h<sical
e8a6inationsB in o/de/ to dia4nose diseases accu/atel<. Insu/ance co67an<
/e4ulations that den< co3e/a4e fo/ ce/tain labo/ato/< tests the/efo/e dec/ease the
@ualit< of 6edical ca/e 7/o3ided to 7atients.
,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion that would se/3e to ;ustif< the
conclusion abo3e=
>A? Ih<sical e8a6inations and the unco3e/ed labo/ato/< tests to4ethe/ 7/o3ide a
6o/e accu/ate dia4nosis of 6an< diseases than do 7h<sical e8a6inations
alone.
>B? Man< 7h<sicians 4ene/all< o77ose insu/ance co67an< /e4ulations thatB in
o/de/ to /educe costsB li6it the use of labo/ato/< tests.
>C? Man< 7atients who 6i4ht benefit f/o6 the unco3e/ed labo/ato/< tests do not
ha3e an< fo/6 of health insu/ance.
>D? The/e a/e so6e illnesses that e87e/ienced 7h<sicians can dia4nose accu/atel<
f/o6 7h<sicians e8a6ination alone.
>E? 'abo/ato/< tests a/e 6o/e costl< to 7e/fo/6 than a/e 7h<sical e8a6inations.
". (il anal<sis 7/edict that if the 7/ice of oil fails b< halfB the consu6e/2s 7u/chase
7/ice fo/ 4asoline 6ade f/o6 this oil will also fall b< half.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB would cast the 6ost se/ious doubt on the
7/ediction 6ade b< the oil anal<sts=
>A? I67/o3ed auto6obile technolo4< and new 0inds of fuel fo/ ca/s ha3e enabled
so6e d/i3e/s to use less 4asoline.
>B? Gasoline 6anufactu/e/s will not e87and thei/ 7/ofit 6a/4ins.
>C? The/e a/e 6an< diffe/ent 4asoline co67anies that co67ete with each othe/ to
7/o3ide the 6ost att/acti3e 7/ice to consu6e/s.
>D? Studies in se3e/al count/ies show that the a6ount of 4asoline 7u/chased b<
GMAT . 'SAT C- #&
consu6e/s initiall< /ises afte/ the 7/ice of 4asoline has fallen.
>E? -efinin4 costsB dist/ibution costsB and ta8esB none of which 3a/ies
si4nificantl< with oil 7/icesB constitute a la/4e 7o/tion of the 7/ices of
4asoline.
#. A su/3e< was /ecentl< conducted a6on4 fe//< 7assen4e/s on the )o/th Sea.
A6on4 the /esults was this1 6o/e of those who had ta0en antiAseasic0ness
6edication befo/e thei/ t/i7 /e7o/ted s<67to6s of seasic0ness than those who had
not ta0en such 6edication. It is clea/B then that des7ite clai6s b< d/u4 co67anies
that clinical tests show the cont/a/A? Gi3en /ou4h enou4h weathe/B 6ost fe//< 7assen4e/s will ha3e so6e
s<67to6s of seasic0ness.
>B? The clinical tests /e7o/ted b< the d/u4 co67anies we/e conducted b< the d/u4
co67anies2 staffs.
>C? Ieo7le who do not ta0e antiAseasic0ness 6edication a/e ;ust as li0el< to
/es7ond to a su/3e< on seasic0ness as 7eo7le who do.
>D? The seasic0ness s<67to6s of the 7eo7le who too0 antiAseasic0ness
6edication would ha3e been 6o/e se3e/e had the< not ta0en the 6edication.
>E? Ieo7le who ha3e s7ent 6one< on antiAseasic0ness 6edication a/e less li0el<
to ad6it s<67to6s of seasic0ness than those who ha3e not.
!. Econo6ic conside/ations colo/ e3e/< as7ect of inte/national dealin4sB and nations
a/e ;ust li0e indi3iduals in that the lende/ sets the te/6s of its dealin4s with the
bo//owe/. That is wh< a nation that owes 6one< to anothe/ nation cannot be
wo/ld leade/.
The /easonin4 in the 7assa4e assu6es which one of the followin4=
>A? A nation that does not lend to an< othe/ nation cannot be a wo/ld leade/.
>B? A nation that can set the te/6s of its dealin4s with othe/ nations is ce/tain to
be a wo/ld leade/.
>C? A nation that has the te/6s of its dealin4s with anothe/ nation set b< that
nation cannot be a wo/ld leade/.
>D? A nation that is a wo/ld leade/ can bo//ow f/o6 anothe/ nation as lon4 as that
othe/ nation does not set the te/6s of the dealin4s between the two nations.
>E? A nation that has no dealin4s with an< othe/ nation cannot be wo/ld leade/.
Questions &-'
-otelle1 :ou a/e too old to add/ess effecti3el< the difficult issues facin4 the count/<B
such as nuclea/ 7owe/B 7o3e/tA? de6onst/ates that -otelle2s clai6 is inco//ect
>B? a3oids 6entionin4 the issue of a4e
>C? 7/o7oses a wa< to decide which issues a/e i67o/tant
>D? shows that -otelle2s state6ent is selfAcont/adicto/<
>E? fails to /es7ond di/ectl< to -otelle2s clai6
%. -otelle is co66itted to which one of the followin4=
>A? Man< old 7eo7le cannot effecti3el< add/ess the difficult issues facin4 the
count/<.
>B? Those at least as old as Si6s a/e the onl< 7eo7le who cannot effecti3el<
add/ess the difficult issues facin4 the count/<.
>C? So6e <oun4 7eo7le can effecti3el< add/ess the difficult issues facin4 the
count/<.
>D? If an<one can effecti3el< add/ess the difficult issues facin4 the count/E? Add/essin4 the difficult issues facin4 the count/< /e@ui/es an unde/standin4 of
<oun4 7eo7le2s 7oints of 3iew.
8. Iolitical theo/ist1 The chief foundations of all 4o3e/n6ents a/e the le4al s<ste6
and the 7olice fo/ceG and as the/e cannot be a 4ood le4al s<ste6 whe/e the 7olice
a/e not well 7aid. It follows that whe/e the 7olice a/e well 7aid the/e will be 4ood
le4al s<ste6.
The /easonin4 in the a/4u6ent is not sound because it fails to establish that1
>A? 6an< 4o3e/n6ents with bad le4al s<ste6s ha3e 7oo/l< 7aid 7olice fo/ces
>B? bad 4o3e/n6ents with 4ood le4al s<ste6s 6ust ha3e 7oo/l< 7aid 7olice fo/ces
>C? a wellA7aid 7olice fo/ce cannot be effecti3e without a 4ood le4al s<ste6
>D? a wellA7aid 7olice fo/ce is sufficient to 4ua/antee a 4ood le4al s<ste6
>E? so6e bad 4o3e/n6ents ha3e 4ood le4al s<ste6s
&. Cou/t /eco/ds f/o6 6edie3al 5/ance show that in the <ea/s 1"$$ to 1#$$ the
nu6be/ of 7eo7le a//ested in the 5/ench /eal6 fo/ E3iolent inte/7e/sonal c/i6esF
>not co66itted in wa/s? inc/eased b< "$ 7e/cent o3e/ the nu6be/ of 7eo7le
a//ested fo/ such c/i6es in the <ea/s 1$$ to 1"$$. If the inc/ease was not the
/esult of false a//estsB the/efo/eB 6edie3al 5/ance had a hi4he/ le3el of
docu6ented inte/7e/sonal 3iolence in the <ea/s 1"$$ to 1#$$ than in the <ea/s
1$$ to 1"$$.
,hich one of the followin4 state6entsB if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< wea0ens the
a/4u6ent=
>A? In the <ea/s 1"$$ to 1#$$ the 5/ench 4o3e/n6ent2s cate4o/< of 3iolent c/i6es
GMAT . 'SAT C- !1
included an inc/easin4 3a/iet< of inte/7e/sonal c/i6es that a/e actuall<
non3iolent.
>B? Histo/ical accounts b< 6onastic ch/onicle/s in the <ea/s 1"$$ to 1#$$ a/e
filled with desc/i7tions of 3iolent attac0s co66itted b< 7eo7le li3in4 in the
5/ench /eal6.
>C? The nu6be/ of indi3idual a4/ee6ents between two 7eo7le in which the<
swo/e oaths not to attac0 each othe/ inc/eased substantiall< afte/ 1"$$.
>D? ,hen En4lish a/6ies t/ied to con@ue/ 7a/ts of 5/ance in the 6idA to late
1"$$sB 3iolence in the no/the/n 7/o3ince of )o/6and< and the southweste/n
7/o3ince of Gascon< inc/eased.
>E? The 7o7ulation of 6edical 5/ance inc/eased substantiall< du/in4 the fi/st fi3e
decades of the 1"$$sB until the deadl< bubonic 7la4ue deci6ated the
7o7ulation of 5/ance afte/ 1"#8.
1$. -hi9obiu6 bacte/ia li3in4 in the /oots of bean 7lants o/ othe/ le4u6es 7/oduce
fi8ed nit/o4en which is one of the essential 7lant nut/ients and which fo/ nonA
le4u6e c/o7sB such as wheatB no/6all< 6ust be su77lied b< a77lications of
nit/o4enAbased fe/tili9e/. So if biotechnolo4< succeeds in 7/oducin4 wheat st/ains
whose /oots will 7la< host to -hi9obiu6 bacte/iaB the need fo/ a/tificial fe/tili9e/s
will be /educed.
The a/4u6ent abo3e 6a0es which one of the followin4 assu67tions=
>A? Biotechnolo4< should be di/ected towa/d 7/oducin4 7lants that do not /e@ui/e
a/tificial fe/tili9e/.
>B? 5i8ed nit/o4en is cu//entl< the onl< soil nut/ient that 6ust be su77lied b<
a/tificial fe/tili9e/ fo/ 4/owin4 wheat c/o7s.
>C? The/e a/e no natu/all< occu//in4 st/ains of wheat o/ othe/ 4/asses that ha3e
-hi.obiu, bacte/ia li3in4 in thei/ /oots.
>D? 'e4u6es a/e cu//entl< the onl< c/o7s that 7/oduce thei/ own su77l< of fi8ed
nit/o4en.
>E? -hi.obiu, bacte/ia li3in4 in the /oots of wheat would 7/oduce fi8ed nit/o4en.
11. Cu//ent le4islation that /e@ui/es desi4nated sections fo/ s6o0e/s and nons6o0e/s
on the 7/e6ises of 7/i3atel< owned businesses is an int/usion into the 7/i3atel<
owned businesses is an int/usion into the 7/i3ate secto/ that cannot be ;ustified.
The fact that studies indicate that nons6o0e/s 6i4ht be ha/6ed b< inhalin4 the
s6o0e f/o6 othe/s2 ci4a/ettes is not the 6ain issue. -athe/B the 6ain issue
conce/ns the 4o3e/n6ent2s 3iolation of the /i4ht of 7/i3ate businesses to
dete/6ine thei/ own 7olicies and /ule.
,hich one of the followin4 is 7/inci7le thatB if acce7tedB could enable the
conclusion to be 7/o7e/l< d/awn=
>A? Go3e/n6ent int/usion into the 7olicies and /ules of 7/i3ate businesses is
;ustified onl< when indi3iduals 6i4ht be ha/6ed.
! 'SAT
>B? The /i4ht of indi3iduals to b/eathe safe ai/ su7e/sedes the /i4ht of businesses
to be f/ee f/o6 4o3e/n6ent int/usion.
>C? The /i4ht of businesses to selfAdete/6ination o3e//ides whate3e/ /i4ht o/ dut<
the 4o3e/n6ent 6a< ha3e to 7/otect the indi3idual.
>D? It is the dut< of 7/i3ate businesses to 7/otect e67lo<ees f/o6 ha/6 in the
wo/07lace.
>E? ,he/e the /i4hts of businesses and the dut< of 4o3e/n6ent conflictB the 6ain
issue is findin4 a successful co67/o6ise.
1. 'eachate is a solutionB f/e@uentl< hi4hl< conta6inatedB that de3elo7s when wate/
7e/6eates a landfill site. If and onl< if the landfill2s ca7acit< to hold li@uids is
e8ceeded does the leachate esca7e into the en3i/on6entB 4ene/all< in
un7/edictable @uantities. A 6ethod 6ust be found fo/ dis7osin4 of leachate. Most
landfill leachate is send di/ectl< to sewa4e t/eat6ent 7lantsB but not all sewa4e
7lants a/e ca7able of handlin4 the hi4hl< conta6inated wate/.
>A? The abilit< to 7/edict the 3olu6e of esca7in4 landfill leachate would hel7
sol3e the dis7osal 7/oble6.
>B? If an< wate/ 7e/6eates a landfillB leachate will esca7e into the en3i/on6ent.
>C? )o sewa4e t/eat6ent 7lants a/e ca7able of handlin4 leachate.
>D? So6e landfill leachate is send to sewa4e t/eat6ent 7lants that a/e inca7able of
handlin4 it.
>E? If leachate does not esca7e f/o6 a landfill into the en3i/on6entB then the
landfill2s ca7acit< to hold li@uids has not been e8ceeded.
1". The soa/in4 7/ices of schola/l< and scientific ;ou/nals ha3e fo/ced acade6ic
lib/a/ies used onl< b< acade6ic /esea/che/s to d/asticall< /educe thei/ list of
subsc/i7tions. So6e ha3e su44ested that in each acade6ic disci7line subsc/i7tion
decisions should be dete/6ined solel< b< a ;ou/nal2s usefulness in that disci7lineB
6easu/ed b< the f/e@uenc< with which it is cited in 7ublished w/itin4s b<
/esea/che/s in the disci7line.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< calls into @uestion the
su44estion desc/ibed abo3e=
>A? The nonacade6ic /eade/shi7 of a schola/l< o/ scientific ;ou/nal can be
accu/atel< 4au4ed b< the nu6be/ of ti6es a/ticles a77ea/in4 in it a/e cited in
dail< news7a7e/s and 7o7ula/ 6a4a9ines.
>B? The a3e/a4e len4th of a ;ou/nal a/ticle in so6e sciencesB such as 7h<sicsB is
less than half the a3e/a4e len4th of a ;ou/nal a/ticle in so6e othe/ acade6ic
disci7linesB such as histo/<.
>C? The inc/easin4l< e87ensi3e schola/l< ;ou/nals a/e less and less li0el< to be
a3ailable to the 4ene/al 7ublic f/o6 nonacade6ic 7ublic lib/a/ies.
>D? -esea/che/s often will not cite a ;ou/nal a/ticle that has influenced thei/ wo/0
GMAT . 'SAT C- !"
if the< thin0 that the ;ou/nal in which it a77ea/s is not hi4hl< /e4a/ded b< the
leadin4 /esea/che/s in the 6ainst/ea6 of the disci7line.
>E? In so6e acade6ic disci7linesB cont/o3e/sies which be4in in the 7a4es of one
;ou/nal s7ill o3e/ into a/ticles in othe/ ;ou/nals that a/e widel< /ead b<
/esea/che/s in the disci7line.
1#. The a3e/a4e le3el of fat in the blood of 7eo7le suffe/in4 f/o6 acute cases of
disease , is lowe/ than the a3e/a4e le3el fo/ the 7o7ulation as a whole.
)e3e/thelessB 6ost docto/s belie3e that /educin4 bloodAfat le3els is an effecti3e
wa< of 7/e3entin4 acute ,.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB does 6ost to ;ustif< this a77a/entl<
7a/ado8ical belief=
>A? The blood le3el of fat fo/ 7atients who ha3e been cu/ed of , is on a3e/a4e
the sa6e as that fo/ the 7o7ulation at la/4e.
>B? Se3e/al of the s<67to6s cha/acte/istic of acute , ha3e been 7/oduced in
labo/ato/< ani6als fed la/4e doses of a s<nthetic fat substituteB thou4h acute
, itself has not been 7/oduced in this wa<.
>C? The 7/o4/ession f/o6 latent to acute , can occu/ onl< when the a4ent that
causes acute , abso/bs la/4e @uantities of fat f/o6 the 7atient2s blood.
>D? The le3els of fat in the blood of 7atients who ha3e disease , /es7ond
abno/6all< slowl< to chan4es in dieta/< inta0e of fat.
>E? Hi4h le3els of fat in the blood a/e indicati3e of se3e/al diseases that a/e ;ust as
se/ious as ,.
1!. Ba0in4 fo/ winte/ holida<s is t/adition that 6a< ha3e a sound 6edical basis. In
6idwinte/B when da<s a/e sho/tB 6an< 7eo7le suffe/ f/o6 a s7ecific t<7e of
seasonal de7/ession caused b< lac0 of sunli4ht. Ca/boh<d/atesB both su4a/s and
sta/chesB boost the b/ain2s le3els of se/otoninB a neu/ot/ans6itte/ that i67/o3e the
6ood. In this /es7ectB ca/boh<d/ates act on the b/ain in the sa6e wa< as so6e
antide7/essants. ThusB eatin4 holida< coo0ies 6a< 7/o3ide an effecti3e fo/6 of
selfA7/esc/ibed 6edication.
>A? Seasonal de7/ession is one of the 6ost easil< t/eated fo/6s of de7/ession.
>B? 'ac0 of sunli4ht lowe/s the le3el of se/otonin in the b/ain.
>C? Ieo7le a/e 6o/e li0el< to be de7/essed in 6idwinte/ than at othe/ ti6es of the
<ea/.
>D? So6e antide7/essants act b< chan4in4 the b/ain2s le3el of se/otonin.
>E? -aisin4 the le3el of neu/ot/ans6itte/s in the b/ain effecti3el< /elie3es
de7/ession.
16. The cu//ent 7/o7osal to 4i3e colle4e students a b/oade/ choice in 7lannin4 thei/
own cou/ses of stud< should be abandoned. The students who a/e su77o/tin4 the
!# 'SAT
7/o7osal will ne3e/ be satisfiedB no 6atte/ what /e@ui/e6ents a/e established.
So6e of these students ha3e /eached thei/ thi/d <ea/ without decla/in4 a 6a;o/.
(ne fi/stA<ea/ student has failed to co67lete fou/ /e@ui/ed cou/ses. Se3e/al othe/s
ha3e indicated a se/ious indiffe/ence to 4/ades and intellectual achie3e6ent.
A flaw in the a/4u6ent is that it does which one of the followin4=
>A? a3oids the issue b< focusin4 on su77o/te/s of the 7/o7osal
>B? a/4ues ci/cula/l< b< assu6in4 the conclusion is t/ue in statin4 the 7/e6ises
>C? fails to define the c/itical te/6 EsatisfiedF
>D? disto/ts the 7/o7osal ad3ocated b< o77onents
>E? use/s the te/6 EstudentF e@ui3ocall<
Questions 1'-18
The @uestion whethe/ intelli4ent life e8ists elsewhe/e in the uni3e/se is ce/tainl<
i67/eciseB because we a/e not su/e how diffe/ent f/o6 us so6ethin4 6i4ht be and still
count as Eintelli4ent life.F :et we cannot ;ust decide to define Eintelli4ent lifeF in
so6e 6o/e 7/ecise wa< since it is li0el< that we will find and /eco4ni9e intelli4ent life
elsewhe/e in the uni3e/se onl< if we lea3e ou/ definitions o7en to newB uni6a4ined
7ossibilities.
1%. The a/4u6ent can 6ost /easonabl< be inte/7/eted as an ob;ection to which one of
the followin4 clai6s=
>A? The @uestion whethe/ intelli4ent life e8ists elsewhe/e in the uni3e/se is one
that will ne3e/ be co//ectl< answe/ed.
>B? ,hethe/ o/ not the/e is intelli4ent life elsewhe/e in the uni3e/seB ou/
unde/standin4 of intelli4ent life is li6ited.
>C? The @uestion about the e8istence of intelli4ent life elsewhe/e in the uni3e/se
6ust be 6ade 6o/e 7/ecise if we ho7e to answe/ it co//ectl<.
>D? The @uestion whethe/ the/e is intelli4ent life elsewhe/e in the uni3e/se is so
i67/ecise as to be 6eanin4less.
>E? The @uestion whethe/ the/e is intelli4ent life elsewhe/e in the uni3e/se is one
we should not s7end ou/ ti6e t/<in4 to answe/.
18. The 7assa4eB if seen as an ob;ection to an antecedent clai6B challen4es that clai6
b<1
>A? showin4 the clai6 to be i//ele3ant to the issue at hand
>B? citin4 e8a67les that fail to fit 7/o7osed definition of Eintelli4ent lifeF
>C? clai6in4 that Eintelli4ent lifeF cannot be ade@uatel< defined
>D? a/4uin4 that the clai6B if acted onB would be counte/7/oducti3e
>E? 6aintainin4 that the clai6 is not su77o/ted b< the a3ailable e3idence
1&. The efficienc< of 6ic/owa3e o3ens in dest/o<in4 the ha/6ful bacte/ia f/e@uentl<
found in co66on foods is di6inished b< the 7/esence of salt in the food bein4
GMAT . 'SAT C- !!
coo0ed. ,hen heated in a 6ic/owa3e o3enB the inte/io/ of unsalted food /eaches
te67e/atu/es hi4h enou4h to 0ill bacte/ia that cause food 7oisonin4B but the
inte/io/ of salted food does not. Scientists theo/i9e that salt effecti3el< bloc0s the
6ic/owa3es f/o6 heatin4 the inte/io/.
,hich one of the followin4 conclusions is 6ost su77o/ted b< the info/6ation
abo3e=
>A? The 0inds of bacte/ia that cause food 7oisonin4 a/e 6o/e li0el< to be found
on the e8te/io/ of food than in the inte/io/ of food.
>B? The incidence of se/ious food 7oisonin4 would be si4nificantl< /educed if
6ic/owa3e o3ens we/e not used b< consu6e/s to coo0 o/ /eheat food.
>C? The addition of salt to food that has been coo0ed o/ /eheated in a 6ic/owa3e
o3en can inc/ease the dan4e/ of food 7oisonin4.
>D? The dan4e/ of food 7oisonin4 can be lessened if salt is not used to 7/e7a/e
foods that a/e to be coo0ed in a 6ic/owa3e o3en.
>E? Salt is the 7/i6a/< cause of food 7oisonin4 /esultin4 f/o6 food that is heated
in 6ic/owa3e o3ens.
$. Ia6ela1 Business has an inte/est in enablin4 e67lo<ees to ca/e fo/ child/enB
because those child/en will be the custo6e/sB e67lo<eesB and 6ana4e/s of the
futu/e. The/efo/eB businesses should ado7t 7oliciesB such as da<Aca/e benefits that
facilitate 7a/entin4.
'ee1 )o indi3idual co67an<B thou4hB will be 7at/oni9edB staffedB and 6ana4ed
onl< b< its own e67lo<ees2 child/enB so it would not be to a co67an<2s ad3anta4e
to 7/o3ide such benefits to e67lo<ees2 child/enB so it would not be to a
co67an<2s ad3anta4e to 7/o3ide such benefits to e67lo<ees when othe/
co67anies do not.
In which one of the followin4 7ai/s consistin4 of a/4u6ent and ob;ection does the
ob;ection function 6ost si6ila/l< to the wa< 'ee2s ob;ection functions in /elation
to Ia6ela2s a/4u6ent=
>A? )ew /oads will not se/3e to /elie3e this a/ea2s t/affic con4estionB because new
/oads would encou/a4e new const/uction and 4ene/ate additional t/affic.
(b;ection1 5ailu/e to build new /oads would 6ean that t/affic con4estion
would st/an4le the a/ea e3en ea/lie/.
>B? Hu6anit< needs clean ai/ to b/eatheB so each 7e/son should 6a0e an effo/t
a3oid 7ollutin4 the ai/.
(b;ection1 The ai/ one 7e/son b/eathes is affected 6ainl< b< 7ollution
caused b< othe/sB so it 6a0es no sense to act alone to cu/b ai/ 7ollution.
>C? Ad3e/tised discounts on 7/oducts d/aw custo6e/s2 attention to the 7/oducts
so ad3e/tised discounts benefit sales.
(b;ection1 Custo6e/s al/ead< 7lannin4 to 7u/chase a 7/oduct accele/ate
bu<in4 to ta0e ad3anta4e of ad3e/tised discountsB and those subse@uent sales
!6 'SAT
suffe/.
>D? If 7eo7le alwa<s told liesB then no one would 0now what the t/uth wasB so
7eo7le should alwa<s tell the t/uth.
(b;ection1 If 7eo7le alwa<s told liesB then e3e/<one would 0now that the
t/uth was the o77osite of what was said.
>E? Hu6an social institutions ha3e alwa<s chan4ed. So e3en if we do not 0now
what those chan4es will beB we do 0now that the social institutions of the
futu/e will diffe/ f/o6 those of the 7ast.
(b;ection1 The e8istence of chan4e in the 7ast does not ensu/e that the/e
will alwa<s be chan4e in the futu/e.
1. Ied/o1 Dnli0e cloth dia7e/sB dis7osable dia7e/s a/e a th/eat to the en3i/on6ent.
Si8teen billion dis7osable dia7e/s a/e disca/ded annuall<B fillin4 u7 landfills at an
ala/6in4 /ate. So 7eo7le 6ust sto7 bu<in4 dis7osable dia7e/s and use cloth
dia7e/s.
Ma/ia1 But <ou fo/4et that cloth dia7e/s 6ust be washed in hot wate/B which
/e@ui/es ene/4<. Mo/eo3e/B the /esultin4 wastewate/ 7ollutes ou/ /i3e/s. ,hen
fa6ilies use dia7e/ se/3icesB dia7e/s 6ust be deli3e/ed b< fuelAbu/nin4 t/uc0s that
7ollute the ai/ and add to t/affic con4estion.
Ma/ia ob;ects to Ied/o2s a/4u6ent b<
>A? clai6in4 that Ied/o o3e/states the ne4ati3e e3idence about dis7osable dia7e/s
in the cou/se of his a/4u6ent in fa3o/ of cloth dia7e/s
>B? indicatin4 that Ied/o d/aws a hast< conclusionB based on inade@uate e3idence
about cloth dia7e/s
>C? 7ointin4 out that the/e is an a6bi4uous use of the wo/d Edis7osableF in
Ied/o2s a/4u6ent
>D? de6onst/atin4 that cloth dia7e/s a/e a fa/ 6o/e se/ious th/eat to the
en3i/on6ent than dis7osable dia7e/s a/e
>E? su44estin4 that the econo6ic ad3anta4es of cloth dia7e/s outwei4h whate3e/
en3i/on6ental da6a4e the< 6a< cause
. In an e87e/i6entB twoA<ea/Aold bo<s and thei/ fathe/s 6ade 7ie dou4h to4ethe/
usin4 /ollin4 7ins and othe/ utensils. Each fathe/Ason 7ai/ used a /ollin4 7in that
was distincti3el< diffe/ent f/o6 those used b< the othe/ fathe/Ason 7ai/sB and each
fathe/ /e7eated the 7h/ase E/ollin4 7inF each ti6e his son used it. But when the
child/en we/e as0ed to identif< all of the /ollin4 7ins a6on4 a 4/ou7 of 0itchen
utensils that included se3e/al /ollin4 7insB each child 7ic0ed onl< the one that he
had used.
,hich one of the followin4 infe/ences is 6ost su77o/ted b< the info/6ation
abo3e=
>A? The child/en did not 4/as7 the function of /ollin4 7in.
>B? )o two child/en unde/stood the na6e E/ollin4 7inF to a77l< to the sa6e
GMAT . 'SAT C- !%
ob;ect.
>C? The child/en unde/stood that all /ollin4 7ins ha3e the sa6e 4ene/al sha7e.
>D? Each child was able to identif< co//ectl< onl< the utensils that he had used.
>E? The child/en we/e not able to distin4uish the /ollin4 7ins the< used f/o6 othe/
/ollin4 7ins.
". ,hen 1$$ 7eo7le who ha3e not used cocaine a/e tested fo/ cocaine useB on
a3e/a4e onl< ! will test 7ositi3e. B< cont/astB of e3e/< 1$$ 7eo7le who ha3e used
cocaine && will test 7ositi3e. ThusB when a /ando6l< chosen 4/ou7 of 7eo7le is
tested fo/ cocaine useB the 3ast 6a;o/it< of those who test 7ositi3e will be 7eo7le
who ha3e used cocaine.
A /easonin4 e//o/ in the a/4u6ent is that the a/4u6ent
>A? atte67ts to infe/ a 3alue ;ud46ent f/o6 7u/el< factual 7/e6ises
>B? att/ibutes to e3e/< 6e6be/ of the 7o7ulation the 7/o7e/ties of the a3e/a4e
6e6be/ of the 7o7ulation
>C? fails to ta0e into account what 7/o7o/tion of the 7o7ulation ha3e used cocaine
>D? i4no/es the fact that so6e cocaine use/s do not test 7ositi3e
>E? ad3ocates testin4 7eo7le fo/ cocaine use when the/e is no /eason to sus7ect
that the< ha3e used cocaine
#. If a societ< encou/a4es f/eedo6 of thou4ht and e87/essionB thenB du/in4 the ti6e
when it does soB c/eati3it< will flou/ish in that societ<. In the Dnited States
c/eati3it< flou/ished du/in4 the ei4hteenth centu/<. It is clea/B the/efo/eB that
f/eedo6 of thou4ht was encou/a4ed in the Dnited States du/in4 the ei4hteenth
centu/<.
An e//o/ of /easonin4 of the sa6e 0ind as one contained in the 7assa4e is 7/esent
in each of the followin4 a/4u6ents EHCEIT1
>A? Acco/din4 to the ai/line indust/B? ,e can conclude that the Hillside 7olice de7a/t6ent has i67/o3ed its
efficiencC? Ieo7le who a/e /eall< inte/ested in the 7/ese/3ation of wildlife ob3iousl< do
not 4o huntin4 fo/ bi4 4a6eG since Ge/da has ne3e/ 4one huntin4 fo/ bi4
4a6e and intends ne3e/ to do soB it is clea/ that she is /eall< inte/ested in the
7/ese/3ation of wildlife.
>D? If the contents of a bottle a/e safe to d/in0B the bottle will not be 6a/0ed
E7oisonBF soB since the bottle is not 6a/0ed E7oisonBF its contents will be safe
to d/in0.
>E? )one of the soAcalled ,este/n de6oc/acies is /eall< de6oc/aticB becauseB fo/
!8 'SAT
a count/< to be de6oc/aticB the o7inion of each of its citi9ens 6ust ha3e a
6eanin4ful effect on 4o3e/n6entB and in none of these count/ies does each
citi9en2s o7inion ha3e such an effect.
SECTI() I*
1. ,ith the 7assa4e of the new ta8 /efo/6 lawB the annual ta8 bu/den on lowAinco6e
ta87a<e/s will be /educedB on a3e/a4eB b< an<whe/e f/o6 L1$$ to L"$$. Clea/lA? Ta8 /efo/6B b< si67lif<in4 the ta8 codeB will sa3e 6an< 7eo7le the e87ense
of ha3in4 an accountant do thei/ ta8es.
>B? Ta8 /efo/6B b< eli6inatin4 ta8 incenti3es to build /ental housin4B will 7ush u7
/ents an a3e/a4e of about L#$ 7e/ 6onth fo/ lowAinco6e ta87a<e/s.
>C? 'owAinco6e ta87a<e/s ha3e consistentl< 3oted fo/ those 7olitical candidates
who a/e st/on4 ad3ocates of ta8 /efo/6.
>D? The new ta8 /efo/6 laws will 7e/6it low and 6iddleAinco6e ta87a<e/s to
deduct childAca/e e87enses f/o6 thei/ ta8es.
>E? Dnde/ the new ta8 /efo/6 lawsB 6an< lowAinco6e ta87a<e/s who now 7a<
ta8es will no lon4e/ be /e@ui/ed to do so.
. If we a/e to e87and the e87lo/ation of ou/ sola/ s<ste6B ou/ ne8t 6anned fli4ht
should be to IhobosB one of Ma/s2s 6oonsB /athe/ than to Ma/s itself. The fli4ht
ti6es to each a/e the sa6eB but the Ihobos e87edition would /e@ui/e less than half
the fuel load of a Ma/s e87edition and wouldB the/efo/eB be 6uch less costl<. SoB
it is clea/ that Ihobos should be ou/ ne8t ste7 in S7ace e87lo/ation.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost hel7 to e87lain the diffe/ence in
fuel /e@ui/e6ent=
>A? Mo/e e@ui76ent would be /e@ui/ed to e87lo/e Ihobos than to e87lo/e Ma/s.
>B? S6alle/ s7aceshi7s /e@ui/e less fuel than la/4e/ s7aceshi7s.
>C? Info/6ation lea/ned du/in4 the t/i7 to Ihobos can be used du/in4 a
subse@uent t/i7 to Ma/s.
>D? The sho/test distance between Ihobos and Ma/s is less than half the sho/test
distance Between Ea/th and Ma/s.
>E? 'iftAoff fo/ the /etu/n t/i7 f/o6 Ihobos /e@ui/es 6uch less fuel than that f/o6
Ma/s because of Ihobos wea0e/ 4/a3itational 7ull.
". Scientific /esea/ch that in3ol3es inte/national collabo/ation has 7/oduced 7a7e/s
of 4/eate/ influence. As 6easu/ed b< the nu6be/ of ti6es a 7a7e/ is cited in
subse@uent 7a7e/sB than has /esea/ch without an< collabo/ation. Ia7e/s that /esult
GMAT . 'SAT C- !&
f/o6 inte/national collabo/ation a/e cited an a3e/a4e of se3en ti6esB whe/eas
7a7e/s with sin4le autho/s a/e cited onl< th/ee ti6es on a3e/a4e. This diffe/ence
shows that /esea/ch 7/o;ects conducted b< inte/national /esea/ch tea6s a/e of
4/eate/ i67o/tance than those conducted b< sin4le /esea/che/s.
,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion on which the a/4u6ent de7ends=
>A? I/olific w/ite/s can inflate the nu6be/ of citations the< /ecei3e b< citin4
the6sel3es in subse@uent 7a7e/s.
>B? It is 7ossible to asce/tain whethe/ o/ not a 7a7e/ is the 7/oduct of inte/national
collabo/ation b< dete/6inin4 the nu6be/ of citations it has /ecei3ed.
>C? The nu6be/ of citations a 7a7e/ /ecei3es is a 6easu/e of the i67o/tance of
the /esea/ch it /e7o/ts.
>D? The collabo/ati3e effo/ts of scientists who a/e citi9ens of the sa6e count/< do
not 7/oduce 7a7e/s that a/e as i67o/tant as 7a7e/s that a/e 7/oduced b<
inte/national collabo/ation.
>E? Inte/national /esea/ch tea6s tend to be 6o/e 4ene/ousl< funded than a/e
sin4le /esea/che/s.
#. It is 6o/e desi/able to ha3e so6e fo/6 of sociali9ed 6edicine than a s<ste6 of
6edical ca/e /el<in4 on the 7/i3ate secto/. Sociali9ed 6edicine is 6o/e b/oadl<
accessible than is 7/i3ateAsecto/ s<ste6. In additionB since count/ies with
sociali9ed 6edicine ha3e a lowe/ infant 6o/alit< /ate than do count/ies with a
s<ste6 /el<in4 enti/el< on the 7/i3ate secto/B sociali9ed 6edicine see6s to be
technolo4icall< su7e/io/.
,hich one of the followin4 best indicates a flaw in the a/4u6ent about the
technolo4ical su7e/io/it< of sociali9ed 6edicine=
>A? The lowe/ infant 6o/talit< /ate 6i4ht be due to the s<ste6s allowin4 4/eate/
access to 6edical ca/e.
>B? The/e is no necessa/< connection between the econo6ic s<ste6 of socialis6
and technolo4ical achie3e6ent.
>C? Infant 6o/talit< is a /eliable indicato/ of the @ualit< of 6edical ca/e fo/
child/en.
>D? )o list is 7/esented of the count/ies whose infant 6o/talit< statistics a/e
su66a/i9ed unde/ the two cate4o/iesB Esociali9edF and E7/i3ateAsecto/.F
>E? The a/4u6ent 7/esu77oses the desi/abilit< of sociali9ed 6edicineB which is
what the a/4u6ent see0s to establish.
!. Most 7a/ents who a/e 4ene/ous a/e 4ood 7a/entsB but so6e selfAcente/ed 7a/ents
a/e also 4ood 7a/ents. :et all 4ood 7a/ents sha/e one cha/acte/istic1 the< a/e 4ood
listene/s.
If all of the state6ents in the 7assa4e a/e t/ueB which one of the followin4 6ust
also be t/ue=
>A? All 7a/ents who a/e 4ood listene/s a/e 4ood 7a/ents.
6$ 'SAT
>B? So6e 7a/ents who a/e 4ood listene/s a/e not 4ood 7a/ent.
>C? Most 7a/ents who a/e 4ood listene/s a/e 4ene/ous.
>D? So6e 7a/ents who a/e 4ood listene/s a/e selfAcente/ed.
>E? 5ewe/ selfAcente/ed 7a/ents than 4ene/ous 7a/ents a/e 4ood listene/s.
6. 'ou/des1 Dieta/< fibe/ is an i67o/tant 7a/t of a healthful diet. E87e/ts /eco66end
that adults consu6e $ to "! 4/a6s of fibe/ a da<.
M</a1 But a dail< inta0e of fibe/ that is si4nificantl< abo3e that /eco66ended
le3el inte/fe/es with 6ine/al abso/7tionB es7eciall< the abso/7tion of calciu6. The
7ublic should be told to cut bac0 on fibe/ inta0e
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost unde/6ines M</a2s /eco66endation=
>A? A6on4 adultsB the a3e/a4e consu67tion of dieta/< fibe/ is at 7/esent
a77/o8i6atel< 1$ 4/a6s a da<.
>B? The 6o/e a food is 7/ocessedB the 6o/e the fibe/ is b/o0en down and the
lowe/ the fibe/ content.
>C? Man< foodstuffs that a/e e8cellent sou/ces of fibe/ a/e econo6ical and /eadil<
a3ailable.
>D? Ade@uate calciu6 inta0e hel7s 7/e3ent the dec/ease in bone 6ass 0nown as
osteo7o/osis.
>E? Man< foodstuffs that a/e e8cellent sou/ces of fibe/ a/e 7o7ula/ with
consu6e/s.
%. A ce/tain /etaile/ 7/o6otes 6e/chandise b< usin4 the followin4 7olic<1
At all ti6es the/e is eithe/ a E6ana4e/2s saleF o/ a Eholida< saleF o/ both 4oin4
on. All sales a/e /un fo/ e8actl< one calenda/ 6onth. In an< 4i3en 6onthB if a
6ana4e/ wishes to clea/ out 7a/ticula/ line of 6e/chandiseB then a 6ana4e/s2 sale
is decla/ed. If a holida< falls within the calenda/ 6onth and the/e is e8cess
6e/chandise in the wa/ehouseB then a holida< sale is decla/ed.
Howe3e/B the/e is no holida< that falls within the 6onth of Au4ust andB in that
6onthB the wa/ehouse ne3e/ contains e8cess 6e/chandise.
,hich one of the followin4 can be concluded f/o6 the 7assa4e=
>A? If a holida< falls within a 4i3en 6onth and the/e is no e8t/a 6e/chandise in
the wa/ehouse that 6onthB then a holida< sale is decla/ed.
>B? If a holida< sale is not bein4 /unB then it is the 6onth of Au4ust.
>C? If a 6an4e/2s sale is bein4 /un in so6e 6onthB then the/e is no e8cess
6e/chandise in the wa/ehouse in that 6onth.
>D? If the/e is not a 6an4e/2s sale bein4 /un so6e 6onthB then the/e is holida<
sale bein4 /un in that 6onth.
>E? If the/e is no e8cess 6e/chandise in the wa/ehouseB then it is the 6onth of
Au4ust.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 61
8. I/o6inent business e8ecuti3es often 7la< acti3e /oles in Dnited States
7/esidential ca67ai4ns as fund/aise/s o/ bac0/oo6 st/ate4ists. But few actuall<
see0 to beco6e 7/esident the6sel3es. Th/ou4hout histo/< the 4/eat 6a;o/it< of
those who ha3e sou4ht to beco6e 7/esident ha3e been 'aw<e/sB 6ilita/< leade/sB
o/ fullAti6e 7oliticians. This is unde/standableB fo/ the 7e/sonalit< and s0ills that
6a0e fo/ success in business do not 6a0e fo/ success in 7olitics. Business is
la/4el< hie/a/chicalB whe/eas 7olitics is coo/dinati3e. As a /esultB business
e8ecuti3es tend to be unco6fo/table with co67/o6ises and 7owe/ sha/in4B which
a/e inhe/ent in 7olities.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< wea0ens the 7/o7osed
e87lanation of wh< business e8ecuti3es do not /un fo/ 7/esident=
>A? Man< of the 6ost acti3e 7/esidential fund/aise/s and bac0/oo6 st/ate4ists a/e
the6sel3es 7oliticians.
>B? Milita/< leade/s a/e 4ene/all< no 6o/e co6fo/table with co67/o6ises and
7owe/ sha/in4 than a/e business e8ecuti3es.
>C? So6e of the s0ills needed to beco6e a successful law<e/ a/e diffe/ent f/o6
so6e of those needed to beco6e a successful 6ilita/< leade/.
>D? So6e fo/6e/ 7/esidents ha3e en4a4ed in business 3entu/es afte/ lea3in4
office.
>E? So6e hie/a/chicall< st/uctu/ed co67anies ha3e been 6a;o/ financial
su77o/te/s of candidates fo/ 7/esident.
&. A scientific theo/< is a 4ood theo/< if it satisfies two /e@ui/e6ents1 It 6ust
accu/atel< desc/ibe a la/4e class of obse/3ations in te/6s of a 6odel that is si67le
enou4h to contain onl< a few ele6entsB and it 6ust 6a0e definite 7/edictions
about the /esults of futu/e obse/3ations. 5o/ e8a67leB A/istotle2s cos6olo4ical
theo/<B which clai6ed that e3e/<thin4 was 6ade out of fou/ ele6entsKea/thB ai/B
fi/eB and wate/Ksatisfied the fi/st /e@ui/e6entB but it did not 6a0e an< definite
7/ediction. ThusB A/istotle2s cos6olo4ical theo/< was not a 4ood theo/<.
If all the state6ents in the 7assa4e a/e t/ueB each of the followin4 6ust also be
t/ue EHCEIT1
>A? I/ediction about the /esults of futu/e obse/3ations 6ust be 6ade b< an< 4ood
scientific theo/<.
>B? (bse/3ation of 7h<sical 7heno6ena was not a 6a;o/ conce/n in A/istotle2s
cos6olo4ical theo/<.
>C? 5ou/ ele6ents can be the basis of a scientific 6odel that is si67le enou4h to
6eet the si67licit< c/ite/ion of a 4ood theo/<.
>D? A scientific 6odel that contains 6an< ele6ents is not a 4ood theo/<.
>E? A/istotle2s cos6olo4ical theo/< desc/ibed a la/4e class of obse/3ations in
te/6s of onl< fou/ ele6ents.
1$. Millions of i//e7laceable e8hibits in natu/al histo/< 6useu6s a/e cu//entl<
6 'SAT
allowed to deca<. :et without anal<ses of e44s f/o6 6useu6sB the studies lin0in4
7esticides with the decline of bi/ds of 7/e< would ha3e been i67ossible.
The/efo/eB funds 6ust be /aised to 7/ese/3e at least those e8hibits that will be
6ost 3aluable to science in the futu/e.
The a/4u6ent 7/esu77oses that
>A? if a 6useu6 e8hibit is i//e7laceableB its 7/ese/3ation is of an i67o/tance that
o3e//ides econo6ic conside/ations
>B? the scientific anal<sis of 6useu6 e8hibits can be 7e/fo/6ed in nondest/ucti3e
wa<
>C? e44s of e8tinct s7ecies should be anal<9ed to inc/ease 0nowled4e of 4enetic
/elationshi7s a6on4 s7ecies
>D? it can be 0nown at this ti6e what data will be of 6ost use to scientific
in3esti4ato/s in the futu/e
>E? the deca< of o/4anic 6ate/ial in natu/al histo/< e8hibits is natu/al and cannot
be 7/e3ented
11. Co67a/ed to non7/ofit hos7itals of the sa6e si9eB in3esto/Aowned hos7itals
/e@ui/e less 7ublic in3est6ent in the fo/6 of ta8 b/ea0sB use fewe/ e67lo<eesB
and ha3e hi4he/ occu7anc< le3els. It can the/efo/e be concluded that in3esto/A
owned hos7itals a/e a bette/ wa< of deli3e/in4 6edical ca/e than a/e non7/ofit
hos7itals.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost unde/6ines the conclusion d/awn
abo3e=
>A? )on7/ofit hos7itals cha/4e 6o/e 7e/ bed than do in3esto/Aowned hos7itals.
>B? Iatients in non7/ofit hos7itals /eco3e/ 6o/e @uic0l< than don 7atients with
co67a/able illnesses in in3esto/Aowned hos7itals.
>C? )on7/ofit hos7itals do 6o/e fund/aisin4 than do in3esto/Aowned hos7itals.
>D? Docto/s at non7/ofit hos7itals ea/n hi4he/ sala/ies than do si6ila/l< @ualified
docto/s at in3esto/Aowned hos7itals.
>E? )on7/ofit hos7itals /ecei3e 6o/e donations than do in3esto/Aowned hos7itals.
1. The ancient E4<7tian 7ha/aoh A0henatenB who had a 7/ofound effect du/in4 his
lifeti6e on E4<7tian a/t and /eli4ionB was well lo3ed and hi4hl< /es7ected b< his
sub;ects. ,e 0now this f/o6 the fie/ce lo<alt< show to hi6 b< his 7alace 4ua/dsB
as docu6ented in /e7o/ts w/itten du/in4 A0henaten2s /ei4n.
A @uestionable techni@ue used in the a/4u6ent is to
>A? int/oduce info/6ation that actuall< cont/adicts the conclusion
>B? /el< on e3idence that in 7/inci7le would be i67ossible to challen4e
>C? 6a0e a 4ene/ali9ation based on a sa67le that is li0el< to be un/e7/esentati3e
>D? de7end on the a6bi4uit< of the te/6 EancientF
>E? a77l< 7/esentAda< standa/ds in an ina77/o7/iate wa< to ancient ti6es
GMAT . 'SAT C- 6"
1". Ih<sician1 The 7atient is suffe/in4 eithe/ f/o6 disease H o/ else f/o6 disease :B
but the/e is no a3ailable test fo/ distin4uishin4 H f/o6 :. The/efo/eB since the/e is
an effecti3e t/eat6ent fo/ : but no t/eat6ent fo/ HB we 6ust act on the
assu67tion that the 7atient has a case of :.
The 7h<sician2s /easonin4 could be based on which one of the followin4
7/inci7les=
>A? In t/eatin4 a 7atient who has one o/ the othe/ of two diseasesB it is 6o/e
i67o/tant to t/eat the diseases than to dete/6ine which of the two diseases
the 7atient has.
>B? If ci/cu6stances be<ond a decision 6a0e/2s cont/ol will affect the outco6e of
the decision 6a0e/2s actionsB the decision 6a0e/ 6ust assu6e that
ci/cu6stances a/e unfa3o/able.
>C? ,hen the soundness of a st/ate4< de7ends on the t/uth of a ce/tain
assu67tionB the fi/st ste7 in 7uttin4 the st/ate4< into effect 6ust be to test the
t/uth of this assu67tion.
>D? ,hen success is 7ossible onl< if a ci/cu6stance be<ond one2s cont/ol is
fa3o/ableB then one2s st/ate4< 6ust be based on the assu67tion that this
ci/cu6stance is in fact fa3o/able.
>E? ,hen onl< one st/ate4< ca//ies the 7ossibilit< of successB ci/cu6stances 6ust
as 6uch as 7ossible be chan4ed to fit this st/ate4<.
1#. Consu6e/ ad3ocate1 T/o7ical oils a/e hi4h in satu/ated fatsB which inc/ease the
/is0 of hea/t disease. 5o/tunatel<B in 6ost 7/e7a/ed food t/o7ical oils can be
/e7laced b< healthie/ alte/nati3es without noticeabl< affectin4 taste. The/efo/eB
intensi3e 7ublicit< about the disad3anta4e of t/o7ical oils will be li0el< to /esult
in dieta/< chan4es that will di6inish 6an< 7eo7le2s /is0 of de3elo7in4 hea/t
disease.
)ut/itionist1 The 6a;o/ sou/ces of satu/ated fat in the a3e/a4e )o/th A6e/ican
diet a/e 6eatB 7oult/<B and dai/< 7/oductsB not t/o7ical oils. ThusB focusin4
attention on the health ha9a/ds of t/o7ical oils would be counte/7/oducti3eB
because it would encou/a4e 7eo7le to belie3e that 6o/e substantial dieta/<
chan4es a/e unnecessa/<.
,hich one of the followin4 is a 7oint at issue between the nut/itionist and the
consu6e/ ad3ocate=
>A? ,hethe/ a diet that /e4ula/l< includes la/4e @uantities of t/o7ical oil can
inc/ease the /is0 of hea/t disease.
>B? ,hethe/ intensi3e 7ublicit< ca67ai4ns can be effecti3e as 6eans of chan4in4
7eo7le2s eatin4 habits.
>C? ,hethe/ 6o/e 7eo7le in )o/th A6e/ican would benefit f/o6 /educin4 the
a6ount of 6eat the< consu6e than would benefit f/o6 eli6inatin4 t/o7ical
oils f/o6 thei/ diets.
>D? ,hethe/ so6e 7eo7le2s diets could be 6ade si4nificantl< healthie/ if the<
6# 'SAT
/e7laced all t/o7ical oils with 3e4etable oils that a/e si4nificantl< lowe/ in
satu/ated fat.
>E? ,hethe/ conductin4 a 7ublicit< ca67ai4n that b< focusin4 on the health
ha9a/ds of t/o7ical oils 7e/suades 7eo7le to /e7lace such oils with healthie/
alte/nati3es is a 4ood 7ublicAhealth st/ate4<.
1!. Ieo7le who ta0e what othe/s /e4a/d as a /idiculous 7osition should not bothe/ to
sa<B EI 6ean e3e/< wo/dJF 5o/ eithe/ thei/ 7osition t/ul< is /idiculousB in which
case insistin4 that the< a/e se/ious about it onl< e87oses the6 to dee7e/
e6ba//ass6entB o/ else thei/ 7osition has 6e/itB in which case the< should 6eet
disbelief with /ational a/4u6ent /athe/ than with assu/ances of thei/ since/it<.
,hich one of the followin4 a/4u6ents is 6ost si6ila/ in its /easonin4 to the
a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? A 7/actice that has been denounced as 7oo/ 7/actice should not be defended
on the 4/ounds that Ethis is how we ha3e alwa<s done it.F If the 7/actice is a
7oo/ oneB so 6uch the wo/se that it has been e8tensi3el< usedG if it is not
7oo/ oneB the/e 6ust be a bette/ /eason fo/ en4a4in4 in it than ine/tia.
>B? Ieo7le who a/e as0ed wh< the< eat so6e of the unusual foods the< eat should
not answe/B Ebecause that is what I li0e.F This so/t of answe/ will sound
eithe/ nai3e o/ e3asi3e and thus will satisf< no one.
>C? Ieo7le whose taste in clothes is bein4 c/itici9ed should not /e7laD? Schola/s who cha67ion un7o7ula/ new theo/ies should not assu6e that the
wides7/ead /e;ection of thei/ ideas shows that the< E6ust be on the /i4ht
t/ac0.F The t/uth is that few theo/ies of an< conse@uence a/e eithe/ wholl<
/i4ht o/ wholl< w/on4 and thus the/e is no substitute fo/ 7atient wo/0s in
asce/tainin4 which 7a/ts a/e /i4ht.
>E? Ieo7le who set the6sel3es 4oals that othe/s denounce as o3e/l< a6bitious do
little to silence thei/ c/itics if the< sa<B EI can acco67lish this if an<one can.F
-athe/B those 7eo7le should eithe/ ad6it that thei/ c/itics a/e /i4ht o/ not
di4nif< the c/iticis6 with an< /e7l<.
16. Concetta1 5/anchot was a 4/eat w/ite/ because she was ahead of he/ ti6e in
unde/standin4 that indust/iali9ation was ta0in4 an unconscionable toll on the
fa6il< st/uctu/e of the wo/0in4 class.
Alicia1 5/anchot was not a 4/eat w/ite/. The 6a/0 of a 4/eat w/ite/ is the abilit< to
6o3e 7eo7le with the 7owe/ of the w/itten wo/dB not the abilit< to be a6on4 the
fi/st to 4/as7 a social issue. BesidesB the social conse@uences of indust/iali9ation
we/e widel< unde/stood in 5/anchot2s da<.
In he/ disa4/ee6ent with ConcettaB Alicia does which one of the followin4=
>A? acce7ts Concetta2s c/ite/ion and then adds e3idence to Concetta2s case
GMAT . 'SAT C- 6!
>B? disc/edits Concetta2s e3idence and then 4ene/ali9es f/o6 new e3idence
>C? /e;ects Concetta2s c/ite/ion and then dis7utes a s7ecific clai6
>D? dis7utes Concetta2s conclusion and then 7/esents facts in su77o/t of an
alte/nati3e c/ite/ion
>E? attac0s one of Concetta2s clai6s and then c/itici9es the st/uctu/e of he/
a/4u6ent
Questions 1'-18
Qelda1 D/. 'adlowB a /esea/ch 7s<cholo4istB has con3incin4l< de6onst/ated that his
theo/< about the dete/6inants of /at beha3io/ 4ene/ates consistentl< accu/ate
7/edictions about how /ats will 7e/fo/6 in a 6a9e. (n the basis of this e3idenceB D/.
'adlow has clai6ed that his theo/< is i//efutabl< co//ect.
Anson1 Then D/. 'adlow is not /es7onsible 7s<cholo4ist. D/. 'adlow2s e3idence does
not conclusi3el< 7/o3e that his theo/< is co//ect. -es7onsible 7s<cholo4ists alwa<s
acce7t the 7ossibilit< that new e3idence will show that thei/ theo/ies a/e inco//ect.
1%. ,hich one of the followin4 can be 7/o7e/l< infe//ed f/o6 Anson2s a/4u6ent=
>A? D/. 'adlow2s e3idence that his theo/< 4ene/ates consistentl< accu/ate
7/edictions about how /ates will 7e/fo/6 in a 6a9e is inaccu/ate.
>B? Is<cholo4ists who can de/i3e consistentl< accu/ate 7/edictions about how /ats
will 7e/fo/6 in a 6a9e f/o6 thei/ theo/ies cannot /es7onsibl< conclude that
those theo/ies cannot be dis7/o3ed.
>C? )o 6atte/ how /es7onsible 7s<cholo4ists a/eB the< can ne3e/ de3elo7 co//ect
theo/etical e87lanations.
>D? -es7onsible 7s<cholo4ists do not 6a0e 7/edictions about how /ats will
7e/fo/6 in a 6a9e.
>E? Is<cholo4ists who acce7t the 7ossibilit< that new e3idence will show that
thei/ theo/ies a/e inco//ect a/e /es7onsible 7s<cholo4ists.
18. Anson bases his conclusion about D/. 'adlow on which one of the followin4=
>A? an attac0 on D/. 'adlow2s cha/acte/
>B? the a77lication of a 4ene/al 7/inci7le
>C? the use of an a6bi4uous te/6
>D? the disc/editin4 of facts
>E? the /e;ection of a theo/etical e87lanation
1&. S6ith1 Meat in the diet is healthA? attac0in4 the o77onents2 6oti3es instead of thei/ a/4u6ent
>B? 4ene/ali9in4 on the basis of a sa67le consistin4 of a t<7ical cases
66 'SAT
>C? assu6in4 at the outset what the a/4u6ent clai6s to establish th/ou4h
/easonin4
>D? a77ealin4 to autho/itE? ta0in4 fo/ 4/anted that e87e/ts do not act counte/ to whatB acco/din4 to thei/
e87e/tiseB in thei/ best inte/est
$. The /ise in the 7/os7e/it< of En4land subse@uent to 18#$ can be att/ibuted to the
ado7tion of the 7olic< of f/ee t/adeB since econo6ic conditions i67/o3ed onl<
when that 7olic< had been i67le6ented.
The /easonin4 in the abo3e a/4u6ent 6ost closel< 7a/allels that in which one of
the followin4=
>A? An e8hausti3e sea/ch of the 6a/shes last <ea/ /e3ealed no si4n of 6a/sh
haw0sB so it can be assu6ed that a si6ila/ sea/ch this <ea/ would /e3eal
e@uall< little si4n of that 0ind of bi/d.
>B? Buildin4 a ci/cula/ b<7ass /oad a/ound Ilainfield 7/obabl< hel7ed the flow of
local t/affic in the town cente/B since a ci/cula/ b<7ass /oad 4ene/all< cuts a
cit<2s th/ou4h t/affic 6a/0edl<.
>C? Befo/e the ban0s /aised thei/ inte/est /atesB 7eo7le on a3e/a4e inco6es could
al6ost affo/d a 6o/t4a4e fo/ an a6ount twice thei/ sala/<. Hence the /ate
inc/ease has now 7ut 6o/t4a4es be<ond thei/ /each.
>D? Since the i67/o3e6ent in the co67an<2s 7/ofitabilit< be4an to occu/ afte/ the
3ice 7/esident2s new 6o/aleAbuildin4 7/o4/a6 was 7ut in 7laceB that 7/o4/a6
can be c/edited with the i67/o3ed /esult.
>E? The e8tinction of the dinosau/s was b/ou4ht about b< an aste/oid collidin4
with Ea/thB so thei/ e8tinction could not ha3e co6e befo/e the collision.
1. Du/in4 const/uction of the Nuebec B/id4e in 1&$%B the b/id4e2s desi4ne/B
Theodo/e Coo7e/B /ecei3ed wo/d that the sus7ended s7an bein4 built out f/o6 the
b/id4e2s cantile3e/ was deflectin4 downwa/d b< a f/action of an inch. Befo/e he
could tele4/a7h to f/ee9e the 7/o;ectB the whole cantile3e/ a/6 b/o0e off and
7lun4edB alon4 with se3en do9ens wo/0e/sB into the St. 'aw/ence -i3e/. It was the
wo/st b/id4e const/uction disaste/ in histo/<. As a di/ect /esult of the in@ui/< that
followedB the en4inee/in4 E/ules of thu6bF b< which thousands of b/id4es had
been built went down with the Nuebec B/id4e. TwentiethAcentu/< b/id4e
en4inee/s would the/eafte/ de7end on fa/ 6o/e /i4o/ous a77lications of
6athe6atical anal<sis.
,hich one of the followin4 state6ents can be 7/o7e/l< infe//ed f/o6 the 7assa4e=
>A? B/id4es built befo/e about 1&$% we/e built without tho/ou4h 6athe6atical
anal<sis andB the/efo/eB we/e unsafe fo/ the 7ublic to use.
>B? Coo7e/2s absence f/o6 the Nuebec B/id4e const/uction site /esulted in the
b/ea0in4 off of the cantile3e/.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 6%
>C? )ineteenthAcentu/< b/id4e en4inee/s /elied on thei/ /ules of thu6b because
anal<tical 6ethods we/e inade@uate to sol3e thei/ desi4n 7/oble6s.
>D? (nl< a 6o/e /i4o/ous a77lication of 6athe6atical anal<sis to the desi4n of
the Nuebec B/id4e could ha3e 7/e3ented its colla7se.
>E? I/io/ to 1&$% the 6athe6atical anal<sis inco/7o/ated in en4inee/in4 /ules of
thu6b was insufficient to co67letel< assu/e the safet< of b/id4es unde/
const/uction.
. Most child/en find it 3e/< difficult to e87lain e8actl< what the wo/ds the< use
6ean when those wo/ds do not /efe/ to thin4s that can be seen o/ touched. :et
since child/en a/e able to use these wo/ds to con3e< the feelin4s and e6otions
the< a/e ob3iousl< e87e/iencin4B unde/standin4 what a wo/d 6eans clea/l< does
not de7end on bein4 able to e87lain it.
,hich one of the followin4 7/inci7lesB if acce7tedB would 7/o3ide the 6ost
;ustification fo/ the conclusion=
>A? The fact that a tas0 is 3e/< difficult fo/ 6ost 7eo7le does not 6ean that no one
can do it.
>B? An<one who can 7/o3ide an e8act e87lanation of a wo/d has a clea/
unde/standin4 of what that wo/d 6eans.
>C? ,o/ds that /efe/ to e6otions in3a/iabl< ha3e less na//owl< ci/cu6sc/ibed
con3entional 6eanin4s than do wo/d that /efe/ to 7h<sical ob;ects.
>D? ,hen so6eone a77/o7/iatel< uses a wo/d to con3e< so6ethin4 that he o/ she
is e87e/iencin4B that 7e/son unde/stands what that wo/d 6ean.
>E? ,o/ds can be e87lained satisfacto/il< onl< when the< /efe/ to thin4s that can
be seen o/ touched.
Questions !3- !4
The b/ains of identical twins a/e 4eneticall< identical. ,hen onl< one of a 7ai/ of
identical twins is a schi9o7h/enicB ce/tain a/eas of the affected twin2s b/ain a/e s6alle/
than co//es7ondin4 a/eas in the b/ain of the unaffected twin. )o such diffe/ences a/e
found when neithe/ twin is schi9o7h/enic. The/efo/eB this disco3e/< 7/o3ides
definiti3e e3idence that schi9o7h/enia is caused b< da6a4e to the 7h<sical st/uctu/e of
the b/ain.
". ,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion /e@ui/ed b< the a/4u6ent=
>A? The b/ain of 7e/son suffe/in4 f/o6 schi9o7h/enia is s6alle/ than the b/ain of
an<one not suffe/in4 f/o6 schi9o7h/enia.
>B? The /elati3e s6allness of ce/tain 7a/ts of the b/ains of schi9o7h/enics is not
the /esult of schi9o7h/enia o/ of 6edications used in its t/eat6ent.
>C? The b/ain of a 7e/son with an identical twines is no s6alle/B on a3e/a4eB than
the b/ain of 7e/son who is not a twin.
>D? ,hen a 7ai/ of identical twins both suffe/ f/o6 schi9o7h/eniaB thei/ b/ains a/e
68 'SAT
the sa6e si9e.
>E? Ieo7le who ha3e an identical twin a/e no 6o/e li0el< to suffe/ f/o6
schi9o7h/enia than those who do not.
#. If the state6ents on which the conclusion abo3e is based a/e all t/ueB each of the
followin4 could be t/ue EHCEIT1
>A? Ieo7le who lac0 a 4enetic susce7tibilit< fo/ the disease will not de3elo7
schi9o7h/enia.
>B? Medications can cont/ol 6ost of the s<67to6s of schi9o7h/enia in 6ost
7atients but will ne3e/ be able to cu/e it.
>C? The b/ains of schi9o7h/enics sha/e 6an< of the cha/acte/istics found in those
of 7eo7le without the diso/de/.
>D? It will e3entuall< be 7ossible to dete/6ine whethe/ o/ not so6eone will
de3elo7 schi9o7h/enia on the basis of 4enetic info/6ation alone.
>E? B/ain abno/6alities associated with schi9o7h/enia a/e the /esult of childhood
3i/al infections that inhibit the de3elo76ent of b/ain cells.
!. Si8t< adults we/e as0ed to 0ee7 a dia/< of thei/ 6ealsB includin4 what the<
consu6edB whenB and in the co67an< of how 6an< 7eo7le. It was found that at
6eals with which the< d/an0 alcoholic be3e/a4esB the< consu6ed about 1%!
calo/ies 6o/e f/o6 nonalcoholic sou/ce than the< did at 6eals with which the<
did not d/in0 alcoholic be3e/a4es.
Each of the followin4B if t/ueB cont/ibutes to an e87lanation of the diffe/ence in
calo/ic inta0e EHCEIT1
>A? Dine/s s7ent a 6uch lon4e/ ti6e at 6eals se/3ed with alcohol than the< did at
those se/3e without alcohol.
>B? The 6eals eaten late/ in the da< tended to be la/4e/ than those eaten ea/lie/ in
the daC? Ieo7le eat 6o/e when the/e a/e 6o/e 7eo7le 7/esent at the 6ealB and 6o/e
7eo7le tended to be 7/esent at 6eal se/3ed with alcohol than at 6eals se/3ed
without alcohol.
>D? The 6eals that we/e 6ost ca/efull< 7/e7a/ed and 6ost att/acti3el< se/3ed
tended to be those at which alcoholic be3e/a4es we/e consu6ed.
>E? At 6eals that included alcoholB /elati3el< 6o/e of the total calo/ies consu6ed
ca6e f/o6 ca/boh<d/ates and /elati3el< fewe/ of the6 ca6e f/o6 fats and
7/oteins.
TEST #
SECTI() I
GMAT . 'SAT C- 6&
1. So6ethin4 6ust be done to ease t/affic con4estion. In t/aditional s6all townsB
7eo7le used to wo/0 and sho7 in the sa6e town in which the< li3edG but now that
sto/es and wo/07laces a/e located fa/ awa< f/o6 /esidential a/easB 7eo7le cannot
a3oid t/a3elin4 lon4 distances each da<. T/affic con4estion is so hea3< on all
/oads thatB e3en on 6a;o/ hi4hwa<s whe/e the 6a8i6u6 s7eed li6it is !! 6iles
7e/ hou/B the actual s7eed a3e/a4es onl< "! 6iles 7e/ hou/.
,hich one of the followin4 7/o7osals is 6ost su77o/ted b< the state6ents abo3e=
>A? The 6a8i6u6 s7eed li6it on 6a;o/ hi4hwa<s should be inc/eased.
>B? Ieo7le who now t/a3el on 6a;o/ hi4hwa<s should be encou/a4ed to t/a3el on
seconda/< /oads instead.
>C? -esidents of the /e6ainin4 t/aditional s6all towns should be encou/a4ed to
6o3e to the subu/bs.
>D? D/i3e/s who t/a3el well below the 6a8i6u6 s7eed li6it on 6a;o/ hi4hwa<s
should be fined.
>E? )ew businesses should be encou/a4ed to locate close/ to whe/e thei/ wo/0e/s
would li3e.
. Colle4e 7/ofesso/1 Colle4e students do not w/ite nea/l< as well as the< used to.
Al6ost all of the 7a7e/ that 6< students ha3e done fo/ 6e this <ea/ ha3e been
7oo/l< w/itten and un4/a66atical.
,hich one of the followin4 is the 6ost se/ious wea0ness in the a/4u6ent 6ade
b< the 7/ofesso/=
>A? It /e@ui/es confi/6ation that the chan4e in the 7/ofesso/2s students is
/e7/esentati3e of a chan4e a6on4 colle4e students in 4ene/al.
>B? It offe/s no 7/oof to the effect that the 7/ofesso/ is an accu/ate ;ud4e of
w/itin4 abilit<.
>C? It does not ta0e into account the 7ossibilit< that the 7/ofesso/ is a 7oo/
teache/.
>D? It fails to 7/esent cont/a/< e3idence.
>E? It fails to define its te/6s sufficientl<.
Questions 3-4
Ma<o/ of Ilains3ille1 In o/de/ to hel7 the econo6< of Ilains3illeB I a6 usin4 so6e of
ou/ ta8 /e3enues to hel7 b/in4 a 6a;o/ hi4hwa< th/ou4h the town and the/eb< att/act
new business to Ilains3ille.
Citi9ens2 4/ou71 :ou 6ust ha3e inte/ests othe/ than ou/ econo6< in 6ind. If <ou we/e
/eall< inte/ested in hel7in4 ou/ econo6<B <ou would instead allocate the /e3enues to
buildin4 a new business 7a/0B since it would b/in4 in twice the business that <ou/
hi4hwa< would.
". The a/4u6ent b< the citi9ens2 4/ou7 /elies on which one of the followin4
assu67tions=
%$ 'SAT
>A? Ilains3ille 7/esentl< has no 6a;o/ hi4hwa<s /unnin4 th/ou4h it.
>B? The 6a<o/ acce7ts that a new business 7a/0 would b/in4 in 6o/e new
business than would the new hi4hwa<.
>C? The new hi4hwa< would ha3e no benefits fo/ Ilains3ille othe/ than att/actin4
new business.
>D? The 6a<o/ is /e@ui/ed to 4et a77/o3al fo/ all ta8 /e3enue allocation 7lans
f/o6 the cit< council.
>E? Ilains3ille2s econo6< will not be hel7ed unless a new business 7a/0 of the
so/t en3isioned b< the citi9ens2 4/ou7 is built.
#. ,hich one of the followin4 7/inci7lesB if acce7tedB would 6ost hel7 the citi9ens2
4/ou7 to ;ustif< d/awin4 its conclusion that the 6a<o/ has in 6ind inte/ests othe/
than Ilains3ille2s econo6<=
>A? An<one /eall< 7u/suin4 a cause will choose the 6eans that that 7e/son
belie3es will ad3ance the cause the fa/thest.
>B? An< 4oal that includes hel7in4 the econo6< of a co66unit< will /e@ui/e
7ublic /e3enues in o/de/ to be achie3ed.
>C? An<one 7lannin4 to use /esou/ces collected f/o6 a 4/ou7 6ust consult the
6e6be/s of the 4/ou7 befo/e usin4 the /esou/ces.
>D? An< cause wo/th co66ittin4 oneself to 6ust include s7ecific 4oals towa/d
which one can wo/0.
>E? An< cause not 7u/sued b< 7ublic officialsB if it is to be 7u/sued at allB 6ust be
7u/sued b< 6e6be/s of the co66unit<.
!. -ecentl<B hi4hl< s0illed wo/0e/s in Easte/n Eu/o7e ha3e left ;obs in /eco/d
nu6be/s to e6i4/ate to the ,est. It is the/efo/e li0el< that s0illed wo/0e/s who
/e6ain in Easte/n Eu/o7e a/e in hi4h de6and in thei/ ho6e count/ies.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< wea0ens the a/4u6ent=
>A? Easte/n Eu/o7ean facto/ies 7/efe/ to hi/e wo/0e/s f/o6 thei/ ho6e count/ies
/athe/ than to i67o/t wo/0e/s f/o6 ab/oad.
>B? Ma;o/ chan4es in Easte/n Eu/o7ean econo6ic st/uctu/es ha3e led to the
eli6ination of 6an< 7ositions 7/e3iousl< held b< the hi4hl< s0illed
e6i4/ants.
>C? Man< Easte/n Eu/o7ean e6i4/ants need to ac@ui/e new s0ills afte/ findin4
wo/0 in the ,est.
>D? Easte/n Eu/o7ean count/ies 7lan to t/ain 6an< new wo/0e/s to /e7lace the
hi4hl< s0illed wo/0e/s who ha3e e6i4/ated.
>E? Because of the de7a/tu/e of s0illed wo/0e/s f/o6 Easte/n Eu/o7ean count/iesB
6an< 7ositions a/e now unfilled.
6. Histo/ian1 Ale8ande/ the G/eat should not be ;ud4ed b< a77eal to cu//ent notions
of ;ustice. Ale8ande/B an ancient fi4u/e of he/oic statu/eB should be ;ud4ed b< the
GMAT . 'SAT C- %1
standa/ds of his own cultu/e. That isB did he li3e u7 to his cultu/e2s ideals of
leade/shi7= Did Ale8ande/ ele3ate the conte67o/a/< standa/ds of ;ustice= ,as heB
in his da<B ;ud4ed to be a ;ust and wise /ule/=
Student1 But <ou cannot tell whethe/ o/ not Ale8ande/ /aised the conte67o/a/<
standa/ds of ;ustice without in3o0in4 standa/ds othe/ than those of his own
cultu/e.
,hich one of the followin4 a/4u6entati3e st/ate4ies does the student use in
/es7ondin4 to the histo/ian=
>A? a/4uin4 that a77l<in4 the histo/ian2s 7/inci7le would /e@ui/e a 0nowled4e of
the 7ast that is necessa/il< inaccessible to cu//ent schola/shi7
>B? atte67tin4 to unde/6ine the histo/ian2s 7/inci7le b< showin4 that so6e of its
conse@uences a/e inconsistent with each othe/
>C? showin4 that the 7/inci7le the histo/ian in3o0esB when a77lied to Ale8ande/B
does not ;ustif< the asse/tion that he was he/oic
>D? @uestionin4 the histo/ian2s 6oti3ation fo/ dete/6inin4 whethe/ a standa/d of
beha3io/ has been /aised o/ lowe/ed
>E? clai6in4 that one of the histo/ian2s c/ite/ia fo/ ;ud4in4 Ale8ande/ is
inconsistent with the 7/inci7le that the histo/ian has ad3anced
Questions '-8
Two 7aleontolo4istsB D/ T<son and D/. -eesB disa4/ee o3e/ the inte/7/etation of
ce/tain foot7/ints that we/e left a6on4 othe/ foot7/ints in ha/dened 3olcanic ash at site
G. D/. T<son clai6s the< a/e clea/l< ea/l< ho6inid foot7/ints since the< show hu6an
cha/acte/istics1 a s@ua/ish heel and a bi4 toe i66ediatel< ad;acent to the ne8t toe.
Howe3e/B since the foot7/ints indicate that if ho6inids 6ade those 7/ints the< would
ha3e had to wal0 in an une87ected c/ossAste77in4 6anne/B b< 7lacin4 the left foot to
the /i4ht of the /i4ht foot. D/. -ees /e;ects D/. T<son2s conclusion.
%. The disa4/ee6ent between the two 7aleontolo4ists is o3e/ which one of the
followin4=
>A? the /elati3e si4nificance of 3a/ious as7ects of the e3idence
>B? the assu67tion that ea/l< ho6inid foot7/ints a/e distin4uishable f/o6 othe/
foot7/ints
>C? the 7ossibilit< of usin4 the e3idence of foot7/ints to dete/6ine the 4ait of the
c/eatu/e that 6ade those foot7/ints
>D? the assu67tion that e3idence f/o6 one 7aleontolo4ic site is enou4h to su77o/t
a conclusion
>E? the li0elihood that ea/l< ho6inids would ha3e wal0ed u7/i4ht on two feet
8. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< unde/6ines D/. T<son2s
conclusion=
>A? The foot 7/ints showin4 hu6an cha/acte/istics we/e clea/l< those of at least
% 'SAT
two distinct indi3iduals.
>B? Ce/tain s7ecies of bea/s had feet 3e/< li0e hu6an feetB e8ce7t that the outside
toe on each foot was the bi44est toe and the inne/6ost toe was the s6allest
toe.
>C? 5oot7/ints sha7ed li0e a hu6an2s that do not show a c/ossAste77in4 7atte/n
e8ist at site MB which is a 6ile awa< f/o6 site GB and the two sets of
foot7/ints a/e conte67o/aneous.
>D? ,hen the 6oist 3olcanic ash beca6e sealed unde/ additional la<e/s of ash
befo/e ha/denin4B so6e details of so6e of the foot7/ints we/e e/ased.
>E? Most of the othe/ foot7/ints at site G we/e of ani6als with hoo3es.
&. It is not 0nown whethe/ bo3ine s7on4ifo/6 ence7halo7ath< >BSE?B a disease of
cattle in3a/iabl< deadl< to the6B can be t/ans6itted di/ectl< f/o6 one infected
ani6al to anothe/ at all sta4es of the infection. If it can beB the/e is now a
/ese/3oi/ of infected cattle incubatin4 the disease. The/e a/e no dia4nostic tests to
identif< infected ani6als befo/e the ani6als show o3e/t s<67to6s. The/efo/eB if
such di/ect t/ans6ission occu/sB the disease cannot be e/adicated b<CCCCCC
,hich one of the followin4 best co67letes the a/4u6ent=
>A? /e6o3in4 f/o6 the he/d and dest/o<in4 an< diseased ani6al as soon as it
shows the t<7ical s<67to6s of ad3anced BSE
>B? de3elo7in4 a d/u4 that 0ills the a4ent that cause BSEB and then t/eatin4 with
that d/u4 all cattle that 6i4ht ha3e the disease
>C? dest/o<in4 all cattle in a/eas whe/e BSE occu/s and /aisin4 cattle onl< in a/eas
to which BSE is 0nown not to ha3e s7/ead
>D? de3elo7in4 a 3accine that confe/s lifelon4 i66unit< a4ainst BSE and 4i3in4
it to all cattleB dest/o<in4 in due cou/se all those ani6als fo/ which the
3accine 7/otection ca6e too late
>E? de3elo7in4 a dia4nostic test that does identif< an< infected ani6al and
dest/o<in4 all ani6als found to be infected
1$. Auto indust/< e8ecuti3e1 Statistics show that ca/s that we/e built s6alle/ afte/
1&%% to 6a0e the6 6o/e fuelAefficient had a hi4he/ incidence of accidentA/elated
fatalities than did thei/ ea/lie/ la/4e/ counte/7a/ts. 5o/ this /eason we o77ose
/ecent 4uidelines that would /e@ui/e us to 7/oduce ca/s with hi4he/ fuel
efficienc<.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB would constitute the st/on4est ob;ection to the
e8ecuti3e2s a/4u6ent=
>A? E3en afte/ 1&%%B la/4e auto6obiles we/e f/e@uentl< in3ol3ed in accidents that
caused death o/ se/ious in;u/<.
>B? Althou4h fatalities in accidents in3ol3in4 s6all ca/s ha3e inc/eased since
1&%%B the nu6be/ of accidents has dec/eased.
>C? )ew co67ute/i9ed fuel s<ste6s can enable la/4e ca/s to 6eet fuel efficienc<
GMAT . 'SAT C- %"
standa/ds established b< the /ecent 4uidelines.
>D? Mode/n technolo4< can 6a0e s6all ca/s 6o/e fuelAefficient toda< than at an<
othe/ ti6e in thei/ 7/oduction histo/<.
>E? 5uel efficienc< in 6odels of la/4e ca/s /ose i66ediatel< afte/ 1&%% but has
been declinin4 e3e/ since.
11. )o one who lac0s 0nowled4e of a sub;ect is co67etent to 7ass ;ud46ent on that
sub;ect. Since 7olitical 0nowAhow is a 6atte/B not of adhe/in4 to technical /ulesB
but of insi4ht and st<le lea/ned th/ou4h a77/enticeshi7 and e87e/ienceB onl<
seasoned 7oliticians a/e co67etent to ;ud4e whethe/ a 7a/ticula/ 7olitical 7olic< is
fai/ to all.
A 6a;o/ wea0ness of the a/4u6ent is that it
>A? /elies on a 4ene/ali9ation about the cha/acte/istic that 6a0es so6eone
co67etent to 7ass ;ud46ent
>B? fails to 4i3e s7ecific e8a67les to illust/ate how 7olitical 0nowAhow can be
ac@ui/ed
>C? uses the te/6 Ea77/enticeshi7F to desc/ibe what is seldo6 a fo/6ali9ed
/elationshi7
>D? e@uates 7olitical 0nowAhow with unde/standin4 the social i67lications of
7olitical 7olicies
>E? assu6es that when ine87e/ienced 7oliticians set 7olic< the< a/e 4uided b< the
ad3ice of 6o/e e87e/ienced 7oliticians
1. I67act c/ate/s caused b< 6eteo/ites s6ashin4 into Ea/th ha3e been found all
a/ound the 4lobeB but the< ha3e been found in the 4/eatest densit< in 4eolo4icall<
stable /e4ions. This /elati3el< 4/eate/ abundance of secu/el< identified c/ate/ in
4eolo4icall< stable /e4ions 6ust be e87lained b< the lowe/ /ates of dest/ucti3e
4eo7h<sical 7/ocesses in those /e4ions.
The conclusion is 7/o7e/l< d/awn if which one of the followin4 is assu6ed=
>A? A 6eteo/ite that st/i0es e8actl< the sa6e s7ot as an ea/lie/ 6eteo/ite will
oblite/ate all t/aces of the ea/lie/ i67act.
>B? -ates of dest/ucti3e 4eo7h<sical 7/ocesses within an< 4i3en /e4ion 3a/<
6a/0edl< th/ou4hout 4eolo4ical ti6e.
>C? The /ate at which the Ea/th is st/uc0 b< 6eteo/ites has 4/eatl< inc/eased in
4eolo4icall< /ecent ti6es.
>D? Actual 6eteo/ite i67acts ha3e been scatte/ed fai/l< e3enl< o3e/ the Ea/th2s
su/face in the cou/se of Ea/th2s 4eolo4ical histo/<.
>E? The Ea/th2s 4eolo4icall< stable /e4ions ha3e been studied 6o/e intensi3el< b<
4eolo4ists than ha3e its less stable /e4ions.
1". That the 7olic< of nuclea/ dete//ence has wo/0ed thus fa/ is un@uestionable. Since
the end of the Second ,o/ld ,a/B the 3e/< fact that the/e we/e nuclea/ a/6a6ents
%# 'SAT
in e8istence has 0e7t 6a;o/ 7owe/s f/o6 usin4 nuclea/ wea7onsB fo/ fea/ of
sta/tin4 a wo/ldwide nuclea/ e8chan4e that would 6a0e the land of the 7owe/
initiatin4 it uninhabitable. The 7/oof is that a thi/d wo/ld wa/ between
su7e/7owe/s has not ha77ened.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB indicates a flaw in the a/4u6ent=
>A? Maintainin4 a hi4h le3el of nuclea/ a/6a6ents /e7/esents a si4nificant d/ain
on a count/<2s econo6<.
>B? 5/o6 what has ha77ened in the 7astB it is i67ossible to infe/ with ce/taint<
what will ha77en in the futu/eB so an accident could still t/i44e/ a thi/d wo/ld
wa/ between su7e/7owe/s.
>C? Continuin4 to 7/oduce nuclea/ wea7ons be<ond the 6ini6u6 needed fo/
dete//ence inc/eases the li0elihood of a nuclea/ accident.
>D? The 6a;o/ 7owe/s ha3e en4a4ed in 6an< s6alle/Ascale 6ilita/< o7e/ations
since the end of the Second ,o/ld ,a/B while /ef/ainin4 f/o6 a nuclea/
conf/ontation.
>E? It cannot be 0nown whethe/ it was nuclea/ dete//ence that wo/0edB o/ so6e
othe/ facto/B such as a /eco4nition of the econo6ic 3alue of /e6ainin4 at
7eace.
1#. A su/3e< of alu6ni of the class of 1&6$ at Au/o/a Dni3e/sit< <ielded 7u99lin4
/esults. ,hen as0ed to indicate thei/ acade6ic /an0B half of the /es7ondents
/e7o/ted that the< we/e in the to7 @ua/te/ of the 4/aduatin4 class in 1&6$.
,hich one of the followin4 6ost hel7s account fo/ the a77a/ent cont/adiction
abo3e=
>A? A dis7/o7o/tionatel< la/4e nu6be/ of hi4hA/an0in4 alu6ni /es7onded to the
su/3e<.
>B? 5ewB if anC? )ot all the alu6ni who we/e actuall< in the to7 @ua/te/ /es7onded to the
su/3e<.
>D? Al6ost all of the alu6ni who 4/aduated in 1&6$ /es7onded to the su/3e<.
>E? Acade6ic /an0 at Au/o/a Dni3e/sit< was based on a nu6be/ of conside/ations
in addition to a3e/a4e 4/ades.
1!. M1 It is al6ost i67ossible to find a 7e/son between the a4es of 8! an &$ who
7/i6a/il< uses the left hand.
N1 Se3ent< to ninet< <ea/s a4oB howe3e/B child/en we/e 7unished fo/ usin4 thei/
left hands to eat o/ to w/ite and we/e fo/ced to use thei/ /i4ht hands.
N2s /es7onse se/3es to counte/ an< use b< M of the e3idence about 8! to &$ <ea/
olds in su77o/ts of which one of the followin4 h<7otheses=
>A? Bein4 bo/n /i4htAhanded confe/s a su/3i3al ad3anta4e.
>B? Societal attitudes towa/d handedness diffe/ at diffe/ent ti6es.
GMAT . 'SAT C- %!
>C? 5o/cin4 a 7e/son to switch f/o6 a 7/efe//ed hand is ha/6less.
>D? Handedness is a 7/oduct of both 4enetic 7/edis7osition and social 7/essu/es.
>E? Ih<sical habits lea/ned in school often 7e/sist in old a4e.
16. The se3enteenthAcentu/< 7h<sicist Si/ Isaac )ewton is /e6e6be/ed chiefl< fo/ his
t/eaties on 6otion and 4/a3it<. But )ewton also conducted e87e/i6ents sec/etl<
fo/ 6an< <ea/s based on the a/cane theo/ies of alche6<B t/<in4 unsuccessfull< to
t/ans6ute co66on 6etals into 4old and 7/oduce /e;u3enatin4 eli8i/s. If the
alche6ists of the se3enteenth centu/< had 7ublished the /esults of thei/
e87e/i6entsB che6ist/< in the ei4hteenth centu/< would ha3e been 6o/e ad3anced
than it actuall< was.
,hich one of the followin4 assu67tions would allow the conclusion conce/nin4
ei4hteenthAcentu/< che6ist/< to be 7/o7e/l< d/awn=
>A? Scientific 7/o4/ess is /eta/ded b< the /eluctance of histo/ians to ac0nowled4e
the failu/es of so6e of the 4/eat scientists.
>B? Ad3ances in science a/e hastened when /e7o/ts of e87e/i6entsB whethe/
successful o/ notB a/e a3ailable fo/ /e3iew b< othe/ scientists.
>C? )ewton2s wo/0 on 6otion and 4/a3it< would not ha3e 4ained wide
acce7tance if the /esults of his wo/0 in alche6< had also been 6a0e 7ublic.
>D? Inc/easin4 s7eciali9ation within the sciences 6a0es it difficult fo/ scientists in
one field to unde/stand the 7/inci7les of othe/ fields.
>E? The se3enteenthAcentu/< alche6ists could ha3e achie3ed thei/ 4oals onl< if
thei/ e87e/i6ents had been sub;ected to 7ublic sc/utin<.
1%. Sedi6enta/< /oc0 ha/dens within the ea/th2s c/ust as la<e/s of 6atte/ accu6ulate
and the 7/essu/e of the la<e/s abo3e con3e/ts the la<e/s below into /oc0. (ne
7a/ticula/ la<e/ of sedi6enta/< /oc0 that contains an unusual a6ount of the
ele6ent i/idiu6 has been 7/esented as su77o/t fo/ a theo/< that a 6eteo/ite
collided with the ea/th so6e si8t< 6illion <ea/s a4o. Meteo/ites a/e /ich in
i/idiu6 co67a/ed to the ea/th2s c/ustB and 4eolo4ists theo/i9e that a 6eteo/ite2s
collision with the ea/th /aised a hu4e cloud of i/idiu6Aladen dust. The dustB the<
sa<B e3entuall< settled to ea/th whe/e it co6bined with othe/ 6atte/B and as new
la<e/s accu6ulated abo3e itB it fo/6ed a la<e/ of i/idiu6A/ich /oc0.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB would counte/ the clai6 that the i/idiu6A/ich
la<e/ desc/ibed in the 7assa4e is e3idence fo/ the 6eteo/ite collision theo/<=
>A? The hu4e dust cloud desc/ibed in the 7assa4e would ha3e bloc0ed the
t/ans6ission of sunli4ht and lowe/ed the ea/th2s te67e/atu/e.
>B? A la<e/ of sedi6enta/< /oc0 ta0es 6illions of <ea/s to ha/den.
>C? 'a<e/s of sedi6enta/< /oc0 a/e used to dete/6ine the dates of 7/ehisto/ic
e3ents whethe/ o/ not the< contain i/idiu6.
>D? Si8t< 6illion <ea/s a4o the/e was a su/4e in 3olcanic acti3it< in which the
6atte/ s7ewed f/o6 the 3olcanoes fo/6ed hu4e i/idiu6A/ich dust clouds.
%6 'SAT
>E? The i/idiu6 de7osit occu//ed at about the sa6e ti6e that 6an< ani6al s7ecies
beca6e e8tinct and so6e scientists ha3e theo/i9ed that 6ass dinosau/
e8tinctions we/e caused b< a 6eteo/ite collision.
18. Ma/<B a 3ete/ina/< studentB has been assi4ned an e87e/i6ent in 6a66alian
7h<siolo4< that would /e@ui/e he/ to ta0e a health<B anestheti9ed do4 and sub;ect
it to a d/astic blood loss in o/de/ to obse/3e the 7h<siolo4ical conse@uences of
shoc0. The do4 would neithe/ /e4ain consciousness no/ su/3i3e the e87e/i6ent.
Ma/< decides not to do this assi4n6ent.
Ma/<2s decision 6ost closel< acco/ds with which one of the followin4 7/inci7les=
>A? All othe/ thin4s bein4 e@ualB 4/atuitousl< causin4 an< ani6al to suffe/ 7ain is
un;ustified.
>B? Ta0in4 the life of an ani6al is not ;ustifiable unless doin4 so would
i66ediatel< assist in sa3in4 se3e/al ani6al li3es o/ in 7/otectin4 the health
of a 7e/son.
>C? The onl< sufficient ;ustification fo/ e87e/i6entin4 on ani6als is that futu/e
ani6al suffe/in4 is the/eb< 7/e3ented.
>D? I/acticin4 3ete/ina/ians ha3e a 7/ofessional obli4ation to st/i3e to 7/e3ent the
unnecessa/< death of an ani6al e8ce7t in cases of se3e/el< ill o/ in;u/ed
ani6als whose 7/os7ects fo/ /eco3e/< a/e di6.
>E? )o one is e3e/ ;ustified in actin4 with the sole intention of causin4 the death
of a li3in4 thin4B be it ani6al o/ hu6an.
1&. A t/ee2s a4e can be dete/6ined b< countin4 the annual 4/owth /in4s in its t/un0.
Each /in4 /e7/esents one <ea/B and the /in42s thic0ness /e3eals the /elati3e a6ount
of /ainfall that <ea/. A/chaeolo4ists successfull< used annual /in4s to dete/6ine
the /elati3e a4es of ancient to6bs at Ia9</<0. Each to6b was const/ucted f/o6
f/eshl< cut lo4sB and the to6bs builde/s we/e const/ained b< t/adition to use onl<
lo4s f/o6 t/ees 4/owin4 in the sac/ed Ia9</<0 *alle<.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB cont/ibutes 6ost to an e87lanation of the
a/chaeolo4ists2 success in usin4 annual /in4s to establish the /elati3e a4es of the
to6bs at the Ia9</<0 site=
>A? The Ia9</<0 to6bs we/e all /obbed du/in4 ancient ti6esB but b/ea0a4e of the
to6bs seals allowed the see7a4e of wate/B which soon f/o9e 7e/6anentlB? The Ia9</<0 *alle<B su//ounded b< e8t/e6el< hi4h 6ountainsB has a
distincti3e <ea/l< 7atte/n of /ainfallB and so t/ees 4/owin4 in the Ia9</<0
*alle< ha3e annual /in4s that a/e @uite distinct f/o6 t/ees 4/owin4 in nea/b<
3alle<s.
>C? Each lo4 in the Ia9</<0 to6bs has a6on4 its /in4s a distincti3e se@uence of
twel3e annual /in4s /e7/esentin4 si8 d/ou4ht <ea/s followed b< th/ee /ain<
<ea/s and th/ee 6o/e d/ou4ht <ea/s.
GMAT . 'SAT C- %%
>D? The a/chaeolo4ists dete/6ined that the <oun4est t/ee used in an< of the to6bs
was &$ <ea/s old and that the oldest t/ee was #!$ <ea/s old.
>E? All of the Ia9</<0 to6bs contained cultu/al a/tifacts that can be dated to
/ou4hl< "$$ <ea/s a4o.
$. E87e/ienced 4a/dene/s ad3ise a4ainst 7lantin4 sna7 7eas afte/ late A7/il because
7eas do not de3elo7 7/o7e/l< in wa/6 weathe/. This <ea/B howe3e/B the weathe/
was unusuall< cool into late +uneB and the/efo/e the fact that these sna7 7eas we/e
7lanted in 6idAMa< is unli0el< to /esult in c/o7 failu/e des7ite the e87e/ts2
wa/nin4s.
The 7atte/n of /easonin4 dis7la<ed abo3e is 6ost closel< 7a/alleled in which one
of the followin4=
>A? Acco/din4 to 6an< 4a/denin4 autho/itiesB to6atoes should not be 7lanted
nea/ dill because doin4 so is li0el< to affect thei/ taste ad3e/sel<G howe3e/B
since these to6atoes we/e 4/own nea/ dill and taste fineB the/e is clea/l< no
/eason to 7a< 6uch attention to the soAcalled e87e/ts2 ad3ice.
>B? Since Af/ican 3iolets do not th/i3e in di/ect sunli4htB it is said that in this
/e4ion these 7lants should be 7laced in windows facin4 no/th /athe/ than
southG howe3e/B since these southAfacin4 windows a/e well shaded b<
e3e/4/een t/eesB the Af/ican 3iolets 7laced in the6 a/e li0el< to 4/ow
satisfacto/il<.
>C? ,he/e flowe/s a/e to be 7lanted unde/ shade t/eesB 4a/denin4 e87e/ts often
ad3ise usin4 i67atiens since i67atiens does well in conditions of shadeG
howe3e/B it is unli0el< to do well unde/ 6a7le t/ees since 6a7le t/ee /oots
a/e so nea/ the su/face that the< abso/b all a3ailable 6oistu/e.
>D? Most seeds tend to 4e/6inate at 6uch hi4he/ /ates when 7lanted in wa/6 soil
than when 7lanted in cold soilG s7inach seedsB howe3e/B a/e unli0el< to
4e/6inate 7/o7e/l< if the soil is too wa/6B and the/efo/e e87e/ts ad3ise that
s7inach should be 7lanted ea/lie/ than 6ost 3e4etables.
>E? House 7lants 4ene/all< 4/ow best in 7ots sli4htl< la/4e/ than thei/ e8istin4
/oot s<ste6sB so the usual ad3ice is to /e7ot when /oots fi/st /each the sides
of the 7otG this /ule should no be followed with a6a/<llis 7lantsB howe3e/B
because the< a/e li0el< to do best with ti4htl< co67/essed /oots.
1. ,hene3e/ a 6a;o/ 7olitical scandal e/u7ts befo/e an election and 3ote/s bla6e the
scandal on all 7a/ties about e@uall<B 3i/tuall< all incu6bentsB f/o6 whate3e/
7a/t<B see0in4 /eelection a/e /etu/ned to office. Howe3e/B when 3ote/s bla6e such
a scandal on onl< one 7a/t<B incu6bents f/o6 that 7a/t< a/e li0el< to be defeated
b< challen4e/s f/o6 othe/ 7a/ties. The 7/o7o/tion of incu6bents who see0
/eelection is hi4h and /e6a/0abl< constant f/o6 election to election.
If the 3ote/s2 /eactions a/e 4uided b< a 7/inci7leB which one of the followin4
7/inci7les would best account fo/ the cont/ast in /eactions desc/ibed abo3e=
>A? ,hene3e/ one incu6bent is /es7onsible fo/ one 6a;o/ 7olitical scandal and
%8 'SAT
anothe/ incu6bent is /es7onsible fo/ anothe/B the conse@uences fo/ the two
incu6bents should be the sa6e.
>B? ,hen a 6a;o/ 7olitical scandal is bla6ed on incu6bents f/o6 all 7a/tiesB that
;ud46ent is 6o/e accu/ate than an< ;ud46ent that incu6bents f/o6 onl< on
7a/t< a/e to bla6e.
>C? Incu6bents who a/e /i4htl< bla6ed fo/ a 6a;o/ 7olitical scandal should not
see0 /eelectionB but if the< doB the< should not be /etu/ned to office.
>D? Ma;o/ 7olitical scandals can 7/acticall< alwa<s be bla6ed on incu6bentsB but
whethe/ those incu6bents should be 3oted out of office de7ends on who
thei/ challen4e/s a/e.
>E? ,hen 6a;o/ 7olitical scandals a/e less the /es7onsibilit< of indi3idual
incu6bents than of the 7a/ties to which the< belon4B whate3e/ 7a/t< was
/es7onsible 6ust be 7enali9ed when 7ossible.
. (nce 7eo7le habituall< en4a4ed in con3e/sation1 now the tele3ision co67etes fo/
thei/ attention. ,hen the tele3ision is onB co66unication between fa6il<
6e6be/s sto7s. ,he/e the/e is no co66unicationB fa6il< ties beco6e f/a<ed and
e3entuall< sna7. The/efo/eB the onl< solution is to 4et /id of the tele3ision.
,hich one of the followin4 is 6ost closel< 7a/allel in its /easonin4 to the flawed
/easonin4 in the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? (nce f/iendshi7s th/i3ed on sha/ed leisu/e ti6e. But conte67o/a/< econo6ic
7/essu/es 6ini6i9e the a6ount of f/ee ti6e 7eo7le ha3e and thus ;eo7a/di9e
6an< f/iendshi7s.
>B? (nce 7eo7le listened to the /adio while 7u/suin4 othe/ acti3ities. )ow the<
7assi3el< watch tele3ision. The/efo/eB /adio was less dist/actin4 fo/ 6ost
7eo7le than tele3ision is.
>C? (nce s7o/ts enthusiasts /e4ula/l< en4a4ed in s7o/tsB but now the< watch
s7ectato/ s7o/ts when the< could be 4ettin4 7h<sical e8e/cise. ,ithout
7h<sical e8e/ciseB health dete/io/ates. The/efo/eB the onl< /e6ed< is to
eli6inate s7ectato/ s7o/ts.
>D? (nce 7eo7le we/e willin4 to tailo/ thei/ da< to the const/aints of a bus o/ t/ain
schedule1 now the< a/e s7oiled b< the 7/i3ate ca/. The onl< solution is fo/
4o3e/n6ent to offe/ financial incenti3es to encou/a4e the use of 7ublic
t/ans7o/tation.
>E? (nce 7eo7le did thei/ sho77in4 in u/ban /etail dist/ictsB whe/e the< co6bined
thei/ sho77in4 with othe/ e//ands. )ow 6an< 7eo7le sho7 in subu/ban 6allsB
whe/e the< concent/ate on sho77in4 e8clusi3el<. The/efo/eB sho77in4 has
beco6e a leisu/e ti6e acti3it<.
". In essenceB all /entAcont/ol 7olicies in3ol3e s7ecif<in4 a 6a8i6u6 /ent that a
landlo/d 6a< cha/4e fo/ a dwellin4. The /ationale fo/ cont/ollin4 /ents is to
7/otect tenants in situations whe/e li6ited su77l< will cause /ents to /ise sha/7l<
in the face of inc/eased de6and. Howe3e/B althou4h /ent cont/ol 6a< hel7 so6e
GMAT . 'SAT C- %&
tenants in the sho/t /unB it affects the /entalAhousin4 6a/0et ad3e/sel< in the lon4
/un because landlo/ds beco6e /eluctant to 6aintain the @ualit< of thei/ e8istin4
7/o7e/ties and e3en 6o/e /eluctant to ha3e additional /entalAhousin4 units built.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB best e87lains the landlo/ds2 /eluctance
desc/ibed abo3e=
>A? Tenants 7/efe/ lowA@ualit< acco66odations with /ent cont/ol to hi4hA@ualit<
acco66odations without it.
>B? -ent cont/ol 6a0es it 3e/< difficult fo/ landlo/ds to achie3e /easonable
/etu/ns on an< in3est6ents in 6aintenance o/ in new const/uction.
>C? -ent cont/ol is a co66on 7/actice e3en thou4h it does nothin4 to alle3iate
sho/ta4es in /ental housin4.
>D? -ent cont/ol is 4ene/all< int/oduced fo/ 7olitical /easons and it ta0es 7olitical
action to ha3e it lifted a4ain.
>E? Tenants 7/efe/ /ent cont/ol to the alte/nati3e of /ecei3in4 di/ect 4o3e/n6ent
subsidies towa/d /ents the< cannot affo/d.
#. Ce/tain 6ino/ 7eculia/ities of lan4ua4e a/e used unconsciousl< b< 7oets. If such
7eculia/ities a77ea/ in the wo/0s of 6o/e than one 7oetB the< a/e li0el< to /eflect
the lan4ua4e in co66on use du/in4 the 7oets2 ti6e. Howe3e/B if the< a77ea/ in
the wo/0 of onl< one 7oetB the< a/e li0el< to be 7e/sonal idios<nc/asies. As suchB
the< can 7/o3ide a 0ind of Efin4e/7/intF that allows schola/sB b< co67a/in4 a
7oe6 of 7/e3iousl< un0nown autho/shi7 to the wo/0 of a 7a/ticula/ 0nown 7oetB
to identif< the 7oe6 as the wo/0 of that 7oet.
5o/ which one of the followin4 /easons can the test desc/ibed abo3e ne3e/
7/o3ide conclusi3e 7/oof of the autho/shi7 of an< 7oe6=
>A? The labo/ of anal<9in4 7eculia/ities of lan4ua4e both in the wo/0 of a 0nown
7oet and in a 7oe6 of un0nown autho/shi7 would not be unde/ta0en unless
othe/ e3idence al/ead< su44ested that the 7oe6 of un0nown autho/shi7 was
w/itten b< the 0nown 7oet.
>B? A 7eculia/it< of lan4ua4e that 6i4ht be used as an identif<in4 6a/0 is li0el<
to be widel< scatte/ed in the wo/0 of a 7oetB so that a sin4le 7oe6 not 0nown
to ha3e been w/itten b< that 7oet 6i4ht not include that 7eculia/it<.
>C? A 7eculia/it< of lan4ua4e in a 7oe6 of un0nown autho/shi7 could be e3idence
eithe/ that the 7oe6 was w/itten b< the one autho/ 0nown to use that
7eculia/it< o/ that the 7eculia/it< was not uni@ue to that autho/.
>D? Mino/ 7eculia/ities of lan4ua4e cont/ibute fa/ less to the lite/a/< effect of an<
7oe6 than such facto/s as 7oetic fo/6B sub;ect 6atte/B and delibe/atel<
chosen wo/din4.
>E? A 7oet2s use of so6e 7eculia/ities of lan4ua4e 6i4ht ha3e been unconscious
in so6e 7oe6s and conscious in othe/ 7oe6sB and the two uses would be
indistin4uishable to schola/s at a late/ date.
8$ 'SAT
!. Because of the /ecent t/ansfo/6ation of the 6a/0et. Nuo/eB Inc.B 6ust inc/ease
7/oducti3it<B 1$ 7e/cent o3e/ the cou/se of the ne8t two <ea/sB o/ it will ce/tainl<
4o ban0/u7t. In factB howe3e/B Nuo/e2s 7/oduction st/uctu/e is such that if a 1$
7e/cent 7/oducti3it< inc/ease is 7ossibleB then a $ 7e/cent inc/ease is attainable.
If the state6ents abo3e a/e t/ueB which one of the followin4 6ust on the basis of
the6 also be t/ue=
>A? It is onl< Nuo/e2s 7/oduction st/uctu/e that 6a0es it 7ossible fo/ Nuo/e to
su/3i3e the t/ansfo/6ation of the 6a/0et.
>B? Nuo/e will not 4o ban0/u7t if it achie3es a 7/oducti3it< inc/ease of $ 7e/cent
o3e/ the ne8t two <ea/s.
>C? If the 6a/0et had not been t/ansfo/6edB Nuo/e would ha3e /e@ui/ed no
7/oducti3it< inc/ease in o/de/ to a3oid ban0/u7tc<.
>D? Because of the t/ansfo/6ation of the 6a/0etB Nuo/e will achie3e a
7/oducti3it< inc/ease of 1$ 7e/cent o3e/ the ne8t two <ea/s.
>E? If a $ 7e/cent 7/oducti3it< inc/ease is unattainable fo/ Nuo/eB then it 6ust 4o
ban0/u7t.
SECTI() III
1. Te//<1 If <ou want to 4et a decent ;obB <ou should 4o to colle4e.
Ma/01 That is not t/ue. The/e a/e othe/ /easons to 4o to colle4e than wantin4 to
4et a 4ood ;ob.
Ma/02s /es7onse shows that he inte/7/eted Te//<2s /e6a/0s to 6ean that
>A? colle4e is one of 6an< 7laces to 4et t/ained fo/ a ;ob
>B? decent ;obs a/e obtained onl< b< 7e/sons who ha3e 4one to colle4e
>C? wantin4 to 4et a decent ;ob is the onl< /eason fo/ 4oin4 to colle4e
>D? t/ainin4 fo/ decent ;obs is a3ailable onl< at colle4es
>E? all 7eo7le who want decent ;obs 4o to colle4e
. Se3e/al studies ha3e shown that hos7itals a/e not all e@uall< successful1 7atients
a/e 6uch 6o/e li0el< to die in so6e of the6 than in othe/s. Since the hos7itals in
the studies had a77/o8i6atel< e@ual 7e/A7atient fundin4B diffe/ences in the @ualit<
of ca/e 7/o3ided b< hos7ital staff a/e 7/obabl< /es7onsible fo/ the diffe/ences in
6o/talit< /ates.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB casts the 6ost doubt on the conclusion d/awn
abo3e=
>A? The staff in so6e of the hos7itals studied had ea/ned 6o/e ad3anced de4/eesB
on a3e/a4eB than the staff in the othe/ hos7itals.
>B? Iatient 7o7ulations 3a/< substantiall< in a3e/a4e se3e/it< of illness f/o6
GMAT . 'SAT C- 81
hos7ital to hos7ital.
>C? The a3e/a4e nu6be/ of <ea/s that staff 6e6be/s sta< on at a 4i3en ;ob 3a/ies
conside/abl< f/o6 one hos7ital to anothe/.
>D? A77/o8i6atel< the sa6e su/4ical 7/ocedu/es we/e 7e/fo/6ed in each of the
hos7itals co3e/ed in the studies.
>E? Mo/talit< /ates fo/ hos7ital 7atients do not 3a/< conside/abl< f/o6 one /e4ion
of the count/< to anthe/.
Questions 3-4
The Dnited States 4o3e/n6ent 4ene/all< t/ies to 7/otect 3aluable natu/al /esou/ces.
But one /esou/ce has been i4no/ed fo/ too lon4. In the Dnited StatesB each bushel of
co/n 7/oduced 6i4ht /esult in the loss of as 6uch as two bushels of to7soil. Mo/eo3e/B
in the last 1$$ <ea/sB the to7soil in 6an< statesB which once was about fou/teen inches
thic0B has been e/oded to onl< si8 o/ ei4ht inches. )onethelessB fede/al e87enditu/es
fo/ nationwide soil conse/3ation 7/o4/a6s ha3e /e6ained at /idiculousl< low le3els.
Total fede/al e87enditu/es fo/ nationwide soil conse/3ation 7/o4/a6s ha3e been less
than the allocations of so6e indi3idual states.
". ,hich one of the followin4 best e87/esses the 6ain 7oint of the a/4u6ent=
>A? Co/n is not a costAeffecti3e 7/oduct and substitutes should be found whe/e
7ossible.
>B? A la<e/ of to7soil onl< si8 to ei4ht inches thic0 cannot su77o/t the continued
culti3ation of co/n.
>C? Soil conse/3ation is a /es7onsibilit< of the fede/al 4o3e/n6entB not the states.
>D? The fede/al 4o3e/n6ent2s e87enditu/es fo/ soil conse/3ation in the 3a/ious
states ha3e been ine@uitable.
>E? The fede/al 4o3e/n6ent should s7end 6uch 6o/e on soil conse/3ation than it
has been s7endin4.
#. In statin4 the a/4u6entB the autho/ does which one of the followin4=
>A? 6a0es a detailed statistical 7/o;ection of futu/e to7soil loss
>B? 6a0es a 4ene/ali9ation about total /eduction in to7soil de7th in all states
>C? assu6es that the Dnited States 4o3e/n6ent does not 7lace a hi4h 3alue on its
natu/al /esou/ces
>D? /ef/ains f/o6 usin4 slanted lan4ua4e conce/nin4 the le3el of fede/al
e87enditu/es
>E? co67a/es state e87enditu/es with fede/al e87enditu/es
!. Ani6als with a ce/tain beha3io/al diso/de/ ha3e unusuall< hi4h le3el of
alu6inu6 in thei/ b/ain tissue. Since a siliconAbased co67ound binds to
alu6inu6 and 7/e3ents it f/o6 affectin4 the b/ain tissue. Ani6als can be cu/ed of
the diso/de/ b< bein4 t/eated with the co67ound.
8 'SAT
The a/4u6ent is based on which one of the followin4 assu67tions=
>A? Ani6als with the diso/de/ ha3e unusuall< hi4h but in3a/iable le3els of
alu6inu6 in thei/ b/ain tissue.
>B? Alu6inu6 is the cause of the diso/de/ /athe/ than 6e/el< an effect of it.
>C? Int/oducin4 the co67ound into the b/ain tissue has no side effects.
>D? The a6ount of the co67ound needed to neut/ali9e the alu6inu6 in an
ani6al2s b/ain tissue 3a/ies de7endin4 u7on the s7ecies.
>E? Alu6inu6 is ne3e/ 7/esent in no/6al b/ain tissue.
6. As ai/Ab/eathin4 6a66alsB whales 6ust once ha3e li3ed on land and needed hind
li6bs ca7able of su77o/tin4 the 6a66als2 wei4ht. ,hales ha3e the ba/e
/e6nants of a 7el3is. If ani6als ha3e a 7el3isB we e87ect the6 to ha3e hind li6bs.
A newl< disco3e/ed fossili9ed whale s0eleton has 3e/< f/a4ile hind li6bs that
could not ha3e su77o/ted the ani6al2s wei4ht on land. This s0eleton had a 7a/tial
7el3is.
If the state6ents abo3e a/e t/ueB which one of the followin4B if also t/ueB would
6ost st/on4l< su77o/t the conclusion that the f/a4ile hind li6bs a/e /e6nants of
li6bs that landAdwellin4 whales once had=
>A? ,hale bones olde/ than the fossili9ed hind li6bs confi/6 that ancient whales
had full 7el3ises.
>B? )o s0eletons of ancient whales with intact hind li6bs ca7able of su77o/tin4
the 6a66als2 wei4ht ha3e e3e/ been found.
>C? Scientists a/e unce/tain whethe/ the a77a/entl< nonfunctionin4 li6bs of othe/
ea/l< 6a66als de/i3ed f/o6 onceAfunctionin4 li6bs of thei/ ancesto/s.
>D? (the/ la/4eAbodied 6a66als li0e seals and sea lions 6aneu3e/ on beaches
and /oc0< coasts without full< functionin4 hind li6bs.
>E? So6e s6alle/ seaAdwellin4 6a66alsB such as 6ode/n dol7hinsB ha3e no
3isible indications of hind li6bs.
%. The stated 4oal of the 4o3e/n6ent2s fundin4 7/o4/a6 fo/ the a/ts is to encou/a4e
the c/eation of wo/0s of a/tistic e8cellence. Senato/ Beton clai6sB howe3e/B that a
4o3e/n6entAfunded a/two/0 can ne3e/ /eflect the inde7endent a/tistic conscience
of the a/tist because a/tistsB li0e an<one else who acce7ts financial su77o/tB will
ine3itabl< t/< to 7lease those who cont/ol the dist/ibution of that su77o/t. Senato/
Beton concludes that 4o3e/n6ent fundin4 of the a/ts not onl< is a bu/den on
ta87a<e/s but also cannot lead to the c/eation of wo/0s of t/ue a/tistic e8cellence.
,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion on which Senato/ Beton2s a/4u6ent
is based=
>A? Most ta87a<e/s ha3e little o/ no inte/est in the c/eation of wo/0s of t/ue
a/tistic e8cellence.
>B? Go3e/n6ent fundin4 of the a/ts is 6o/e 4ene/ous than othe/ financial su77o/t
6ost a/tists /ecei3e.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 8"
>C? Dist/ibution of 4o3e/n6ent funds fo/ the a/ts is based on a b/oad a4/ee6ent
as to what constitutes a/tistic e8cellence.
>D? (nce an a/tist has 7/oduced wo/0s of t/ue a/tistic e8cellenceB he o/ she will
ne3e/ acce7t 4o3e/n6ent fundin4.
>E? A conte67o/a/< wo/0 of a/t that does not /eflect the inde7endent a/tistic
conscience of the a/tist cannot be a wo/0 of t/ue a/tistic e8cellence.
8. (lde/ Dnited States auto6obiles ha3e been identified as cont/ibutin4
dis7/o7o/tionatel< to 4lobal ai/ 7ollution. The /e@ui/e6ent in 6an< ;u/isdictions
that auto6obiles 7ass e6issionAcont/ol ins7ections has had the effect of ta0in4
6an< such auto6obiles out of se/3ice in the Dnited StatesB as the< fail ins7ection
and thei/ owne/s o7t to bu< newe/ auto6obiles. Thus the bu/den of 7ollution such
olde/ Dnited States auto6obiles cont/ibute to the 4lobal at6os7he/e will be
4/aduall< /educed o3e/ the ne8t decade.
>A? It is i67ossible to se7a/ate the ai/ of one count/< o/ ;u/isdiction f/o6 that of
othe/s.
>B? ,hen auto6obiles that a/e now new beco6e olde/B the< willB because of a
desi4n chan4eB cause less ai/ 7ollution than olde/ auto6obiles do now.
>C? The/e is a th/i3in4 6a/0et fo/ used olde/ Dntied States auto6obiles that a/e
e87o/ted to /e4ions that ha3e no e6issionAcont/ol /e4ulations.
>D? The nu6be/ of ;u/isdictions in the Dnited States /e@ui/in4 auto6obiles to
7ass e6issionAcont/ol ins7ections is no lon4e/ inc/easin4.
>E? E3en if all the olde/ auto6obiles in the Dnited States we/e /eti/ed f/o6
se/3iceB ai/ 7ollution f/o6 Dnited States auto6obiles could still inc/ease if
the total nu6be/ of auto6obiles in use should inc/ease si4nificantl<.
&. The ;ou/nalistic 7/actice of fab/icatin4 /e6a/0s afte/ an inte/3iew and 7/intin4
the6 within @uotation 6a/0sB as if the< we/e the inte/3iewee2s own wo/dsB has
been dec/ied as a fo/6 of unfai/ 6is/e7/esentation. Howe3e/B 7eo7le2s actual
s7o0en /e6a/0s /a/el< con3e< thei/ ideas as clea/l< as does a distillation of those
ideas c/aftedB afte/ an inte/3iewB b< a s0illed w/ite/. The/efo/eB since this 7/actice
a3oids the 6o/e se/ious 6is/e7/esentation that would occu/ if 7eo7le2s e8act
wo/ds we/e @uoted but thei/ ideas onl< 7a/tiall< e87/essedB it is enti/el<
defensible.
,hich one of the followin4 is a @uestionable techni@ue used in the a/4u6ent=
>A? answe/in4 an e8a44e/ated cha/4e b< unde/6inin4 the 7e/sonal autho/it< of
those who 6ade that cha/4e
>B? clai6in4 that the 7/esti4e of a 7/ofession 7/o3ides a67le 4/ounds fo/
dis6issin4 c/iticis6s of that 7/ofession
>C? offe/in4 as an ade@uate defense of a 7/actice an obse/3ation that disc/edits
onl< one of se3e/al 7ossible alte/nati3es to that 7/actice
8# 'SAT
>D? concludin4 that a 7/actice is /i4ht on the 4/ounds that it is necessa/<
>E? usin4 the o77onent2s ad6ission that a 7/actice is so6eti6es a77/o7/iate as
conclusi3e 7/oof that that 7/actice is ne3e/ ina77/o7/iate
1$. The /efo/6s to i67/o3e the @ualit< of 7ublic education that ha3e been initiated on
the 7a/t of su77lie/s of 7ublic education ha3e been insufficient. The/efo/eB
/efo/6s 6ust be de6anded b< consu6e/s. Ia/ents should be 4i3en 4o3e/n6ent
3ouche/s with which to 7a< fo/ thei/ child/en2s education and should be allowed
to choose the schools at which the 3ouche/s will be s7ent. To att/act studentsB
acade6icall< unde/achie3in4 schools will be fo/ced to i67/o3e thei/ acade6ic
offe/in4s.
The a/4u6ent assu6es that
>A? in selectin4 schools 7a/ents would tend to 7/efe/ a /easonable le3el of
acade6ic @ualit< to 4/eate/ s7o/ts o77o/tunities o/ 6o/e con3enient location
>B? i67/o3e6ent in the acade6ic offe/in4s of schools will be enfo/ced b< the
disci7line of the ;ob 6a/0et in which 4/aduatin4 students co67ete
>C? the/e is a sin4le best wa< to educate students
>D? child/en a/e able to /eco4ni9e which schools a/e bette/ and would influence
thei/ 7a/ents2 decisions
>E? schools would each i67/o3e all of thei/ acade6ic offe/in4s and would not
tend to s7eciali9e in one 7a/ticula/ field to the e8clusion of othe/s
11. I/ofesso/ S6ith 7ublished a 7a7e/ a/4uin4 that a che6ical found in 6inute
@uantities in 6ost d/in0in4 wate/ had an ad3e/se effect on the hu6an ne/3ous
s<ste6. E8istin4 scientific theo/< held that no such effect was 7ossible because
the/e was no neu/al 6echanis6 fo/ b/in4in4 it about. Se3e/al 7a7e/s b< wellA
0nown scientists in the field followedB unani6ousl< 7u/7o/tin4 to 7/o3e I/ofesso/
S6ith w/on4. This clea/l< shows that the scientific establish6ent was th/eatened
b< I/ofesso/ S6ith2s wo/0 and cons7i/ed to disc/edit it.
,hich one of the followin4 is the cent/al flaw in the a/4u6ent 4i3en b< the
autho/ of the 7assa4e=
>A? The autho/ 7asses o3e/ the 7ossibilit< that I/ofesso/ S6ith had 6uch to 4ain
should I/ofesso/ S6ith2s disco3e/< ha3e found 4ene/al acce7tance.
>B? The autho/ fails to 6ention whethe/ o/ not I/ofesso/ S6ith 0new that the
e8istence of the alle4ed new effect was inco67atible with established
scientific theo/<.
>C? The autho/ fails to show wh< the othe/ scientists could not ha3e been
7/esentin4 e3idence in o/de/ to establish the t/uth of the 6atte/.
>D? The autho/ ne4lects to cla/if< what his o/ he/ /elationshi7 to I/ofesso/ S6ith
is.
>E? The autho/ fails to indicate whatB if an<B effect the 7ublication of I/ofesso/
S6ith2s 7a7e/ had on the 7ublic2s confidence in the safet< of 6ost d/in0in4
GMAT . 'SAT C- 8!
wate/.
1. The nu6be/ of )o/th A6e/ican child/en who a/e obeseKthat isB who ha3e 6o/e
bod< fat than do 8! 7e/cent of )o/th A6e/ican child/en thei/ a4eKis steadil<
inc/easin4B acco/din4 to fou/ 6a;o/ studies conducted o3e/ the 7ast 1! <ea/s.
If the findin4 /e7o/ted abo3e is co//ectB it can be 7/o7e/l< concluded that
>A? when fou/ 6a;o/ studies all 7/oduce si6ila/ /esultsB those studies 6ust be
accu/ate
>B? )o/th A6e/ican child/en ha3e been 7/o4/essi3el< less 7h<sicall< acti3e o3e/
the 7ast 1! <ea/s
>C? the nu6be/ of )o/th A6e/ican child/en who a/e not obese inc/eased o3e/ the
7ast 1! <ea/s
>D? o3e/ the 7ast 1! <ea/sB the nu6be/ of )o/th A6e/ican child/en who a/e
unde/wei4ht has declined
>E? the incidence of obesit< in )o/th A6e/ican child/en tends to inc/ease as the
child/en 4/ow olde/
1". Econo6ist1 Mone<B no 6atte/ what its fo/6 and in al6ost e3e/< cultu/e in which
it has been usedB de/i3es its 3alue f/o6 its sca/cit<B whethe/ /eal o/ 7e/cei3ed.
Anth/o7olo4ist1 But cow/ie shells fo/6ed the 6a;o/ cu//enc< in the Solo6on
Island econo6< of the Mwa/a2aeB and unli6ited nu6be/s of these shells washed
u7 dail< on the beaches to which the 0wa/a2ae had access.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB about the Mwa/a2aeB best se/3es to /esol3e the
a77a/entl< conflictin4 7ositions cited abo3e=
>A? Du/in4 festi3als the< e8chan4ed st/in4s of cow/ieAshell 6one< with each
othe/ as 7a/t of a t/aditional /itual that hono/ed thei/ elde/s.
>B? The< conside/ed 7o/7oise teeth 3aluableB and these we/e 4ene/all< th/eaded
on st/in4s to be wo/n as ;ewel/<.
>C? The shells used as 6one< b< 6en we/e not alwa<s f/o6 the sa6e s7ecies of
cow/ie as those used as 6one< b< wo6en.
>D? The< acce7ted as 6one< onl< cow/ie shells that we/e 7olished and ca/3ed b<
a nei4hbo/in4 7eo7leB and such shell 7/e7a/ation /e@ui/ed both ti6e and
s0illed labo/.
>E? Afte/ ,este/n t/ade/s b/ou4ht 6one< in the fo/6 of 7/eciousA6etal coins to
the Solo6on IslandsB Cow/ieAshell 6one< continued to be used as one of the
6a;o/ 6edia of e8chan4e fo/ both 4oods and se/3ices.
1#. School su7e/intendent1 It is a sad fact thatB until nowB ent/< into the acade6icall<
best hi4h school in ou/ dist/ict has been /est/icted to the child/en of 7eo7le who
we/e wealth< enou4h to 7a< the hi4h tuition. Ia/ents who we/e 7/e3iousl< denied
the o7tion of sendin4 thei/ child/en to this school now ha3e this o7tionB since I
a6 /e7lacin4 the tuition /e@ui/e6ent with a /e@ui/e6ent that allows onl< those
86 'SAT
who li3e in the nei4hbo/hood of the school to attend.
The su7e/intendent2s clai6 about the effect of /e7lacin4 the tuition /e@ui/e6ent
/elies on the assu67tion that
>A? the /esidents of the school2s nei4hbo/hood tend to be wealth<
>B? 7eo7le othe/ than those wealth< enou4h to ha3e 7aid the old tuition a/e able
to li3e in the nei4hbo/hood of the school
>C? 7eo7le less wealth< than those who we/e able to 7a< the old tuition a/e in the
6a;o/it< in the dist/ict
>D? the/e a/e no hi4h schools in the dist/ict othe/ than the one /efe//ed to b< the
su7e/intendent
>E? the/e a/e 6an< 7eo7le not wealth< enou4h to ha3e 7aid the old tuition who
wish to ha3e thei/ child/en attend the school
1!. The Sco/7io Mise/ with its s7ecial hi4hAefficienc< en4ine costs 6o/e to bu< than
the standa/d Sco/7io s7o/ts ca/. At cu//ent fuel 7/icesB a bu<e/ choosin4 the Mise/
would ha3e to d/i3e it 6$B$$$ 6iles to 6a0e u7 the diffe/ence in 7u/chase 7/ice
th/ou4h sa3in4s on fuel. It follows thatB if fuel 7/ices fellB it would ta0e fewe/
6iles to /each the b/ea0Ae3en 7oint.
,hich one of the followin4 a/4u6ents contains an e//o/ of /easonin4 si6ila/ to
that in the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? The t/ue annual /ate of ea/nin4s on an inte/estAbea/in4 account is the annual
/ate of inte/est less the annual /ate of inflation. Conse@uentlB? 5o/ /etail food sto/esB the Iola/ f/ee9e/B unli0e the A/ctic f/ee9e/B 7/o3ides a
consistent te67e/atu/e that allows the sto/e to ca//< 7/e6iu6 f/o9en foods.
ThusB if elect/icit< /ates fellB a lowe/ 3olu6e of 7/e6iu6Afood sales could
;ustif< choosin4 the Iola/ f/ee9e/.
>C? ,ith the -oad6a0e/B a c/ew can /e7a3e a 6ile of deca<ed /oad in less ti6e
than with the co67etin4 6odelB which isB howe3e/B 6uch less e87ensi3e.
-educed staffin4 le3els 6ade 7ossible b< the -oad6a0e/ e3entuall<
co67ensate fo/ its hi4he/ 7/ice. The/efo/eB the -oad6a0e/ is es7eciall<
ad3anta4eous whe/e a3e/a4e wa4es a/e low.
>D? The i67/o3e st/ain the )o/thland a77le t/ee bea/s f/uit <oun4e/ and li3es
lon4e/ than the standa/d st/ain. The standa/d st/ain does 4/ow la/4e/ at
6atu/itE? Stoc0s 7a< di3idendsB which 3a/< f/o6 <ea/ to <ea/ de7endin4 on 7/ofits
6ade. Bonds 7a< inte/estB which /e6ains constant f/o6 <ea/ to <ea/.
The/efo/eB since the inte/est ea/ned on bonds does not dec/ease when
econo6ic conditions declineB in3esto/s inte/ested in a /eliable inco6e should
choose bonds.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 8%
16. A77/o8i6atel< %.6 6illion wo6en who ea/n inco6es ha3e 7/eschoolAa4e
child/enB and a77/o8i6atel< 6.# 6illion wo6en a/e the sole inco6e ea/ne/s2 fo/
thei/ fa6ilies. These fi4u/es indicate that the/e a/e co67a/ati3el< few inco6eA
ea/nin4 wo6en who ha3e 7/eschoolAa4e child/en but a/e not the sole inco6e
ea/ne/s fo/ thei/ fa6ilies.
A 6a;o/ flaw in the /easonin4 is that it
>A? /elies in fi4u/es that a/e too i67/ecise to su77o/t the conclusion d/awn
>B? o3e/loo0s the 7ossibilit< that the/e is little o/ no o3e/la7 between the two
7o7ulations of wo6en cited
>C? fails to indicate whethe/ the diffe/ence between the two fi4u/es cited will tend
to /e6ain stable o3e/ ti6e
>D? i4no/es the 7ossibilitE? 7/o3ides no info/6ation on fa6ilies in which 6en a/e the sole inco6e ea/ne/s
1%. Bein4 a/ticulate has been e@uated with ha3in4 a la/4e 3ocabula/<. Actuall<B
howe3e/B 7eo7le with la/4e 3ocabula/ies ha3e no incenti3e fo/B and tend not to
en4a4e inB the 0ind of c/eati3e lin4uistic selfAe87/ession that is /e@ui/ed when no
a3ailable wo/ds see6 ade@uate. Thus a la/4e 3ocabula/< is a hind/ance to usin4
lan4ua4e in a t/ul< a/ticulate wa<.
,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion 6ade in the a/4u6ent=
>A? ,hen 7eo7le a/e t/ul< a/ticulateB the< ha3e the ca7acit< to e87/ess the6sel3es
in situations in which thei/ 3ocabula/ies see6 inade@uate.
>B? Ieo7le who a/e able to e87/ess the6sel3es c/eati3el< in new situations ha3e
little incenti3e to ac@ui/e la/4e 3ocabula/ies.
>C? The 6ost a/ticulate 7eo7le a/e 7eo7le who ha3e la/4e 3ocabula/ies but also
a/e able to e87/ess the6sel3es c/eati3el< when the situation de6ands it.
>D? In educatin4 7eo7le2 to be 6o/e a/ticulateB it would be futile to t/< to inc/ease
the si9e of thei/ 3ocabula/ies.
>E? In unfa6ilia/ situationsB e3en 7eo7le with la/4e *ocabula/ies often do not
ha3e s7ecificall< suitable wo/ds a3ailable.
Questions 18-19
D/. Schillin41 Those who ad3ocate /e7lacin4 6< count/<2s 7/i3ate health insu/ance
s<ste6 with nationali9ed health insu/ance because of the /isin4 costs of 6edical ca/e
fail to conside/ the hi4h hu6an costs that consu6e/s 7a< in count/ies with
nationali9ed insu/ance1 access to hi4hAtechnolo4< 6edicine is /est/icted. Midne<
t/ans7lants and o7enAhea/t su/4e/<Kfa6ilia/ lifeAsa3in4 7/ocedu/esKa/e /ationed.
Ieo7le a/e denied thei/ /i4ht to t/eat6ents the< want and need.
D/. 'afo/te1 :ou/ count/<2s /eliance on 7/i3ate health insu/ance denies access e3en to
basicB con3entional 6edicine to the 6an< 7eo7le who cannot affo/d ade@uate health
88 'SAT
co3e/a4e. ,ith nationali9ed insu/anceB /ich and 7oo/ ha3e e@ual access to lifeAsa3in4
6edical 7/ocedu/es. And 7eo7le2s /i4ht to decent 6edical t/eat6ent /e4a/dless of
inco6e is not 3iolated.
18. D/. Schillin42s and D/. 'afo/te2s state6ents 7/o3ide the 6ost su77o/t fo/ holdin4
that the< would disa4/ee about the t/uth of which one of the followin4=
>A? Ieo7le2s /i4hts a/e 3iolated less when the< a/e denied an a3ailable 6edical
t/eat6ent the< need because the< lac0 the 6eans to 7a< fo/ it than when the<
a/e denied such t/eat6ent on nonecono6ic 4/ounds.
>B? ,he/e health insu/ance is 7/o3ided b< 7/i3ate insu/ance co67aniesB 7eo7le
who a/e wealth< 4ene/all< /ecei3e bette/ health ca/e than do 7eo7le who a/e
unable to affo/d health insu/ance.
>C? In count/ies that /el< 7/i6a/il< on 7/i3ate health insu/ance to 7a< fo/ 6edical
costsB 6ost 7eo7le who would benefit f/o6 a 0idne< t/ans7lant /ecei3e one.
>D? In count/ies with nationali9ed health insu/anceB no one who needs a fa6ilia/
6edical t/eat6ent in o/de/ to sta< ali3e is denied that t/eat6ent.
>E? An<one who wants a 7a/ticula/ 6edical t/eat6ent has a /i4ht to /ecei3e that
t/eat6ent.
1&. In /es7ondin4 to D/. Schillihn4B D/. 'afo/te e67lo<s which one of the followin4
a/4u6entati3e st/ate4ies=
>A? showin4 that the ob;ections /aised b< D/. Schillin4 ha3e no bea/in4 on the
@uestion of which of the two s<ste6s unde/ conside/ation is the su7e/io/
s<ste6
>B? callin4 into @uestion D/. Schillin42s status as an autho/it< on the issue of
whethe/ consu6e/s2 access to 6edical t/eat6ents is /est/icted in count/ies
with nationali9ed health insu/ance
>C? 7/oducin4 counte/e8a67les to D/. Schillin42s clai6s that nationali9ed health
insu/ance sche6es e8t/act hi4h hu6an costs f/o6 consu6e/s
>D? de6onst/atin4 that D/. Schillin42s /easonin4 is 7e/suasi3e onl< because of his
a6bi4uous use of the 0e< wo/d Econsu6e/F
>E? showin4 that the fo/ce of D/. Schillin42s c/iticis6 de7ends on const/uin4 the
0e< notion of access in a 7a/ticula/ li6ited wa<
$. A ce/tain 3i/al infection is wides7/ead a6on4 child/enB and about "$ 7e/cent of
child/en infected with the 3i/us de3elo7 6iddle ea/ infections. AntibioticsB
althou4h effecti3e in t/eatin4 bacte/ial infectionsB ha3e no effect on the 3i/us. :et
when 6iddle ea/ infections in child/en infected with the 3i/us a/e t/eated with
antibioticsB the ea/ infections often clea/ u7.
,hich one of the followin4 6ost hel7s to e87lain the success of the t/eat6ents
with antibiotics=
>A? Althou4h so6e t<7es of antibiotics fail to clea/ u7 ce/tain infectionsB othe/
t<7es of antibiotics 6i4ht 7/o3ide effecti3e t/eat6ent fo/ those infections.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 8&
>B? Child/en infected with the 3i/us a/e 7a/ticula/l< susce7tible to bacte/ia that
infect the 6iddle ea/.
>C? Man< child/en who de3elo7 6iddle ea/ infections a/e not infected with the
3i/us.
>D? Most 3i/al infections a/e 6o/e difficult to t/eat than a/e 6ost bacte/ial
infections.
>E? A6on4 child/en not infected with the 3i/usB fewe/ than "$ 7e/cent de3elo7
6iddle ea/ infections.
1. )atu/alist1 5o/ decades we ha3e 0nown that the tuata/aB a )ew Qealand /e7tileB
has been a77/oachin4 e8tinction on the South Island. But since South Island
tuata/a we/e thou4ht to be of the sa6e s7ecies as )o/th Island tuata/a the/e was
no need to 7/otect the6. But new /esea/ch indicates that the South Island tuata/a
a/e a distinct s7eciesB found onl< in that location. Because it is now 0nown that if
the South Island tuata/a a/e lost an enti/e s7ecies will the/eb< be lostB hu6an
bein4s a/e now obli4ed to 7/e3ent thei/ e8tinctionB e3en if it 6eans 0illin4 6an<
of thei/ unendan4e/ed natu/al 7/edato/s.
,hich one of the followin4 7/inci7les 6ost hel7s to ;ustif< the natu/alists2
a/4u6entation=
>A? In o/de/ to 6a8i6i9e the nu6be/ of li3in4 thin4s on Ea/thB ste7s should be
ta0en to 7/ese/3e all local 7o7ulations of ani6als.
>B? ,hen an ani6al is in dan4e/ of d<in4B the/e is an obli4ation to hel7 sa3e its
lifeB if doin4 so would not inte/fe/e with the health o/ wellAbein4 of othe/
ani6als o/ 7eo7le.
>C? The th/eat of local e8tinction i67oses no obli4ation to t/< to 7/e3ent that
e8tinctionB whe/eas the th/eat of 4lobal e8tinction does i67ose such an
obli4ation.
>D? Hu6an acti3ities that eithe/ intentionall< o/ unintentionall< th/eaten the
su/3i3al of an ani6al s7ecies ou4ht to be cu/tailed.
>E? S7ecies that a/e found in onl< one ci/cu6sc/ibed 4eo4/a7hical /e4ion ou4ht to
be 4i3en 6o/e ca/e and attention than a/e othe/ s7ecies because the< a/e
6o/e 3ulne/able to e8tinction.
. )u/sin4 schools cannot att/act a 4/eate/ nu6be/ of able a77licants than the<
cu//entl< do unless the 7/oble6s of low wa4es and hi4hAst/ess wo/0in4
conditions in the nu/sin4 7/ofession a/e sol3ed. If the 7ool of able a77licants to
nu/sin4 school does not inc/ease be<ond the cu//ent le3elB eithe/ the 7/ofession
will ha3e to lowe/ its ent/ance standa/dsB o/ the/e will soon be an acute sho/ta4e
of nu/ses. It is not ce/tainB howe3e/B that lowe/in4 ent/ance standa/ds will a3e/t a
sho/ta4e. It is clea/ that with eithe/ a sho/ta4e of nu/ses o/ lowe/ed ent/ance
standa/ds of the 7/ofessionB the cu//ent hi4h @ualit< of health ca/e cannot be
6aintained.
,hich one of the followin4 can be 7/o7e/t< infe//ed f/o6 the 7assa4e=
&$ 'SAT
>A? If the nu/sin4 7/ofession sol3es the 7/oble6s of low wa4es and hi4hAst/ess
wo/0in4 conditionsB it will att/act able a77licants in 4/eate/ nu6be/s than it
cu//entl< does.
>B? The nu/sin4 7/ofession will ha3e to lowe/ its ent/ance standa/ds if the 7ool of
able a77licants to nu/sin4 school does not inc/ease be<ond the cu//ent le3el.
>C? If the nu/sin4 7/ofession sol3es the 7/oble6s of low wa4es and hi4hAst/ess
wo/0in4 conditionsB hi4h @ualit< health ca/e will be 6aintained.
>D? If the nu/sin4 7/ofession fails to sol3e the 7/oble6s of low wa4es and hi4hA
st/ess wo/0in4 conditionsB the/e will soon be an acute sho/ta4e of nu/ses.
>E? The cu//ent hi4h @ualit< of health ca/e will not be 6aintained if the 7/oble6s
of low wa4es and hi4hAst/ess wo/0in4 conditions in the nu/sin4 7/ofession
a/e not sol3ed.
Questions !3-!4
The/e a/e about %! b/ands of 6ic/owa3e 7o7co/n on the 6a/0etG alto4ethe/B the<
account fo/ a little o3e/ half of the 6one< f/o6 sales of 6ic/owa3e food 7/oducts. It
ta0es th/ee 6inutes to 7o7 co/n in the 6ic/owa3eB co67a/ed to se3en 6inutes to 7o7
co/n con3entionall<. :et b< wei4htB 6ic/owa3e 7o7co/n t<7icall< costs o3e/ fi3e
ti6es as 6uch as con3entional 7o7co/n. +ud4in4 b< the 7o7ula/it< of 6ic/owa3e
7o7co/nB 6an< 7eo7le a/e willin4 to 7a< a hi4h 7/ice fo/ ;ust a little additional
con3enience.
". If the state6ents in the 7assa4e a/e t/ue. ,hich one of the followin4 6ust also be
t/ue=
>A? )o sin4le b/and of 6ic/owa3e 7o7co/n accounts fo/ a la/4e sha/e of
6ic/owa3e food 7/oduct sales.
>B? The/e a/e 6o/e b/ands of 6ic/owa3e 7o7co/n on the 6a/0et than the/e a/e of
an< othe/ 6ic/owa3e food 7/oduct.
>C? B< 3olu6eB 6o/e 6ic/owa3e 7o7co/n is sold than is con3entional 7o7co/n.
>D? Mo/e 6one< is s7ent on 6ic/owa3e food 7/oducts that ta0e th/ee 6inutes o/
less to coo0 than on 6ic/owa3e food 7/oducts that ta0e lon4e/ to coo0.
>E? (f the total nu6be/ of 6ic/owa3e food 7/oducts on the 6a/0etB 6ost a/e
6ic/owa3e 7o7co/n 7/oducts.
#. ,hich one of the followin4 state6entsB if t/ueB would call into @uestion the
>A? Mo/e than !$ 7e/cent of 7o7co/n 7u/chase/s bu< con3entional 7o7co/n /athe/
than 6ic/owa3e 7o7co/n.
>B? Most 7eo7le who 7/efe/ 6ic/owa3e 7o7co/n do so because it is less fattenin4
than 7o7co/n that is 7o77ed con3entionall< in oil.
>C? The 7/ice of 6ic/owa3e 7o7co/n /eflects its 7ac0a4in4 6o/e than it /eflects
the @ualit< of the 7o7co/n contained in the 7ac0a4e.
GMAT . 'SAT C- &1
>D? The /atio of un7o77ed 0e/nels to 7o77ed 0e/nels is 4ene/all< the sa6e
whethe/ 7o7co/n is 7o77ed in a 6ic/owa3e o/ con3entionall< in oil.
>E? Because 6ic/owa3e 7o7co/n contains additi3es not contained in con3entional
7o7co/nB 6ic/owa3e 7o7co/n wei4hs 6o/e than an e@ual 3olu6e of
con3entional 7o7co/n.
!. Situation1 In the island nation of Be9unB the 4o3e/n6ent ta8es 4asoline hea3il< in
o/de/ to induce 7eo7le not to d/i3e. It uses the /e3enue f/o6 the 4asoline ta8 to
subsidi9e elect/icit< in o/de/ to /educe 7/ices cha/4ed fo/ elect/icit<.
Anal<sis1 The 4/eate/ the success achie3ed in 6eetin4 the fi/st of these
ob;ecti3esB the less will be the success achie3ed in 6eetin4 the second.
The anal<sis 7/o3ided fo/ the situation abo3e would be 6ost a77/o7/iate in which
one of the followin4 situations=
>A? A lib/a/< cha/4es a late fee in o/de/ to induce bo//owe/s to /etu/n boo0s
7/o67tl<. The lib/a/< uses /e3enue f/o6 the late fee to send /e6inde/s to
ta/d< bo//owe/s in o/de/ to /educe the incidence of o3e/due boo0s.
>B? A 6ailAo/de/ sto/e i67oses a stiff su/cha/4e fo/ o3e/ni4ht deli3e/< in o/de/ to
li6it use of this o7tion. The sto/e uses /e3enue f/o6 the su/cha/4e to 7a< the
e8t/a e87enses it incu/s fo/ 7/o3idin4 the o3e/ni4ht deli3e/< se/3ice.
>C? The 7a/0 6ana4e6ent cha/4es an ad6ission fee so that a 7a/02s use/s will
cont/ibute to the 7a/02s u70ee7. In o/de/ to 0ee7 ad6ission fees lowB the
6ana4e6ent does 6ot finance an< new 7/o;ects f/o6 the6.
>D? A /estau/ant adds a se/3ice cha/4e in o/de/ to s7a/e custo6e/s the t/ouble of
indi3idual ti7s. The se/3ice cha/4e is then sha/ed a6on4 the /estau/ant2s
wo/0e/s in o/de/ to au46ent thei/ low hou/l< wa4es.
>E? The hi4hwa< ad6inist/ation cha/4es a toll fo/ c/ossin4 a b/id4e in o/de/ to 4et
6oto/ists to use othe/ /outes. It uses the /e3enue f/o6 that toll to 4ene/ate a
/ese/3e fund in o/de/ to be able one da< to build a new b/id4e.
TEST !
SECTI() II
1. If <ou ha3e a la/4e a6ount of 6one< in the ban0B <ou/ s7endin4 7owe/ is 4/eat. If
<ou/ s7endin4 7owe/ is 4/eatB <ou a/e ha77<. So if <ou ha3e a la/4e a6ount of
6one< in the ban0B <ou a/e ha77<.
,hich one of the followin4 6ost closel< 7a/allels the /easonin4 in the a/4u6ent
abo3e=
>A? If <ou ha3e 4ood healthB <ou can ea/n a lot. If <ou can ea/n a lotB <ou can bu<
an e87ensi3e house. So if <ou ha3e 4ood healthB <ou can ha3e a co6fo/table
life.
& 'SAT
>B? If <ou d/in0 too 6uch alcoholB <ou will feel sic0. If <ou d/in0 too 6uch
alcoholB <ou will ha3e no 6one< left. So if <ou ha3e no 6one< leftB <ou will
feel sic0.
>C? If <ou swi6 ene/4eticallD? If <ou ta0e a 4/eat deal of e8e/ciseB <ou a/e 7h<sicall< fit. If <ou ta0e a 4/eat
deal of e8e/ciseB <ou a/e e8hausted. So if <ou a/e 7h<sicall< fitB <ou a/e
e8hausted.
>E? If <ou ha3e a la/4e a6ount of 6one< in the ban0B <ou a/e confident about the
futu/e. If <ou a/e o7ti6istic b< natu/eB <ou a/e confident about the futu/e. So
if <ou ha3e a la/4e a6ount of 6one< in the ban0B <ou a/e o7ti6istic b<
natu/e.
. 5o/ a tele3ision 7/o4/a6 about ast/olo4<B in3esti4ato/s went into the st/eet and
found twent< 3oluntee/s bo/n unde/ the si4n of Ge6ini who we/e willin4 to be
inte/3iewed on the 7/o4/a6 and to ta0e a 7e/sonalit< test. The test confi/6ed the
in3esti4ato/s2 7e/sonal i67/essions that each of the 3oluntee/s was 6o/e sociable
and e8t/o3e/ted than 7eo7le a/e on a3e/a4e. This 6odest in3esti4ation thus
su77o/ts the clai6 that one2s ast/olo4ical bi/th si4n influence one2s 7e/sonalit<.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB indicates the 6ost se/ious flaw in the 6ethod
used b< the in3esti4ato/s=
>A? The 7e/sonalit< test was not ad6inist/ated o/ sco/ed 7e/sonall< b< the
in3esti4ato/s.
>B? Ieo7le bo/n unde/ ast/olo4ical si4ns othe/ than Ge6ini ha3e been ;ud4ed b<
ast/olo4e/s to be 6uch less sociable than those bo/n unde/ Ge6ini.
>C? The 7e/sonal i67/essions the in3esti4ato/s fi/st fo/6ed of othe/ 7eo7le ha3e
tended to be confi/6ed b< the in3esti4ato/s2 late/ e87e/ience of those 7eo7le.
>D? The/e is not li0el< to be a 4/eate/ 7/o7o/tion of 7eo7le bo/n unde/ the si4n of
Ge6ini on the st/eet than in the 7o7ulation as a whole.
>E? Ieo7le who a/e not sociable and e8t/o3e/ted a/e not li0el< to a4/ee to
7a/tici7ate in such an in3esti4ation.
". In Eu/o7eB schoolchild/en de3ote ti6e du/in4 each school da< to calisthenics.
)o/th A6e/ican schools /a/el< offe/ a dail< calisthenics 7/o4/a6. Tests 7/o3e that
)o/th A6e/ican child/en a/e wea0e/B slowe/B and sho/te/Awinded than Eu/o7ean
child/en. ,e 6ust conclude that )o/th A6e/ican child/en can be 6ade 7h<sicall<
fit onl< if the< 7a/tici7ate in school calisthenics on a dail< basis.
,hich one of the followin4 is assu6ed in the 7assa4e=
>A? All child/en can be 6ade 7h<sicall< fit b< dail< calisthenics.
>B? All child/en can be 6ade e@uall< 7h<sicall< fit b< dail< calisthenics.
>C? Su7e/io/ 7h<sical fitness 7/oduces su7e/io/ health.
GMAT . 'SAT C- &"
>D? School calisthenics a/e an indis7ensable facto/ in Eu/o7ean child/en2s
su7e/io/ 7h<sical fitness.
>E? )o/th A6e/ican child/en can lea/n to eat a 6o/e nut/itious diet as well as to
e8e/cise dail<.
#. A wo/0 of a/chitectu/eB if it is to be both in3itin4 and functional fo/ 7ublic useB
6ust be unobt/usi3eB ta0in4 second 7lace to the total en3i/on6ent. Mode/n
a/chitectsB 7la4ued b< e4ois6B ha3e 3iolated this 7/ece7t. The< ha3e let thei/
st/on4 7e/sonalities ta0e o3e/ thei/ wo/0B 7/oducin4 buildin4s that a/e not
functional fo/ 7ublic use.
,hich one of the state6ents below follows lo4icall< f/o6 the state6ents in the
7assa4e=
>A? Dnobt/usi3e a/chitectu/e is both in3itin4 and functional.
>B? Mode/n a/chitects who let thei/ st/on4 7e/sonalities ta0e o3e/ thei/ wo/0
7/oduce buildin4s that a/e not unobt/usi3e.
>C? An a/chitect with a st/on4 7e/sonalit< cannot 7/oduce buildin4s that
functional well fo/ the 7ublic.
>D? A wo/0 of a/chitectu/e that ta0es second 7lace to the en3i/on6ent functions
well fo/ 7ublic use.
>E? A wo/0 of a/chitectu/e cannot si6ultaneousl< e87/ess its a/chitect2s
7e/sonalit< and be functional fo/ 7ublic use.
!. (bse/3ato/< di/ecto/1 So6e sa< that fundin4 the 6e4atelesco7e will benefit onl<
the ast/ono6e/s who will wo/0 with it. This dan4e/ous 7oint of 3iewB a77lied to
the wo/0 of Ma8wellB )ewtonB o/ EinsteinB would ha3e stifled thei/ /esea/ch and
de7/i3ed the wo/ld of beneficial a77licationsB such as the de3elo76ent of /adioB
that followed f/o6 that /esea/ch.
If the state6ents abo3e a/e 7ut fo/wa/d as an a/4u6ent in fa3o/ of de3elo76ent
of the 6e4atelesco7eB which one of the followin4 is the st/on4est c/iticis6 of that
a/4u6ent=
>A? It a77eals to the autho/it< of e87e/ts who cannot ha3e 0nown all the issues
in3ol3ed in const/uction of the 6e4atelesco7e.
>B? It does not identif< those o77osed to de3elo76ent of the 6e4atelesco7e.
>C? It launches a 7e/sonal attac0 on o77onents of the 6e4atelesco7e b< accusin4
the6 of ha3in4 a dan4e/ous 7oint of 3iew.
>D? It does not distin4uish between the econo6ic and the intellectual sense of
Ebenefit.F
>E? It does not show that the 7/o7osed 6e4atelesco7e /esea/ch is wo/th< of
co67a/ison with that of e6inent scientists in its 7otential fo/ a77lications.
6. The T/ansit Autho/it<2s 7/o7osal to inc/ease fa/es b< #$ 7e/cent 6ust be
i67le6ented. Ad6ittedl<B this fa/e inc/ease will i67ose a ha/dshi7 on so6e bus
&# 'SAT
and subwa< /ide/s. But if the fa/e is not inc/easedB se/3ice will ha3e to be cut
se3e/el< and that would /esult in an unacce7tabl< la/4e loss of /ide/shi7.
The 7assa4e e67lo<s which one of the followin4 a/4u6entati3e st/ate4ies=
>A? It offe/s e3idence that the /eco66ended cou/se of action would ha3e no
undesi/able conse@uences.
>B? It shows that a 7/o7onent of an< alte/nati3e 7osition would be fo/ce into a
cont/adiction.
>C? It a//i3es at its conclusion indi/ectl< b< 7/o3idin4 /easons fo/ /e;ectin4 an
alte/nati3e cou/se of action.
>D? It e87lains wh< the /eco66ended cou/se of action would not be sub;ect to the
ob;ections /aised a4ainst the alte/nati3e.
>E? It ;ustifies the conclusion b< showin4 that such a cou/se of action has 7/o3en
effecti3e in the 7ast.
%. Those who 7a/tici7ate in local 7olitics include 7eo7le who a/e 4enuinel<
inte/ested in 7ublic se/3ice and 7eo7le who a/e selfish o77o/tunists. E3e/<one
who 7a/tici7ates in local 7olitics has an influence on the co66unit<2s 3alues.
If the state6ents abo3e a/e t/ueB which one of the followin4 6ust also be t/ue=
>A? So6e selfish o77o/tunists ha3e an influence on the co66unit<2s 3alues.
>B? So6e 7e/sons who a/e inte/ested in 7ublic se/3ice do not ha3e an influence
on the co66unit<2s 3alues.
>C? All those who ha3e an influence on the co66unit<2s 3alues 7a/tici7ate in
local 7olitics.
>D? So6e of those who influence the co66unit<2s 3alues neithe/ a/e inte/ested in
7ublic se/3ice no/ a/e selfish o77o/tunists.
>E? All those who ha3e an influence on the co66unit<2s 3alues a/e eithe/
inte/ested in 7ublic se/3ice o/ a/e selfish o77o/tunists.
Questions 8-9
Althou4h nondai/< coffee li4htene/s 6ade with coconut oil contain 4/a6s of
satu/ated fat 7e/ tables7oonB o/ % ti6es 6o/e than does whole 6il0B those li4htene/s
usuall< contain no choleste/ol. :et one tables7oon of such li4htene/s causes the
consu6e/2s blood choleste/ol to /ise to a hi4he/ le3el than does an identical a6ount of
whole 6il0B which contains 6illi4/a6s of choleste/ol 7e/ tables7oon.
8. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB cont/ibutes 6ost to an e87lanation of the
a77a/ent disc/e7anc< noted abo3e=
>A? )ut/itionists /eco66end that adults consu6e as little satu/ated fat as 7ossible
and no 6o/e than !$ 6illi4/a6s of choleste/ol a da<.
>B? (ne 4/a6 of satu/ated fat in food has /ou4hl< the sa6e effect on blood
choleste/ol as ! 6illi4/a6s of choleste/ol in food.
>C? 'i4ht c/ea6B a dai/< 7/oduct that contains ! ti6es 6o/e choleste/ol than does
GMAT . 'SAT C- &!
whole 6il0B is often chosen as a li4htene/ b< consu6e/s who no/6all< 7/efe/
whole 6il0.
>D? Ce/tain nondai/< coffee li4htene/s 6ade without coconut oil contain less
satu/ated fat and less choleste/ol than does whole 6il0.
>E? The lowe/ the satu/ated fat content of dai/< 7/oductsB the less choleste/ol the<
usuall< contain.
&. Manufactu/e/s of coffee li4htene/s based on coconut oil clai6 that thei/ 7/oducts
usuall< cause the t<7ical consu6e/2s blood choleste/ol to /ise to a lowe/ le3el
than does the use of whole 6il0 as a li4htene/s. ,hich one of the followin4B if
t/ueB 7/o3ides the 6ost su77o/t fo/ the 6anufactu/e/s2 clai6=
>A? Consu6e/s of li4htene/s 6ade with coconut oil who a3oid othe/ hi4hA
choleste/ol foods and e8e/cise 6o/e than a3e/a4e tend to ha3e lowe/AthanA
a3e/a4e blood choleste/ol le3els.
>B? Coffee is f/e@uentl< consu6ed with 7ast/ies and othe/ /ich desse/ts that
the6sel3es /esult in hi4h blood choleste/ol le3els.
>C? (ne 7o7ula/ nondai/< coffee li4htene/ that is not based on coconut oil has
/educed its fat content b< $ 7e/cent while 0ee7in4 its choleste/ol content at
9e/o.
>D? Consu6e/s t<7icall< add to thei/ coffee substantiall< s6alle/ @uantities of
coconutAoilAbased li4htene/s than of whole 6il0.
>E? Most consu6e/s a/e con3inced that whole dai/< 7/oducts inc/ease blood
choleste/ol and that nondai/< coffee li4htene/s do not.
1$. Ieo7le with se/ious financial 7/oble6s a/e so wo//ied about 6one< that the<
cannot be ha77<. Thei/ 6ise/< 6a0es e3e/<one close to the6Kfa6il<B f/iendsB
collea4uesKunha77< as well. (nl< if thei/ financial 7/oble6s a/e sol3ed can the<
and those a/ound the6 be ha77<.
,hich one of the followin4 state6ents can be 7/o7e/l< infe//ed f/o6 the 7assa4e=
>A? (nl< se/ious 7/oble6s 6a0e 7eo7le unha77<.
>B? Ieo7le who sol3e thei/ se/ious financial 7/oble6s will be ha77<.
>C? Ieo7le who do not ha3e se/ious financial 7/oble6s will be ha77<.
>D? If 7eo7le a/e unha77E? If 7eo7le a/e ha77<B the< do not ha3e se/ious financial 7/oble6s.
11. It is often said that 7eo7le should be /ewa/ded fo/ doin4 a 4i3en ;ob in 7/o7o/tion
to the effo/t it costs the6 to do it. Howe3e/B a little /eflection will show that this
isB in factB a 3e/< bad ideaB since it would 6ean that those 7eo7le with the least
s0ill o/ natu/al a7titude fo/ a 7a/ticula/ tas0 would be the ones 4i3en the 6ost
incenti3e to do it.
,hich one of the followin4 a/4u6entati3e st/ate4ies is used abo3e=
>A? statin4 a 4ene/al 7/inci7le and then 7/esentin4 /easons in fa3o/ of ado7tin4 it
&6 'SAT
>B? 7/o3idin4 e3idence that whe/e the 7/inci7le unde/ discussion has been
ado7tedB the /esults usuall< ha3e been undesi/able
>C? de6onst/atin4 that a conse@uence that had been assu6ed to follow f/o6 the
7/inci7le unde/ conside/ation need not follow f/o6 it
>D? atte67tin4 to unde/6ine a 4ene/al 7/inci7le b< a/4uin4 that undesi/able
conse@uences would follow f/o6 it
>E? showin4 thatB in 7/acticeB the 7/inci7le unde/ conside/ation could not be
unifo/6l< a77lied
1. Ihoto3oltaic 7owe/ 7lants 7/oduce elect/icit< f/o6 sunli4ht. As a /esult of
astonishin4 /ecent technolo4ical ad3ancesB the cost of 7/oducin4 elect/ic 7owe/ at
7hoto3oltaic 7owe/ 7lantsB allowin4 fo/ both const/uction and o7e/atin4 costsB is
oneAtenth of what it was $ <ea/s a4oB whe/eas the co//es7ondin4 cost fo/
t/aditional 7lantsB which bu/n fossil fuelsB has inc/eased. ThusB 7hoto3oltaic
7owe/ 7lants offe/ a less e87ensi3e a77/oach to 6eetin4 de6and fo/ elect/icit<
than do t/aditional 7owe/ 7lants.
The conclusion of the a/4u6ent is 7/o7e/l< d/awn if which one of the followin4 is
assu6ed=
>A? The cost of 7/oducin4 elect/ic 7owe/ at t/aditional 7lants has inc/eased o3e/
the 7ast $ <ea/s.
>B? Twent< <ea/s a4oB t/aditional 7owe/ 7lants we/e 7/oducin4 1$ ti6es 6o/e
elect/ic 7owe/ than we/e 7hoto3oltaic 7lants.
>C? )one of the /ecent technolo4ical ad3ances in 7/oducin4 elect/ic 7owe/ at
7hoto3oltaic 7lants can be a77lied to 7/oducin4 7owe/ at t/aditional 7lants.
>D? Twent< <ea/s a4oB the cost of 7/oducin4 elect/ic 7owe/ at 7hoto3oltaic 7lants
was less than $ ti6es the cost of 7/oducin4 7owe/ at t/aditional 7lants.
>E? The cost of 7/oducin4 elect/ic 7owe/ at 7hoto3oltaic 7lants is e87ected to
dec/ease fu/the/B while the cost of 7/oducin4 7owe/ at t/aditional 7lants is
not e87ected to dec/ease.
1". If that insect is a beeB it can onl< stin4 once. It onl< did stin4 once. So it is a bee.
,hich one of the followin4 e8hibits a 7atte/n of /easonin4 6ost si6ila/ to that in
the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? S7/in4 is he/e. It has to beB because when it is s7/in4B I cannot sto7 snee9in4G
and I ;ust snee9ed.
>B? ,hen the s0< is clea/B the at6os7he/ic 7/essu/e is hi4h. At the 6o6entB it is
clea/in4 u7B so the at6os7he/ic 7/essu/e is bound to be hi4h soon.
>C? (ld and b/ittle 7aintin4s a/e alwa<s 6o3ed with e8t/e6e ca/e. That 7a/ticula/
7aintin4 is ne3e/ 6o3ed with e8t/e6e ca/e. So it 6ust not be old and b/ittle.
>D? (nl< one 6o/e thunde/sto/6 was needed to /uin that /oof. But the /oof was
still fine a 6onth late/. The/e 6ust not ha3e been an< thunde/sto/6 o3e/ that
6onth.
GMAT . 'SAT C- &%
>E? To su/3i3e in the wild /e@ui/es 7h<sical sta6ina li0e Ma/02s. All the sa6eB
Ma/02s fea/ of s7ide/s would 7/e3ent his su/3i3al.
1#. Ia6ela1 Ih<sicians t/ainin4 fo/ a 6edical s7ecialt< se/3e as /esident staff
7h<sicians in hos7itals. The< wo/0 such lon4 hou/sKu7 to "6 consecuti3e hou/s
Kthat fati4ue i67ai/s thei/ abilit< to 6a0e the best 6edical decisions du/in4 the
final 7o/tion of thei/ shifts.
Nuinc<1 Thousands of 7h<sicians now 7/acticin4 ha3e been t/ained acco/din4 to
the sa6e /e4i6enB and /eco/ds show the< 4ene/all< 6ade 4ood 6edical decisions
du/in4 thei/ t/ainin4 7e/iods. ,h< should what has wo/0ed in the 7ast be chan4ed
now=
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB is the 6ost effecti3e counte/ Ia6ela 6i4ht
6a0e to Nuinc<2s a/4u6ent=
>A? The basic /es7onsibilities of /esident staff 7h<sicians in hos7itals ha3e not
chan4ed substantiall< o3e/ the 7ast few decades.
>B? Because 6edical /ei6bu/se6ent 7olicies now 7a< fo/ less /ecu7e/ation ti6e
in hos7italsB 7atients in hos7itals a/eB on the a3e/a4eB 6o/e se/iousl< ill
du/in4 thei/ sta< than in the 7ast.
>C? It is i67o/tant that e6e/4enc<A/oo6 7atients /ecei3e continuit< of 7h<sician
ca/eB insofa/ as 7ossibleB o3e/ the c/itical 7e/iod afte/ ad6issionB 4ene/all<
# hou/s.
>D? The load of wo/0 on /esident 7h<siciansAinAt/ainin4 3a/ies acco/din4 to the
6edical s7ecialt< fo/ which each is bein4 t/ained.
>E? The t/ainin4 of 7h<sicians should include obse/3ation and /eco4nition of the
si4ns indicatin4 a hos7itali9ed 7atient2s 7/o4/ess o/ decline o3e/ a 7e/iod of
at least "6 hou/s.
1!. ,hen a 4/ou7 of child/en who ha3e been watchin4 tele3ision 7/o4/a6s that
include acts of 3iolence is sent to 7la< with a 4/ou7 of child/en who ha3e been
watchin4 7/o4/a6s that do not include acts of 3iolenceB the child/en who ha3e
been watchin4 3iolent 7/o4/a6s co66it a 6uch 4/eate/ nu6be/ of 3iolent acts in
thei/ 7la< than do the child/en who ha3e been watchin4 non3iolent 7/o4/a6s.
The/efo/eB child/en at 7la< can be 7/e3ented f/o6 co66ittin4 3iolent acts b< not
bein4 allowed to watch 3iolence on tele3ision.
The a/4u6ent in the 7assa4e assu6es which one of the followin4=
>A? Tele3ision has a ha/6ful effect on societ<.
>B? Ia/ents a/e /es7onsible fo/ the acts of thei/ child/en.
>C? *iolent actions and 7assi3e obse/3ation of 3iolent actions a/e not /elated.
>D? The/e a/e no othe/ diffe/ences between the two 4/ou7s of child/en that 6i4ht
account fo/ the diffe/ence in 3iolent beha3io/.
>E? Child/en who a/e t/eated 3iolentl< will /es7ond with 3iolence.
&8 'SAT
16. It is /e7eatedl< clai6ed that the du67in4 of nuclea/ waste 7oses no th/eat to
7eo7le li3in4 nea/b<. If this clai6 could be 6ade with ce/taint<B the/e would be
no /eason fo/ not locatin4 sites in a/eas of dense 7o7ulation. But the 7olic< of
du67in4 nuclea/ waste onl< in the 6o/e s7a/sel< 7o7ulated /e4ions indicatesB at
the 3e/< leastB so6e 6is4i3in4 about safet< on the 7a/t of those /es7onsible fo/
7olic<.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost se/iousl< wea0en the a/4u6ent=
>A? E3aluation 7lans in the e3ent of an accident could not be 4ua/anteed to wo/0
7e/fectl< e8ce7t whe/e the 7o7ulation is s6all.
>B? In the e3ent of an accidentB it is ce/tain that fewe/ 7eo7le would be ha/6ed in
a s7a/sel< 7o7ulated than in a densel< 7o7ulated a/ea.
>C? Du67in4 of nuclea/ waste 7oses fewe/ econo6ic and bu/eauc/atic 7/oble6s
in s7a/sel< 7o7ulated than in densel< 7o7ulated a/eas.
>D? The/e a/e dan4e/s associated with che6ical wasteB and itB tooB is du67ed
awa< f/o6 a/eas of dense 7o7ulation.
>E? Dntil the/e is no sh/ed of doubt that nuclea/ du67s a/e safeB it 6a0es sense to
situate the6 whe/e the< 7ose the least th/eat to the 7ublic.
1%. A societ<2s infant 6o/talit< /ate is an acce7ted indicato/ of that societ<2s 4ene/al
health status. E3en thou4h in so6e localities in the Dnited States the /ate is hi4he/
than in 6an< de3elo7in4 count/iesB in the Dnited States o3e/all the /ate has been
steadil< declinin4. This decline does not necessa/il< indicateB howe3e/B that
babies in the Dnited States a/e nowB on the a3e/a4eB healthie/ at bi/th than the<
we/e in the 7ast.
,hich one of the followin4 /easonsB if t/ueB 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ts the clai6
6ade abo3e about the i67lications of the decline=
>A? The fi4u/e fo/ infant 6o/talit< is co67iled as an o3e/all /ate and thus 6as0s
deficiencies in 7a/ticula/ localities.
>B? 'ow bi/th wei4ht is a cont/ibutin4 facto/ in 6o/e than half of the infant
deaths in the Dnited States.
>C? The Dnited States has been de3elo7in4 and has achie3ed e8t/e6el<
so7histicated technolo4< fo/ sa3in4 7/e6atu/e and lowAbi/thAwei4ht babiesB
6ost of who6 /e@ui/e e8tended hos7ital sta<s.
>D? In ele3en states of the Dnited StatesB the infant 6o/talit< /ate declined last
<ea/.
>E? Babies who do not /ecei3e ade@uate attention f/o6 a ca/e4i3e/ fail to th/i3e
and so the< 4ain wei4ht slowl<.
Questions 18-19
'i0e a nu6be/ of othe/ a/ticlesB Ian -a4hnall2s a/ticle /elied on a /ecent su/3e< in
which o3e/ half the cou7les a77l<in4 fo/ di3o/ces listed E6one<F as a 6a;o/ 7/oble6
in thei/ 6a//ia4es. -a4hnall2s conclusion f/o6 the su/3e< data is that financial
GMAT . 'SAT C- &&
7/oble6s a/e the 6a;o/ 7/oble6 in 6a//ia4es and an i67o/tant facto/ cont/ibutin4 to
hi4h di3o/ce /ate. :et cou7les often e87/ess othe/ t<7es of 6a/ital f/ust/ations in
financial te/6s. Des7ite a77ea/ancesB the su/3e< data do not establish that financial
7/oble6s a/e the 6a;o/ 7/oble6 in conte67o/a/< 6a//ia4es.
18. ,hich one of the followin4 sentences best e87/esses the 6ain 7oint of the
7assa4e=
>A? 5inancial 7/oble6s a/e not an i67o/tant facto/ cont/ibutin4 to the di3o/ce
/ate.
>B? Ma/ital 7/oble6s a/e 6o/e easil< sol3ed b< 6a//ia4e counselo/s than b<
6a//ied cou7les on thei/ own.
>C? The conclusion d/awn in -a4hnall2s a/ticle is inade@uatel< ;ustified.
>D? (3e/ half the cou7les a77l<in4 fo/ di3o/ces listed 6one< as a 6a;o/ 7/oble6
in thei/ 6a//ia4es.
>E? Man< a/ticles w/on4l< clai6 that financial 7/oble6s a/e the 6a;o/ facto/
cont/ibutin4 to the di3o/ce /ate.
1&. In the 7assa4eB the autho/ does which one of the followin4=
>A? unde/6ines a conclusion d/awn f/o6 statistical data b< offe/in4 a s7ecific
counte/e8a67le
>B? unde/6ines a conclusion d/awn f/o6 statistical data b< offe/in4 an alte/nati3e
e87lanation fo/ so6e of the data
>C? unde/6ines a conclusion d/awn f/o6 statistical data b< showin4 that one
cannot 7/o3e the 7/esence of an e6otion b< usin4 statistical 6ethods
>D? unde/6ines a conclusion d/awn f/o6 statistical data b< c/itici9in4 the su/3e<
fo/ which the data was 4athe/ed
>E? unde/6ines a conclusion b< showin4 that cou7les cannot accu/atel< desc/ibe
thei/ own 7/oble6s
$. In B/a9ilB sideAb<Aside co67a/isons of Af/icani9ed hone<bees and the nati3e
hone<bees ha3e shown that the Af/icani9ed bees a/e fa/ su7e/io/ hone<
7/oduce/s. The/efo/eB the/e is no /eason to fea/ that do6estic co66e/cial hone<
7/oduction will decline in the Dnited States if local hone<bees a/e dis7laced b<
Af/icani9ed hone<bees.
Each of the followin4B if t/ueB would wea0en the a/4u6ent EHCEIT1
>A? The hone<bees nati3e to B/a9il a/e not of the sa6e 3a/iet< as those 6ost
f/e@uentl< used in the co66e/cial bee0ee7in4 indust/< in the Dnited States.
>B? Co66e/cial hone< 7/oduction is fa/ 6o/e co67licated and e87ensi3e with
Af/icani9ed hone<bees than it is with the 6o/e docile hone<bees co66on in
the Dnited States.
>C? If Af/icani9ed hone<bees /e7lace local hone<beesB ce/tain t<7es of o/na6ental
t/ees will be less effecti3el< 7ollinated.
"$$ 'SAT
>D? In the Dnited States a si4nificant 7/o7o/tion of the co66e/cial hone< su77l<
co6es f/o6 hobb< bee0ee7e/sB 6an< of who6 a/e li0el< to abandon
bee0ee7in4 with the influ8 of Af/icani9ed bees.
>E? The a/ea of B/a9il whe/e the co67a/ati3e stud< was done is fa/ bette/ suited
to the fo/a4in4 habits of the Af/icani9ed hone<bees than a/e 6ost a/eas of
the Dnited States.
1. The 7ublic is well awa/e that hi4h blood choleste/ol le3els /aise the /is0 of st/o0e
caused b< blood clots. But a /ecent /e7o/t concludes that 7eo7le with low blood
choleste/ol le3els a/e at inc/eased /is0 of the othe/ lethal t<7e of st/o0eKce/eb/al
he6o//ha4eB caused when a b/ain a/te/< bu/sts. The /e7o/t su44ests that because
blood choleste/ol 7la<s a 3ital /ole in 6aintainin4 cell 6e6b/anesB low blood
choleste/ol wea0ens a/te/< wallsB 6a0in4 the6 7/one to /u7tu/e. The conclusion
thus su77o/ts a lon4Astandin4 contention b< +a7anese /esea/che/s that ,este/n
diets bette/ 7/otect a4ainst ce/eb/al he6o//ha4e than do nonA,este/n diets.
The a/4u6ent is based on which one of the followin4 assu67tions=
>A? ,este/n diets a/e healthie/ than nonA,este/n diets.
>B? ,este/n diets /esult in hi4he/ blood choleste/ol le3els than do nonA,este/n
diets.
>C? Hi4h blood choleste/ol le3els 7/eclude the wea0enin4 of a/te/< walls.
>D? Ce/eb/al he6o//ha4es a/e 6o/e dan4e/ous than st/o0es caused b< blood clots.
>E? Ieo7le who ha3e low blood 7/essu/e a/e at inc/eased /is0 of ce/eb/al
he6o//ha4e.
. Iublic /e7o/ts b< national co66issionsB 4o3e/no/s2 confe/enceB and leade/shi7
4/ou7s ha3e st/essed the 4/eat need fo/ bette/ unde/standin4 of inte/national
affai/s b< the citi9en/<. If the count/< is to /e6ain a leadin4 nation in an e/a of
inte/national co67etiti3enessB the need is undeniable. If the/e is such a need fo/
the citi9en/< to ha3e a bette/ unde/standin4 of inte/national affai/sB then all of ou/
new teache/s 6ust be 7/e7a/ed to teach thei/ sub;ect 6atte/ with an inte/national
o/ientation.
also be t/ue=
>A? If the count/< is to /e6ain a leadin4 nation in an e/a of inte/national
co67etiti3enessB then new teache/s 6ust be 7/e7a/ed to teach thei/ sub;ect
6atte/ with an inte/national o/ientation.
>B? If new teache/s a/e 7/e7a/ed to teach thei/ sub;ect 6atte/ with an inte/national
o/ientationB then the count/< will /e6ain a leadin4 nation in an e/a of
inte/national co67etiti3eness.
>C? If the/e is bette/ unde/standin4 of inte/national affai/s b< the citi9en/D? If the count/< is to /e6ain a leadin4 nation in an e/a of inte/national
co67etiti3enessB then the/e is no need fo/ the citi9en/< to ha3e a bette/
unde/standin4 of inte/national affai/s.
>E? Iublic /e7o/ts f/o6 3a/ious 4/ou7s and co66issions ha3e st/essed the need
fo/ a 6o/e inte/national o/ientation in the education of teache/s.
". ED)A fin4e/7/intin4F is a /ecentl<Aint/oduced bioche6ical 7/ocedu/e that uses a
7atte/n de/i3ed f/o6 a 7e/son2s 4enetic 6ate/ial to 6atch a sus7ect2s 4enetic
6ate/ial a4ainst that of a s7eci6en f/o6 a c/i6e scene. I/o7onents ha3e clai6ed
ast/ono6icall< hi4h odds a4ainst obtainin4 a 6atch b< chance alone. These odds
a/e based on an assu67tion that the/e is inde7endence between the diffe/ent
cha/acte/istics /e7/esented b< a sin4le 7atte/n.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB casts the 6ost doubt on the clai6 of the
7/o7onents of D)A fin4e/7/intin4=
>A? The la/4e a6ount of 4enetic 6ate/ial that 7eo7le sha/e with all othe/ 7eo7le
and with othe/ ani6als is not included in the D)A fin4e/7/intin4 7/ocedu/e.
>B? The/e is 4ene/all< acce7ted theo/etical basis fo/ inte/7/etin4 the 7atte/ns
7/oduced b< the 7/ocedu/e.
>C? In the whole 7o7ulation the/e a/e 3a/ious diffe/ent sub4/ou7sB within each of
which ce/tain sets of 4enetic cha/acte/istics a/e sha/ed.
>D? The s0ill /e@ui/ed of labo/ato/< technicians 7e/fo/6in4 the D)A
fin4e/7/intin4 7/ocedu/e is not e8t/ao/dina/<.
>E? In the in3esti4ation of ce/tain 4enetic diseasesB the techni@ues used in D)A
fin4e/7/intin4 ha3e t/aced the t/ans6ission of the diseases a6on4 the li3in4
6e6be/s of 3e/< la/4e fa6ilies.
#. Anth/o7olo4ists asse/t that cultu/es ad3ance onl< when inde7endence /e7laces
de7endenceKthat isB onl< when i67osition b< outside/s is /e7laced b< initiati3e
f/o6 within. In othe/ wo/dsB the nati3es of a cultu/e a/e the onl< ones who can
6o3e that cultu/e fo/wa/d. )onAnati3es 6a< 7/o3ide 3aluable ad3iceB but an<
i67osition of thei/ 3iews th/eatens inde7endence and thus 7/o4/ess. If one loo0s
at indi3idual schools as se7a/ate cultu/esB the/efo/eB the 0e< to educational
7/o4/ess is ob3iousCCCCCC
,hich one of the followin4 best co67letes the 7assa4e=
>A? indi3idual schools 6ust be inde7endent of outside i67osition
>B? so6e schools /e@ui/e 6o/e inde7endence than othe/sB de7endin4 on the
initiati3e of thei/ staffs and students
>C? school s<ste6 officials 6ust tailo/ thei/ initiati3es fo/ chan4e to each
indi3idual school in the s<ste6
>D? outside/s 6ust be 7/e3ented f/o6 7a/tici7ation in schools2 effo/t to ad3ance
>E? the 6o/e inde7endent a school isB the 6o/e educational 7/o4/ess it will 6a0e
"$ 'SAT
!. The 7ublic in the Dnited States has in the 7ast been conditioned to su77o/t a
substantial defense bud4et b< the th/eat of conf/ontation with the Easte/n bloc.
)ow that that th/eat is dissol3in4B alon4 with the Easte/n bloc itselfB it is doubtful
whethe/ the 7ublic can be 7e/suaded to su77o/t an ade@uate defense bud4et.
,hich one of the followin4 indicates a wea0ness in the 7osition e87/essed abo3e=
>A? It 7/esu77oses that 7ublic o7inion can be 6ani7ulated indefinitelB? It /efe/s to 7ast and 7/esent e3ents that do not ha3e a causal connection with
7ublic su77o/t of the bud4et.
>C? It assu6es as fact what it see0s to establish b< /easonin4.
>D? It fails to 4i3e an< /eason fo/ the ;ud46ent it /eaches.
>E? It hin4es on the te/6 Eade@uateBF the 7/ecise 6eanin4 of which /e@ui/es
/ee3aluation in the new conte8t.
SECTI() *I
1. The t/anslato/ of 7oet/< 6ust /eali9e that wo/dAfo/Awo/d e@ui3alents do not e8ist
ac/oss lan4ua4esB an< 6o/e than 7iano sounds e8ist in the 3iolin. The 3iolin canB
howe3e/B 7la< /eco4ni9abl< the sa6e 6usic as the 7ianoB but onl< if the 3iolinist
is 4uided b< the natu/e and 7ossibilities of the 3iolin as well as b< the o/i4inal
co67osition.
As a77lied to the act of t/anslatin4 7oet/< f/o6 one lan4ua4e into anothe/B the
analo4< abo3e can best be unde/stood as sa<in4 that
>A? 7oet/< cannot be effecti3el< t/anslated becauseB unli0e 6usicB it is co67osed
of wo/ds with s7ecific 6eanin4s
>B? so6e lan4ua4es a/e inhe/entl< 6o/e 6usical and 6o/e suitable to 7oetic
co67osition than othe/s
>C? the t/anslato/ should be 7/i6a/il< conce/ned with /e7/oducin4 the /h<th6s
and sound 7atte/ns of the o/i4inalB not with t/ansc/ibin4 its 6eanin4 e8actl<
>D? the t/anslato/ 6ust obse/3e the s7i/it of the o/i4inal and also the @ualities of
e87/ession that cha/acte/i9e the lan4ua4e into which the o/i4inal is t/anslated
>E? 7oet/< is easie/ to t/anslate if it focuses on 7hiloso7hical insi4hts o/ natu/al
desc/i7tions /athe/ than on sub;ecti3e i67/essions
. Behind the ho7e that co67ute/s can /e7lace teache/s is the idea that the student2s
unde/standin4 of the sub;ect bein4 tau4ht consists in 0nowin4 facts and /ulesB the
;ob of a teache/ bein4 to 6a0e the facts and /ules e87licit and con3e< the6 to the
studentB eithe/ b< 7/actice d/ills o/ b< coachin4. If that we/e indeed the wa< the
6ind wo/0sB the teache/ could t/ansfe/ facts and /ules to the co67ute/B which
would /e7lace the teache/ as d/ill6aste/ and coach. But since unde/standin4 does
GMAT . 'SAT C- "$"
not consist 6e/el< of 0nowin4 facts and /ulesB but of the 4/as7 of the 4ene/al
conce7ts unde/l<in4 the6B the ho7e that the co67ute/ will e3entuall< /e7lace the
teache/ is funda6entall< 6is4uided.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost se/iousl< unde/6ine the autho/2s
conclusion that co67ute/s will not e3entuall< be able to /e7lace teache/s=
>A? Co67ute/s a/e as 4ood as teache/s at d/illin4 students on facts and /ules.
>B? The ;ob of a teache/ is to 6a0e students unde/stand the 4ene/al conce7ts
unde/l<in4 s7ecific facts and /ules.
>C? It is 7ossible to 7/o4/a6 co67ute/s so that the< can teach the unde/standin4
of 4ene/al conce7ts that unde/lie s7ecific facts and /ules.
>D? Because the< a/e not sub;ect to hu6an e//o/B co67ute/s a/e bette/ than
teache/s at con3e<in4 facts and /ules.
>E? It is not 7ossible fo/ students to de3elo7 an unde/standin4 of the conce7ts
unde/l<in4 facts and /ules th/ou4h 7/actice d/ills and coachin4.
". If the cit< council 6aintains s7endin4 at the sa6e le3el as this <ea/2sB it can be
e87ected to le3< a sales ta8 of 7e/cent ne8t <ea/. ThusB if the council le3ies a
hi4he/ ta8B it will be because the council is inc/easin4 its e87enditu/e.
,hich one of the followin4 e8hibits a 7atte/n of /easonin4 6ost closel< si6ila/ to
that of the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? If houseAbuildin4 costs a/e not now /isin4B builde/s cannot be e87ected to
inc/ease the 7/ices of houses. ThusB if the< dec/ease the 7/ices of housesB it
will be because that action will enable the6 to sell a 4/eate/ nu6be/ of
houses.
>B? If sho7s wish to /educe sho7liftin4B the< should e67lo< 6o/e sto/e detecti3es.
ThusB if sho7s do notB the< will suffe/ /educed 7/ofits because of thei/ loss
f/o6 stolen 4oods.
>C? If the co67anies in the state do not inc/ease thei/ wo/0e/s2 wa4es this <ea/B
the 7/ices the< cha/4e fo/ thei/ 4oods can be e87ected to be the sa6e as the<
we/e last <ea/. ThusB if the co67anies do inc/ease 7/icesB it will be because
the< ha3e inc/eased wa4es.
>D? If ai/lines wish to 6a0e 7/ofits this <ea/ that a/e si6ila/ to last <ea/2sB the<
should not inc/ease thei/ 7/ices this <ea/. ThusB if the< cha/4e 6o/eB the<
should be e87ected to i67/o3e thei/ se/3ices.
>E? If news7a7e/ 7ublishe/s wish to 7ublish 4ood 7a7e/sB the< should e67lo<
4ood ;ou/nalists. ThusB if the< e67lo< 7oo/ ;ou/nalistsB it will not be
su/7/isin4 if thei/ ci/culation falls as a /esult.
#. The 6ind and the i66une s<ste6 ha3e been shown to be inti6atel< lin0edB and
scientists a/e consistentl< findin4 that doin4 4ood deeds benefits one2s i66une
s<ste6. The bone 6a//ow and s7leenB which 7/oduce the white blood cells
needed to fi4ht infectionB a/e both connected b< neu/al 7athwa<s to the b/ain.
"$# 'SAT
-ecent /esea/ch has shown that the acti3it< of these white blood cells is
sti6ulated b< beneficial che6icals 7/oduced b< the b/ain as a /esult of
6a4nani6ous beha3io/.
The state6ents abo3eB if t/ueB su77o/t the 3iew that
>A? 4ood deeds 6ust be based on unselfish 6oti3es
>B? lac0 of 6a4nani6it< is the cause of 6ost se/ious illnesses
>C? 6a4nani6ous beha3io/ can be /e4ulated b< the 7/esence o/ absence of ce/tain
che6icals in the b/ain
>D? 6a4nani6it< is beneficial to one2s own inte/ests
>E? the nu6be/ of white blood cells will inc/ease /adicall< if beha3io/ is
consistentl< 6a4nani6ous
!. The hi4h cost of 7/oductions is se3e/el< li6itin4 which o7e/as a/e a3ailable to the
7ublic. These costs necessitate /eliance on la/4e co/7o/ate s7onso/sB who in /etu/n
de6and that onl< the 6ost fa6ous o7e/as be 7/oduced. Dete/6inin4 which
o7e/as will be 7/oduced should /est onl< with tic0et 7u/chase/s at the bo8 officeB
not with la/4e co/7o/ate s7onso/s. If we /educe 7/oduction bud4ets so that o7e/as
can be su77o/ted e8clusi3el< b< bo8Aoffice /ecei7ts and donations f/o6
indi3idualsB then the 7ublic will be able to see less fa6ous o7e/as.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB would wea0en the a/4u6ent=
>A? A few tic0et 7u/chase/s 4o to the o7e/a fo/ the sa0e of 4oin4 to the o7e/aB not
to see s7ecific o7e/atic 7/oductions.
>B? The /eduction of o7e/a 7/oduction bud4ets would not /educe the desi/e of
la/4e co/7o/ate s7onso/s to su77o/t o7e/as.
>C? ,ithout the su77o/t of la/4e co/7o/ate s7onso/sB o7e/a co67anies could not
affo/d to 7/oduce an< but the 6ost fa6ous of o7e/as.
>D? 'a/4e co/7o/ate s7onso/s will sto7 su77o/tin4 o7e/a 7/oductions if the< a/e
denied cont/ol o3e/ which o7e/as will be 7/oduced.
>E? The co6bination of indi3idual donations and bo8Aoffice /ecei7ts cannot
6atch the a6ounts of 6one< obtained th/ou4h s7onso/shi7 b< la/4e
co/7o/ations.
6. ,hen 6achines a/e in3ented and technolo4ies a/e de3elo7edB the< alte/ the /an4e
of choices o7en to us. The cloc0B fo/ e8a67leB 6ade 7ossible the s<nch/oni9ation
of hu6an affai/sB which /esulted in an inc/ease in 7/oducti3it<. At the sa6e ti6e
that the cloc0 o7ened u7 so6e a3enuesB it closed othe/s. It has beco6e ha/de/ and
ha/de/ to li3e e8ce7t b< the cloc0B so that now 7eo7le ha3e no choice in the
6atte/ at all.
,hich one of the followin4 7/o7ositions is best illust/ated b< the e8a67le
7/esented in the 7assa4e=
>A? )ew 6achines and technolo4ies can ensla3e as well as libe/ate us.
>B? Ieo7le should 6a0e a conce/ted effo/t to f/ee the6sel3es f/o6 the cloc0.
GMAT . 'SAT C- "$!
>C? So6e new 6achines and technolo4ies b/in4 us i67/o3e6ent to ou/ li3es.
>D? The inc/ease in 7/oducti3it< was not wo/th ou/ de7endence on the cloc0.
>E? Most new 6achines and technolo4ies 6a0e ou/ li3es s<nch/oni9ed and
7/oducti3e.
%. To beco6e an e87e/t on a 6usical inst/u6entB a 7e/son 6ust 7/actice. If 7eo7le
7/actice a 6usical inst/u6ent fo/ th/ee hou/s each da<B the< will e3entuall<
beco6e e87e/ts on that inst/u6ent. The/efo/eB if a 7e/son is an e87e/t on a
6usical inst/u6entB that 7e/son 6ust ha3e 7/acticed fo/ at least th/ee hou/s each
da<.
,hich one of the followin4 6ost accu/atel< desc/ibes a flaw in the /easonin4
abo3e=
>A? The conclusion fails to ta0e into account that 7eo7le who 7/actice fo/ th/ee
hou/s e3e/< da< 6i4ht not <et ha3e /eached a de4/ee of 7/oficienc< that
e3e/<one would conside/ e87e/t.
>B? The conclusion fails to ta0e into account that 7/acticin4 fo/ less than th/ee
hou/s each da< 6a< be enou4h fo/ so6e 7eo7le to beco6e e87e/ts.
>C? The conclusion fails to ta0e into account that if a 7e/son has not 7/acticed fo/
at least th/ee hou/s a daD? The conclusion fails to ta0e into account that th/ee consecuti3e hou/s of dail<
7/actice is not /eco66ended b< all 6usic teache/s.
>E? The conclusion fails to ta0e into account that few 7eo7le ha3e the s7a/e ti6e
necessa/< to de3ote th/ee hou/s dail< to 7/actice.
8. (n the basis of incontestable 7/oof that ca/ safet< seats will 4/eatl< /educe the
nu6be/ of se/ious in;u/ies sustained b< child/en in ca/ accidentsB laws ha3e been
7assed 6andatin4 the use of these seats. Dne87ectedl<B it has since been found
that a la/4e nu6be/ of child/en who a/e /idin4 in safet< seats continue to /ecei3e
se/ious in;u/ies that safet< seats we/e s7ecificall< desi4ned to a3oidB and in the
7/e3ention of which the< in fact ha3e 7/o3en to be effecti3e.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB could b< itself ade@uatel< e87lain the
une87ected findin4 /e7o/ted in the 7assa4e=
>A? Man< 7a/ents a/e def<in4 the law b< not usin4 safet< seats fo/ thei/ child/en.
>B? Child/en a/e 6o/e li0el< to 6a0e auto6obile t/i7s now than the< we/e befo/e
the int/oduction of the safet< seat.
>C? The hi4h cost of child safet< seats has caused 6an< 7a/ents to dela<
7u/chasin4 the6.
>D? The ca/ safet< seat was not desi4ned to 7/e3ent all t<7es of in;u/iesB so it is
not su/7/isin4 that so6e in;u/ies a/e sustained.
>E? The 7/otection affo/ded b< child safet< seats de7ends on thei/ bein4 used
7/o7e/l<B which 6an< 7a/ents fail to do.
"$6 'SAT
&. An eas< willin4ness to tell funn< sto/ies o/ ;o0es about oneself is the su/est 6a/0
of su7/e6e selfAconfidence. This willin4nessB often not ac@ui/ed until late in lifeB
is e3en 6o/e /e3ealin4 than is 4oodAnatu/ed ac@uiescence in ha3in4 othe/s 7o0e
fun at one.
,hich one of the followin4 infe/ence is 6ost su77o/ted b< the state6ents abo3e=
>A? A 7e/son who lac0s selfAconfidence will en;o< neithe/ tellin4 no/ hea/in4
funn< sto/ies about hi6self o/ he/self.
>B? Ieo7le with hi4h selfAconfidence do not tell funn< sto/ies o/ ;o0es about
othe/s.
>C? Hi4hl< selfAconfident 7eo7le tell funn< sto/ies and ;o0es in o/de/ to let thei/
audience 0now that the< a/e selfAconfident.
>D? Most 7eo7le would /athe/ tell a funn< sto/< o/ ;o0e than listen to one bein4
told.
>E? Tellin4 funn< sto/ies o/ ;o0es about 7eo7le in thei/ 7/esence is a wa< of
e87/essin4 one2s /es7ect fo/ the6.
Questions 10-11
)atu/e constantl< ad;usts the at6os7he/ic ca/bon le3el. An inc/ease in the le3el causes
the at6os7he/e to hold 6o/e heatB which causes 6o/e wate/ to e3a7o/ate f/o6 the
oceansB which causes inc/eased /ain. -ain washes so6e ca/bon f/o6 the ai/ into the
oceansB whe/e it e3entuall< beco6es 7a/t of the seabed. A dec/ease in at6os7he/ic
ca/bon causes the at6os7he/e to hold less heatB which causes dec/eased e3a7o/ation
f/o6 the oceansB which causes less /ainB and thus less ca/bon is washed into the
oceans. :et so6e en3i/on6entalists wo//< that bu/nin4 fossil fuels 6a< /aise
at6os7he/ic ca/bon to a dan4e/ous le3el. It is t/ue that a sustained inc/ease would
th/eaten hu6an life. But the en3i/on6entalists should /ela8Knatu/e will continuall<
ad;ust the ca/bon le3el.
1$. Each of the followin4 can be infe//ed f/o6 the info/6ation in the 7assa4e
EHCEIT1
>A? A dec/ease in the le3el of at6os7he/ic heat causes a dec/ease in the a6ount of
ca/bon that /ain washes into the oceans f/o6 the ai/.
>B? An inc/ease in the le3el of ca/bon in the at6os7he/e causes inc/eased
e3a7o/ation of ocean wate/.
>C? An inc/ease in the le3el of at6os7he/ic heat causes inc/eased /ainfall.
>D? A dec/ease in the le3el of ca/bon in the at6os7he/e causes dec/eased
e3a7o/ation of ocean wate/.
>E? A dec/ease in the le3el of at6os7he/ic heat causes a dec/ease in the le3el of
ca/bon in the at6os7he/e.
11. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost wea0en the a/4u6ent in the
7assa4e=
GMAT . 'SAT C- "$%
>A? Ilant life cannot su/3i3e without at6os7he/ic ca/bon.
>B? It is not clea/ that b/eathin4 e8cess ca/bon in the at6os7he/e will ha3e a
ne4ati3e effect on hu6an life.
>C? Ca/bon is 7a/t of the che6ical Eblan0etF that 0ee7s the Ea/th wa/6 enou4h to
sustain hu6an life.
>D? B/eathin4 b< ani6als /eleases al6ost "$ ti6es as 6uch ca/bon as does the
bu/nin4 of fossil fuels.
>E? The natu/al ad;ust6ent 7/ocessB which occu/s o3e/ 6illions of <ea/sB allows
wide fluctuations in the ca/bon le3el in the sho/t te/6.
1. The 6o/e tele3ision child/en watchB the less co67etent the< a/e in 6athe6atical
0nowled4e. Mo/e than a thi/d of child/en in the Dnited States watch tele3ision fo/
6o/e than fi3e hou/s a da<G in South Mo/ea the fi4u/e is onl< % 7e/cent. But
whe/eas less than 1! 7e/cent of child/en in the Dnited States unde/stand ad3anced
6easu/e6ent and 4eo6et/ic conce7tB #$ 7e/cent of South Mo/ea child/en a/e
co67etent in these a/eas. The/efo/eB if Dntied States child/en a/e to do well in
6athe6aticsB the< 6ust watch less tele3ision.
,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion u7on which the a/4u6ent de7ends=
>A? Child/en in the Dnited States a/e less inte/ested in ad3anced 6easu/e6ent
and 4eo6et/ic conce7ts than a/e South Mo/ea child/en.
>B? South Mo/ea child/en a/e 6o/e disci7lined about doin4 schoolwo/0 than a/e
child/en in the Dnited States.
>C? Child/en who want to do well in ad3anced 6easu/e6ent and 4eo6et/< will
watch less than tele3ision.
>D? A child2s abilit< in ad3anced 6easu/e6ent and 4eo6et/< inc/eases if he o/
she watches less than one hou/ of tele3ision a da<.
>E? The inst/uction in ad3anced 6easu/e6ent and 4eo6et/ic conce7ts a3ailable to
child/en in the Dnited States in not substantiall< wo/se than that a3ailable to
South Mo/ea child/en.
Questions 13-14
The onl< wa< that boo0sto/es can 7/ofitabl< sell boo0s at belowA6a/0et 7/ices is to
4et the boo0s at a discount f/o6 7ublishe/s. Dnless boo0sto/es 4ene/ate a hi4h sales
3olu6eB howe3e/B the< cannot 4et discounts f/o6 7ublishe/s. To 4ene/ate such
3olu6eB boo0sto/es 6ust eithe/ cate/ to 6ass tastes o/ ha3e e8clusi3e access to a la/4e
s7eciali9ed 6a/0etB such as 6edical 6a/0etB o/ both.
1". ,hich one of the followin4 can be 7/o7e/l< infe//ed f/o6 the 7assa4e=
>A? If a boo0sto/e /ecei3es discounts f/o6 7ublishe/sB it will 7/ofitabl< sell boo0s
at belowA6a/0et 7/ices.
>B? A boo0sto/e that cate/s to 6ass tastes o/ has e8clusi3e access to a la/4e
s7eciali9ed 6a/0et will ha3e a hi4h sales 3olu6e.
"$8 'SAT
>C? A boo0sto/e that 7/ofitabl< sells boo0s at belowA6a/0et 7/ices 4ets discounts
f/o6 7ublishe/s.
>D? A boo0sto/e that does not sell boo0s at belowA6a/0et 7/ices does not 4et
discounts f/o6 7ublishe/s.
>E? A boo0sto/e that not onl< cate/s to 6ass tastes but also has e8clusi3e access to
a la/4e s7eciali9ed 6a/0et cannot 7/ofitabl< sell boo0s at belowA6a/0et
7/ices.
1#. If all state6ents in the 7assa4e a/e t/ue and if it is also t/ue that a boo0sto/e does
not cate/ to 6ass tastesB which one of the followin4 CA))(T be t/ue=
>A? The boo0sto/e 7/ofitabl< sells so6e of its boo0s at belowA6a/0et 7/ices.
>B? The boo0sto/e does not 7/ofitabl< sell an< of its boo0s at belowA6a/0et
7/ices.
>C? Eithe/ the boo0sto/e has e8clusi3e access to a la/4e s7eciali9ed 6a/0et o/ else
it does not 4et a discount f/o6 an< 7ublishe/s.
>D? The boo0sto/e does not ha3e e8clusi3e access to a la/4e s7eciali9ed 6a/0et
but 7/ofitabl< sells so6e of its boo0s at belowA6a/0et 7/ices.
>E? The boo0sto/e does not ha3e e8clusi3e access to a la/4e s7eciali9ed 6a/0etB
no/ does it 4et a discount f/o6 an< 7ublishe/s.
1!. E8tinction is the wa< of natu/e. Scientists esti6ate that o3e/ half of the s7ecies
that ha3e e3e/ co6e into e8istence on this 7lanet we/e al/ead< e8tinct befo/e
hu6ans de3elo7ed e3en the 6ost 7/i6iti3e of tools. This constant natu/al 7/ocess
of s7ecies e6e/4ence and e8tinctionB howe3e/B is i4no/ed b< those who wish to
t/ace the bla6e fo/ 6o/e /ecent e8tinctions to hu6anit<2s use of technolo4<B with
its conse@uent effects on the en3i/on6ent. These 7eo7le 6ust be 6ade to
unde/stand that the s7ecies that ha3e beco6e e8tinct in 6ode/n ti6es would ha3e
beco6e e8tinct b< now e3en if hu6ans had ne3e/ ac@ui/ed technolo4<.
,hich one of the followin4 identifies a /easonin4 e//o/ in the 7assa4e=
>A? The autho/ 6ista0enl< assu6es that technolo4< has not caused an< ha/6 to
the en3i/on6ent.
>B? The autho/ i4no/es the fact that so6e s7ecies that a/e not <et e8tinct a/e in
dan4e/ of e8tinction.
>C? The autho/ fails to conside/ that the/e a/e 7/obabl< s7ecies in e8istence that
ha3e not <et been identified and studied b< scientists.
>D? The autho/ cites scientists who su77o/t the theo/< that o3e/ half of all s7ecies
that e3e/ e8isted ha3e beco6e e8tinctB but fails to 6ention an< scientists
who do not su77o/t that theo/<.
>E? The autho/ 7/o3ides no s7ecific e3idence that the s7ecies that ha3e beco6e
e8tinct in 6ode/n ti6es a/e the sa6e s7ecies that would ha3e beco6e e8tinct
in the absence of hu6an technolo4<.
GMAT . 'SAT C- "$&
16. The 7ublic is awa/e of the 7ossibilit< of biases in the 6ass 6edia and dist/usts the
6edia as too 7owe/ful. The bod< of info/6ation a4ainst which the 7ublic
e3aluates the 7lausibilit< of each new 6edia /e7o/t co6esB howe3e/B f/o6 what
the 7ublic has hea/d of th/ou4h the 6ass 6edia.
If the 3iew abo3e is co//ectB it 7/o3ides a /eason fo/ acce7tin4 which one of the
followin4 conclusions=
>A? If the/e is a 7e/3asi3e bias in the 7/esentation of news b< the 6ass 6ediaB it
would be ha/d fo/ the 7ublic to disce/n that bias.
>B? The 6ass 6edia tailo/ thei/ /e7o/ts to confi/6 to a s7ecific 7olitical a4enda.
>C? The biases that news 6edia i67ose on /e7o/tin4 tend not to be conscious
disto/tions but /athe/ 7a/t of a sense the< sha/e about what is inte/estin4 and
belie3able.
>D? )ews /e7o/te/s and thei/ 7ublic hold la/4el< the sa6e 3iews about what is
6ost i67o/tant in societE? ,hen a news e3ent occu/s that cont/adicts a ste/eot<7e fo/6e/l< inco/7o/ated
into /e7o/tin4 b< the 6ass 6ediaB the 7ublic is 7/edis7osed to belie3e /e7o/ts
of the e3ent.
1%. In a bu/eauc/ac<B all decisions a/e a//i3ed at b< a 7/ocess that in3ol3es 6an<
7eo7le. The/e is no one 7e/son who has the autho/it< to decide whethe/ a 7/o;ect
will 7/ocess o/ not. As a conse@uenceB in bu/eauc/aciesB /is0< 7/o;ects a/e ne3e/
unde/ta0en.
The conclusion follows lo4icall< f/o6 the 7/e6ises if which one of the followin4
is assu6ed=
>A? All 7/o;ects in a bu/eauc/ac< /e@ui/e /is0.
>B? Decisi3e indi3iduals choose not to wo/0 in a bu/eauc/ac<.
>C? An indi3idual who has decisionA6a0in4 7owe/ will ta0e /is0s.
>D? The onl< /is0< 7/o;ects unde/ta0en a/e those fo/ which a sin4le indi3idual has
decisionA6a0in4 7owe/.
>E? Ieo7le so6eti6es ta0e /is0s as indi3iduals that the< would not ta0e as 7a/t of
a 4/ou7.
18. EIh<sicalistsF e87ect that ulti6atel< all 6ental functions will be e87lainable in
neu/obiolo4ical te/6s. Achie3in4 this 4oal /e@ui/es 0nowled4e of how neu/ons
and thei/ basic functionsB a 0nowled4e of how neu/ons inte/actB and a delineation
of the 7s<cholo4ical faculties to be e87lained. At 7/esentB the/e is a substantial
a6ount of funda6ental 0nowled4e about the basic functions of neu/onsB and the
sco7e and cha/acte/ of such 7s<cholo4ical ca7acities as 3isual 7e/ce7tion and
6e6o/< a/e well unde/stood. ThusB as the 7h<sicalists clai6B 6ental functions a/e
bound to /ecei3e e87lanations in neu/obiolo4ical te/6s in the nea/ futu/e.
,hich one of the followin4 indicates an e//o/ in the /easonin4 in the 7assa4e=
>A? The conclusion cont/adicts the clai6 of the 7h<sicalists.
"1$ 'SAT
>B? The 7assa4e fails to desc/ibe e8actl< what is cu//entl< 0nown about the basic
functions of neu/ons.
>C? The wo/d Eneu/obiolo4icalF is used as thou4h it had the sa6e 6eanin4 as the
wo/d E6ental.F
>D? The a/4u6ent does not indicate whethe/ it would be useful to e87lain 6ental
functions in neu/obiolo4ical te/6s.
>E? The 7assa4e does not indicate that an< 0nowled4e has been achie3ed about
how neu/ons inte/act.
1&. Because a la/4e dis7a/it< in 7a< between the 7ublic and 7/i3ate secto/s has
de3elo7ed in /ecent <ea/sB 6an< e87e/ienced and e8t/e6el< ca7able 4o3e/n6ent
ad6inist/ato/s ha3e @uit thei/ 7osts and ta0en 7ositions in 7/i3ateAsecto/
6ana4e6ent. Go3e/n6ent will be able to /eca7tu/e these ca7able ad6inist/ato/s
b< /aisin4 sala/ies to a le3el co67a/able to those of the 7/i3ate secto/. In that waA? E87e/ience 4ained f/o6 7/i3ateAsecto/ 6ana4e6ent will be 3e/< 3aluable in
4o3e/n6ent ad6inist/ation.
>B? The 6ost i67o/tant facto/ dete/6inin4 how well 4o3e/n6ent a4encies
function is the a6ount of e87e/ience the ad6inist/ato/s ha3e.
>C? Dnless 4o3e/n6ent action is ta0enB the dis7a/it< in 7a< between 4o3e/n6ent
ad6inist/ation and 7/i3ateAsecto/ 6ana4e6ent will continue to inc/ease.
>D? Ieo7le who 6o3ed f/o6 ;obs in 4o3e/n6ent ad6inist/ation to 7/i3ateAsecto/
6ana4e6ent would choose to chan4e ca/ee/s a4ain.
>E? If the dis7a/it< in 7a< between 4o3e/n6ent ad6inist/ation and 7/i3ateAsecto/
6ana4e6ent inc/easesB ad6inist/ato/s will 6o3e to the 7ublic secto/ in la/4e
nu6be/s.
$. Iolitician1 Ho6elessness is a se/ious social 7/oble6B but fu/the/ 4o3e/n6ent
s7endin4 to 7/o3ide lowAinco6e housin4 is not the cu/e fo/ ho6elessness. The
6ost cu/so/< 4lance at the /ealAestate section of an< 6a;o/ news7a7e/ is enou4h
to show that the/e is no lac0 of housin4 units a3ailable to /ent. So the f/e@uent
clai6 that 7eo7le a/e ho6eless because of a lac0 of a3ailable housin4 is w/on4.
That ho6elessness is a se/ious social 7/oble6 fi4u/es in the a/4u6ent in which
one of the followin4 wa<s=
>A? It su44ests an alte/nati3e 7/os7ecti3e to the one ado7ted in the a/4u6ent.
>B? It sets out a 7/oble6 the a/4u6ent is desi4ned to /esol3e.
>C? It is co67atible eithe/ with acce7tin4 the conclusion o/ with den<in4 it.
>D? It su66a/i9es a 7osition the a/4u6ent as a whole is di/ected towa/d
disc/editin4.
>E? It is /e@ui/ed in o/de/ to establish the conclusion.
GMAT . 'SAT C- "11
1. 'eona1 If the a3e/a4e consu67tion of e44s in the Dnited States we/e cut in halfB
an esti6ated !B$$$ li3es 6i4ht be sa3ed each <ea/.
Tho6as1 How can that be= That would 6ean that if 7eo7le ado7t this sin4le
chan4e in diet fo/ ten <ea/sB the 7o7ulation ten <ea/s f/o6 now will be 4/eate/ b<
!$B$$$ 7eo7le than it othe/wise would ha3e been.
,hich one of the followin4 is a state6ent that 'eona could offe/ Tho6as to
cla/if< he/ own clai6 and to add/ess the 7oint he has 6ade=
>A? It is 7ossible fo/ the 7o7ulation to 4/ow b< !B$$$ 7eo7le fo/ e3e/< <ea/ if the
base <ea/ chosen fo/ 7u/7oses of co67a/ison is one with unusuall< low
7o7ulation 4/owth.
>B? It is accu/ate to sa< that !B$$$ li3es ha3e been sa3ed as lon4 as !B$$$ 7eo7le
who would ha3e died in a 4i3en <ea/ as a /esult of not chan4in4 thei/ dietB
did not do soAe3en if the< died fo/ so6e othe/ /eason.
>C? If e44 consu67tion we/e /educed b< 6o/e than halfB the esti6ated nu6be/ of
li3es sa3ed each <ea/ could be e3en 6o/e than !B$$$.
>D? The actual /ate of 7o7ulation 4/owth de7ends not onl< on the bi/th /ateB but
also on chan4es in life e87ectanc<.
>E? 5o/ the a3e/a4e consu67tion of e44s to be cut b< halfB 6an< indi3idual
consu6e/s would ha3e to cut thei/ own consu67tion b< 6uch 6o/e than
half.
. The Dnited States 5ood and D/u4 Ad6inist/ation >5DA? /e4ulates the
int/oduction of new the/a7eutic a4ents into the 6a/0et7lace. Conse@uentl<B it
7la<s a c/itical /ole in i67/o3in4 health ca/e in the Dnited States. ,hile it is those
in the acade6ic and 4o3e/n6ent /esea/ch co66unities who en4a4e in the lon4
7/ocess of initial disco3e/< and clinical testin4 of new the/a7eutic a4entsB it is the
5DA2s /ole and /es7onsibilit< to facilitate the t/ansfe/ of new disco3e/ies f/o6 the
labo/ato/< to the 6a/0et7lace. (nl< afte/ the t/ansfe/ can i67o/tant new the/a7ies
hel7 7atients.
,hich one of the followin4 state6ents can be infe//ed f/o6 the 7assa4e=
>A? The 5DA is /es7onsible fo/ ensu/in4 that an< the/a7eutic a4ent that is
6a/0eted is then /e4ulated.
>B? Befo/e new the/a7eutic a4ents /each the 6a/0et7lace the< do not hel7
7atients.
>C? The /esea/ch co66unit< is /es7onsible fo/ the e8cessi3el< lon4 testin4 7e/iod
fo/ new d/u4sB not the 5DA.
>D? The 5DA should wo/0 6o/e closel< with /esea/che/s to ensu/e that the
@ualit< of the/a7eutic a4ents is 6aintained.
>E? If a new 6edical disco3e/< has been t/ansfe//ed f/o6 the labo/ato/< to the
6a/0et7laceB it will hel7 7atients.
". In a new 7/o4/a6B auto6obile owne/s in so6e nei4hbo/hoods whose ca/s a/e not
"1 'SAT
no/6all< d/i3en between 1 A.M. and ! A.M. can dis7la< a s7ecial decal in the
ca/s2 windows and autho/i9e 7olice to sto7 the ca/s du/in4 those hou/s to chec0
the d/i3e/s2 licenses. The theft /ate fo/ ca/s bea/in4 such decals is 6uch lowe/
than had been usual fo/ ca/s in those nei4hbo/hoods.
If it is concluded f/o6 the state6ents abo3e that auto6obile theft has been
/educed b< the 7/o4/a6B which one of the followin4 would it be 6ost i67o/tant
to answe/ in e3aluatin4 that conclusion=
>A? A/e owne/s who a/e cautious enou4h to ;oin the 7/o4/a6 ta0in4 othe/ s7ecial
6easu/es to 7/otect thei/ ca/s a4ainst theft=
>B? In how 6an< nei4hbo/hoods is the 7olice 7/o4/a6 o7e/atin4=
>C? A/e ca/s in nei4hbo/hoods that a/e acti3el< 7a/tici7atin4 in the 7/o4/a6
so6eti6es stolen du/in4 da<li4ht hou/s=
>D? ,ill owne/s who ha3e 7laced decals on thei/ ca/s2 windows but who find it
necessa/< to d/i3e between 1 A.M. and ! A.M. be ha/assed b< 7olice=
>E? A/e the nei4hbo/hoods in which the 7/o4/a6 has been 7ut into effect a
/e7/esentati3e c/oss section of nei4hbo/hoods with /es7ect to the t<7es of
auto6obiles owned b< /esidents=
#. It has been clai6ed that an action is 6o/all< 4ood onl< if it benefits anothe/
7e/son and was 7e/fo/6ed with that intentionG whe/eas an action that ha/6s
anothe/ 7e/son is 6o/all< bad eithe/ if such ha/6 was intended o/ if /easonable
fo/ethou4ht would ha3e shown that the action was li0el< to cause ha/6.
,hich one of the followin4 ;ud46ents 6ost closel< confi/6s to the 7/inci7le
cited abo3e=
>A? Ia6ela w/ote a lette/ atte67tin4 to cause t/ouble between Edwa/d and his
f/iendsG this action of Ia6ela2s was 6o/all< badB e3en thou4h the lette/B in
factB had an effect di/ectl< o77osite f/o6 the one intended.
>B? In o/de/ to secu/e a 7/o6otionB +effe/< de3oted his own ti6e to /esol3in4 a
bac0lo4 of 6edical benefits clai6sG +eff/e<2s action was 6o/all< 4ood since
it alone enabled Sa/a2s clai6 to be 7/ocessed in ti6e fo/ he/ to /ecei3e 6uchA
needed t/eat6ent.
>C? Intendin4 to hel7 he/ elde/l< nei4hbo/ b< clea/in4 his wal0wa< afte/ a
snowsto/6B Te/esa inad3e/tentl< left ice on his ste7sG because of this
e87osed iceB he/ nei4hbo/ had a bad fallB thus showin4 that 6o/all< 4ood
actions can ha3e bad conse@uences.
>D? Ma/ileesB as0ed b< a ho6eless 6an fo/ foodB 4a3e the 6an he/ own
sandwichG howe3e/B because the 6an t/ied to tal0 while he was eatin4 the
sandwichB it caused hi6 to cho0eB and thus Ma/ilees unintentionall<
7e/fo/6ed a 6o/all< bad action.
>E? +onathan a4/eed to watch his th/eeA<ea/Aold niece while she 7la<ed butB
beco6in4 en4/ossed in con3e/sionB did not see he/ /un into the st/eet whe/e
she was hit b< a bic<cleG e3en thou4h he intended no ha/6B +onathan2s action
GMAT . 'SAT C- "1"
was 6o/all< bad.
TEST 6
SECTI() II
1. A law that is not consistentl< enfo/ced does not se/3e its 7u/7ose. 'aw without
enfo/ce6ent is not lawG it is 6e/el< statuteKa 7/o6ise of law. To institute /eal
law is not 6e/el< to decla/e that such and such beha3io/ is fo/biddenB it is also to
7unish those who 3iolate that edict. 5u/the/6o/eB those who enfo/ce law 6ust
7unish without fa3o/ fo/ thei/ f/iends o/ 6alice fo/ thei/ ene6ies. To 7unish onl<
those one disli0e while fo/4i3in4 othe/s is not to enfo/ce law but to en4a4e in the
a/bit/a/< and un;ust e8e/cise of 7owe/.
The 6ain 7oint of the 7assa4e is that institutin4 /eal law consists in
>A? the e8e/cise of 7owe/
>B? autho/i9in4 the enfo/ce6ent of 7unish6ents
>C? the unbiased 7unish6ent of 7/ohibited beha3io/
>D? unde/standin4 the 7u/7ose of law
>E? clea/l< definin4 unacce7table beha3io/
. Ih<siolo4ical /esea/ch has unco3e/ed distu/bin4 e3idence lin0in4 a nu6be/ of
st/uctu/al diso/de/s to ;o44in4. A6on4 the ail6ents see6in4l< connected with
this nowA7o7ula/ s7o/t a/e s7inal dis0 dis7lace6entsB st/ess f/actu/es of the feet
and an0lesB 0nee and hi7 ;oint dete/io/ationB and tendonitis. 5u/the/6o/eB these
in;u/ies do not occu/ e8clusi3el< a6on4 be4innin4 /unne/sK3ete/an ;o44e/s
suffe/ an e@ual 7e/centa4e of in;u/ies. ,hat the accu6ulatin4 data su44est is that
the hu6an anato6< is not able to withstand the st/esses of ;o44in4.
,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion of the a/4u6ent=
>A? The lin0 between ;o44in4 and ce/tain st/uctu/al diso/de/s a77ea/s to be a
causal one.
>B? +o44in4 causes 6o/e se/ious diso/de/s than othe/ s7o/ts.
>C? The ;o44e/2s le3el of e87e/ience is a facto/ dete/6inin4 the li0elihood of a
;o44in4 in;u/<.
>D? So6e s7o/ts a/e safe/ fo/ the hu6an bod< than ;o44in4.
>E? The hu6an s7ecies is not 3e/< du/able.
". All students at Iitco6be Colle4e we/e as0ed to label the6sel3es conse/3ati3eB
libe/alB o/ 6iddleAofAtheA/oad 7oliticall<. (f the studentsB ! 7e/cent labeled
the6sel3es conse/3ati3eB # 7e/cent labeled the6sel3es libe/alB and !1 7e/cent
labeled the6sel3es 6iddleAofAtheA/oad. ,hen as0ed about a 7a/ticula/ set of
issuesB howe3e/B %% 7e/cent of the students endo/sed what is 4ene/all< /e4a/ded as
"1# 'SAT
a libe/al 7osition.
t/ue=
>A? All students who labeled the6sel3es libe/al endo/sed what is 4ene/all<
/e4a/ded as a libe/al 7osition on that set of issues.
>B? Mo/e students who labeled the6sel3es 6iddleAofAthe /oad than students who
labeled the6sel3es libe/al o77osed what is 4ene/all< /e4a/ded as a libe/al
7osition on that set of issues.
>C? The 6a;o/it< of students who labeled the6sel3es 6iddleAofAtheA/oad o77osed
what is 4ene/all< /e4a/ded as a libe/al 7osition on that set of issues.
>D? So6e students who labeled the6sel3es conse/3ati3e endo/sed what is
4ene/all< /e4a/ded as a libe/al 7osition on that set of issues.
>E? So6e students who labeled the6sel3es libe/al endo/sed what is 4ene/all<
/e4a/ded as a conse/3ati3e 7osition on that set of issues.
#. 'eno/e1 It is nai3e to thin0 that histo/ical e87lanations can be ob;ecti3e. In
e3aluatin4 e3idenceB histo/ians a/e alwa<s influenced b< thei/ nationalB 7oliticalB
and class lo<alties.
*icto/1 StillB the 3e/< fact that cases of biased thin0in4 ha3e been detected and
sou/ces of bias identified shows that the/e a/e 7eo7le who can 6aintain
ob;ecti3it<.
*icto/2s /es7onse does not succeed as a /ebuttal of 'eno/e2s a/4u6ent because his
/es7onse
>A? dis7la<s the sa6e 0ind of biased thin0in4 as that a4ainst which 'eno/e2s
a/4u6ent it di/ected
>B? does not add/ess the s7ecial case of histo/ians who 7u/7osel< disto/t e3idence
in o/de/ to 7/o6ote thei/ own 7olitical ob;ecti3es
>C? fails to 7/o3ide e8a67les of cases in which biased thin0in4 has been detected
and the sou/ce of that bias identified
>D? does not conside/ sou/ces of bias in histo/ical e87lanation othe/ than those
that a/e due to nationalB 7oliticalB and class lo<alties
>E? o3e/loo0s the 7ossibilit< that those who detect and identif< bias a/e
the6sel3es biased in so6e wa<
!. The 6useu62s ni4ht secu/it< 4ua/d 6aintains that the thie3es who stole the
7o/t/ait did not ente/ the 6useu6 at an< 7oint at o/ abo3e 4/ound le3el.
The/efo/eB the thie3es 6ust ha3e 4ained access to the 6useu6 f/o6 below
4/ound le3el.
The flawed 7atte/n of /easonin4 in the a/4u6ent abo3e is 6ost si6ila/ to that in
which one of the followin4=
>A? The /ules sti7ulate the 7a/tici7ants in the contest be ;ud4ed on both fo/6 and
accu/ac<. The e3entual winne/ was ;ud4ed hi4hest in neithe/ cate4o/B? The sto/e2s co67etito/s clai6 that the sto/e in sellin4 off the shi/ts at those
7/icesB neithe/ 6ade an< 7/ofit no/ b/o0e e3en. Conse@uentlC? If the census is to be belie3edB the 7e/centa4e of 6en who a/e 6a//ied is
hi4he/ than the 7e/centa4e of wo6en who a/e 6a//ied. ThusB the census
6ust show a hi4he/ nu6be/ of 6en than of wo6en o3e/all.
>D? The 7/oduct label establishes that this insecticide is safe fo/ both hu6ans and
7et. The/efo/eB the insecticide 6ust also be safe fo/ such wild 6a66als as
dee/ and /abbits.
>E? As had 4ene/all< been e87ectedB not all @uestionnai/es we/e sent in b< the
official deadline. It follows that 7lans 6ust ha3e been 6ade fo/ the
7/ocessin4 of @uestionnai/es /ecei3ed late.
Questions &-'
Hi4hAtechnolo4< 6edicine is d/i3in4 u7 the nation2s health ca/e costs. -ecent
ad3ances in cata/act su/4e/< illust/ate wh< this is occu//in4. Cata/acts a/e a 6a;o/
cause of blindnessB es7eciall< in elde/l< 7eo7le. Ten <ea/s a4oB cata/act su/4e/< was
7ainful and not alwa<s effecti3e. Than0s to the new technolo4< used in cata/act
su/4e/<B the o7e/ation now /esto/es 3ision d/a6aticall< and is less e87ensi3e. These
two facto/s ha3e caused the nu6be/ of cata/act o7e/ations 7e/fo/6ed to inc/ease
4/eatlA? Ten <ea/s a4oB few 7eo7le had successful cata/act su/4e/<.
>B? In the lon4 /unB the ad3anta4es of ad3anced 6edical technolo4< a/e li0el< to
be outwei4hed b< the disad3anta4es.
>C? The total a6ount s7ent on cata/act su/4e/< has inc/eased because the
inc/eased nu6be/ of 7eo7le electin4 to ha3e the su/4e/< 6o/e than offsets
the dec/ease in cost 7e/ o7e/ation.
>D? Hu4e inc/eases in the nation2s health ca/e costs a/e due 7/i6a/il< to inc/eased
de6and fo/ su/4e/< fo/ olde/ 7eo7le.
>E? Ten <ea/s a4oB cata/act su/4e/< was affo/dable fo/ 6o/e 7eo7le than it was
last <ea/.
%. Each of the followin4B if t/ueB would su77o/t a challen4e to the autho/2s
e87lanation of the inc/ease in the nu6be/ of cata/act o7e/ations EHCEIT1
>A? The o3e/all 7o7ulation of the nation has inc/eased f/o6 what it was ten <ea/s
a4o.
>B? An< one indi3idual2s chance of de3elo7in4 cata/acts is 4/eate/ than it was ten
<ea/s a4o.
"16 'SAT
>C? The nu6be/ of olde/ 7eo7le has inc/eased du/in4 the last ten <ea/s.
>D? TodaE? Ieo7le who ha3e had unsuccessful cata/act su/4e/< a/e left with 6o/e
se/iousl< i67ai/ed 3ision than the< had befo/e the su/4e/<.
8. So6e co67anies in fields whe/e s0illed e67lo<ees a/e ha/d to find 6a0e si4nin4
an Ea4/ee6ent not to co67eteF a condition of e67lo<6ent. In such an a4/ee6ent
the e67lo<ee 7/o6ises not to 4o wo/0 fo/ a co67etin4 fi/6 fo/ a set 7e/iod afte/
lea3in4 his o/ he/ cu//ent e67lo<e/. Cou/ts a/e inc/easin4l< /ulin4 that these
a4/ee6ents a/e not bindin4. :et 7a/ado8icall<B fo/ 7eo7le who si4ned such
a4/ee6ents when wo/0in4 fo/ co67etin4 fi/6sB 6an< fi/6s a/e unwillin4 to
conside/ hi/in4 the6 du/in4 the 7e/iod co3e/ed b< the a4/ee6ent.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost hel7s to /esol3e the 7a/ado8=
>A? Man< co67anies will not /is0 ha3in4 to beco6e in3ol3ed in lawsuitsB e3en
suits that the< e87ect to ha3e a fa3o/able outco6e.
>B? In so6e indust/iesB fo/ e8a67le the b/oadcast 6ediaB co67anies2 6ain sou/ce
of new e67lo<ees tends to be 7eo7le who a/e al/ead< e67lo<ed b<
co67etin4 fi/6s.
>C? Most co67anies that /e@ui/e thei/ e67lo<ees to si4n a4/ee6ents not to
co67ete a/e awa/e that these docu6ents a/e not le4all< bindin4.
>D? Man< 7eo7le who ha3e si4ned a4/ee6ents not to co67ete a/e unwillin4 to
/ene4e on a 7/o6ise b< 4oin4 to wo/0 fo/ a co67etin4 fi/6.
>E? Man< co67anied conside/ thei/ e67lo<ees established /elationshi7s with
clients and othe/ 7eo7le outside the co67an< to be 3aluable co67an< assets.
&. Man< Ann1 (u/ count/< shouldB abo3e allB be st/on4. St/en4th 4ains the /es7ect of
othe/ count/ies and 6a0es a count/< ad6i/able.
Ine91 The/e a/e 6an< e8a67les in histo/< of count/ies that we/e st/on4 but used
thei/ st/en4th to co66it at/ocities. ,e should ;ud4e a count/< b< the 6o/alit< of
its actionsB not b< its st/en4th. If the actions a/e 6o/all< 4oodB the count/< is
ad6i/able.
,hich one of the followin4 is a 7/esu77osition that unde/lies Ine92 a/4u6ent=
>A? At least one count/< is ad6i/able.
>B? Count/ies can not be both st/on4 and 6o/al.
>C? It is 7ossible to assi4n 6o/al wei4ht to the actions of count/ies.
>D? The citi9ens of an< count/< belie3e that whate3e/ thei/ count/< does is 4ood.
>E? Count/ies should i67ose thei/ standa/ds of 6o/alit< on othe/ count/ies b<
whate3e/ 6eans necessa/<.
1$. All of +ohn2s f/iends sa< the< 0now so6eone who has s6o0ed #$ ci4a/ettes a da<
fo/ the 7ast #$ <ea/s and <et who is /eall< fit and well. +ohn does not 0now
GMAT . 'SAT C- "1%
an<one li0e that and it is @uite ce/tain that he is not uni@ue a6on4 his f/iends in
this /es7ect.
If the state6ents in the 7assa4e a/e t/ueB then which one of the followin4 6ust
also be t/ue=
>A? S6o0e/s often lie about how 6uch the< s6o0e.
>B? Ieo7le often 0nowin4l< e8a44e/ate without intendin4 to lie.
>C? All +ohn2s f/iends 0now the sa6e lifelon4 hea3< s6o0e/.
>D? Most of +ohn2s f/iends a/e not tellin4 the t/uth.
>E? So6e of +ohn2s f/iends a/e not tellin4 the t/uth.
11. 5o/ de6oc/ac< to su/3i3eB it is i67e/ati3e that the a3e/a4e citi9en be able to
de3elo7 info/6ed o7inions about i67o/tant 7olic< issues. In toda<2s societ<B this
6eans that citi9ens 6ust be able to de3elo7 info/6ed o7inions on 6an< scientific
sub;ectsB f/o6 ecos<ste6s to defense s<ste6. :etB as scientific 0nowled4e
ad3ancesB the a3e/a4e citi9en is inc/easin4l< unable to abso/b enou4h info/6ation
to de3elo7 info/6ed o7inions on 6an< i67o/tant issues.
(f the followin4B which one follows lo4icall< f/o6 the 7assa4e=
>A? Scientists ha3e a dut< to educate the 7ublic.
>B? The su/3i3al of de6oc/ac< is th/eatened b< the ad3ance of scientific
0nowled4e.
>C? E3e/< citi9en has a dut< to and can beco6e scientificall< lite/ate.
>D? The 6ost effecti3e de6oc/ac< is one that is the 6ost scientificall<
unso7histicated.
>E? De6oc/ac< will su/3i3e if the/e a/e at least so6e citi9ens who a/e ca7able of
de3elo7in4 info/6ed o7inions on i67o/tant scientific issues.
1. B< datin4 fossils of 7ollen and beetlesB which /etu/ned afte/ an Ice A4e 4lacie/
left an a/eaB it is 7ossible to establish an a77/o8i6ate date when a wa/6e/ cli6ate
de3elo7ed. In one 4lacial a/eaB it a77ea/s f/o6 the insect /eco/d that a wa/6
cli6ate de3elo7ed i66ediatel< afte/ the 6eltin4 of the 4lacie/. 5/o6 the 7ollen
/eco/dB howe3e/B it a77ea/s that the wa/6 cli6ate did not de3elo7 until lon4 afte/
the 4lacie/ disa77ea/ed.
Each one of the followin4B if t/ueB hel7s to e87lain the a77a/ent disc/e7anc<
EHCEIT1
>A? ColdAweathe/ beetle fossils can be 6ista0en fo/ those of beetles that li3e in
wa/6 cli6ates.
>B? ,a/6Aweathe/ 7lants cannot establish the6sel3es as @uic0l< as can beetles in
a new en3i/on6ent.
>C? Beetles can su/3i3e in a /elati3el< ba//en 7ost4lacial a/ea b< sca3en4in4.
>D? Since 7lanes s7/ead une3enl< in a new cli6ateB /esea/che/s can 6ista0e 4a7s
in the 7ollen /eco/d as e3idence of no new o3e/all 4/owth.
"18 'SAT
>E? Beetles a/e a6on4 the oldest insect s7ecies and a/e 6uch olde/ then 6an<
wa/6Aweathe/ 7lants.
1". Dsin4 cleanAcoal technolo4ies to E/e7owe/F e8istin4 facto/ies 7/o6ises ulti6atel<
a substantial /eduction of 7ollutin4 e6issionsB and will affect the full /an4e of
7ollutants i67licated in acid /ain. The st/ate4< of usin4 these technolo4ies could
cut sulfu/ dio8ide e6ission b< 6o/e then 8$ 7e/cent and nit/o4en o8ide e6issions
b< 6o/e than !$ 7e/cent. The e6ission of s6alle/ @uantit< of nit/o4en 7ollutants
would in tu/n /educe the fo/6ation of no8ious o9one in the t/o7os7he/e.
,hich one of the followin4 state6ents is an infe/ence that can be d/awn f/o6 the
info/6ation 4i3en in the 7assa4e=
>A? Sulfu/ dio8ide e6issions a/e the 6ost dan4e/ous 7ollutants i67licated in acid
/ain.
>B? )o8ious o9one is fo/6ed in facto/ies b< che6ical /eactions in3ol3in4 sulfu/
dio8ide.
>C? Twent< 7e/cent of the 7/esent le3el of sulfu/ dio8ide e6issions in the
at6os7he/e is not conside/ed a ha/6ful le3el.
>D? A substantial /eduction of 7ollutin4 e6issions will be achie3ed b< the ca/eful
desi4n of new facto/ies.
>E? The choice of technolo4ies in facto/ies could /educe the fo/6ation of no8ious
o9one in the t/o7os7he/e.
1#. +oshua S6ith2s new no3el was c/itici9ed b< the boo0 edito/ fo/ The Dail<
Standa/d as i67lausible. That c/iticis6B li0e so 6an< othe/ c/iticis6s f/o6 the
sa6e sou/ce in the 7astB is co67letel< unwa//antedB as an<one who has actuall<
/ead the no3el would a4/ee. Each one of the incidents in which S6ith2s he/o 4ets
in3ol3ed is the 0ind of incident that could 3e/< well ha3e ha77ened to so6eone o/
othe/.
,hich one of the followin4 is the 6ost se/ious e//o/ of /easonin4 in the
a/4u6ent=
>A? It /elies on the assu67tion that a c/iticis6 can le4iti6atel< b< dis6issed as
unwa//anted if it is offended b< so6eone who had 7/e3iousl< dis7la<ed
@uestionable ;ud46ent.
>B? It i4no/es the fact that 7eo7le can a4/ee about so6ethin4 e3en thou4h what
the< a4/ee about is not the case.
>C? It calls into @uestion the intellectual inte4/it< of the c/itic in o/de/ to a3oid
ha3in4 to add/ess the 4/ounds on which the c/iticis6 is based.
>D? It ta0es fo/ 4/anted that a whole sto/< will ha3e a 4i3en cha/acte/istics if each
of its 7a/ts has that cha/acte/istics.
>E? It atte67ts to ;ustif< its conclusion b< citin4 /easons that 6ost 7eo7le would
find 7lausible onl< if the< we/e al/ead< con3inced that the conclusion was
t/ue.
GMAT . 'SAT C- "1&
1!. +. +. Tho6sonB the disco3e/e/ of the elect/on and a /eci7ient of the )obel I/ice in
7h<sicsB t/ained 6an< 7h<sicistsB a6on4 the6 se3en )obel I/ice winne/sB "
fellows of the -o<al Societ< of 'ondonB and 8" 7/ofesso/s of 7h<sics. This shows
that the s0ills needed fo/ c/eati3e /esea/ch can be tau4ht and lea/ned.
>A? +. +. Tho6son was an inte/nationall< 0nown 7h<sicist and scientists ca6e
f/o6 all o3e/ the wo/ld to wo/0 with hi6.
>B? All the scientists t/ained b< +. +. Tho6son we/e /enowned fo/ thei/ c/eati3e
scientific /esea/ch.
>C? At least one of the e6inent scientists t/ained b< +. +. Tho6son was not a
c/eati3e /esea/che/ befo/e co6in4 to stud< with hi6.
>D? C/eati3e /esea/ch in 7h<sics /e@ui/es /esea/ch habits not necessa/< fo/
c/eati3e /esea/ch in othe/ fields.
>E? Scientists who 4o on to be the 6ost successful /esea/che/s often /ecei3e thei/
scientific education in classes tau4ht b< /enowned /esea/ch scientists.
16. The ancient -o6ans unde/stood the 7/inci7les of wate/ 7owe/ 3e/< well and in
so6e outl<in4 7a/ts of thei/ e67i/e the< 6ade e8tensi3e and e8cellent use of
wate/ as an ene/4< sou/ces. This 6a0es it all the 6o/e st/i0in4 that the -o6ans
6ade do without wate/ 7owe/ in /e4ions do6inated b< la/4e cities.
diffe/ence desc/ibed abo3e in the -o6ans2 use of wate/ 7owe/=
>A? The ancient -o6ans we/e ade7t at const/uctin4 and 6aintainin4 a@ueducts
that could ca//< @uantities of wate/ sufficient to su77l< la/4e cities o3e/
conside/able distances.
>B? In the a/eas in which wate/ 7owe/ was not used wate/ flow in /i3e/s and
st/ea6s was substantial th/ou4hout the <ea/ but ne3e/theless e8hibited so6e
seasonal 3a/iation.
>C? ,ate/ 7owe/ was /elati3el< 3ulne/able to sabota4e but an< da6a4e could be
@uic0l< and ine87ensi3el< /e7ai/ed.
>D? In 6ost a/eas to which the use of wate/ 7owe/ was not e8tended othe/ 6o/e
t/aditional sou/ces of ene/4< continued to be used.
>E? In hea3il< 7o7ulated a/eas the int/oduction of wate/ 7owe/ would ha3e been
ce/tain to cause social un/est b< de7/i3in4 la/4e nu6be/s of 7eo7le of thei/
li3elihood.
1%. 5/o6 a boo0 /e3iew1 The autho/s blithel< clai6 that the/e a/e Eth/ee basic wa<s
to sto/e ene/4<1 as heatB as elect/icit< o/ as 0inetic ene/4<.F Howe3e/B I cannot call
to 6ind an< affecti3e wa<s to sto/e ene/4< as elect/icit<B whe/eas an< ca7able
student of 7h<sics could /eadil< su44est a few 6o/e wa<s to sto/e ene/4<1
che6icalB 4/a3itationalB nuclea/.
The /e3iewe/ 6a0es which one of the followin4 c/iticis6s of a clai6 that a77ea/s
"$ 'SAT
in the boo0 unde/ /e3iew=
>A? The/e is no /eason to conside/ an< 7a/ticula/ wa< to sto/e ene/4< an< 6o/e
basic than an< othe/.
>B? The list 4i3en of wa<s to sto/e ene/4< is 7ossibl< inaccu/ate and ce/tainl< not
e8hausti3e.
>C? It is o3e/l< li6itin4 to t/eat basic wa<s to sto/e ene/4< as a @uestion un/elated
to the @uestion of effecti3e wa<s to use ene/4<.
>D? ,hat needs to be conside/ed is not whethe/ 3a/ious wa<s to sto/e ene/4< a/e
basic but whethe/ the< a/e effecti3e.
>E? E8ce7t 7ossibl< fo/ elect/icit<B all wa<s to sto/e ene/4< a/e e@uall< effecti3e
and the/efo/e e@uall< basic.
18. The/e is no 6<ste/< as to wh< fi4u/ati3e 7aintin4 /e3i3ed in the late 1&%$s.
Ieo7le want to loo0 at /eco4ni9able i6a4es. So/tin4 out a/t theo/ies /eflected in
abst/act 7aintin4s is no substitute fo/ the sense of e67ath< that co6es fo/6
loo0in4 at a /ealistic 7aintin4 of a fi4u/e in a landsca7e. Ie/ha7s 6e6be/s of the
a/tA3iewin4 7ublic /esented abst/act a/t because the< felt that its lac0 of /ealistic
sub;ect 6atte/ was a /e;ection of the 3iewe/s and thei/ wo/ld.
,hich one of the followin4 6ost accu/atel< e87/esses the 6ain 7oint of the
7assa4e=
>A? Abst/act 7aintin4s often include sha7es o/ fo/6s that a/e su44esti3e of /eal
ob;ects o/ e6otions.
>B? The a/tA3iewin4 7ublic wished to see t/aditional sub;ects t/eated in a
nont/aditional 6anne/.
>C? Iaintin4s that de7ict a /eco4ni9able 7h<sical wo/ld /athe/ than the e6otional
wo/ld of the a/tist2s life /e@ui/e 6o/e a/tistic talent to c/eate.
>D? The 4ene/al 7ublic is unable to unde/stand the theo/ies on which abst/act
7aintin4 is based.
>E? The a/tistic 7/efe/ences of the a/tA3iewin4 7ublic sti6ulated the /e3i3al.
1&. *alitania2s lon4Astandin4 7/actice of 7a<in4 hi4h sala/ies to its elected 7oliticians
has had a disast/ous effect on the le3el of inte4/it< a6on4 7oliticians in that
count/<. This is because the 7/os7ect of ea/nin4 a hi4h sala/< is alwa<s att/acti3e
to an<one whose 7/i6a/< ai6 in life is to 6a0e 6one<B so that ine3itabl< the
w/on4 7eo7le 6ust ha3e been att/acted into *alitanian 7olitics1 7eo7le who a/e
6o/e inte/ested in 6a0in4 6one< than in se/3in4 the needs of the nation
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB wo/ld wea0en the a/4u6ent=
>A? Man< *alitanian candidates fo/ elected office s7end so6e of thei/ own 6one<
to finance thei/ ca67ai4ns.
>B? Most *alitanian electi3e offices ha3e fou/A<ea/ te/6s.
>C? )o 6o/e 7eo7le co67ete fo/ elected office when officeholde/s a/e 7aid well
than when the< a/e 7aid 7oo/l<.
GMAT . 'SAT C- "1
>D? (nl< 7oliticians who /el< on thei/ offices fo/ inco6e tend to su77o/t 7olicies
that ad3ance thei/ own selfish inte/ests.
>E? Most of those who a/e cu//entl< *alitanian 7oliticians could ha3e obtained
bette/A7aid wo/0 outside 7olitics.
Questions !0-!1
Iolic< Ad3ise/1 5/eedo6 of s7eech is not onl< a basic hu6an /i4htG it is also the onl<
/ational 7olic< fo/ this 4o3e/n6ent to ado7t. ,hen ideas a/e o7enl< ai/edB 4ood idea
flou/ishB sill< 7/o7osals a/e easil< /eco4ni9ed as suchB and dan4e/ous ideas can be
/es7onded to b< /ational a/4u6ent. )othin4 is e3e/ 4ained b< fo/cin4 citi9ens to
disse6inate thei/ thou4hts in sec/et.
$. The 7olic< ad3ise/2s 6ethod of 7e/suasionB in /eco66endin4 a 7olic< of f/ee
s7eech to the 4o3e/n6entB is best desc/ibed b< which one of the followin4=
>A? a ci/cula/ ;ustification of the idea of f/ee s7eech as an idea that flou/ishes
when f/ee s7eech is allowed
>B? ad3ocatin4 /es7ect fo/ basic /i4hts of citi9ens fo/ its own sa0e
>C? a cou7lin4 of 6o/al ideals with selfAinte/est
>D? a wa/nin4 about the difficult< of su77/essin4 the t/uth
>E? a desc/i7tion of an ideal situation that cannot /ealisticall< be achie3ed
1. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB wo/ld 6ost st/en4then the a/4u6ent=
>A? Most citi9ens would tole/ate so6e li6its on f/eedo6 of s7eech.
>B? ,ith o/ without a 7olic< of f/eedo6 of s7eechB 4o3e/n6ents /es7ond to
dan4e/ous ideas i//ationall<.
>C? 5/eedo6 of /eli4ion and f/eedo6 of asse6bl< a/e also basic hu6an /i4hts that
4o3e/n6ents 6ust /eco4ni9e.
>D? Go3e/n6ents a/e less li0el< to be o3e/th/own if the< o7enl< ado7t a 7olic<
allowin4 f/eedo6 of s7eech.
>E? G/eat ideas ha3e flou/ished in societies that /e7/ess f/ee s7eech as often as in
those that 7e/6it it.
. The t/ustees of the A3onb/id4e su66e/ d/a6a wo/0sho7 ha3e decided to offe/
schola/shi7s to the to7 1$ 7e/cent of local a77licants and the to7 1$ 7e/cent of
nonlocal a77licants as ;ud4ed on the basis of a @ualif<in4 audition. The< a/e
doin4 this to ensu/e that onl< the a77licants with the 6ost hi4hl< e3aluated
auditions a/e offe/ed schola/shi7s to the 7/o4/a6.
,hich one of the followin4 7oints out wh< the t/ustees2 7lan 6i4ht not be
effecti3e in achie3in4 its 4oal=
>A? The best acto/s can also a77l< fo/ ad6ission to anothe/ 7/o4/a6 and then not
en/oll in the A3onb/id4e 7/o4/a6.
>B? Audition 6ate/ials that 7/oduce 4ood /esults fo/ one acto/ 6a< disad3anta4e
" 'SAT
anothe/B /esultin4 in inaccu/ate assess6ent.
>C? The to7 1$ 7e/cent of local and nonlocal a77licants 6i4ht not need
schola/shi7s to the A3onb/id4e 7/o4/a6.
>D? So6e of the a77licants who a/e offe/ed schola/shi7s could ha3e less hi4hl<
e3aluated auditions than so6e of the a77licants who a/e not offe/ed
schola/shi7s.
>E? Di3idin4 a77licants into local and nonlocal 4/ou7s is unfai/ because it fa3o/s
nonlocal a77licants.
". Boo0 -e3iew1 ,hen I /ead a no3el set in a cit< I 0now wellB I 6ust see that the
w/ite/ 0nows the cit< as well as I do if I a6 to ta0e that w/ite/ se/iousl<. If the
w/ite/ is fa0in4B I 0now i66ediatel< and do not t/ust the w/ite/. ,hen a no3elist
de6onst/ates the /e@ui/ed 0nowled4eB I t/ust the sto/< telle/B so I t/ust the tale.
This t/ust inc/eases 6< en;o<6ent of a 4ood no3el. Iete/ 'ee2s second no3el is
set in San 5/anciscoB in this no3elB as in his fi/stB 'ee 7asses 6< test with fl<in4
colo/s.
>A? The boo0 /e3iewe/ en;o<s 3i/tuall< an< no3el w/itten b< a no3elist who6 she
t/usts.
>B? If the boo0 /e3iewe/ t/usts the no3elist as a sto/<telle/B the no3el in @uestion
6ust be set in a cit< the boo0 /e3iewe/ 0nows well.
>C? Iete/ 'ee2s fi/st no3el was set in San 5/ancisco.
>D? The boo0 /e3iewe/ does not t/ust an< no3el set in a cit< that she does not
0now well.
>E? The boo0 /e3iewe/ does not belie3e that she 0nows San 5/ancisco bette/ than
Iete/ 'ee does.
#. So6eone2s benefitin4 f/o6 ha3in4 done ha/6 to anothe/ 7e/son is 6o/all<
;ustifiable onl< if the 7e/son who was ha/6ed 0new that what was done could
cause that ha/6 but consented to its bein4 done an<wa<.
,hich of the followin4 ;ud46ents 6ost closel< confo/6s to the 7/inci7le abo3e=
>A? Atte67tin4 to a3oid bein4 0e7t afte/ school as 7unish6ent fo/ b/ea0in4 a
windowB Sonia falsel< clai6ed that he/ b/othe/ had b/o0en itG Sonia2s action
was 6o/all< un;ustifiable since it /esulted in both child/en bein4 0e7t afte/
school fo/ so6ethin4 onl< Sonia had done.
>B? Since )ed would not ha3e won the 7/i9e fo/ best 6odel ai/7lane if Ienn<2s
b/othe/ had not inad3e/tentl< da6a4ed he/ ent/< while 7la<in4 with it. )ed
is 6o/all< un;ustified in acce7tin4 his 7/i9e.
>C? ,esle<B a docto/B 7e/suade Ma8 to ta0e 7a/t in a 6edical e87e/i6ent in which
a new d/u4 was bein4 tested1 since ,esle< failed to wa/n Ma8 about the
se/ious side effects of the d/u4 and the d/u4 7/o3ed to ha3e no othe/ effectsB
,esle< was 6o/all< un;ustified in usin4 the /esults obtained f/o6 Ma8 in his
GMAT . 'SAT C- ""
/e7o/t.
>D? Because -o4e/2s 6othe/ suffe/ed se3e/e co67lications as a /esult of donatin4
a 0idne< to hi6 fo/ lifesa3in4 0idne< t/ans7lantB it was 6o/all< un;ustifiable
fo/ -o4e/ to /ecei3e the t/ans7lantB e3en thou4h his 6othe/B he/self a docto/B
had been ea4e/ fo/ the t/ans7lant to be 7e/fo/6ed.
>E? 5o/ +a6esB who was con3icted of ha3in4 def/auded a la/4e nu6be/ of 7eo7le
out of thei/ sa3in4s and w/ote a boo0 about his sche6e while in 7/isonB to be
denied the 7/ofits f/o6 his boo0 would be 6o/all< un;ustifiable since he was
al/ead< been 7unished fo/ his c/i6e.
!. Ce/tain 4o3e/n6ents subsidi9e ce/tain basic a4/icultu/al 7/oducts in o/de/ to
4ua/antee an ade@uate do6estic 7/oduction of the6. But subsidies encou/a4e
6o/e intensi3e fa/6in4B which e3entuall< leads to soil e8haustion and d/asticall<
/educed <ields.
The situation abo3e is 6ost nea/l< si6ila/ to which one of the followin4
situations with /es7ect to the /elationshi7 between the decla/ed intent of a
4o3e/n6ent 7/actice and a ci/cu6stance /ele3ant to it=
>A? Ce/tain 4o3e/n6ents subsidi9e theate/s in o/de/ to att/act fo/ei4n tou/ists. But
tou/ists /a/el< choose a destination fo/ the theat/ical 7e/fo/6ances it has to
offe/.
>B? Ce/tain 4o3e/n6ents /est/ict i67o/ts in o/de/ to 0ee7 do6estic 7/oduce/s in
business. ButB since do6estic 7/oduce/s do not ha3e to face the full fo/ce of
fo/ei4n co67etitionB so6e do6estic 7/oduce/s a/e able to ea/n ino/dinatel<
hi4h 7/ofits.
>C? Ce/tain 4o3e/n6ents build st/on4 a/6ed fo/ces in o/de/ to fo/estall a/6ed
conflictB but in o/de/ to 6aintain the so/t of disci7line and 6o/ale that 0ee7s
a/6ed fo/ces st/on4B those fo/ces 6ust be used in actual co6bat 7e/iodicall<.
>D? Ce/tain 4o3e/n6ents /educe ta8es on business in o/de/ to sti6ulate 7/i3ate
in3est6ent. But an< in3est6ent is to so6e e8tent a 4a6bleB and new
business 3entu/es a/e not alwa<s as successful as thei/ owne/s ho7ed.
>E? Ce/tain 4o3e/n6ents 7ass t/affic laws in o/de/ to 6a0e t/a3el safe/. But the
7o7ulationAd/i3en 4/owth in 3olu6es of t/affic often has the effect of 6a0in4
t/a3el less safe des7ite the 7assa4e of new t/affic laws.
SECTI() III
1. -oses alwa<s 7/o3ide a stunnin4 dis7la< of colo/B but onl< those flowe/s that
s6ell sweet a/e wo/th 4/owin4 in a 4a/den. So6e /oses ha3e no scent.
,hich one the followin4 conclusions can be 7/o7e/l< d/awn f/o6 the 7assa4e=
>A? So6e flowe/s which 7/o3ide a stunnin4 dis7la< of colo/ a/e not wo/th
"# 'SAT
4/owin4 in a 4a/den.
>B? All flowe/s with no scent 7/o3ide a stunnin4 dis7la< of colo/.
>C? So6e flowe/s which a/e wo/th 4/owin4 in a 4a/den ha3e no scent.
>D? So6e /oses which s6ell sweet a/e not wo/th 4/owin4 in a 4a/den.
>E? )o sweetAs6ellin4 flowe/ is wo/th 4/owin4 in a 4a/den unless it 7/o3ides a
stunnin4 dis7la< of colo/.
. The use of 6one< causes a ci3ili9ation to decline. That this is t/ue is shown b<
the wa< the t/oubles of ,este/n ci3ili9ation be4an with the in3ention of 6one<.
,hile /eal 6one< >4old and sil3e/? is bad enou4hB i6itation 6one< >7a7e/
6one<? is a ho//o/. The decline of ,este/n ci3ili9ation e8actl< 7a/allels the
inc/easin4 use of 6one<Kboth /eal 6one< and wo/thless 7a7e/ 6one<Kas a
substitute fo/ thin4s of int/insic 3alue.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB could cont/ibute 6ost to a /efutation of the
a/4u6ent=
>A? Ieo7le 7/efe/ usin4 6one< to ha3in4 a s<ste6 in which 4oods a/e ba/te/ed fo/
othe/ 4oods of e@ual int/insic 3alue.
>B? Easte/n cultu/es ha3e used 6oneC? The use of 7a7e/ 6one< encou/a4es dis/e4a/d fo/ the 3alue of wo/0 because
the 6one< itself has no int/insic 3alue.
>D? The /ate of e8chan4e between 4old and 7a7e/ 6one< has fluctuated 4/eatl< in
,este/n ci3ili9ation.
>E? So6e e67lo<e/s e8chan4e 4oods fo/ thei/ e67lo<ees2 se/3ices in o/de/ to
a3oid the e8chan4e of 6one<.
". 5i/e ants f/o6 B/a9il now infest the southe/n Dnited States. Dnli0e @ueen fi/e
ants in B/a9ilB two @ueens in the Dnited States sha/e a nest. Ants f/o6 these nests
a/e 6o/e a44/essi3e than those f/o6 sin4leA@ueen nests. B< dest/o<in4 3i/tuall<
all insects in the nest a/eaB these a44/essi3e ants 4ain sole access to food sou/cesB
and the ant 7o7ulation s0</oc0ets. Since ce/tain 7/edato/ insects in B/a9il li6it
the fi/eAant 7o7ulation the/eB i67o/tin4 such 7/edato/ insects into the Dnited
States would be of o3e/all benefit to the en3i/on6ent b< sto77in4 the inc/ease of
the fi/eAant 7o7ulation in the Dnited States.
Each of the followin4 is an assu67tion 6ade in the a/4u6ent EHCEIT1
>A? The i67o/ted insects would not 7/o3e 6o/e da6a4in4 to the en3i/on6ent in
the Dnited States than a/e the fi/e ants the6sel3es.
>B? The 7/edato/ insects f/o6 B/a9il could su/3i3e in the ecolo4ical en3i/on6ent
found in the Dnited States.
>C? The es7eciall< a44/essi3e fi/e ants f/o6 the twoA@ueen nests would not be
able to dest/o< the B/a9ilian 7/edato/ insects.
>D? The 7/edato/ insects would sto7 the inc/ease of the ant 7o7ulation befo/e the
GMAT . 'SAT C- "!
ants s7/ead to states that a/e fa/the/ no/th.
>E? The /ate of inc/ease of the fi/eAant 7o7ulation would not e8ceed the /ate at
which the 7/edato/ insects could 0ill the ants.
#. In an atte67t to counte/ co67laints that a ce/tain 7esticide is 7otentiall<
ha9a/dous to hu6ans if abso/bed into edible 7lantsB the 7esticide 6anufactu/e/
has ad3e/tised that Eounce fo/ ounceB the acti3e in4/edient in this 7esticide is less
to8ic than the acti3e in4/edient in 6outhwash.F
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB indicates a wea0ness in the 6anufactu/e/2s
a/4u6ent=
>A? The ounceAfo/Aounce to8icit< of the acti3e in4/edient in 6outhwash is less
than that of 6ost 7/oducts 6eant fo/ e8te/nal use b< hu6ansB such as nail
7olish o/ othe/ cos6etics.
>B? The @uantit< of to8ins hu6ans in4est b< consu6in4 7lants t/eated with the
7esticide isB on a3e/a4eB 6uch hi4he/ than the @uantit< of to8ins hu6ans
in4est b< usin4 6outhwash.
>C? The containe/ in which the 7esticide is 7ac0a4ed clea/l< identifies the to8ic
in4/edients and ca//ies wa/nin4s about thei/ 7otential dan4e/ to hu6ans.
>D? (n a3e/a4eB the to8ins 7/esent in the 7esticide ta0e lon4e/ than the to8ins
7/esent in 6outhwash to /each ha/6ful le3els in the hu6an bod<.
>E? Since the 4o3e/n6ent be4an to /e4ulate the 7esticide indust/< o3e/ ten <ea/s
a4oB the/e has been a 4/owin4 awa/eness of the dan4e/s of to8ins used in
7esticides.
Questions 5-&
5ou/ /ando6l< chosen 6a/0et /esea/ch co67anies each 7/oduced 7o7ulation
esti6ated fo/ th/ee 6iddleAsi9ed citiesG the esti6ates of each co67an< we/e then
co67a/ed with those of the othe/ co67anies. Two of the cities had /elati3el< stable
7o7ulationsB and fo/ the6 esti6ates of cu//ent 7o7ulation and of 7/o;ected 7o7ulation
in fi3e <ea/s 3a/ied little f/o6 co67an< to co67an<. Howe3e/B fo/ the thi/d citA? It is 6o/e difficult to esti6ate the 7o7ulation of 6iddleAsi9ed cities than of
s6alle/ cities.
>B? Io7ulation esti6ates fo/ /a7idl< 4/owin4 cities can be accu/ate enou4h to be
useful fo/ 6a/0etin4.
>C? The /ate of chan4e in 7o7ulation of /a7idl< 4/owin4 cities does not fluctuate.
>D? The 6a/0et /esea/ch co67anies a/e li0el< to be e@uall< /eliable in esti6atin4
the 7o7ulation of stable cities.
>E? Esti6ates of cit<2s futu/e 7o7ulation a/e li0el< to be 6o/e accu/ate than a/e
esti6ates of that cit<2s cu//ent 7o7ulation.
"6 'SAT
6. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB would best hel7 e87lain wh< esti6ates of the
cu//ent 7o7ulation of the /a7idl< 4/owin4 cit< 3a/ied 6o/e than did cu//ent
7o7ulation esti6ates fo/ the two othe/ cities=
>A? Io7ulation chan4es o3e/ ti6e a/e 6o/e unifo/6 f/o6 one dist/ict to anothe/
in the /a7idl< 4/owin4 cit< than in the two othe/ cities.
>B? The 7o7ulation of the /a7idl< 4/owin4 cit< is inc/easin4 la/4el< as a /esult of
a hi4h bi/th /ate.
>C? The 7o7ulation of the /a7idl< 4/owin4 cit< has a lowe/ a3e/a4e a4e than the
7o7ulations of eithe/ of the two othe/ cities.
>D? All 7o7ulation esti6ates of the /a7idl< 4/owin4 cit< we/e 7/oduced fi/st b<
esti6atin4 the cu//ent 7o7ulations of the cit<2s dist/icts and then b< addin4
those esti6ates.
>E? ,he/eas the co67anies used diffe/ent 6ethods fo/ esti6atin4 the cu//ent
7o7ulation of the /a7idl< 4/owin4 cit<B the co67anies used the sa6e 6ethod
fo/ the two othe/ cities.
%. Head in;u/< is the 6ost se/ious t<7e of in;u/< sustained in 6oto/c<cle accidents.
The a3e/a4e cost to ta87a<e/s fo/ 6edical ca/e fo/ nonhel6eted 6oto/c<cleA
accident 3icti6s is twice that fo/ thei/ hel6eted counte/7a/ts. +u/isdictions that
ha3e enacted 6oto/c<cleAhel6et laws ha3e /educed the incidence and se3e/it< of
accidentA/elated head in;u/iesB the/eb< /educin4 the cost to ta87a<e/s. The/efo/eB
to achie3e si6ila/ cost /eductionsB othe/ ;u/isdictions should enact 6oto/c<cleA
hel6et laws. 5o/ the sa6e /eason ;u/isdictions should also /e@ui/e hel6ets fo/
ho/sebac0 /ide/sB since ho/sebac0A/idin4 accidents a/e e3en 6o/e li0el< to cause
se/ious head in;u/< than 6oto/c<cle accidents a/e.
,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion u7on which the autho/2s conclusion
conce/nin4 hel6ets fo/ ho/sebac0 /ide/s de7end=
>A? Medical ca/e fo/ 3icti6s of ho/sebac0A/idin4 accidents is financial d/ain on
ta8 funds.
>B? The hi4he/ /ate of se/ious head in;u/< suffe/ed b< 3icti6s of ho/sebac0A/idin4
accidents is due to the diffe/ence in si9e between ho/ses and 6oto/c<cles.
>C? The 6edical costs associated with t/eatin4 head in;u/ies a/e hi4he/ than those
fo/ othe/ t<7es of in;u/<.
>D? Most fatalities /esultin4 f/o6 ho/sebac0A/idin4 and 6oto/c<cle accidents
could ha3e been 7/e3ented if the 3icti6s had been wea/in4 hel6ets.
>E? ,hen decidin4 whethe/ to enact hel6et laws fo/ 6oto/c<clists and ho/sebac0
/ide/sB the ;u/isdiction2s 7/i6a/< conce/ns is the safet< of its citi9ens.
8. The senato/ has lon4 held to the 4ene/al 7/inci7le that no t/ue wo/0 of a/t is
obsceneB and thus that the/e is no conflict between the need to encou/a4e f/ee
a/tistic e87/ession and the need to 7/otect the sensibilities of the 7ublic f/o6
obscenit<. ,hen wellA0nown wo/0s 4ene/all< 3iewed as obscene a/e cited as
GMAT . 'SAT C- "%
7ossible counte/e8a67lesB the senato/ ;ustifies acce7tin4 the 7/inci7le b< sa<in4
that if these wo/0s /eall< a/e obscene then the< cannot be wo/0s of a/t.
The senato/2s /easonin4 contains which one of the followin4 e//o/s=
>A? It see0s to 7e/suade b< e6otional /athe/ than intellectual 6eans.
>B? It contains an i67licit cont/adiction.
>C? It /elies on an asse/tion of the senato/2s autho/it<.
>D? It assu6es what it see0s to establish.
>E? It atte67ts to ;ustif< a 7osition b< a77eal to an i//ele3ant conside/ation.
&. Dntil he was dis6issed a6id 4/eat cont/o3e/s<B Hastin4s was conside/ed one of
the 4/eatest intelli4ence a4ents of all ti6e. It is clea/ that if his dis6issal was
;ustifiedB then Hastin4s was eithe/ inco67etent o/ else dislo<al. Soon afte/ the
dis6issalB howe3e/B it was shown that he had ne3e/ been inco67etent. ThusB one
is fo/ced to conclude that Hastin4s 6ust ha3e been dislo<al.
,hich one of the followin4 states an assu67tion u7on which the a/4u6ent
de7ends=
>A? Hastin4s2s dis6issal was ;ustified.
>B? Hastin4s was a hi4hA/an0in4 intelli4ence office/.
>C? The dis6issal of an<one who was dislo<al would be ;ustified.
>D? An<one whose dis6issal was ;ustified was dislo<al.
>E? If so6eone was dislo<al o/ inco67etentB then his dis6issal was ;ustified.
1$. An<one who fails to answe/ a 7atient2s @uestions cannot be a co67etent
7h<sician. That is wh< I feel confident about 6< 7h<sician2s co67etence1 she
ca/efull< answe/s e3e/< one of 6< @uestionsB no 6atte/ how t/i3ial.
,hich one of the followin4 6ost closel< 7a/allels the flawed /easonin4 in the
a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? An<one who 4/ows u7 in a la/4e fa6il< is accusto6ed to 6a0in4
co67/o6ises. Me/edith is accusto6ed to 6a0in4 co67/o6isesB so she 6i4ht
ha3e 4/own u7 in a la/4e fa6il<.
>B? An<one who is not in fa3o/ of this 7/o7osal is ill info/6ed on the issue.
+eanne o77oses the 7/o7osalB so she is ill info/6ed on the issue.
>C? )o one who li0es 6usic 6isses a 7e/fo/6ance of the s<67hon<. Iaul li0es
6usicB <et last wee0 he 6issed a 7e/fo/6ance of the s<67hon<.
>D? An<one who wo/0s two o/ 6o/e ;obs is unable to find a balance between
7/ofessional and 7e/sonal life. Ma44ie has onl< one ;obB so she can find a
balance between he/ 7/ofessional and 7e/sonal life.
>E? )o one who is hotAte67e/ed and st/on4Awilled will succeed in this business.
+e/e6< is st/on4AwilledB so he will not succeed in this business.
11. The annual +ou/nal fo/ IublicationB which often solicits a/ticlesB 7ublishes onl<
"8 'SAT
those a/ticles that a/e both sub6itted befo/e Ma/ch 6 and w/itten b< ce/tified
7s<choanal<stsB Ste3ensB who 7ublishes f/e@uentl< in 7s<choanal<tic lite/atu/eB
sub6itted an a/ticle to the +ou/nal befo/e Ma/ch 6. This a/ticle was acce7ted fo/
7ublication in the +ou/nal.
,hich one of the followin4 conclusions follows lo4icall< f/o6 the state6ent
abo3e=
>A? Ste3ens is a 7s<choanal<st.
>B? The "ournal f/e@uentl< acce7ts Ste3ens2 a/ticles.
>C? Ste3ens is an autho/it< on a la/4e nu6be/ of to7ics in 7s<choanal<sis.
>D? The "ournal as0ed Ste3ens to w/ite an a/ticle.
>E? Ste3ens2 /ecentl< acce7ted a/ticle will be inte/estin4 to "ournal /eade/s.
Questions 1!-13
A/4uin4 that the/e was no t/ade between Eu/o7e and East Asia in the ea/l< Middle
A4es because the/e a/e no w/itten /eco/ds of such t/ade is li0e a/4uin4 that the <etiB an
a7eli0e c/eatu/e su77osedl< e8istin4 in the Hi6ala<asB does not e8ist because the/e
ha3e been no scientificall< confi/6ed si4htin4s. A 3e/ifiable si4htin4 of the <eti would
7/o3e that the c/eatu/e does e8istB but the absence of si4htin4s cannot 7/o3e that it
does not.
1. ,hich one of the followin4 best e87/esses the 7oint of the a/4u6ent=
>A? E3idence fo/ the e8istence of t/ade between Eu/o7e and East Asia in the ea/l<
Middle A4es isB li0e e3idence fo/ the e8istence of the <etiB not scientificall<
confi/6ed.
>B? In o/de/ to 7/o3e that in the ea/l< Middle A4es the/e was t/ade between
Eu/o7e and East Asia it is necessa/< to find both Asian and Eu/o7ean
e3idence that such t/ade e8isted.
>C? That t/ade between Eu/o7e and East Asia did not e8ist in the ea/l< Middle
A4es cannot be established si67l< b< the absence of a ce/tain so/t of
e3idence that this t/ade e8isted.
>D? The 3iew that the/e was t/ade between Eu/o7e and East Asia in the ea/l<
Middle A4es can onl< be dis7/o3ed b< showin4 that no /efe/ences to this
t/ade e8ist in su/3i3in4 /eco/ds.
>E? The/e is no 6o/e e3idence that t/ade between Eu/o7e and East Asia e8isted in
the ea/l< Middle A4es than the/e is that the <eti e8ists.
1". ,hich one of the followin4 conside/ationsB if t/ueB best counte/s the a/4u6ent=
>A? Most of the e3idence fo/ the e8istence of t/ade between Eu/o7e and East Asia
in the ea/l< Middle A4es is a/chaeolo4ical and the/efo/e does not /el< on
w/itten /eco/ds.
>B? Althou4h w/itten /eco/ds of t/ade in East Asia in the ea/l< Middle A4es
su/3i3edB the/e a/e al6ost no Eu/o7e docu6ents f/o6 that 7e/iod that
GMAT . 'SAT C- "&
6ention t/ade at all.
>C? An< t/ade between Eu/o7e and East Asia in the ea/l< Middle A4es would
necessa/il< ha3e been of 3e/< low 3olu6e and would ha3e in3ol3ed hi4hA
7/iced ite6sB such as 7/ecious 6etals and sil0.
>D? The/e ha3e been no confi/6ed si4htin4s of the <etiB but the/e is indi/ect
e3idenceB such as foot7/intsB which if it is acce7ted as authentic would
establish the <eti2s e8istence.
>E? The/e a/e su/3i3in4 Eu/o7ean and East Asian w/itten /eco/ds f/o6 the ea/l<
Middle A4es that do not 6ention t/ade between the two /e4ions but would
ha3e been 3e/< li0el< to do so if this t/ade had e8isted.
1#. ,hen the econo6< is in a /ecessionB o3e/all de6and fo/ 4oods and se/3ices is
low. If o3e/all de6and fo/ 4oods and se/3ices is lowB ban0 inte/est /ates a/e also
low. The/efo/eB if ban0 inte/est /ates a/e not lowB the econo6< is not in a
/ecession.
The /easonin4 in which one of the followin4 6ost closel< 7a/allels the /easonin4
>A? If the /estau/ant is fullB the 7a/0in4 lot will be fullB and if the 7a/0in4 lot is
fullB the /estau/ant is fullB so if the 7a/0in4 lot is not fullB the /estau/ant is not
full.
>B? If the fish is /eadC? If 7te/odact<ls flew b< fla77in4 thei/ win4sB the< 6ust ha3e been wa/6A
bloodedB so if the< we/e coldAbloodedB the< 6ust ha3e flown onl< b<
4lidin4B if the< flew at all.
>D? If <ou want to 7ut in 7leatsB <ou will ha3e to double the a6ount of 6ate/ial
fo/ the s0i/tB and that 6eans <ou will ha3e none left fo/ the to7B so if <ou 7ut
in 7leats <ou will not be able to 6a0e the to7.
>E? If econo6ic fo/ecaste/s a/e /i4htB the/e will be inflationB and if the/e is
inflationB the 4o3e/nin4 7a/t< will lose the electionB so if it does lose the
electionB the econo6ic fo/ecaste/s we/e /i4ht.
1!. Twent< <ea/s a4o the -e7ublic of -osinia 7/oduced nea/l< 1$$ 6illion tons of
7otatoesB but last <ea/ the ha/3est ba/el< /eached 6$ 6illion tons. A4/icultu/al
/esea/che/sB who ha3e failed to de3elo7 new hi4he/ <ieldin4 st/ains of 7otatoesB
a/e to bla6e fo/ this dec/easeB since the< ha3e been conce/ned onl< with thei/
own /esea/ch and not with the needs of -osinia.
>A? An< cu//ent atte67ts b< a4/icultu/al /esea/che/s to de3elo7 hi4he/A<ieldin4
7otato st/ains a/e futile.
>B? St/ains of 7otatoes 6ost co66onl< 4/own in -osinia could not ha3e
7/oduced the <ields last <ea/ that the< once did.
""$ 'SAT
>C? A4/icultu/al /esea/che/s often find conc/ete solutions to 7/actical 7/oble6s
when in3esti4atin4 see6in4l< un/elated @uestions.
>D? ,ide fluctuations in the si9e of the 7otato c/o7 o3e/ a twent<A<ea/ 7e/iod a/e
not unusual.
>E? A4/icultu/al /esea/ch in -osinia is funded b< 4o3e/n6ent 4/ants.
16. An ancient Ia3onian te8t desc/ibes how an a/6< of one 6illion ene6ies of
Ia3onia sto77ed to d/in0 at a ce/tain la0e and d/an0 the la0e d/<. -ecentl<B
a/chaeolo4ists disco3e/ed that wate/Abased life was suddenl< absent ;ust afte/ the
e3ent was alle4ed b< the te8t to ha3e occu//ed. (n the basis of /eadin4 the te8t
and an account of the a/chaeolo4ical e3idenceB so6e students concluded that the
e3ents desc/ibed /eall< too0 7lace.
,hen one of the followin4 is a @uestionable techni@ue used b< the students to
/each thei/ conclusion=
>A? 6a0in4 a 4ene/ali9ation about histo/ical e3ents on the basis of a sin4le
instance of that t<7e of e3ent
>B? i4no/in4 a3ailableB 7otentiall< useful counte/e3idence
>C? /e;ectin4 a h<7othesis because it is see6in4l< selfAcont/adicto/<
>D? conside/in4 7eo7le and locations whose e8istence cannot be substantiated b<
6ode/n histo/ians
>E? ta0in4 e3idence that a te8t has co//ectl< desc/ibed an effect to show that the
te8t has co//ectl< desc/ibed the cause
1%. Sa67les f/o6 the floo/ of a /oc0 shelte/ in Ienns<l3ania we/e dated b< anal<9in4
the ca/bon the< contained. The dates assi4ned to sa67les associated with hu6an
acti3ities fo/6ed a consistent se/iesB be4innin4 with the 7/esent and 4oin4 bac0 in
ti6eB a se/ies that was co//elated with the de7th f/o6 which the sa67les ca6e.
The oldest and dee7est sa67le was dated at 1&B6!$ <ea/s befo/e the 7/esentB 7lus
o/ 6inus B#$$ <ea/s. S0e7ticB 3iewin4 that date as too ea/l< and inconsistent
with the acce7ted date of hu6an 6i4/ation into )o/th A6e/icaB su44ested that the
sa67les could ha3e been conta6inated b< dissol3ed Eold ca/bonF ca//ied b<
7e/colatin4 4/oundwate/ f/o6 nea/b< coal de7osits.
,hich one of the followin4 conside/ationsB if t/ueB a/4ues 6ost st/on4l< a4ainst
the su44estion of the s0e7tics=
>A? )o li0el< 6echanis6 of conta6ination in3ol3in4 7e/colatin4 4/oundwate/
would ha3e affected the dee7e/ sa67les f/o6 the site without affectin4 the
u77e/6ost sa67le.
>B? )ot e3e/< a77lication of the ca/bonAdatin4 7/ocedu/e has led to /esults that
ha3e been 4ene/all< acce7table to scientists.
>C? The/e is no e3idence that 7eo7le we/e usin4 coal fo/ fuel at an< ti6e when the
dee7est la<e/ 6i4ht ha3e been laid down.
>D? )o sa67le in the se/iesB when /etested b< the ca/bonAdatin4 7/ocedu/eB was
GMAT . 'SAT C- ""1
assi4ned an ea/lie/ date than that assi4ned to a sa67le f/o6 a la<e/ abo3e it.
>E? )o )o/th A6e/ican site besides the one in Ienns<l3ania has e3e/ <ielded a
sa67le to which the ca/bonAdatin4 7/ocedu/e assi4ned a date that was
co67a/abl< ancient.
18. Those influenced b< 6ode/n ,este/n science ta0e it fo/ 4/anted that a 4enuine
belief in ast/olo4< is 7/oof of a c/edulous and unscientific 6ind. :etB in the 7astB
7eo7le of indis7utable intellectual and scientific b/illiance acce7ted ast/olo4< as a
fact. The/efo/eB the/e is no scientific basis fo/ /e;ectin4 ast/olo4<.
The a/4u6ent is 6ost 3ulne/able to c/iticis6 on which one of the followin4
4/ounds=
>A? A belief can be consistent with the a3ailable e3idence and acce7ted scientific
theo/ies at one ti6e but not with the acce7ted e3idence and theo/ies of a late/
ti6e.
>B? Since it is cont/o3e/sial whethe/ ast/olo4< has a scientific basisB an< a/4u6ent
that atte67ts to 7/o3e that it has will be s7ecious.
>C? Althou4h the conclusion is intended to hold in all cultu/esB the e3idence
ad3anced in its su77o/t is d/awn onl< f/o6 those cultu/es st/on4l<
influenced b< 6ode/n ,este/n science.
>D? The i67licit assu67tion that all 7/actitione/s of ,este/n science belie3e in
ast/olo4< is false.
>E? The fact that the/e 6i4ht be le4iti6ate nonscientific /easons fo/ /e;ectin4
ast/olo4< has been o3e/loo0ed.
1&. A6< McConnell is conside/in4 /unnin4 fo/ election a4ainst the incu6bentB
G/e4o/< 'ut9. If 'ut9 has a la/4e ca67ai4n fundB then he is al/ead< fa/ aheadB and
McConnell will not /un a4ainst hi6. If 'ut9 does not ha3e a la/4e ca67ai4n fundB
McConnell will sc/utini9e 'ut92s /eco/d fo/ an< hints of scandal that she could
use a4ainst hi6. An<thin4 of a scandalous natu/e would inc/ease McConnell2s
chances of winnin4B and she would ca67ai4n fo/ election. If 'ut9 has a clean
/eco/dB howe3e/B McConnell will not /un a4ainst hi6.
Gi3en the info/6ation in the 7assa4eB which one of the followin4 6ust be false=
>A? 'ut9 does not ha3e a la/4e ca67ai4n fundB and McConnell does not /un
a4ainst hi6.
>B? 'ut92s /eco/d contains ite6s that would inc/ease McConnell2s chances of
winnin4B and she /uns a4ainst hi6.
>C? 'ut92s /eco/d contains scandalous ite6sB and McConnell does not /un a4ainst
hi6.
>D? 'ut92s /eco/d contains nothin4 that would inc/ease McConnell2s chances of
winnin4B and she /uns a4ainst hi6.
>E? 'ut9 has a la/4e ca67ai4n fundB and McConnell does not /un a4ainst hi6.
"" 'SAT
$. Is<chothe/a7< has been desc/ibed as a fo/6 of 6o/al coe/cion. Howe3e/B when
7eo7le a/e coe/cedB thei/ abilit< to 6a0e choices is /est/ictedB and the 4oal of
7s<chothe/a7< is to enhance 7eo7le2s abilit< to 6a0e choices. HenceB
7s<chothe/a7< cannot 7ossibl< be a fo/6 of coe/cion.
,hich one of the followin4 desc/ibes a flaw in the a/4u6ent=
>A? The 7osition bein4 a/4ued a4ainst is /edefined unfai/l< in o/de/ to 6a0e it an
easie/ ta/4et.
>B? Is<chothe/a7< is unfai/l< c/itici9ed fo/ ha3in4 a sin4le 4oalB /athe/ than
ha3in4 6an< co67le8 4oals.
>C? )o allowance is 6ade fo/ the fact that the 7/actice o/ /esults of 7s<chothe/a7<
6i4ht /un counte/ to its 4oals.
>D? The 4oals of 7s<chothe/a7< a/e ta0en to ;ustif< an< 6eans that a/e used to
achie3e those 4oals.
>E? It offe/s no a/4u6ent to show that 6o/al coe/cion is alwa<s undesi/able.
1. +oel1 A 6<th is a na//ati3e told to con3e< a co66unit<2s t/aditional wisdo6.
M<ths a/e not 4ene/all< told in the 6ode/n wo/ld because the/e a/e no lon4e/
bodies of 4ene/all< acce7ted t/uths that can be con3e<ed in this wa<.
Giselle1 (f cou/se the/e a/e 6<ths in the 6ode/n wo/ld. 5o/ e8a67leB the/e is the
6<th of the 6achine1 we see the hu6an bod< as a 6achineB to be fi8ed b<
6endin4 defecti3e 7a/ts. This 6a< not be a na//ati3eB but what 6edicall< t/ained
s7ecialist can den< the e8istence of that 6<th=
,hich one of the followin4 6ost accu/atel< cha/acte/i9es Giselle2s /es7onse to
+oel2s state6ent=
>A? It offe/s a scientific e87lanation to a 7/oble6 of lite/a/< theo/<.
>B? It 7oints out a wea0ness in +oel2s 7osition b< ad3ancin4 an analo4ous
7osition.
>C? It is based on an unsu77o/ted distinction between t/aditional societies and the
6ode/n wo/ld.
>D? It assu6es that +oel is 6edicall< t/ained s7ecialist.
>E? It offe/s a counte/e8a67le that calls into @uestion 7a/t of +oel2s definition of
6<th.
. The t/ue scientific si4nificance of a 4/ou7 of unusual fossils disco3e/ed b< the
7aleontolo4ist Cha/les ,alcott is 6o/e li0el< to be /eflected in a /ecent
classification than it was in ,alcott2s own classification. ,alcott wasB afte/ allB a
7/o6inent 6e6be/ of the scientific establish6ent. His classifications a/e thus
unli0el< to ha3e done an<thin4 but confi/6 what established science had al/ead<
ta0en to be t/ue.
,hich one of the followin4 6ost accu/atel< desc/ibes a @uestionable techni@ue
used in the a/4u6ent=
>A? It d/aws conclusions about the 6e/it of a 7osition and about the content of
GMAT . 'SAT C- """
that 7osition f/o6 e3idence about the 7osition2s sou/ce.
>B? It cites two 7ieces of e3idenceB each of which is both @uestionable and
un3e/ifiableB and uses this e3idence to su77o/t its conclusions.
>C? It bases a conclusion on two 7/e6ises that cont/adict each othe/ and
6ini6i9es this cont/adiction b< the 3a4ueness of the te/6s e67lo<ed.
>D? It atte67ts to establish the 3alidit< of a clai6B which is othe/wise
unsu77o/tedB b< den<in4 the t/uth of the o77osite of that clai6.
>E? It anal<9es the 7ast on the basis of social and 7olitical cate4o/ies that 7/o7e/l<
a77l< onl< to the 7/esent and uses the /esults of this anal<sis to su77o/t its
conclusion.
". Anthon<1 It has been established that o3e/ 8$ 7e/cent of those who use he/oin
ha3e a histo/< of ha3in4 used 6a/i;uana. Such e3idence would see6 to 7/o3e that
s6o0in4 6a/i;uana definitel< leads to he/oin use.
+udith1 Ma<be s6o0in4 6a/i;uana does lead to he/oin useB but it is absu/d to
thin0s that citin4 those statistics 7/o3es that it does. Afte/ allB 1$$ 7e/cent of the
7eo7le who ta0e u7 he/oin had a 7/e3ious histo/< of d/in0in4 wate/.
+udith2s /e7l< to Anthon<2s a/4u6ent /elies on which one of the followin4
a/4u6entati3e st/ate4ies=
>A? offe/in4 e3idence su44estin4 that the statistics Anthon< cites in su77o/t of his
conclusion a/e inaccu/ate
>B? unde/6inin4 the c/edibilit< of his conclusion b< showin4 that it is a state6ent
f/o6 which absu/d conse@uences can be de/i3ed
>C? 7/o3idin4 an e8a67le to show that not e3e/<thin4 that 7/o6otes he/oin use is
unsafe
>D? de6onst/atin4 that Anthon<2s line of /easonin4 is flawed b< showin4 such
/easonin4 can lead to clea/l< false conclusions
>E? callin4 into @uestion the 7ossibilit< of e3e/ establishin4 causal connections
solel< on the basis of statistical e3idence
#. -u6o/ed declines in auto6obileAindust/< /e3enues a/e e8a44e/ated. It is t/ue that
auto6obile 6anufactu/es2 sha/e of the indust/<2s /e3enues fell f/o6 6! 7e/cent
two <ea/s a4o to !$ 7e/cent todafo/ e8a67leB dist/ibuto/sB deale/sB and /e7ai/e/s? had thei/
sha/e inc/ease f/o6 $ 7e/cent to "$ 7e/cent.
,hich one of the followin4 best indicates wh< the statistics 4i3en abo3e 7/o3ide
b< the6sel3es no e3idence fo/ the conclusion the< a/e intended to su77o/t=
>A? The 7ossibilit< is left o7en that the statistics fo/ 6anufactu/es2 sha/e of
/e3enues co6e f/o6 a diffe/ent sou/ce than the othe/ statistics.
>B? )o 6atte/ what chan4es the auto6obile indust/<2s o3e/all /e3enues unde/4oB
the total of all sha/es of these /e3enues 6ust be 1$$ 7e/cent.
""# 'SAT
>C? )o e87lanation is 4i3en fo/ wh< the /e3enue sha/es of diffe/ent secto/s of the
indust/< chan4ed.
>D? Manufactu/es and 7a/ts co67anies de7end fo/ thei/ /e3enue on deale/s2
success in sellin4 ca/s.
>E? -e3enues a/e an i67o/tant facto/ but a/e not the onl< facto/ in dete/6inin4
7/ofits.
Questions !5-!&
I/o7osals fo/ e8tendin4 the Dnited States school <ea/ to b/in4 it 6o/e in line with its
Eu/o7ean and +a7anese counte/7a/ts a/e often 6et with the ob;ection that cu/tailin4
the school2s th/eeA6onth su66e/ 3acation would 3iolate an established Dnited States
t/adition datin4 f/o6 the nineteenth centu/<. Howe3e/B this ob;ection 6isses its 6a/0.
T/ueB in the nineteenth centu/<B the 6a;o/it< of schools closed fo/ th/ee 6onths e3e/<
su66e/B but onl< because the< we/e in /u/al a/eas whe/e successful ha/3ests
de7ended on child/en labo/. If an< 7olic< could be ;ustified b< those a77ea/s to
t/aditionB it would be the 7olic< of dete/6inin4 the len4th of the school <ea/ acco/din4
to the needs of the econo6<.
!. ,hich one of the followin4 7/inci7lesB if acce7tedB would 7/o3ide the st/on4est
;ustification fo/ the conclusion=
>A? That a 4i3en social 7olic< has t/aditionall< been in fo/ce ;ustifies 6aintainin4
that 7olic< onl< if doin4 so does not conflict with 6o/e 7/essin4 social
needs.
>B? A77eals to its own t/aditions cannot e8cuse a count/< f/o6 the obli4ation to
b/in4 its 7/actices in line with the le4iti6ate e87ectations of the /est of the
wo/ld.
>C? Because a77eals to t/adition often se/3e to 6as0 the /eal inte/ests at issueB
such a77eals should be dis/e4a/ded.
>D? T/aditional 7/inci7les should be disca/ded when the< no lon4e/ se/3e the
needs of the econo6<.
>E? The actual t/adition e6bodied in a 4i3en 7/actice can be accu/atel< identified
onl< b< /efe/ence to the /easons that o/i4inall< 7/o67ted that 7/actice.
6. The a/4u6ent counte/s the ob;ection b<
>A? 7/o3idin4 e3idence to show that the ob;ection /elies on a 6isunde/standin4
about the a6ount of ti6e each <ea/ Dnited States schools t/aditionall< ha3e
been closed
>B? callin4 into @uestion the /ele3ance of info/6ation about histo/ical 7/actices to
cu//ent dis7utes about 7/o7osed social chan4e
>C? a/4uin4 fo/ an alte/nati3e unde/standin4 of the natu/e of the Dnited States
t/adition /e4a/din4 the len4th of the school <ea/
>D? showin4 that those who o77ose e8tendin4 the school <ea/ ha3e no 4enuine
GMAT . 'SAT C- ""!
conce/n fo/ t/adition
>E? de6onst/atin4 that t/adition ;ustifies b/in4in4 the Dnited States school <ea/ in
line with that of the /est of the indust/iali9ed wo/ld
TEST %
SECTI() I
1. Befo/e the 7/intin4 7/essB boo0s could be 7u/chased onl< in e87ensi3e 6anusc/i7t
co7ies. The 7/intin4 7/ess 7/oduced boo0s that we/e si4nificantl< less e87ensi3e
than the 6anusc/i7t editions. The 7ublic2s de6and fo/ 7/inted boo0s in the fi/st
<ea/s afte/ the in3ention of the 7/intin4 7/ess was 6an< ti6es 4/eate/ than
de6and had been fo/ 6anusc/i7t co7ies. This inc/ease de6onst/ates that the/e
was a d/a6atic ;u67 in the nu6be/ of 7eo7le who lea/ned how to /ead in the
<ea/s afte/ 7ublishe/s fi/st sta/ted 7/oducin4 boo0s on the 7/intin4 7/ess.
,hich one of the followin4 state6entsB if t/ueB casts doubt on the a/4u6ent=
>A? Du/in4 the fi/st <ea/s afte/ the in3ention of the 7/intin4 7/essB lette/ w/itin4
b< 7eo7le who w/ote without the assistance of sc/ibes o/ cle/0s e8hibited a
d/a6atic inc/ease.
>B? Boo0s 7/oduced on the 7/intin4 7/ess a/e often found with w/itten co66ents
in the 6a/4ins in the handw/itin4 of the 7eo7le who owned the boo0s.
>C? In the fi/st <ea/s afte/ the 7/intin4 7/ess was in3entedB 7/inted boo0s we/e
7u/chased 7/i6a/il< b< 7eo7le who had alwa<s bou4ht and /ead e87ensi3e
6anusc/i7ts but could affo/d a 4/eate/ nu6be/ of 7/inted boo0s fo/ the sa6e
6one<.
>D? Boo0s that we/e 7/inted on the 7/intin4 7/ess in the fi/st <ea/s afte/ its
in3ention often ci/culated a6on4 f/iends in info/6al /eadin4 clubs o/
lib/a/ies.
>E? The fi/st 7/inted boo0s 7ublished afte/ the in3ention of the 7/intin4 7/ess
would ha3e been useless to illite/ate 7eo7leB since the boo0s had 3i/tuall< no
illust/ations.
. Be3e8B an a/tificial sweetene/ used onl< in soft d/in0sB is ca/cino4enic fo/ 6iceB
but onl< when it is consu6ed in 3e/< la/4e @uantities. To in4est an a6ount of
Be3e8 e@ui3alent to the a6ount fed to the 6ice in the /ele3ant studiesB a 7e/son
would ha3e to d/in0 ! cans of Be3e8Asweetened soft d/in0s 7e/ da<. 5o/ that
/easonB Be3e8 is in fact safe fo/ 7eo7le.
In o/de/ fo/ the conclusion that Be3e8 is safe fo/ 7eo7le to be 7/o7e/l< d/awnB
which of the followin4 6ust be t/ue=
>A? Cance/ f/o6 ca/cino4enic substances de3elo7s 6o/e slowl< in 6ice than it
does in 7eo7le.
""6 'SAT
>B? If all food additi3es that a/e cu//entl< used in foods we/e testedB so6e would
be found to be ca/cino4enic fo/ 6ice.
>C? Ieo7le d/in0 fewe/ than ! cans of Be3e8Asweetened soda 7e/ da<.
>D? Ieo7le can obtain i67o/tant health benefits b< cont/ollin4 thei/ wei4ht
th/ou4h the use of a/tificiall< sweetened soft d/in0s.
>E? So6e of the studies done on Be3e8 we/e not /ele3ant to the @uestion of
whethe/ o/ not Be3e8 is ca/cino4enic fo/ 7eo7le.
". Ha//<1 Ai/lines ha3e 6ade it 7ossible fo/ an<one to t/a3el a/ound the wo/ld in
6uch less ti6e than was fo/6e/l< 7ossible.
+udith1 That is not t/ue. Man< fli4hts a/e too e87ensi3e fo/ all but the /ich.
+udith2s /es7onse shows that she inte/7/ets Ha//<2s state6ent to i67l< that
>A? the 6a;o/it< of 7eo7le a/e /ich
>B? e3e/<one has an e@ual /i4ht to e87e/ience wo/ld t/a3el
>C? wo/ld t/a3el is onl< 7ossible 3ia /outes se/3iced b< ai/lines
>D? 6ost fo/6s of wo/ld t/a3el a/e not affo/dable fo/ 6ost 7eo7le
>E? an<one can affo/d to t/a3el lon4 distances b< ai/
#. )ut/itionists ha3e /eco66ended that 7eo7le eat 6o/e fibe/. Ad3e/tise6ents fo/ a
new fibe/Asu77le6ent 7ill state onl< that it contains E## 7e/cent fibe/F.
The ad3e/tisin4 clai6 is 6isleadin4 in its selection of info/6ation on which to
focus if which one of the followin4 is t/ue=
>A? The/e a/e othe/ 7/oducts on the 6a/0et that a/e ad3e/tised as 7/o3idin4 fibe/
as a dieta/< su77le6ent.
>B? )ut/itionists base thei/ /eco66endation on 6edical findin4s that dieta/< fibe/
7/otects a4ainst so6e 0inds of cance/.
>C? It is 7ossible to beco6e addicted to so6e 0inds of ad3e/tised 7illsB such as
slee7in4 7ills and 7ain0ille/s.
>D? The label of the ad3e/tised 7/oduct /eco66ends ta0in4 " 7ills e3e/< da<.
>E? The /eco66ended dail< inta0e of fibe/ is $ to "$ 4/a6sB and the 7ill contains
oneAthi/d 4/a6.
!. Man< en3i/on6entalists ha3e u/4ed en3i/on6ental awa/eness on consu6e/sB
sa<in4 that if we acce7t 6o/al /es7onsibilit< fo/ ou/ effects on the en3i/on6entB
then 7/oducts that di/ectl< o/ indi/ectl< ha/6 the en3i/on6ent ou4ht to be
a3oided. Dnfo/tunatel< it is usuall< i67ossible fo/ consu6e/s to assess the
en3i/on6ental i67act of a 7/oductB and thus i67ossible fo/ the6 to consciousl<
/est/ict thei/ 7u/chases to en3i/on6entall< beni4n 7/oducts. Because of this
i67ossibilit< the/e can be no 6o/al dut< to choose 7/oducts in the wa< these
en3i/on6entalists u/4eB sinceCCCCCC
,hich one of the followin4 7/inci7les 7/o3ides the 6ost a77/o7/iate co67letion
fo/ the a/4u6ent=
GMAT . 'SAT C- ""%
>A? a 6o/al dut< to 7e/fo/6 an action is ne3e/ based solel< on the effects the
action will ha3e on othe/ 7eo7le
>B? a 7e/son cannot 7ossibl< ha3e a 6o/al dut< to do what he o/ she is unable to
do
>C? 6o/al conside/ations should not be the sole dete/6inants of what 7/oducts a/e
6ade a3ailable to consu6e/s
>D? the 6o/all< /i4ht action is alwa<s the one whose effects 7/oduce the least
total ha/6
>E? whe/e a 6o/al dut< e8istsB it su7e/sedes an< le4al dut< and an< othe/ 0ind of
dut<
6. Ad3e/tise6ent1 An<one who e8e/cises 0nows f/o6 fi/sthand e87e/ience that
e8e/cise leads to bette/ 7e/fo/6ance of such 7h<sical o/4ans as the hea/t and
lun4sB as well as to i67/o3e6ent in 6uscle tone. And since <ou/ b/ain is a
7h<sical o/4anB <ou/ actions can i67/o3e its 7e/fo/6anceB too. Act now.
Subsc/ibe to Sti6ulus1 /ead the 6a4a9ine that e8e/cises <ou/ b/ain.
The Ad3e/tise6ent e67lo<s which one of the followin4 a/4u6entati3e st/ate4ies=
>A? It cites e87e/i6ental e3idence that subsc/ibin4 to the 7/oduct bein4 ad3e/tised
has desi/able conse@uences.
>B? It /idicules 7eo7le who do not subsc/ibe to /ti,ulus b< su44estin4 that the<
do not belie3e that e8e/cise will i67/o3e b/ain ca7acit<.
>C? It e87lains the 7/ocess b< which the 7/oduct bein4 ad3e/tised b/in4s about the
/esult clai6ed fo/ its use.
>D? It su77o/ts its /eco66endation b< a ca/eful anal<sis of the conce7t of
e8e/cise.
>E? It i67lies that b/ains and 6uscle a/e si6ila/ in one /es7ect because the< a/e
si6ila/ in anothe/ /es7ect.
Questions '- 8
Cohe/ent solutions fo/ the 7/oble6 of /educin4 healthAca/e costs cannot be found
within the cu//ent 7iece6eal >doneB 6adeB o/ acco67lished 7iece b< 7iece o/ in a
f/a46enta/< wa< S7iece6eal /efo/6s in the s<ste6S? s<ste6 of 7a<in4 these costs.
The /eason is that this s<ste6 4i3es healthAca/e 7/o3ide/s and insu/e/s e3e/< incenti3e
to shiftB whe/e3e/ 7ossibleB the costs of t/eatin4 illness onto each othe/ o/ an< othe/
7a/t<B includin4 the 7atient. That clea/l< is the lesson of the 3a/ious /efo/6s of the
1&8$s1 7ush in on one 7a/t of this 7liable s7endin4 balloon and an e@uall< e87ensi3e
bul4e 7o7s u7 elsewhe/e. 5o/ e8a67leB when the 4o3e/n6ent healthAca/e insu/ance
7/o4/a6 fo/ the 7oo/ cut costs b< disallowin4 7a<6ents fo/ so6e 3isits to 7h<siciansB
7atients with ad3anced illness late/ 7/esented the6sel3es at hos7ital e6e/4enc< /oo6s
in inc/eased nu6be/s.
%. The a/4u6ent 7/oceeds b<
""8 'SAT
>A? showin4 that shiftin4 costs onto the 7atient cont/adicts the 7/e6ise of healthA
ca/e /ei6bu/se6ent
>B? att/ibutin4 without ;ustification f/audulent intent to 7eo7le
>C? e67lo<in4 an analo4< to cha/acte/i9e inte//elationshi7s
>D? den<in4 the 7ossibilit< of a solution b< dis7a/a4in4 each 7ossible alte/nati3e
s<ste6
>E? de6onst/atin4 that coo7e/ation is feasible b< citin4 an instance
8. The a/4u6ent 7/o3ides the 6ost su77o/t fo/ which one of the followin4=
>A? Dnde/ the conditions in which the cu//ent s<ste6 o7e/atesB the o3e/all
3olu6e of healthAca/e costs could be sh/un0B if at allB onl< b< a
co67/ehensi3e a77/oach.
>B? -elati3e to the /esou/ces a3ailable fo/ healthAca/e fundin4B the inco6e of the
hi4he/A7aid healthAca/e 7/ofessionals is too hi4h.
>C? HealthAca/e costs a/e e87andin4 to 6eet additional funds that ha3e been 6ade
a3ailable fo/ the6.
>D? Ad3ances in 6edical technolo4< ha3e /aised the e87ected standa/ds of
6edical ca/e but ha3e 7/o3ed e87ensi3e.
>E? Since unfilled hos7ital beds cont/ibute to o3e/head cha/4es on each 7atient2s
billB it would be unwise to hold unused hos7ital ca7acit< in /ese/3e fo/ la/4eA
scale e6e/4encies.
&. The co66e/cial news 6edia e67hasi9e e8ce7tional e3ents such as ai/7lane
c/ashes at the e87ense of those such as auto6obile accidentsB which occu/ fa/
6o/e f/e@uentl< and /e7/esent a fa/ 4/eate/ /is0 to the 7ublic. :et the 7ublic tends
to inte/7/et the de4/ee of e67hasis the news 6edia 4i3e to these occu//ences as
indicatin4 the de4/ee of /is0 the< /e7/esent.
If the state6ents abo3e a/e t/ueB which one of the followin4 conclusions is 6o/e
>A? I/int 6ediaB such as news7a7e/s and 6a4a9inesB a/e a bette/ sou/ce of
info/6ation than a/e b/oadcast 6edia.
>B? The e67hasis 4i3en in the co66e/cial news 6edia to 6a;o/ catast/o7hes is
dictated b< the 7ublic2s taste fo/ the e8t/ao/dina/<.
>C? E3ents o3e/ which 7eo7le feel the< ha3e no cont/ol a/e 4ene/all< 7e/cei3ed as
6o/e dan4e/ous than those which 7eo7le feel the< can a3e/t o/ a3oid.
>D? ,he/e co66e/cial news 6edia constitute the do6inant sou/ce of
info/6ationB 7ublic 7e/ce7tion of /is0 does not /eflect actual /is0.
>E? A 6assi3e outb/ea0 of chole/a will be co3e/ed 6o/e e8tensi3el< b< the news
6edia than will the occu//ence of a /a/e/ but less se/ious disease.
1$. A la/4e 4/ou7 of h<7e/acti3e child/en whose /e4ula/ diets included food
containin4 la/4e a6ounts of additi3es was obse/3ed b< /esea/che/s t/ained to
GMAT . 'SAT C- ""&
assess the 7/esence o/ absence of beha3io/ 7/oble6s. The child/en we/e then
7laced on a lowAadditi3e diet fo/ se3e/al wee0sB afte/ which the< we/e obse/3ed
a4ain. (/i4inall< nea/l< 6$ 7e/cent of the child/en e8hibited beha3io/ 7/oble6sG
afte/ the chan4e in dietB onl< "$ 7e/cent did so. (n the basis of these dataB it can
be concluded that food additi3es can cont/ibute to beha3io/ 7/oble6s in
h<7e/acti3e child/en.
The e3idence cited fails to establish the conclusion because
>A? the/e is no e3idence that the /eduction in beha3io/ 7/oble6s was
7/o7o/tionate to the /eduction in foodAadditi3e inta0e
>B? the/e is no wa< to 0now what chan4es would ha3e occu//ed without the
chan4e of dietB since onl< child/en who chan4ed to a lowAadditi3e diet we/e
studied
>C? e8actl< how 6an< child/en e8hibited beha3io/ 7/oble6s afte/ the chan4e in
diet cannot be dete/6inedB since the si9e of the 4/ou7 studied is not 7/ecisel<
4i3en
>D? the/e is no e3idence that the beha3io/ of so6e of the child/en was unaffected
b< additi3es
>E? the e3idence is consistent with the clai6 that so6e child/en e8hibit 6o/e
f/e@uent beha3io/ 7/oble6s afte/ bein4 on the lowAadditi3e diet than the<
had e8hibited when fi/st obse/3ed
11. In 1&&$ 6a;o/ en4ine /e7ai/s we/e 7e/fo/6ed on 1$ 7e/cent of the ca/s that had
been built b< the )ational Moto/ Co67an< in the 1&%$s and that we/e still
/e4iste/ed. Howe3e/B the co//es7ondin4 fi4u/e fo/ the ca/s that the )ational Moto/
Co67an< had 6anufactu/ed in the 1&6$s was onl< fi3e 7e/cent.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost hel7s to e87lain the disc/e7anc<=
>A? Go3e/n6ent 6oto/ 3ehicle /e4ulations 4ene/all< /e@ui/e all ca/sB whethe/ old
o/ newB to be ins7ected fo/ e6ission le3els 7/io/ to /e4ist/ation.
>B? (wne/s of new ca/s tend to d/i3e thei/ ca/s 6o/e ca/efull< than do owne/s of
old ca/s.
>C? The olde/ a ca/ isB the 6o/e li0el< it is to be disca/ded fo/ sc/a7 /athe/ than
/e7ai/ed when 6a;o/ en4ine wo/0 is needed to 0ee7 the ca/ in o7e/ation.
>D? The ca/s that the )ational Moto/ Co67an< built in the 1&%$s inco/7o/ated
si67lified en4ine desi4ns that 6ade the en4ines less co67licated than those
of ea/lie/ 6odels.
>E? Man< of the /e7ai/s that we/e 7e/fo/6ed on the ca/s that the )ational Moto/
Co67an< built in the 1&6$s could ha3e been a3oided if 7e/iodic /outine
6aintenance had been 7e/fo/6ed.
1. )o 6athe6atician toda< would flatl< /efuse to acce7t the /esults of an eno/6ous
co67utation as an ade@uate de6onst/ation of the t/uth of a theo/e6. In 1&%6B
howe3e/B this was not the case. So6e 6athe6aticians at that ti6e /efused to
"#$ 'SAT
acce7t the /esults of a co67le8 co67ute/ de6onst/ation of a 3e/< si67le 6a77in4
theo/e6. Althou4h so6e 6athe6aticians still hold a st/on4 belief that a si67le
theo/e6 ou4ht to ha3e a sho/tB si67le 7/oofB in factB so6e si67le theo/e6s ha3e
/e@ui/ed eno/6ous 7/oofs.
also be t/ue=
>A? TodaB? So6e indi3iduals who belie3e that a si67le theo/e6 ou4ht to ha3e a si67le
7/oof a/e not 6athe6aticians.
>C? TodaD? So6e indi3iduals who do not belie3e that a si67le theo/e6 ou4ht to ha3e a
si67le 7/oof would not be willin4 to acce7t the /esults of an eno/6ous
co67utation as 7/oof of a co67le8 theo/e6.
>E? So6e non6athe6aticians do not belie3e that a si67le theo/e6 ou4ht to ha3e
a si67le 7/oof.
1". If <ou cli6b 6ountainsB <ou will not li3e to a /i7e old a4e. But <ou will be bo/ed
unless <ou cli6b 6ountains. The/efo/eB if <ou li3e to a /i7e old a4e <ou will ha3e
been bo/ed.
,hich of the followin4 6ost closel< 7a/allels the /easonin4 in the a/4u6ents
abo3e=
>A? If <ou do not t/< to swi6B <ou will not lea/n how to swi6. But <ou will not be
safe in boats if <ou do not lea/n how to swi6. The/efo/eB <ou 6ust t/< to
swi6.
>B? If <ou do not 7la< 4olfB <ou will not en;o< the wee0end. But <ou will be ti/ed
ne8t wee0 unless <ou /ela8 du/in4 the wee0end. The/efo/eB to en;o< the
wee0endB <ou will ha3e to /ela8 b< 7la<in4 4olf.
>C? If <ou wo/0 fo/ <ou/ candidateB <ou will not i67/o3e <ou/ 4uita/ 7la<in4. But
<ou will ne4lect <ou/ ci3ic dut< unless <ou wo/0 fo/ <ou/ candidate.
The/efo/eB if <ou i67/o3e <ou/ 4uita/ 7la<in4B <ou will ha3e ne4lected <ou/
ci3ic dut<.
>D? If <ou do not t/ainB <ou will not be a 4ood athlete. But <ou will beco6e
e8hausted easil< unless <ou t/ain. The/efo/eB if <ou t/ainB <ou will not ha3e
beco6e e8hausted easil<.
>E? If <ou s7end all of <ou/ 6one<B <ou will not beco6e wealth<. But <ou will
beco6e hun4/< unless <ou s7end all of <ou/ 6one<. The/efo/eB if <ou
beco6e wealth<B <ou will not beco6e hun4/<.
GMAT . 'SAT C- "#1
1#. Ma/ine biolo4ists had h<7othesi9ed that lobste/s 0e7t to4ethe/ in lobste/ t/a7s eat
one anothe/ in /es7onse to hun4e/. Ie/iodic chec0in4 of lobste/ t/a7sB howe3e/B
has /e3ealed instances of lobste/s sha/in4 t/a7s to4ethe/ fo/ wee0s. Ei4ht lobste/s
e3en sha/ed one t/a7 to4ethe/ fo/ two 6onths without eatin4 one anothe/. The
6a/ine biolo4ists2 h<7othesisB the/efo/eB is clea/l< w/on4.
The a/4u6ent a4ainst the 6a/ine biolo4ists2 h<7othesis is based on which one of
the followin4 assu67tions=
>A? 'obste/s not cau4ht in lobste/ t/a7s ha3e been obse/3ed eatin4 one anothe/.
>B? Two 6onths is the lon4est 0nown 7e/iod du/in4 which ei4ht o/ 6o/e lobste/s
ha3e been t/a77ed to4ethe/.
>C? It is unusual to find as 6an< as ei4ht lobste/s cau4ht to4ethe/ in one sin4le
t/a7.
>D? Me6be/s of othe/ 6a/ine s7ecies so6eti6es eat thei/ own 0ind when no
othe/ food sou/ces a/e a3ailable.
>E? An< food that the ei4ht lobste/s in the t/a7 6i4ht ha3e obtained was not
enou4h to wa/d off hun4e/.
1!. Ei4ht <ea/s a4o huntin4 was banned in G/eenfield Count< on the 4/ounds that
huntin4 endan4e/s 7ublic safet<. )ow the dee/ 7o7ulation in the count< is si8
ti6es what it was befo/e the ban. Dee/ a/e in3adin4 /esidential a/easB da6a4in4
7/o7e/t< and causin4 6oto/ 3ehicle accidents that /esult in se/ious in;u/< to
6oto/ists. Since the/e we/e ne3e/ an< huntin4A/elated in;u/ies in the count<B
clea/l< the ban was not onl< unnecessa/< but has c/eated a dan4e/ to 7ublic safet<
that would not othe/wise e8ist.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 7/o3ides the st/on4est additional su77o/t fo/
the conclusion abo3e=
>A? In su//oundin4 countiesB whe/e huntin4 is 7e/6ittedB the si9e of the dee/
7o7ulation has not inc/eased in the last ei4ht <ea/s.
>B? Moto/ 3ehicle accidents in3ol3in4 dee/ often /esult in da6a4e to the 3ehicleB
in;u/< to the 6oto/istB o/ both.
>C? ,hen dee/ 7o7ulations inc/ease be<ond o7ti6al si9eB disease and
6alnut/ition beco6e 6o/e wides7/ead a6on4 the dee/ he/ds.
>D? In /esidential a/eas in the countE? Dee/ can cause e8tensi3e da6a4e to o/na6ental sh/ubs and t/ees b< chewin4
on twi4s and sa7lin4s.
16. Co6ets do not 4i3e off thei/ own li4ht but /eflect li4ht f/o6 othe/ sou/cesB such
as the Sun. Scientists esti6ate the 6ass of co6ets b< thei/ b/i4htness1 the 4/eate/
a co6et2s 6assB the 6o/e li4ht that co6et will /eflect. A satellite 7/obeB howe3e/B
has /e3ealed that the 6ate/ial of which Halle<2s co6et is co67osed /eflects 6$
ti6es less li4ht 7e/ unit of 6ass than had been 7/e3iousl< thou4ht.
"# 'SAT
The state6ents abo3eB if t/ueB 4i3e the 6ost su77o/t to which one of the
followin4=
>A? So6e co6ets a/e co67osed of 6ate/ial that /eflects 6$ ti6es 6o/e li4ht 7e/
unit of 6ass than the 6ate/ial of which Halle<2s co6et is co67osed.
>B? I/e3ious esti6ates of the 6ass of Halle<2s co6et which we/e base on its
b/i4htness we/e too low.
>C? The total a6ount of li4ht /eflected f/o6 Halle<2s co6et is less than scientists
had 7/e3iousl< thou4ht.
>D? The /eflecti3e 7/o7e/ties of the 6ate/ial of which co6ets a/e co67osed 3a/<
conside/abl< f/o6 co6et to co6et.
>E? Scientists need 6o/e info/6ation befo/e the< can 6a0e a 4ood esti6ate of the
6ass of Halle<2s co6et.
1%. (ffice 6ana4e/1 I will not o/de/ /ec<cled 7a7e/ fo/ this office. (u/ lette/s to
clients 6ust 6a0e a 4ood i67/essionB so we cannot 7/int the6 on infe/io/ 7a7e/.
Statione/< su77lie/1 /ec<cled 7a7e/ is not necessa/il< infe/io/. In factB f/o6 the
be4innin4B the finest 7a7e/ has been 6ade of /ec<cled 6ate/ial. It was onl< in the
18!$s that 7a7e/ be4an to be 6ade f/o6 wood fibe/B and then onl< because the/e
we/e no lon4e/ enou4h /a4s to 6eet the de6and fo/ 7a7e/.
In which of the followin4 wa<s does the statione/2s /es7onse fail to add/ess the
office 6ana4e/2s ob;ection to /ec<cled 7a7e/=
>A? It does not /eco4ni9e that the office 6ana4e/2s 7/e;udice a4ainst /ec<cled
7a7e/ ste6s f/o6 i4no/ance.
>B? It uses i//ele3ant facts to ;ustif< a clai6 about the @ualit< of the dis7uted
7/oduct.
>C? It assu6es that the office 6ana4e/ is conce/ned about en3i/on6ental issues.
>D? It 7/esu77oses that the office 6ana4e/ unde/stands the basic technolo4< of
7a7e/ 6anufactu/in4.
>E? It i4no/es the office 6ana4e/2s le4iti6ate conce/n about @ualit<.
Question 18-19
,hen Alicia G/een bo//owed a nei4hbo/2s ca/ without 7e/6issionB the 7olice 6e/el<
4a3e he/ a wa/nin4. Howe3e/B when Iete/ 5oste/ did the sa6e thin4B he was cha/4ed
with auto6obile theft. Iete/ ca6e to the attention of the 7olice because the ca/ he was
d/i3in4 was hit b< a s7eedin4 ta8i. Alicia was sto77ed because the ca/ she was d/i3in4
had defecti3e tailli4hts. It is t/ue that the ca/ Iete/ too0 4ot da6a4ed and the ca/ Alicia
too0 did notB but since it was the ta8i that caused the da6a4e this diffe/ence was not
due to an< diffe/ence in the bla6ewo/thiness of thei/ beha3io/. The/efo/eB Alicia
should also ha3e been cha/4ed with auto6obile theft.
18. The state6ent that the ca/ Iete/ too0 4ot da6a4ed and the ca/ Alicia too0 did not
7la<s which one of the followin4 /oles in the a/4u6ent=
GMAT . 'SAT C- "#"
>A? It 7/esents a /eason that di/ectl< su77o/ts the conclusion.
>B? It ;ustifies the diffe/ence in the actual outco6e in the two cases.
>C? It de6onst/ates awa/eness of a fact on which a 7ossible ob;ection 6i4ht be
based.
>D? It illust/ates a 4ene/al 7/inci7le on which the a/4u6ent /elies.
>E? It su66a/i9es a 7osition a4ainst which the a/4u6ent is di/ected.
1&. If all of the clai6s offe/ed in su77o/t of the conclusion a/e accu/ateB each of the
followin4 could be t/ue EHCEIT1
>A? The inte/ests of ;ustice would ha3e been bette/ se/3ed if the 7olice had
/eleased Iete/ 5oste/ with a wa/nin4.
>B? Alicia G/een had ne3e/ befo/e d/i3en a ca/ belon4in4 to so6eone else without
fi/st secu/in4 the owne/2s 7e/6ission.
>C? Iete/ 5oste/ was hit b< the ta8i while he was /unnin4 a /ed li4htB whe/eas
Alicia G/een d/o3e with e8t/a ca/e to a3oid d/awin4 the attention of the
7olice to the ca/ she had ta0en.
>D? Alicia G/een ba/el< 6issed hittin4 a 7edest/ian when she s7ed th/ou4h a /ed
li4ht ten 6inutes befo/e she was sto77ed b< the 7olice fo/ d/i3in4 a ca/ that
had defecti3e tailli4hts.
>E? Iete/ 5oste/ had been cited fo/ s7eedin4 twice in the 7/ecedin4 6onthB
whe/eas Alicia G/een had ne3e/ been cited fo/ a t/affic 3iolation.
$. Acco/din4 to sou/ces who can be e87ected to 0nowB D/. Ma/ia Es7osito is 4oin4
to /un in the 6a<o/al election. But if D/. Es7osito /unsB +e/o6e M/as6an will
ce/tainl< not /un a4ainst he/. The/efo/e D/. Es7osito will be the onl< candidate in
the election.
The flawed /easonin4 in the a/4u6ent abo3e 6ost closel< 7a/allels that in which
one of the followin4=
>A? Acco/din4 to its 6ana4e6entB B/own2s Sto/es will 6o3e ne8t <ea/. ,ithout
B/own2s bein4 7/esentB no new la/4e sto/e can be att/acted to the downtown
a/ea. The/efo/e the downtown a/ea will no lon4e/ be 3iable as a sho77in4
dist/ict.
>B? The 7/ess /elease sa<s that the /oc0 4/ou7 -olle/coaste/ is 7la<in4 a conce/t
on Satu/da<. It won2t be 7la<in4 on 5/ida< if it 7la<s on Satu/da<. So
Satu/da< will be the onl< da< this wee0 on which -olle/coaste/ will 7e/fo/6.
>C? +oshua sa<s the inte/3iewin4 7anel was i67/essed b< Ma/il<n. But if the<
we/e i67/essed b< Ma/il<nB the< 7/obabl< thou4ht less of S3en. +oshua is
7/obabl< /i4htB and so S3en will 7/obabl< not 4et the ;ob.
>D? An info/6ant sa<s that -usti6ann was in3ol3ed in the ban0 /obbe/E? The /e3iew said that this boo0 is the best one fo/ be4inne/s at 7/o4/a66in4.
If this boo0 is the bestB that othe/ one can2t be as 4ood. So this one is the
boo0 we should bu<.
1. The initial causes of se/ious accidents at nuclea/ 7owe/ 7lants ha3e not so fa/
been flaws in the ad3ancedAtechnolo4< 7o/tion of the 7lants. -athe/B the initial
causes ha3e been att/ibuted to hu6an e//o/B as when a wo/0e/ at the B/owns Mills
/eacto/ in the Dnited States d/o77ed a candle and sta/ted a fi/eB o/ to flaws in the
7lu6bin4B e8e67lified in a /ecent incident in +a7an. Such e3e/<da< e3ents cannot
be thou4ht unli0el< to occu/ o3e/ the lon4 /un.
,hich of the followin4 is 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ted b< the state6ents abo3e=
>A? )ow that nuclea/ 7owe/ 4ene/ation has beco6e a 7a/t of e3e/<da< lifeB an
e3e/Ainc/easin4 <ea/l< incidence of se/ious accidents at 7lants can be
e87ected.
>B? If nuclea/ 7owe/ 7lants continue in o7e/ationB a se/ious accident at such a
7lant is not i67/obable.
>C? The li0elihood of hu6an e//o/ at the o7e/atin4 consoles of nuclea/ 7owe/
4ene/ato/s cannot be lessened b< thou4htful desi4n of dialsB switchesB and
dis7la<s.
>D? The desi4n of nuclea/ 7owe/ 7lants atte67ts to co67ensate fo/ 7ossible
failu/es of the 6ate/ials used in thei/ const/uction.
>E? )o se/ious accident will be caused in the futu/e b< so6e flaw in the
ad3ancedAtechnolo4< 7o/tion of a nuclea/ 7owe/ 7lant.
. The/e is a wides7/ead belief that 7eo7le can 7/edict i67endin4 ea/th@ua0es f/o6
unusual ani6al beha3io/. S0e7tics clai6 that this belief is based on selecti3e
coincidence1 7eo7le whose do4s beha3ed oddl< ;ust befo/e an ea/th@ua0e will be
es7eciall< li0el< to /e6e6be/ that fact. At an< 4i3en ti6eB the s0e7tics saA? ,hich is la/4e/B the nu6be/ of s0e7tics o/ the nu6be/ of 7eo7le who belie3e
that ani6al beha3io/ can fo/eshadow ea/th@ua0es=
>B? A/e the/e 6eans othe/ than the obse/3ation of ani6al beha3io/ that
nonscientists can use to 7/edict ea/th@ua0es=
>C? A/e the/e ani6als about whose beha3io/ 7eo7le 0now too little to be able to
distin4uish unusual f/o6 e3e/<da< beha3io/=
>D? A/e the so/ts of beha3io/ su77osedl< 7/edicti3e of ea/th@ua0es as 7/onounced
in do4s as the< a/e in othe/ ani6als=
>E? Is the ani6al beha3io/ su77osedl< 7/edicti3e of ea/th@ua0es s7ecific to
i67endin4 ea/th@ua0es o/ can it be an< 0ind of unusual beha3io/=
". Defendants who can affo/d e87ensi3e 7/i3ate defense law<e/s ha3e a lowe/
GMAT . 'SAT C- "#!
con3iction /ate than those who /el< on cou/tAa77ointed 7ublic defende/s. This
e87lains wh< c/i6inals who co66it luc/ati3e c/i6es li0e e6be99le6ent o/
inside/ t/adin4 a/e 6o/e successful at a3oidin4 con3iction than a/e st/eet
c/i6inals.
The e87lanation offe/ed abo3e would be 6o/e 7e/suasi3e if which one of the
>A? Man< st/eet c/i6esB such as d/u4 dealin4B a/e e8t/e6el< luc/ati3e and those
co66ittin4 the6 can affo/d e87ensi3e 7/i3ate law<e/s.
>B? Most 7/osecuto/s a/e not co67etent to handle cases in3ol3in4 hi4hl<
technical financial e3idence and ha3e 6o/e success in 7/osecutin4 cases of
/obbe/< o/ si67le assault.
>C? The nu6be/ of c/i6inals con3icted of st/eet c/i6es is fa/ 4/eate/ than the
nu6be/ of c/i6inals con3icted of e6be99le6ent o/ inside/ t/adin4.
>D? The 7e/centa4e of defendants who actuall< co66itted the c/i6es of which
the< a/e accused is no 4/eate/ fo/ 7ublicl< defended than fo/ 7/i3atel<
defended defendants.
>E? +u/iesB out of s<67ath< fo/ the 3icti6s of c/i6esB a/e 6uch 6o/e li0el< to
con3ict defendants accused of 3iolent c/i6es than the< a/e to con3ict
defendants accused of E3icti6lessF c/i6es o/ c/i6es a4ainst 7/o7e/t<.
#. Man< 6a;o/ scientific disco3e/ies of the 7ast we/e the 7/oduct of se/endi7it<B the
chances disco3e/< of 3aluable findin4s that in3esti4ato/s had not 7u/7osel<
sou4ht. )owB howe3e/B scientific /esea/ch tends to be so costl< that in3esti4ato/s
a/e hea3il< de7endent on la/4e 4/ants to fund thei/ /esea/ch. Because such 4/ants
/e@ui/e in3esti4ato/s to 7/o3ide the 4/ant s7onso/s with clea/ 7/o;ections of the
outco6e of the 7/o7osed /esea/chB in3esti4ato/s i4no/e an<thin4 that does not
di/ectl< bea/ on the funded /esea/ch. The/efo/eB unde/ the 7/e3ailin4
ci/cu6stancesB se/endi7it< can no lon4e/ 7la< a /ole in scientific disco3e/<.
>A? (nl< findin4s that an in3esti4ato/ 7u/7osel< see0s can di/ectl< bea/ on that
in3esti4ato/2s /esea/ch.
>B? In the 7ast few scientific in3esti4ato/s atte67ted to 6a0e clea/ 7/edictions of
the outco6e of thei/ /esea/ch.
>C? De7endence on la/4e 4/ants is 7/e3entin4 in3esti4ato/s f/o6 conductin4 the
t<7e of scientific /esea/ch that those in3esti4ato/s would 7e/sonall< 7/efe/.
>D? All scientific in3esti4ato/s who 7/o3ide 4/ant s7onso/s with clea/ 7/o;ections
of the outco6e of thei/ /esea/ch /ecei3e at least so6e of the 4/ants fo/ which
the< a77l<.
>E? In 4ene/al the 6ost 3aluable scientific disco3e/ies a/e the 7/oduct of
se/endi7it<.
!. Iolice statistics ha3e shown that auto6obile antitheft de3ices /educe the /is0 of
"#6 'SAT
ca/ theftB but a statistical stud< of auto6obile theft b< the auto6obile insu/ance
indust/< clai6s that ca/s e@ui77ed with antitheft de3ices a/eB 7a/ado8icallA? (wne/s of stolen ca/s al6ost in3a/iabl< /e7o/t the theft i66ediatel< to the
7olice but tend to dela< notif<in4 thei/ insu/ance co67anB? Most ca/s that a/e stolen a/e not e@ui77ed with antitheft de3icesB and 6ost
ca/s that a/e e@ui77ed with antitheft de3ices a/e not stolen.
>C? The 6ost co66on auto6obile antitheft de3ices a/e audible ala/6sB which
t<7icall< 7/oduce ten false ala/6s fo/ e3e/< actual atte67ted theft.
>D? Auto6obile owne/s who ha3e 7a/ticula/l< theftA7/one ca/s and li3e in a/eas of
4/eatest incidence of ca/ theft a/e those who a/e 6ost li0el< to ha3e antitheft
de3ices installed.
>E? Most auto6obile thefts a/e the wo/0 of 7/ofessional thie3es a4ainst whose
effo/ts antitheft de3ices offe/ scant 7/otection.
SECTI() I*
1. In 1&%# the s7eed li6it on hi4hwa<s in the Dnited States was /educed to !! 6iles
7e/ hou/ in o/de/ to sa3e fuel. In the fi/st 1 6onths afte/ the chan4eB the /ate of
hi4hwa< fatalities d/o77ed 1! 7e/centB the sha/7est oneA<ea/ d/o7 in histo/<. (3e/
the ne8t 1$ <ea/sB the fatalit< /ate declined b< anothe/ ! 7e/cent. It follows that
the 1&%# /eduction in the s7eed li6it sa3ed 6an< li3es.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost st/en4thens the a/4u6ent=
>A? The 1&%# fuel sho/ta4e cut d/i3in4 sha/7l< fo/ 6o/e than a <ea/.
>B? The/e was no decline in the /ate of hi4hwa< fatalities du/in4 the twelfth <ea/
followin4 the /eduction in the s7eed li6it.
>C? Since 1&%# auto6obile 6anufactu/e/s ha3e been /e@ui/ed b< law to install
lifesa3in4 e@ui76entB such as seat beltsB in all new ca/s.
>D? The fatalit< /ate in hi4hwa< accidents in3ol3in4 6oto/ists d/i3in4 faste/ than
!! 6iles 7e/ hou/ is 6uch hi4he/ than in hi4hwa< accidents that do not
in3ol3e 6oto/ists d/i3in4 at such s7eeds.
>E? Moto/ists a/e 6o/e li0el< to a3oid accidents b< 6atchin4 thei/ s7eed to that of
the su//oundin4 hi4hwa< t/affic than b< d/i3in4 at faste/ o/ slowe/ s7eeds.
. So6e le4islato/s /efuse to co66it 7ublic funds fo/ new scientific /esea/ch if the<
cannot be assu/ed that the /esea/ch will cont/ibute to the 7ublic welfa/e. Such a
7osition i4no/es the lessons of e87e/ience. Man< i67o/tant cont/ibutions to the
GMAT . 'SAT C- "#%
7ublic welfa/e that /esulted f/o6 scientific /esea/ch we/e ne3e/ 7/edicted as
7otential outco6es of that /esea/ch. Su77ose that a scientist in the ea/l< twentieth
centu/< had a77lied fo/ 7ublic funds to stud< 6olds1 who would ha3e 7/edicted
that such /esea/ch would lead to the disco3e/< of antibioticsKone of the 4/eatest
cont/ibutions e3e/ 6ade to the 7ublic welfa/e=
a/4u6ent=
>A? The co66ittal of 7ublic funds fo/ new scientific /esea/ch will ensu/e that the
7ublic welfa/e will be enhanced.
>B? If it we/e 7ossible to 7/edict the 4ene/al outco6e of a new scientific /esea/ch
effo/tB then le4islato/s would not /efuse to co66it 7ublic funds fo/ that
effo/t.
>C? Scientific disco3e/ies that ha3e cont/ibuted to the 7ublic welfa/e would ha3e
occu//ed soone/ if 7ublic funds had been co66itted to the /esea/ch that
4ene/ated those disco3e/ies.
>D? In o/de/ to ensu/e that scientific /esea/ch is di/ected towa/d cont/ibutin4 to
the 7ublic welfa/eB le4islato/s 6ust co66it 7ublic funds to new scientific
/esea/ch.
>E? 'ac0 of 4ua/antees that new scientific /esea/ch will cont/ibute to the 7ublic
welfa/e is not sufficient /eason fo/ le4islato/s to /efuse to co66it 7ublic
funds to new scientific /esea/ch.
". ,hen wo/0e/s do not find thei/ assi4n6ents challen4in4B the< beco6e bo/ed and
so achie3e less than thei/ abilities would allow. (n the othe/ handB when wo/0e/s
find thei/ assi4n6ents too difficultB the< 4i3e u7 and so a4ain achie3e less than
what the< a/e ca7able of achie3in4. It isB the/efo/eB clea/ that no wo/0e/2s full
7otential will e3e/ be /eali9ed.
,hich one of the followin4 is an e//o/ of /easonin4 contained in the a/4u6ent=
>A? 6ista0enl< e@uatin4 what is actual and what is 6e/el< 7ossible
>B? assu6in4 without wa//ant that a situation allows onl< two 7ossibilities
>C? /el<in4 on sub;ecti3e /athe/ than ob;ecti3e e3idence
>D? confusin4 the coincidence of two e3ents with a causal /elation between the
two
>E? de7endin4 on the a6bi4uous use of a 0e< te/6
#. (u/ to6ato sou7 7/o3ides 4ood nut/ition1 fo/ instanceB a wa/6 bowl of it contains
6o/e units of 3ita6in C than does a se/3in4 of a7/icots o/ f/esh ca//otsJ
The ad3e/tise6ent is 6isleadin4 if which one of the followin4 is t/ue=
>A? 5ew 7eo7le de7end e8clusi3el< on a7/icots and ca//ots to su77l< 3ita6in C to
thei/ diets.
>B? A li@uid can lose 3ita6ins if it stands in contact with the ai/ fo/ a 7/ot/acted
7e/iod of ti6e.
"#8 'SAT
>C? To6ato sou7 contains i67o/tant nut/ients othe/ than 3ita6in C.
>D? The a6ount of 3ita6in C 7/o3ided b< a se/3in4 of the ad3e/tised sou7 is less
than the a6ount fu/nished b< a se/3in4 of f/esh st/awbe//ies.
>E? A7/icots and f/esh ca//ots a/e widel< 0nown to be nut/itiousB but thei/
cont/ibution consists 7/i6a/il< in 7/o3idin4 a la/4e a6ount of 3ita6in AB not
a la/4e a6ount of 3ita6in C.
Questions 5-&
The 4o3e/n6ent 7/o3ides insu/ance fo/ indi3iduals2 ban0 de7ositsB but /e@ui/es the
ban0s to 7a< the 7/e6iu6s fo/ the insu/ance. Since it is de7osito/s who 7/i6a/il<
benefit f/o6 the secu/it< this insu/ance 7/o3idesB the 4o3e/n6ent should ta0e ste7s to
ensu/e that de7osito/s who want this secu/it< bea/ the cost of it and thus should 6a0e
de7osito/s 7a< the 7/e6iu6s fo/ insu/in4 thei/ own accounts.
!. ,hich one of the followin4 7/inci7lesB if establishedB would do 6ost to ;ustif<
d/awin4 the conclusion of the a/4u6ent on the basis of the /easons offe/ed in its
su77o/t=
>A? The 7eo7le who stand to benefit f/o6 an econo6ic se/3ice should alwa<s be
6ade to bea/ the costs of that se/3ice.
>B? An< /ational s<ste6 of insu/ance 6ust base the si9e of 7/e6iu6s on the
de4/ee of /is0 in3ol3ed.
>C? Go3e/n6entAbac0ed secu/it< fo/ in3esto/sB such as ban0 de7osito/sB should be
7/o3ided onl< when it does not /educe incenti3es fo/ in3esto/s to 6a0e
/es7onsible in3est6ents.
>D? The choice of not acce7tin4 an offe/ed se/3ice should alwa<s be a3ailableB
e3en if the/e is no cha/4e fo/ the se/3ice.
>E? The 4o3e/n6ent should a3oid an< actions that 6i4ht alte/ the beha3io/ of
co/7o/ations and indi3iduals in the 6a/0et.
6. ,hich of the followin4 is assu6ed b< the a/4u6ent=
>A? Ban0s a/e not insu/ed b< the 4o3e/n6ent a4ainst default on the loans the
ban0s 6a0e.
>B? I/i3ate insu/ance co67anies do not ha3e the /esou/ces to 7/o3ide ban0s o/
indi3idual with de7osit insu/ance.
>C? Ban0s do not alwa<s co3e/ the cost of the de7ositAinsu/ance 7/e6iu6s b<
7a<in4 de7osito/s lowe/ inte/est /ates on insu/ed de7osits than the ban0s
would on uninsu/ed de7osits.
>D? The 4o3e/n6ent li6its the insu/ance 7/otection it 7/o3ides b< insu/in4
accounts u7 to a ce/tain le4all< defined a6ount onl<.
>E? The 4o3e/n6ent does not allow ban0s to offe/ so6e 0inds of accounts in
which de7osits a/e not insu/ed.
%. ,hen indi3idual students a/e all t/eated e@uall< in that the< ha3e identical
GMAT . 'SAT C- "#&
e87osu/e to cu//iculu6 6ate/ialB the /ateB @ualit<B and @uantit< of lea/nin4 will
3a/< f/o6 student to student. If all students a/e to 6aste/ a 4i3en cu//iculu6B
so6e of the6 need diffe/ent t<7es of hel7 than othe/sB as an< e87e/ienced teache/
0nows.
If the state6ents abo3e a/e both t/ueB which one of the followin4 conclusions can
be d/awn on the basis of the6=
>A? Dne@ual t/eat6entB in a senseB of indi3idual students is /e@ui/ed in o/de/ to
ensu/e e@ualit< with /es7ect to the educational tas0s the< 6aste/.
>B? The /ate and @ualit< of lea/nin4B with lea/nin4 unde/stood as the ac@ui/in4 of
the abilit< to sol3e 7/oble6s within a 4i3en cu//iculu6 a/eaB de7end on the
@ualit< of teachin4 an indi3idual student /ecei3es in an< 4i3en cu//iculu6.
>C? The 6o/e e87e/ienced the teache/ isB the 6o/e the students will lea/n.
>D? All students should ha3e identical e87osu/e to lea/n the 6ate/ial bein4 tau4ht
in an< 4i3en cu//iculu6.
>E? Teache/s should hel7 each of thei/ students to lea/n as 6uch as 7ossible.
8. Geo/4e1 So6e scientists sa< that 4lobal wa/6in4 will occu/ because 7eo7le a/e
/eleasin4 la/4e a6ounts of ca/bon dio8ide into the at6os7he/e b< bu/nin4 t/ees
and fossil fuels. ,e can seeB thou4hB that the 7/edicted wa/6in4 is occu//in4
al/ead<. In the 6iddle of last winte/B we had a 6onth of s7/in4li0e weathe/ in ou/
a/eaB and this fallB because of unusuall< 6ild te67e/atu/esB the lea3es on ou/
town2s t/ees we/e th/ee wee0s late in tu/nin4 colo/.
,hich one of the followin4 would it be 6ost /ele3ant to in3esti4ate in e3aluatin4
the conclusion of Geo/4e2s a/4u6ent=
>A? whethe/ ca/bon dio8ide is the onl< cause of 4lobal wa/6in4
>B? when lea3es on the t/ees in the town usuall< chan4e colo/
>C? what 7/o7o/tion of 4lobal e6issions of ca/bon dio8ide is due to the bu/nin4 of
t/ees b< hu6ans
>D? whethe/ ai/ 7ollution is causin4 so6e t/ees in the a/e to lose thei/ lea3es
>E? whethe/ unusuall< wa/6 weathe/ is occu//in4 elsewhe/e on the 4lobe 6o/e
f/e@uentl< than befo/e
&. Student /e7/esentati3e1 (u/ uni3e/sit<B in e87ellin4 a student who 3e/ball<
ha/assed his /oo66ateB has e//ed b< 7enali9in4 the student fo/ doin4 what he
su/el< has a /i4ht to do1 s7ea0 his 6indJ
Dean of students1 But what <ou2/e sa<in4 is that ou/ uni3e/sit< should endo/se
3e/bal ha/ass6ent. :et su/el< if we did thatB we would th/eaten the f/ee flow of
ideas that is the essence of uni3e/sit< life.
,hich one of the followin4 is a @uestionable techni@ue that the dean of students
uses in atte67tin4 to /efute the student /e7/esentati3e=
>A? challen4in4 the student /e7/esentati3e2s 0nowled4e of the 7/ocess b< which
the student was e87elled
"!$ 'SAT
>B? in3o0in4 a fallacious distinction between s7eech and othe/ so/ts of beha3io/
>C? 6isdesc/ibin4 the student /e7/esentati3e2s 7ositionB the/eb< 6a0in4 it easie/
to challen4e
>D? @uestionin4 the 6oti3es of the student /e7/esentati3e /athe/ than offe/in4
/easons fo/ the conclusion defended
>E? /el<in4 on a 7osition of 7owe/ to silence the o77osin4 3iew7oint with a th/eat
1$. 5a6ous 7e/sonalities found 4uilt< of 6an< t<7es of c/i6es in wellA7ublici9ed
t/ials a/e inc/easin4l< sentenced to the 7e/fo/6ance of co66unit< se/3iceB thou4h
un0nown defendants con3icted of si6ila/ c/i6es al6ost alwa<s se/3e 7/ison
sentences. Howe3e/B the 7/inci7le of e@ualit< befo/e the law /ules out usin4 fa6e
and 7ublicit< as /ele3ant conside/ations in the sentencin4 of con3icted c/i6inals.
The state6ents abo3eB if t/ueB 6ost st/on4l< su77o/t which one of the followin4
conclusions=
>A? The 7/inci7le of e@ualit< befo/e the law is /i4o/ousl< a77lied in onl< a few
t<7es of c/i6inal t/ials.
>B? The nu6be/ of con3icted celeb/ities sentenced to co66unit< se/3ice should
e@ual the nu6be/ of con3icted un0nown defendants sentenced to co66unit<
se/3ice.
>C? The 7/inci7le of e@ualit< befo/e the law can 7/o7e/l< be o3e//idden b< othe/
7/inci7les in so6e cases.
>D? The sentencin4 of celeb/ities to co66unit< se/3ice instead of 7/ison
constitutes a 3iolation of the 7/inci7le of e@ualit< befo/e the law in 6an<
cases.
>E? The 7/inci7le of e@ualit< befo/e the law does not allow fo/ lenienc< in
sentencin4.
11. Scientific /esea/ch at a ce/tain uni3e/sit< was su77o/ted in 7a/t b< an annual 4/ant
f/o6 a 6a;o/ foundation. ,hen the uni3e/sit<2s 7h<sics de7a/t6ent e6ba/0ed on
wea7onsA/elated /esea/chB the foundationB which has a 7u/el< hu6anita/ian
6issionB th/eatened to cancel its 4/ant. The uni3e/sit< then 7/o6ised that none of
the foundation2s 6one< would be used fo/ the wea7ons /esea/chB whe/eu7on the
foundation withd/ew its th/eatB concludin4 that the wea7ons /esea/ch would not
benefit f/o6 the foundation2s 4/ants.
,hich one of the followin4 desc/ibes a flaw in the /easonin4 unde/l<in4 the
foundation2s conclusion=
>A? It o3e/loo0s the 7ossibilit< that the a3ailabilit< of the foundation2s 6one< fo/
hu6anita/ian uses will allow the uni3e/sit< to /edi/ect othe/ funds f/o6
hu6anita/ian uses to wea7ons /esea/ch.
>B? It o3e/loo0s the 7ossibilit< that the 7h<sics de7a/t6ent2s wea7ons /esea/ch is
not the onl< one of the uni3e/sit<2s /esea/ch acti3ities with othe/ than 7u/el<
hu6anita/ian 7u/7oses.
GMAT . 'SAT C- "!1
>C? It o3e/loo0s the 7ossibilit< that the uni3e/sit< 6ade its 7/o6ise s7ecificall< in
o/de/ to induce the foundation to withd/aw its th/eat.
>D? It confuses the intention of not usin4 a su6 of 6one< fo/ a 7a/ticula/ 7u/7ose
with the intention of not usin4 that su6 of 6one< at all.
>E? It assu6es that if the 6eans to achie3e an ob;ecti3e a/e hu6anita/ian in
cha/acte/B then the ob;ecti3e is also hu6anita/ian in cha/acte/.
1. To suit the needs of co/7o/ate clientsB ad3e/tisin4 a4encies ha3e successfull<
6odified a st/ate4< o/i4inall< de3elo7ed fo/ 7olitical ca67ai4ns. This st/ate4<
ai6s to 7/o3ide clients with f/ee 7ublicit< and ai/ ti6e b< desi4nin4 an
ad3e/tisin4 ca67ai4n that is cont/o3e/sialB thus d/awin4 7/i6eAti6e 6edia
co3e/a4e and e3o0in4 7ublic co66ent b< officials.
The State6ents abo3eB if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< unde/6ine which one of the
followin4 asse/tions=
>A? The usefulness of an ad3e/tisin4 ca67ai4n is based solel< on the de4/ee to
which the ca67ai4n2s ad3e/tise6ents 7e/suade thei/ audiences.
>B? (nl< a s6all 7e/centa4e of eli4ible 3ote/s ad6it to bein4 influenced b<
ad3e/tisin4 ca67ai4ns in decidin4 how to 3ote.
>C? Ca67ai4n 6ana4e/s ha3e t/ansfo/6ed 7olitical ca67ai4ns b< 6a0in4
inc/easin4 use of st/ate4ies bo//owed f/o6 co/7o/ate ad3e/tisin4 ca67ai4ns.
>D? Co/7o/ations a/e t<7icall< 6o/e conce/ned with 6aintainin4 7ublic
/eco4nition of the co/7o/ate na6e than with enhancin4 4oodwill towa/d the
co/7o/ation.
>E? Ad3e/tisin4 a4encies that s7eciali9e in ca67ai4ns fo/ co/7o/ate clients a/e not
usuall< chosen fo/ 7olitical ca67ai4ns.
1". The )ational Association of 5i/e 5i4hte/s sa<s that #! 7e/cent of ho6es now ha3e
s6o0e detecto/sB whe/eas onl< "$ 7e/cent of ho6es had the6 1$ <ea/s a4o. This
6a0es ea/l< detection of house fi/es no 6o/e li0el<B howe3e/B because o3e/ half
of the do6estic s6o0e detecto/s a/e eithe/ without batte/ies o/ else ino7e/ati3e
fo/ so6e othe/ /eason.
In o/de/ fo/ the conclusion abo3e to be 7/o7e/l< d/awnB which one of the
followin4 assu67tions would ha3e to be 6ade=
>A? 5ifteen 7e/cent of do6estic s6o0e detecto/s we/e installed less than 1$ <ea/s
a4o.
>B? The nu6be/ of fi/es 7e/ <ea/ in ho6es with s6o0e detecto/s has inc/eased.
>C? )ot all of the s6o0e detecto/s in ho6es a/e batte/< o7e/ated.
>D? The 7/o7o/tion of do6estic s6o0e detecto/s that a/e ino7e/ati3e has
inc/eased in the 7ast ten <ea/s.
>E? Dnli0e auto6atic wate/ s7/in0le/sB a 7/o7e/l< functionin4 s6o0e detecto/
cannot b< itself inc/ease fi/e safet< in a ho6e.
"! 'SAT
1#. Ad3e/tise6ent1 Ho6eGlo IaintsB Inc.B has won the 7/esti4ious Golden Iaintb/ush
Awa/dK4i3en to the one 7aint 6anufactu/e/ in the count/< that has inc/eased the
en3i/on6ental safet< of its 7/oduct 6ost o3e/ the 7ast th/ee <ea/sKfo/ Ho6eGlo
E8te/io/ Ena6el. The Golden Iaintb/ush is awa/ded onl< on the basis of tho/ou4h
tests b< inde7endent testin4 labo/ato/ies. So when <ou choose Ho6eGlo E8te/io/
Ena6elB <ou will 0now that <ou ha3e chosen the 6ost en3i/on6entall< safe b/and
of 7aint 6anufactu/ed in this count/< toda<.
The flawed /easonin4 in the ad3e/tise6ent 6ost closel< 7a/allels that in which
>A? The QHC audio s<ste6 /ecei3ed the o3e/all to7 /an0in4 fo/ loo0sB
7e/fo/6anceB du/abilitB? Mo/nin4 Sunshine b/ea0fast ce/eal containsB ounce fo/ ounceB 6o/e of the
nut/ients needed fo/ a health< diet than an< othe/ b/ea0fast ce/eal on the
6a/0et toda<. ThusB when <ou eat Mo/nin4 SunshineB <ou will 0now <ou a/e
eatin4 the 6ost nut/itious food now on the 6a/0et.
>C? The nu6be/ of consu6e/ 3isits inc/eased 6o/e at Count/<side Ma/0et last
<ea/ than at an< othe/ 6a/0et in the /e4ion. The/efo/eB Count/<side2s 7/ofits
6ust also ha3e inc/eased 6o/e last <ea/ than those of an< othe/ 6a/0et in the
/e4ion.
>D? +e//old2s teache/s /eco4ni9e hi6 as the student who has shown 6o/e
acade6ic i67/o3e6ent than an< othe/ student in the ;unio/ class this <ea/.
The/efo/eB if +e//old and his class6ates a/e /an0ed acco/din4 to thei/ cu//ent
acade6ic 7e/fo/6anceB +e//old 6ust hold the hi4hest /an0in4.
>E? Ma/4a/et Du//in42s sho/t sto/< EThe Iowe/ 'unchF won th/ee se7a/ate
awa/ds fo/ best sho/t fiction of the <ea/. The/efo/eB an< of Ma/4a/et
Du//in42s ea/lie/ sto/ies ce/tainl< has enou4h lite/a/< 6e/it to be included in
an antholo4< of the best /ecent sho/t fiction.
1!. The consistenc< of ice c/ea6 is ad3e/sel< affected b< e3en sli4ht te67e/atu/e
chan4es in the f/ee9e/. To counte/act this 7/oble6B 6anufactu/e/s add stabili9e/s
to ice c/ea6. Dnfo/tunatel<B stabili9e/sB thou4h ine87ensi3eB ad3e/sel< affect
fla3o/. Stabili9e/s a/e less needed if sto/a4e te67e/atu/es a/e 3e/< low. Howe3e/B
since ene/4< costs a/e constantl< 4oin4 u7B those costs constitute a st/on4
incenti3e in fa3o/ of /elati3el< hi4h sto/a4e te67e/atu/es.
>A? E3en sli4ht de3iations f/o6 the 7/o7e/ consistenc< fo/ ice c/ea6 sha/7l<
i67ai/ its fla3o/.
>B? Cost conside/ations fa3o/ sac/ificin4 consistenc< o3e/ sac/ificin4 fla3o/.
>C? It would not be cost effecti3e to de3elo7 a new de3ice to 6aintain the
constanc< of f/ee9e/ te67e/atu/es.
GMAT . 'SAT C- "!"
>D? Stabili9e/s function well onl< at 3e/< low f/ee9e/ te67e/atu/es.
>E? *e/< lowB stable f/ee9e/ te67e/atu/es allow fo/ the best 7ossible consistenc<
and fla3o/ of ice c/ea6.
16. Edwina1 T/ue a77/eciation of Mo9a/t2s 6usic de6ands that <ou hea/ it e8actl< as
he intended it to be hea/dG that isB e8actl< as he hea/d it. Since he hea/d it on
ei4hteenthAcentu/< inst/u6entsB it follows that so should we.
Albe/to1 But what 6a0es <ou thin0 that Mo9a/t e3e/ hea/d his 6usic 7la<ed as he
had intended it to be 7la<ed= Afte/ allB Mo9a/t was w/itin4 at a ti6e when the
7e/fo/6e/ was e87ectedB as a 6atte/ of cou/seB not ;ust to inte/7/et but to 6odif<
the w/itten sco/e.
Albe/to ado7ts which one of the followin4 st/ate4ies in c/itici9in4 Edwina2s
7osition=
>A? He a77eals to an acade6ic autho/it< in o/de/ to challen4e the factual basis of
he/ conclusion.
>B? He attac0s he/ ;ud46ent b< su44estin4 that she does not /eco4ni9e the
i67o/tance of the 7e/fo/6e/2s c/eati3it< to the audience2s a77/eciation of a
6usical co67osition.
>C? He defends a co67etin4 3iew of 6usical authenticit<.
>D? He attac0s the lo4ic of he/ a/4u6ent b< su44estin4 that the conclusion she
d/aws does not follow f/o6 the 7/e6ises she sets fo/th.
>E? He offe/s a /eason to belie3e that one of the 7/e6ises of he/ a/4u6ent is false.
1%. Since the int/oduction of the I67anian )ational Health Sche6eB I67anians >o/
thei/ 7/i3ate insu/ance co67anies? ha3e had to 7a< onl< fo/ the 6o/e unusual and
so7histicated 6edical 7/ocedu/es. ,hen the sche6e was int/oducedB it was ho7ed
that 7/i3ate insu/ance to 7a< fo/ these 7/ocedu/es would be a3ailable at 6odest
costB since the insu/e/s would no lon4e/ be 7a<in4 fo/ the bul0 of health ca/e
costsB as the< had done 7/e3iousl<. Ia/ado8icall<B howe3e/B the cost of 7/i3ate
health insu/ance did not dec/ease but has instead inc/eased d/a6aticall< in the
<ea/s since the sche6e2s int/oduction.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB does 6ost to e87lain the a77a/entl<
7a/ado8ical outco6e=
>A? The )ational Health sche6e has 4/eatl< /educed the nu6be/ of 6edical
clai6s handled annuall< b< I67ania2s 7/i3ate insu/e/sB enablin4 these fi/6s
to /educe o3e/head costs substantiall<.
>B? Befo/e the )ational Health sche6e was int/oducedB 6o/e than 8$ 7e/cent of
all I67anian 6edical costs we/e associated with 7/ocedu/es that a/e now
co3e/ed b< the sche6e.
>C? I67anians who 7/e3iousl< we/e unable to affo/d /e4ula/ 6edical t/eat6ent
now use the )ational Health sche6eB but the nu6be/ of I67anians with
7/i3ate health insu/ance has not inc/eased.
"!# 'SAT
>D? I67anians now bu< 7/i3ate 6edical insu/ance onl< at ti6es when the< e87ect
that the< will need ca/e of 0inds not a3ailable in the )ational Health sche6e.
>E? The 7/o7o/tion of total e87enditu/es within I67ania that is s7ent on health
ca/e has declined since the int/oduction of the )ational Health sche6e.
18. In clinical t/ials of new 6edicinesB half of the sub;ects /ecei3e the d/u4 bein4
tested and half /ecei3e a 7h<siolo4icall< ine/t substanceKa 7lacebo. T/ials a/e
desi4ned with the intention that neithe/ sub;ects no/ e87e/i6ente/s will find out
which sub;ects a/e actuall< bein4 4i3en the d/u4 bein4 tested. Howe3e/B this
intention is f/e@uentl< f/ust/ated becauseCCCCCC
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost a77/o7/iatel< co67letes the
e87lanation=
>A? often the sub;ects who /ecei3e the d/u4 bein4 tested de3elo7 s<67to6s that
the e87e/i6ente/s /eco4ni9e as side effects of the 7h<siolo4icall< acti3e d/u4
>B? sub;ects who belie3e the< a/e /ecei3in4 the d/u4 bein4 tested often dis7la<
i67/o3e6ents in thei/ conditions /e4a/dless of whethe/ what is ad6iniste/ed
to the6 is 7h<siolo4icall< acti3e o/ not
>C? in 4ene/alB when the t/ial is intended to establish the e87e/i6ental d/u42s
safet< /athe/ than its effecti3enessB all of the sub;ects a/e health<
>D? when a t/ial /uns a lon4 ti6eB few of the e87e/i6ente/s will wo/0 on it f/o6
ince7tion to conclusion
>E? the 7eo7le who a/e sub;ects fo/ clinical t/ials 6ustB b< lawB be 3oluntee/s and
6ust be info/6ed of the 7ossibilit< that the< will /ecei3e a 7lacebo
1&. It ta0es "6!.! da<s fo/ the Ea/th to 6a0e one co67lete /e3olution a/ound the
sun. 'on4Astandin4 con3ention 6a0es a <ea/ "6! da<s lon4B with an e8t/a da<
added e3e/< fou/th <ea/B and the <ea/ is di3ided into ! se3enAda< wee0s. But
since ! ti6es % is onl< "6#B anni3e/sa/ies do not fall on the sa6e da< of the
wee0 each <ea/. Man< schedulin4 7/oble6s could be a3oided if the last da< of
each <ea/ and an additional da< e3e/< fou/th <ea/ belon4ed to no wee0B so that
+anua/< 1 would be a Sunda< e3e/< <ea/.
The 7/o7osal abo3eB once 7ut into effectB would be 6ost li0el< to /esult in
continued schedulin4 conflicts fo/ which one of the followin4 4/ou7s=
>A? 7eo7le who ha3e bi/thda<s o/ othe/ anni3e/sa/ies on Dece6be/ "$ o/ "1
>B? e67lo<ed 7eo7le whose st/ict /eli4ious obse/3ances /e@ui/e that the< /ef/ain
f/o6 wo/0in4 e3e/< se3enth da<
>C? school s<ste6s that /e@ui/e students to attend classes a s7ecific nu6be/ of
da<s each <ea/
>D? e67lo<ed 7eo7le who ha3e th/eeAda< b/ea0s f/o6 wo/0 when holida<s a/e
celeb/ated on Monda<s o/ 5/ida<s
>E? 7eo7le who ha3e to 7lan e3ents se3e/al <ea/s befo/e those e3ents occu/
GMAT . 'SAT C- "!!
$. G/a7holo4ists clai6 that it is 7ossible to detect 7e/6anent cha/acte/ t/aits b<
e8a6inin4 7eo7le2s handw/itin4. 5o/ e8a67leB a st/on4 c/oss on the EtF is
su77osed to denote enthusias6. (b3iousl<B howe3e/B with 7/actice and
7e/se3e/ance 7eo7le can alte/ thei/ handw/itin4 to include this featu/e. So it
see6s that 4/a7holo4ists 6ust hold that 7e/6anent cha/acte/ t/aits can be
chan4ed.
The a/4u6ent a4ainst 4/a7holo4< 7/oceeds b<
>A? citin4 a77a/entl< incontestable e3idence that leads to absu/d conse@uences
when con;oined with the 3iew in @uestion
>B? de6onst/atin4 that an a77a/entl< cont/o3e/sial and inte/estin4 clai6 is /eall<
;ust a 7latitude
>C? a/4uin4 that a 7a/ticula/ techni@ue of anal<sis can ne3e/ be effecti3e when the
7eo7le anal<9ed 0now that it is bein4 used
>D? showin4 that 7/o7onents of the 3iew ha3e no theo/etical ;ustification fo/ the
3iew
>E? attac0in4 a techni@ue b< a/4uin4 that what the techni@ue is su77osed to detect
can be detected @uite /eadil< without it
Questions !1-!!
Histo/ian1 The/e is no di/ect e3idence that ti6be/ was t/aded between the ancient
nations of Io/an and )a<alB but the fact that a law settin4 ta/iffs on ti6be/ i67o/ts
f/o6 Io/an was enacted du/in4 the thi/d )a<alese d<nast< does su44est that du/in4
that 7e/iod a ti6be/ t/ade was conducted.
C/itic1 :ou/ /easonin4 is flawed. Du/in4 its thi/d d<nast<B )a<al 6a< well ha3e
i67o/ted ti6be/ f/o6 Io/anB but ce/tainl< on toda<2s statute boo0s the/e /e6ain 6an<
laws /e4ulatin4 acti3ities that we/e once co66on but in which 7eo7le no lon4e/
en4a4e.
1. The c/itic2s /es7onse to the histo/ian2s /easonin4 does which one of the
followin4=
>A? It i67lies an analo4< between the 7/esent and the 7ast.
>B? It identifies a 4ene/al 7/inci7le that the histo/ian2s /easonin4 3iolates.
>C? It distin4uishes between what has been established as a ce/taint< and what has
been established as a 7ossibilit<.
>D? It establishes e87licit c/ite/ia that 6ust be used in e3aluatin4 indi/ect
e3idence.
>E? It 7oints out the dissi6ila/ /oles that law 7la<s in societies that a/e distinct
f/o6 one anothe/.
. The c/itic2s /es7onse to the histo/ian is flawed because it
>A? 7/oduces e3idence that is consistent with the/e not ha3in4 been an< ti6be/
t/ade between Io/an and )a<al du/in4 the thi/d )a<alese d<nast<
"!6 'SAT
>B? cites cu//ent laws without indicatin4 whethe/ the laws cited a/e /ele3ant to the
ti6be/ t/ade
>C? fails to /eco4ni9e that the histo/ian2s conclusion was based on indi/ect
e3idence /athe/ than di/ect e3idence
>D? ta0es no account of the diffe/ence between a law2s enact6ent at a 7a/ticula/
ti6e and a law2s e8istence as 7a/t of a le4al code at a 7a/ticula/ ti6e
>E? acce7ts without @uestion that assu67tion about the 7u/7ose of laws that
unde/lies the histo/ian2s a/4u6ent
". The wo/0e/s at Bell Manufactu/in4 will sho/tl< 4o on st/i0e unless the
6ana4e6ent inc/eases thei/ wa4es. As Bell2s 7/esident is well awa/eB howe3e/B in
o/de/ to inc/ease the wo/0e/2s wa4esB Bell would ha3e to sell off so6e of its
subsidia/ies. SoB so6e of Bell2s subsidia/ies will be sold.
The conclusion abo3e is 7/o7e/l< d/awn if which one of the followin4 is
assu6ed=
>A? Bell Manufactu/in4 will be4in to suffe/ inc/eased losses.
>B? Bell2s 6ana4e6ent will /efuse to inc/ease its wo/0e/2s wa4es.
>C? The wo/0e/s at Bell Manufactu/in4 will not be 4oin4 on st/i0e.
>D? Bell2s 7/esident has the autho/it< to offe/ the wo/0e/s thei/ desi/ed wa4e
inc/ease.
>E? Bell2s wo/0e/s will not acce7t a 7ac0a4e of i67/o3ed benefits in 7lace of thei/
desi/ed wa4e inc/ease.
#. (ne su/e wa< <ou can tell how @uic0l< a new ideaKfo/ e8a67leB the idea of
E7/i3ati9ationFKis ta0in4 hold a6on4 the 7o7ulation is to 6onito/ how fast the
wo/d o/ wo/ds e87/essin4 that 7a/ticula/ idea a/e 7assin4 into co66on usa4e.
I/ofessional o7inions of whethe/ o/ not wo/ds can indeed be said to ha3e 7assed
into co66on usa4e a/e a3ailable f/o6 dictiona/< edito/sB who a/e 3itall<
conce/ned with this @uestion.
The 6ethod desc/ibed abo3e fo/ dete/6inin4 how @uic0l< a new idea is ta0in4
hold /elies on which one of the followin4 assu67tions=
>A? Dictiona/< edito/s a/e not 7/ofessionall< inte/ested in wo/ds that a/e onl<
/a/el< used.
>B? Dictiona/< edito/s ha3e e8act nu6e/ical c/ite/ia fo/ tellin4 when a wo/d has
7assed into co66on usa4e.
>C? 5o/ a new idea to ta0e holdB dictiona/< edito/s ha3e to include the /ele3ant
wo/d o/ wo/ds in thei/ dictiona/ies.
>D? As a wo/d 7asses into co66on usa4esB its 6eanin4 does not unde/4o an<
se3e/e disto/tions in the 7/ocess.
>E? ,o/ds denotin4 new ideas tend to be used befo/e the ideas denoted a/e
unde/stood.
GMAT . 'SAT C- "!%
!. Because 6i4/ant wo/0e/s a/e t<7icall< not hi/ed b< an< one e67lo<e/ fo/ lon4e/
than a sin4le seasonB 6i4/ant wo/0e/s can le4all< be 7aid less than the 6ini6u6
hou/l< wa4e that the 4o3e/n6ent /e@ui/es e67lo<e/s to 7a< all thei/ 7e/6anent
e67lo<ees. :et 6ost 6i4/ant wo/0e/s wo/0 lon4 hou/s each da< fo/ ele3en o/
twel3e 6onths a <ea/ and thus a/e as 6uch fullAti6e wo/0e/s as a/e 7eo7le hi/ed
on a <ea/A/ound basis. The/efo/eB the law should /e@ui/e that 6i4/ant wo/0e/s be
7aid the sa6e 6ini6u6 hou/l< wa4e that othe/ fullAti6e wo/0e/s 6ust be 7aid.
The 7atte/n of /easonin4 dis7la<ed abo3e 6ost closel< 7a/allels that dis7la<ed in
which one of the followin4 a/4u6ents=
>A? Because da<Aca/e facilities a/e now /e4ulated at the local le3elB the @ualit< of
ca/e a3ailable to child/en in two diffe/ent cities can diffe/ widel<. Since such
diffe/ences in t/eat6ent clea/l< a/e unfai/B da< ca/e should be fede/all< /athe/
than locall< /e4ulated.
>B? Because 6an< /u/al a/eas ha3e few /est/ictions on de3elo76entB housin4
estates in such a/eas ha3e been built whe/e no ade@uate su77l< of safe
d/in0in4 wate/ could be ensu/ed. ThusB /u/al a/eas should ado7t buildin4
codes 6o/e li0e those la/4e cities ha3e.
>C? Because so6e count/ies /e4ulate 4un sales 6o/e st/ictl< than do othe/
count/iesB so6e 7eo7le can /eadil< 7u/chase a 4unB whe/eas othe/s cannot.
The/efo/eB all count/ies should coo7e/ate in de3elo7in4 a unifo/6
inte/national 7olic< /e4a/din4 4un sales.
>D? Because it is a de6oc/atic 7/inci7le that laws should ha3e the consent of
those affected b< the6B li@uo/ laws should be fo/6ulated not b< 7oliticians
but b< club and /estau/ant owne/sB since such laws di/ectl< affect the
7/ofitabilit< of thei/ businesses.
>E? Because food additi3es a/e not conside/ed d/u4sB the< ha3e not had to 6eet
the safet< standa/ds the 4o3e/n6ent a77lies to d/u4s. But food additi3es can
be as dan4e/ous as d/u4s. The/efo/eB food additi3es should also be sub;ect to
safet< /e4ulations as st/in4ent as those co3e/in4 d/u4s.
TEST 8
SECTI() II
1. Ia/ent 11 Ten <ea/s a4oB child/en in co66unities li0e ou/s did not date until the<
we/e thi/teen to fifteen <ea/s old. )ow ou/ nine to ele3en <ea/ olds a/e datin4.
(b3iousl<B child/en in co66unities li0e ou/s a/e beco6in4 /o6anticall<
inte/ested in 6e6be/s of the o77osite se8 at an ea/lie/ a4e toda< than the< did ten
<ea/s a4o.
Ia/ent 1 I disa4/ee. (u/ nine to ele3en <ea/ olds do not want to dateB but the<
feel intense 7ee/ 7/essu/e to act 4/own u7 b< datin4.
"!8 'SAT
Ia/ent B in /es7ondin4 to Ia/ent 1B does which one of the followin4=
>A? d/aws a conclusion about a new 7heno6enon b< co67a/in4 it to a
7heno6enon that is 0nown and unde/stood
>B? /efutes a 4ene/ali9ation about nineA to ele3enA<ea/Aold child/en b< 6eans of
an e8ce7tional case o3e/loo0ed b< Ia/ent 1
>C? assu6es that nineA to ele3enA<ea/Aold child/en a/e as inte/ested in datin4 as
thi/teenA to fifteenA<ea/Aold child/en
>D? 7/o3ides an alte/nati3e e87lanation fo/ the chan4es in child/en2s datin4
desc/ibed b< Ia/ent 1
>E? c/itici9es Ia/ent 1 as a 7/o7onent of a clai6 /athe/ than c/itici9in4 the clai6
itself
. All cattle /anche/s disli0e lon4 winte/s.
All s0i /eso/t owne/s li0e lon4 winte/s because lon4 winte/s 6ean inc/eased
7/ofits.
So6e law<e/s a/e cattle /anche/s.
,hich one of the followin4 state6entsB if t/ueB and added to those abo3eB 6ost
su77o/ts the conclusion that no s0i /eso/t owne/s a/e law<e/s=
>A? So6e cattle /anche/s a/e law<e/s.
>B? So6e 7eo7le who disli0e lon4 winte/s a/e not cattle /anche/s.
>C? All law<e/s a/e cattle /anche/s.
>D? All 7eo7le who disli0e lon4 winte/s a/e cattle /anche/s.
>E? All 7eo7le with inc/easin4 7/ofits own s0i /eso/ts.
". Citi9en of Moo/es3ille1 Moo/es3ille2s cu//ent cit< council is ha3in4 a /uinous
effect on 6unici7al finances. Since a 6a;o/it< of the incu6bents a/e /unnin4 fo/
/eelectionB I a6 4oin4 to ca67ai4n a4ainst all these incu6bents in the u7co6in4
cit< council election. The onl< incu6bent I will su77o/t and 3ote fo/ is the one
who /e7/esents 6< own nei4hbo/hoodB because she has the e87e/ience necessa/<
to ensu/e that ou/ nei4hbo/hoods inte/ests a/e se/3ed. If e3e/<one in Moo/es3ille
would follow 6< e8a67leB we could substantiall< chan4e the council2s
6e6be/shi7.
Assu6in4 that each citi9en of Moo/es3ille is allowed to 3ote onl< fo/ a cit<
council /e7/esentati3e f/o6 his o/ he/ own nei4hbo/hoodB fo/ the council2s
6e6be/shi7 to be chan4ed substantiallA? at least so6e othe/ 3ote/s in Moo/es3ille do not 6a0e the sa6e e8ce7tion fo/
thei/ own incu6bent in the u7co6in4 election
>B? 6ost of the eli4ible 3ote/s in Moo/es3ille 3ote in the u7co6in4 election
>C? few of the incu6bents on the Moo/es3ille cit< council ha3e /un fo/ /eelection
in 7/e3ious elections
>D? all of the seats on the Moo/es3ille cit< council a/e filled b< incu6bents whose
GMAT . 'SAT C- "!&
te/6s a/e e87i/in4
>E? none of the challen4e/s in the u7co6in4 election fo/ seats on Moo/es3ille2s
cit< council a/e bette/ able to se/3e the inte/ests of thei/ nei4hbo/hoods than
we/e the incu6bents
#. Ma/ianna1 The 7/oble6 of d/un0 d/i3in4 has been so6ewhat a6elio/ated b<
7ublic education and st/icte/ laws. Additional 6easu/es a/e ne3e/theless needed.
Ieo7le still d/i3e afte/ d/in0in4B and when the< doB the 7/obabilit< is 4/eatl<
inc/eased that the< will cause an accident in3ol3in4 death o/ se/ious in;u/<.
Da3id1 I thin0 <ou e8a44e/ate the dan4e/s of d/i3in4 while d/un0. Actuall<B a
d/i3e/ who is in an auto6obile accident is sli4htl< less li0el< to be se/iousl<
in;u/ed if d/un0 than if sobe/.
In /es7ondin4 to Ma/ianna2s a/4u6entB Da3id 6a0es which one of the followin4
e//o/s of /easonin4=
>A? He cont/adicts hi6self.
>B? He assu6es what he is see0in4 to establish.
>C? He cont/adicts Ma/ianna2s conclusion without 4i3in4 an< e3idence fo/ his
7oint of 3iew.
>D? He a/4ues a4ainst a 7oint that is not one that Ma/ianna was 6a0in4.
>E? He di/ects his c/iticis6 a4ainst the 7e/son 6a0in4 the a/4u6ent /athe/ than
di/ectin4 it a4ainst the a/4u6ent itself.
!. 5/o6 a 6a4a9ine a/ticle1 SelfAconfidence is a dan4e/ous 3i/tue1 it often
de4ene/ates into the 3ice of a//o4ance. The dan4e/ of a//o4ance is e3ident to all
who ca/e to loo0. How 6uch 6o/e hu6ane the twentieth centu/< would ha3e
been without the a//o4ant selfAconfidence of a Hitle/ o/ a Stalin.
The autho/ atte67ts to 7e/suade b< doin4 all of the followin4 EHCEIT1
>A? Dsin4 e8t/e6e cases to e3o0e an e6otional /es7onse
>B? Int/oducin4 3alueAladen te/6sB such as E3iceF
>C? Illust/atin4 the dan4e/ of a//o4ance
>D? A77ealin4 to autho/it< to substantiate an asse/tion
>E? I67l<in4 that Hitle/2s a//o4ance a/ose f/o6 selfAconfidence
6. A stud< was desi4ned to establish what effectB if an<B the lon4Ate/6 o7e/ation of
offsho/e oil /i4s had on ani6al life on the botto6 of the sea. The stud< co67a/ed
the seaAbotto6 co66unities nea/ /i4s with those located in cont/ol sites se3e/al
6iles f/o6 an< /i4 and found no si4nificant diffe/ences. The /esea/che/s
concluded that oil /i4s had no ad3e/se effect on seaAbotto6 ani6als.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< wea0ens the /esea/che/2
conclusion=
>A? Co66e/ciall< i67o/tant fish de7end on seaAbotto6 ani6als fo/ 6uch of thei/
foodB so a d/o7 in catches of these fish would be e3idence of da6a4e to seaA
"6$ 'SAT
botto6 co66unities.
>B? The discha/4e of oil f/o6 offsho/e oil /i4s t<7icall< occu/s at the su/face of
the wate/B and cu//ents often ca//< the oil conside/able distances befo/e it
settles on the ocean floo/.
>C? Conta6ination of the ocean floo/ f/o6 sewa4e and indust/ial effluent does
not /esult in the dest/uction of all seaAbotto6 ani6als but instead /educes
s7ecies di3e/sit< as well as densit< of ani6al life.
>D? (nl< 7a/t of an< oil discha/4ed into the ocean /eaches the ocean floo/1 so6e
oil e3a7o/atesB and so6e /e6ains in the wate/ as sus7ended d/o7s.
>E? ,he/e the ocean floo/ consists of soft sedi6entB conta6inatin4 oil 7e/sists
6uch lon4e/ than whe/e the ocean floo/ is /oc0<.
%. Scientists a/e so6eti6es said to assu6e that so6ethin4 is not the case until the/e
is 7/oof that it is the case. )ow su77ose the @uestion a/ises whethe/ a 4i3en food
additi3e is safe. At that 7ointB it would be neithe/ 0nown to be safe no/ 0nown not
to be safe. B< the cha/acte/i9ation abo3eB scientists would assu6e the additi3e not
to be safe because it has not been 7/o3en safe. But the< would also assu6e it to
be safe because it has not been 7/o3en othe/wise. But no scientist could assu6e
without cont/adiction that a 4i3en substance is both safe and not safe1 so this
cha/acte/i9ation of scientists is clea/l< w/on4.
,hich one of the followin4 desc/ibes the techni@ue of /easonin4 used abo3e=
>A? A 4ene/al state6ent is a/4ued to be false b< showin4 that it has delibe/atel<
been fo/6ulated to 6islead.
>B? A state6ent is a/4ued to be false b< showin4 that ta0in4 it to be t/ue leads to
i67lausible conse@uences.
>C? A state6ent is shown to be false b< showin4 that it di/ectl< cont/adicts a
second state6ent that is ta0en to be t/ue.
>D? A 4ene/al state6ent is shown to be uninfo/6ati3e b< showin4 that the/e a/e as
6an< s7ecific instances in which it is false as the/e a/e instances in which it
is t/ue.
>E? A state6ent is shown to be uninfo/6ati3e b< showin4 that it su77o/ts no
inde7endentl< testable infe/ences.
8. Du/in4 the 1&8$s the ho6icide /ate in B/itain /ose b< !$ 7e/cent. The wea7on
used usuall< was a 0nife. Iotentiall< lethal 0ni3es a/e sold o7enl< and le4all< in
6an< sho7s. Most ho6icide deaths occu/ as a /esult of un7/e6editated assaults
within the fa6il<. E3en if these a/e inc/easin4B the< would 7/obabl< not /esult in
deaths if it we/e not fo/ the 7/e3alence of such 0ni3es. Thus the bla6e lies with
the 7e/6issi3eness of the 4o3e/n6ent that allows such lethal wea7ons to be sold.
,hich one of the followin4 is the st/on4est c/iticis6 of the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? The/e a/e othe/ 6eans besides 0ni3esB such as 4uns o/ 7oisonB that can be
used to acco67lish ho6icide b< a 7e/son who intends to cause the death of
GMAT . 'SAT C- "61
anothe/.
>B? It is i67ossible to 0now how 6an< un7/e6editated assaults occu/ within the
fa6ilC? Mni3es a/e used in othe/ ho6icides besides those that /esult f/o6
un7/e6editated assaults within the fa6il<.
>D? The a/4u6ent assu6es without ;ustification that the 0ni3es used to co66it
ho6icide a/e 4ene/all< 7u/chased as 7a/t of a delibe/ate 7lan to co66it
6u/de/ o/ to inflict 4/ie3ous ha/6 on a fa6il< 6e6be/.
>E? If the 7otentiall< lethal 0ni3es /efe//ed to a/e o/dina/< household 0ni3esB such
0ni3es we/e co66on befo/e the /ise in the ho6icide /ateG but if the< a/e
wea7on/<B such 0ni3es a/e not 4ene/all< a3ailable in households.
&. )ut/itionist1 *ita6ins s<nthesi9ed b< che6ists a/e e8actl< the sa6e as 3ita6ins
that occu/ natu/all< in foods. The/efo/eB it is a waste of 6one< to 7a< e8t/a fo/
b/ands of 3ita6in 7ills that a/e ad3e/tised as 6ade of hi4he/A@ualit< in4/edients
o/ 6o/e natu/al in4/edients than othe/ b/ands a/e.
The nut/itionist2s ad3ice is based on which one of the followin4 assu67tions=
>A? It is a waste of 6one< fo/ 7eo7le to su77le6ent thei/ diets with 3ita6in 7ills.
>B? B/ands of 3ita6in 7ills 6ade of natu/al in4/edients alwa<s cost 6o/e 6one<
than b/ands that contain s<nthesi9ed 3ita6ins.
>C? All b/ands of 3ita6in 7ills contain so6e s<nthesi9ed 3ita6ins.
>D? So6e 7/oduce/s of 3ita6in 7ills a/e 4uilt< of false ad3e/tisin4.
>E? The/e is no non3ita6in in4/edient in 3ita6in 7ills whose @ualit< 6a0es one
b/and wo/th 6o/e 6one< than anothe/ b/and.
1$. Most 7eo7le a/e indi4nant at the su44estion that the< a/e not /eliable autho/ities
about thei/ /eal wants. Such selfA0nowled4eB howe3e/B is not the easiest 0ind of
0nowled4e to ac@ui/e. IndeedB ac@ui/in4 it often /e@ui/es ha/d and e3en
7otentiall< /is0< wo/0. To a3oid such effo/tB 7eo7le unconsciousl< con3ince
the6sel3es that the< want what societ< sa<s the< should want.
The 6ain 7oint of the a/4u6ent is that
>A? ac@ui/in4 selfA0nowled4e can be /is0<
>B? 0nowled4e of what one /eall< wants is not as desi/able as it is usuall< thou4ht
to be
>C? 7eo7le cannot /eall< want what the< should want
>D? 7eo7le usuall< a3oid 6a0in4 difficult decisions
>E? 7eo7le a/e not necessa/il< /eliable autho/ities about what the< /eall< want
11. Since 1&#! 7esticide use in the Dnited Sta/es has inc/eased tenfold des7ite an
o3e/all stabilit< in nu6be/ of ac/es 7lanted. Du/in4 the sa6e 7e/iodB c/o7 loss
f/o6 insects has a77/o8i6atel< doubledB f/o6 about se3en to thi/teen 7e/cent.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB cont/ibutes 6ost to e87lainin4 the
"6 'SAT
7a/ado8ical findin4s abo3e=
>A? E8tension a4ents e67lo<ed b< state 4o3e/n6ents to ad3ise fa/6e/s ha3e
/ecentl< ad3ocated usin4 s6alle/ a6ounts of 7esticideB thou4h in 7ast <ea/s
the< 7/o6oted hea3< 7esticide use.
>B? ,hile 7esticideA/esistant st/ains of insects we/e de3elo7in4B c/o7 /otationB
which fo/ insects dis/u7ts a stable food su77lC? Since 1&%$ the 7esticides 6ost lethal to 7eo7le ha3e 4ene/all< been /e7laced
b< lessAlethal che6icals that a/e e@uall< effecti3e a4ainst insects and ha3e a
lessAda6a4in4 effect on the fish in st/ea6s fed b< wate/ that /uns off f/o6
t/eated a4/icultu/al fields.
>D? Because fa/6e/s2 decisions about how 6uch land to 7lant a/e 4o3e/ned b<
thei/ e87ectations about c/o7 7/ices at ha/3est ti6eB the a6ount of 7esticide
the< a77l< also de7ends in 7a/t on e87ected c/o7 7/ices.
>E? Althou4h so6e 7esticides can be /e6o3ed f/o6 foodstuffs th/ou4h washin4B
othe/s a/e ta0en u7 into the edible 7o/tion of 7lantsB and consu6e/s ha3e
be4un to bo<cott foods containin4 7esticides that cannot be washed off.
1. In discussin4 the 7/os and cons of 6oneta/< union a6on4 se3e/al Eu/o7ean
nationsB so6e 7oliticians ha3e clai6ed that li3in4 standa/ds in the count/ies
conce/ned would fi/st ha3e to con3e/4e if 6oneta/< union is not to lead to
econo6ic chaos. This clai6 is 7lainl< falseB as is de6onst/ated b< the fact that
li3in4 standa/ds di3e/4e widel< between /e4ions within count/ies that
ne3e/theless ha3e stable econo6ies.
In atte67tin4 to /efute the 7oliticians2 clai6B the autho/ does which one of the
followin4=
>A? a/4ues that those 6a0in4 the clai6 a/e 6ista0en about a te67o/al /elationshi7
that has been obse/3ed
>B? 7/esents an ea/lie/ instance of the action bein4 conside/ed in which the
7/edicted conse@uences did not occu/
>C? a/4ues that the fea/ed conse@uence would occu/ /e4a/dless of what cou/se of
action was followed
>D? 4i3es an e8a67le of a state of affai/sB assu6ed to be /ele3antl< si6ila/B in
which the alle4edl< inco67atible ele6ents coe8ist
>E? 7oints out that if an i67licit /eco66endation is followedB the clai6 can be
neithe/ shown to be t/ue no/ shown to be false
1". Because so6e student de6onst/ations 7/otestin4 his scheduled a77ea/ance ha3e
/esulted in 3iolenceB the 7/esident of the I67e/ialist Societ< has been 7/e3ented
f/o6 s7ea0in4 about 7olitics on ca67us b< the dean of student affai/s. :et to
den< an<one the un/est/icted f/eedo6 to s7ea0 is to th/eaten e3e/<one2s /i4ht to
GMAT . 'SAT C- "6"
f/ee e87/ession. Hence the dean2s decision has th/eatened e3e/<one2s /i4ht to f/ee
e87/ession.
of the followin4=
>A? D/. Iacheco sa3ed a child2s life b< 7e/fo/6in4 e6e/4enc< su/4e/<. But
su/4e/< /a/el< in3ol3es an< /is0 to the su/4eon. The/efo/eB if an act is not
he/oic unless it /e@ui/es the acto/ to ta0e so6e /is0B D/. Iacheco2s su/4e/<
was not he/oic.
>B? Because an<one who 7e/fo/6s an act of he/ois6 acts alt/uisticall< /athe/ than
selfishlC? In o/de/ to /escue a d/ownin4 childB Isabel ;u67ed into a f/ee9in4 /i3e/. Such
acts of he/ois6 7e/fo/6ed to sa3e the life of one en/ich the li3es of all.
HenceB Isabel2s action en/iched the li3es of all.
>D? 5i/e fi4hte/s a/e often e87ected to 7e/fo/6 he/oicall< unde/ ha/sh conditions.
But no one is e3e/ /e@ui/ed to act he/oicall<. HenceB fi/e fi4hte/s a/e often
e87ected to 7e/fo/6 actions the< a/e not /e@ui/ed to 7e/fo/6.
>E? Acts of e8t/e6e 4ene/osit< a/e usuall< abo3e and be<ond the call of dut<.
The/efo/eB 6ost acts of e8t/e6e 4ene/osit< a/e he/oicB since all actions that
a/e abo3e and be<ond the call of dut< a/e he/oic.
1#. I/ofesso/1 Me6be/s of 6ost s7ecies a/e able to co66unicate with othe/ 6e6be/s
of the sa6e s7eciesB but it is not t/ue that all co66unication can be called
Elan4ua4e.F The hu6an co66unication s<ste6 un@uestionabl< @ualifies as
lan4ua4e. In factB usin4 lan4ua4e is a t/ait without which we would not be hu6an.
Student1 I unde/stand that co66unication b< itself is not lan4ua4eB but how do
<ou 0now that the hi4hl< e3ol3ed co66unication s<ste6s of son4bi/dsB dol7hinsB
hone<beesB and a7esB fo/ e8a67leB a/e not lan4ua4es=
The student has inte/7/eted the 7/ofesso/2s /e6a/0s to 6ean that
>A? diffe/ent s7ecies can ha3e si6ila/ definin4 t/aits
>B? e3e/< hu6an t/ait e8ce7t usin4 lan4ua4e is sha/ed b< at least one othe/
s7ecies
>C? not all lan4ua4es a/e used to co66unicate
>D? usin4 lan4ua4e is a t/ait hu6ans do not sha/e with an< othe/ s7ecies
>E? hu6ans cannot co66unicate with 6e6be/s of othe/ s7ecies
Questions 15-1&
En3i/on6entalist1 An inc/eased nu6be/ of oil s7ills and the conse@uent da6a4e to the
en3i/on6ent indicate the need fo/ st/icte/ safet< standa/ds fo/ the oil indust/<. Since
the indust/< /efuses to ta0e actionB it is the national 4o3e/n6ent that 6ust /e4ulate
indust/< safet< standa/ds. In 7a/ticula/B the 4o3e/n6ent has to at least /e@ui/e oil
"6# 'SAT
co67anies to 7ut double hulls on thei/ tan0e/s and to assu6e financial /es7onsibilit<
fo/ accidents.
Indust/< /e7/esentati3e1 The indust/< alone should be /es7onsible fo/ de3isin4 safet<
standa/ds because of its e87e/tise in handlin4 oil and its unde/standin4 of the cost
entailed. I67le6entin4 the doubleAhull 7/o7osal is not cu//entl< feasible because it
c/eates new safet< issues. 5u/the/6o/eB the cost would be bu/denso6e to the indust/<
and consu6e/s.
1!. ,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion on which the a/4u6ent of the
en3i/on6entalist de7ends=
>A? The onl< effecti3e sou/ces of inc/eased st/in4enc< in safet< standa/ds fo/ oil
tan0e/s a/e action b< the indust/< itself o/ national 4o3e/n6ent /e4ulation.
>B? The /e@ui/e6ent of two hulls on oil tan0e/sB althou4h initiall< costlC? The oil indust/<2s a4in4 fleet of tan0e/s 6ust eithe/ be /e7ai/ed o/ else
/e7laced.
>D? Go3e/n6ent safet< /e4ulations a/e de3elo7ed in a 7/ocess of ne4otiation with
indust/< leade/s and inde7endent e87e/ts.
>E? En3i/on6ental conce/ns outwei4h all financial conside/ations when
de3elo7in4 safet< standa/ds.
16. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ts the indust/<
/e7/esentati3e2s 7osition a4ainst the en3i/on6entalist2s 7osition=
>A? -ecentl< a doubleAhulled tan0e/ loaded with oil was 7unctu/ed when it /an
a4/oundB but no oil was /eleased.
>B? I/o7osed 4o3e/n6ent /e4ulation would 6andate the c/eation of /e4ional
/es7onse tea6s within the Coast Gua/d to /es7ond to oil s7ills and
coo/dinate cleanu7 acti3ities.
>C? I/o7osed le4islation /e@ui/es that new tan0e/s ha3e double hulls but that
e8istin4 tan0e/s eithe/ be /efitted with double hulls in the ne8t $ <ea/s o/
else be /eti/ed.
>D? 5u6es can beco6e t/a77ed between the two hull la<e/s of doubleAhulled
tan0e/sB and the /is0 of e87losions that could /u7tu/e the tan0e/s hull is
the/eb< inc/eased.
>E? 5/o6 now onB the oil indust/< will be /e@ui/ed b< /ecent le4islation to finance
a newl< established oilAs7ill cleanu7 fund.
1%. Bio4/a7he/1 A/nold2s belief that e3e/< offe/ of assistance on the 7a/t of his
collea4ues was a dis4uised atte67t to 6a0e hi6 loo0 inade@uate and that no
e87/ession of con4/atulations on his 7/o6otion should be ta0en at face 3alue 6a<
see6 i//ational. In factB this belief was a conse@uence of his ea/l< e87e/iences
with an ad6i/ed olde/ siste/ who alwa<s 6ade fun of his a6bitions and
achie3e6ents. In li4ht of this e87lanationB the/efo/eB A/nold2s stubbo/n belief that
GMAT . 'SAT C- "6!
his collea4ues we/e du7licitous e6e/4es as clea/l< ;ustified.
The flawed /easonin4 in the bio4/a7he/2s a/4u6ent is 6ost si6ila/ to that in
>A? The fact that to7 e8ecuti3es 4ene/all< ha3e 6uch la/4e/ 3ocabula/ies than do
thei/ subo/dinates e87lains wh< Sheldon2s beliefB instilled in hi6 du/in4 his
childhoodB that de3elo7in4 a la/4e 3ocabula/< is the wa< to 4et to the to7 in
the wo/ld of business is co67letel< ;ustified.
>B? E6il< sus7ected that a77les a/e unhealth< e3e/ since she al6ost cho0ed to
death while eatin4 an a77le when she was a child. )owB e3idence that a77les
t/eated with ce/tain 7esticides can be health ha9a/ds shows that E6il<2s
lon4Aheld belief is full< ;ustified.
>C? As a child. +oan was se3e/el< 7unished whene3e/ she 7la<ed with he/ fathe/2s
7/i9e Sia6ese cat. The/efo/eB since this info/6ation 6a0es he/ 7/esent belief
that cats a/e not 4ood 7ets co67letel< unde/standableB that belief is ;ustified.
>D? Studies show that when usuall< wellAbeha3ed child/en beco6e i//itableB the<
often e8hibit s<67to6s of 3i/al infections the ne8t da<. The sus7icionB still
held b< 6an< adultsB that 6isbeha3io/ 6ust alwa<s be 7aid fo/ is thus both
e87lained and ;ustified.
>E? Su6a<ia2s fathe/ and 6othe/ we/e both conce/t 7ianistsB and as a childB
Su6a<ia 0new se3e/al othe/ 7eo7le t/<in4 to 6a0e ca/ee/s as 6usicians.
Thus Su6a<ia2s o7inion that he/ f/iend Anthon< lac0s the d/i3e to be a
successful 7ianist is undoubtedl< ;ustified.
18. The tele3ision docu6enta/< went be<ond the sa3eAtheAwildlife 7ieties of so6e of
those /e6ote f/o6 East Af/ica and showed that in a count/< 7/essed fo/ foodB the
ele7hant is a 7estB and an intelli4ent 7est at that. The/e a77ea/s to be no wa< to
7/otect East Af/ican fa/6s f/o6 the 3o/acious fo/a4in4 of ni4htA/aidin4 ele7hant
he/ds. Clea/l< this e8a67le illust/ates thatCCCCCC
,hich one of the followin4 6ost lo4icall< co67letes the 7a/a4/a7h=
>A? the 7/ese/3ation of wildlife 6a< endan4e/ hu6an welfa/e
>B? it is ti6e to /e6o3e ele7hants f/o6 the list of endan4e/ed s7ecies
>C? tele3ision docu6enta/ies a/e inca7able of doin4 6o/e than /eite/atin4
acce7ted 7ieties
>D? fa/6e/s and a4/icultu/al a4ents should wo/0 closel< with wildlife
conse/3ationists befo/e ta0in4 6easu/es to cont/ol ele7hants
>E? it is unfai/ that 7eo7le in an< count/< should ha3e to endu/e food sho/ta4es
Questions 19-!0
(8<4enA18 is a hea3ie/AthanAno/6al isoto7e of o8<4en. In a /ain cloudB wate/
6olecules containin4 o8<4enA18 a/e /a/e/ than wate/ 6olecules containin4 no/6al
o8<4en. But in /ainfallB a hi4he/ 7/o7o/tion of all wate/ 6olecules containin4 o8<4enA
18 than of all wate/ 6olecules containin4 o/dina/< o8<4en descends to ea/th.
"66 'SAT
Conse@uentl<B scientists we/e su/7/ised when 6easu/e6ents alon4 the enti/e /oute of
/ain clouds2 7assa4e f/o6 abo3e the Atlantic (ceanB the site of thei/ o/i4inal
fo/6ationB ac/oss the A6a9on fo/estsB whe/e it /ains al6ost dail<B showed that the
o8<4enA18 content of each of the clouds /e6ained fai/l< constant.
1&. ,hich one of the followin4 state6entsB if t/ueB best hel7s to /esol3e the conflict
between scientists2 e87ectationsB based on the 0nown beha3io/ of o8<4enA18B and
the /esult of thei/ 6easu/e6ents of the /ain clouds2 o8<4enA18 content=
>A? -ain clouds abo3e t/o7ical fo/ests a/e 7oo/e/ in o8<4enA18 than /ain clouds
abo3e unfo/ested /e4ions.
>B? 'i0e the oceansB t/o7ical /ain fo/ests can c/eate o/ /e7lenish /ain clouds in the
at6os7he/e abo3e the6.
>C? The a6ount of /ainfall o3e/ the A6a9on /ain fo/ests is e8actl< the sa6e as the
a6ount of /ain o/i4inall< collected in the clouds fo/6ed abo3e the Atlantic
(cean.
>D? The a6ount of /ain /ec<cled bac0 into the at6os7he/e f/o6 the lea3es of
fo/est 3e4etation is e8actl< the sa6e as the a6ount of /ain in /i3e/ /unoffs
that is not /ec<cled into the at6os7he/e.
>E? (8<4enA18 is not a 4ood indicato/ of the effect of t/o7ical /ain fo/ests on the
at6os7he/e abo3e the6.
$. ,hich one of the followin4 infe/ences about an indi3idual /ain cloud is su77o/ted
b< the 7assa4e=
>A? (nce it is fo/6ed o3e/ the AtlanticB the /ain cloud contains 6o/e o/dina/<
o8<4en than o8<4enA18.
>B? (nce it has 7assed o3e/ the A6a9onB the /ain cloud contains a 4/eate/AthanA
no/6al 7e/centa4e of o8<4enA18.
>C? The clouds /ainfall contains 6o/e o8<4enA18 than o/dina/< o8<4en.
>D? Du/in4 a /ainfallB the cloud 6ust su//ende/ the sa6e 7e/centa4e of its
o/dina/< o8<4en as of its o8<4enA18.
>E? Du/in4 a /ainfallB the cloud 6ust su//ende/ 6o/e of its o8<4enAl8 than it
/etains.
1. It is 3e/< difficult to 7/o3e toda< that a 7aintin4 done two o/ th/ee hund/ed <ea/s
a4oB es7eciall< one without a si4natu/e o/ with a @uestionabl< authentic si4natu/eB
is indubitabl< the wo/0 of this o/ that 7a/ticula/ a/tist. This fact 4i3es the
t/aditional att/ibution of a dis7uted 7aintin4 s7ecial wei4htB since that att/ibution
ca//ies the 7/esu67tion of histo/ical continuit<. Conse@uentl<B an a/t histo/ian
a/4uin4 fo/ a deatt/ibution will 4ene/all< con3ince othe/ a/t histo/ians onl< if he
o/ she can 7e/suasi3el< a/4ue fo/ a s7ecific /eatt/ibution.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ts the 7osition that the
t/aditional att/ibution of a dis7uted 7aintin4 should not ha3e s7ecial wei4ht=
>A? A/t deale/s ha3e alwa<s been led b< econo6ic selfAinte/est to att/ibute an<
GMAT . 'SAT C- "6%
unsi4ned 7aintin4s of 6e/it to /eco4ni9ed 6aste/s /athe/ than to obscu/e
a/tists.
>B? ,hen a 7aintin4 is o/i4inall< c/eatedB the/e a/e in3a/iabl< at least so6e
e<ewitnesses who see the a/tist at wo/0B and thus @uestions of co//ect
att/ibution cannot a/ise at that ti6e.
>C? The/e a/e not alwa<s clea/l< disce/nible diffe/ences between the occasional
infe/io/ wo/0 7/oduced b< a 6aste/ and the 3e/< best wo/0 7/oduced b< a
lesse/ talent.
>D? Att/ibution can sha7e 7e/ce7tion inas6uch as ce/tain featu/es that would
count as 6a/0s of 4/eatness in a 6aste/2s wo/0 would be counted as si4ns of
infe/io/ a/tist/< if a wo/0 we/e att/ibuted to a 6ino/ a/tist.
>E? E3en thou4h so6e 6aste/s had s7ecialists assist the6 with ce/tain detail
wo/0B such as de7ictin4 laceB the /esultin4 wo/0s a/e 7/o7e/l< att/ibuted to
the 6aste/s alone.
. Much of the best scientific /esea/ch of toda< shows that 6an< of the /esults of
ea/lie/ scientific wo/0 that was /e4a/ded in its ti6e as 4ood a/e in fact 6ista0en.
:et des7ite the fact that scientists a/e abo3e all conce/ned to disco3e/ the t/uthB it
is 3aluable fo/ toda<2s scientists to stud< fi/sthand accounts of ea/lie/ scientific
wo/0.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB would best /econcile the two state6ents
abo3e=
>A? Man< fi/sthand accounts of ea/lie/B flawed scientific wo/0 a/e not 4ene/all<
0nown to be 6ista0en.
>B? 'essons in scientific 6ethodolo4< can be lea/ned b< seein4 how ea/lie/
scientific wo/0 was ca//ied outB so6eti6es es7eciall< when the /esults of
that wo/0 a/e 0nown to be inco//ect.
>C? Scientists can 6a0e 3aluable cont/ibutions to the scientific wo/0 of thei/ ti6e
e3en if the /esults of thei/ wo/0 will late/ be shown to be 6ista0en.
>D? The/e a/e 6an< scientists toda< who a/e not tho/ou4hl< fa6ilia/ with ea/lie/
scientific /esea/ch.
>E? So6e of the bette/ scientific /esea/ch of toda< does not di/ectl< add/ess
ea/lie/ scientific wo/0.
". Teache/s a/e effecti3e onl< when the< hel7 thei/ students beco6e inde7endent
lea/ne/s. :et not until teache/s ha3e the 7owe/ to 6a0e decisions in thei/ own
class/oo6s can the< enable thei/ students to 6a0e thei/ own decisions. Students2
ca7abilit< to 6a0e thei/ own decisions is essential to thei/ beco6in4 inde7endent
lea/ne/s. The/efo/eB if teache/s a/e to be effecti3eB the< 6ust ha3e the 7owe/ to
6a0e decisions in thei/ own class/oo6s.
Acco/din4 to the a/4u6entB each of the followin4 could be t/ue of teache/s who
ha3e enabled thei/ students to 6a0e thei/ own decisions EHCEIT1
"68 'SAT
>A? Thei/ students ha3e not beco6e inde7endent lea/ne/s.
>B? The< a/e not effecti3e teache/s.
>C? The< a/e effecti3e teache/s.
>D? The< ha3e the 7owe/ to 6a0e decisions in thei/ own class/oo6s.
>E? The< do not ha3e the 7owe/ to 6a0e decisions.
#. D/. -ui91 D/. S6ith has e87/essed outs7o0en antis6o0in4 3iews in 7ublic. E3en
thou4h D/. S6ith is othe/wise @ualifiedB clea/l< she cannot be included on a 7anel
that e8a6ines the dan4e/ of secondhand ci4a/ette s6o0e. As an o/4ani9e/ of the
7anelB I want to ensu/e that the 7anel e8a6ines the issue in an unbiased 6anne/
befo/e co6in4 to an< conclusion.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 7/o3ides the st/on4est basis fo/ counte/in4
D/. -ui92 a/4u6ent that D/. S6ith should not be included on the 7anel=
>A? A 7anel co67osed of @ualified 7eo7le with st/on4 but conflictin4 3iews on a
7a/ticula/ to7ic is 6o/e li0el< to /each an unbiased conclusion than a 7anel
co67osed of 7eo7le who ha3e 0e7t thei/ 3iewsB if anB? Ieo7le who hold st/on4 3iews on a 7a/ticula/ to7ic tend to acce7t new
e3idence on that to7ic onl< if it su77o/ts thei/ 3iews.
>C? A 7anel that includes one @ualified 7e/son with 7ublicl< 0nown st/on4 3iews
on a 7a/ticula/ to7ic is 6o/e li0el< to ha3e li3el< discussions than a 7anel
that includes onl< 7eo7le with no wellAdefined 3iews on that to7ic.
>D? Ieo7le who ha3e e87/essed st/on4 3iews in 7ublic on a 7a/ticula/ to7ic a/e
bette/ at /aisin4 funds to su77o/t thei/ case than a/e 7eo7le who ha3e ne3e/
e87/essed st/on4 3iews in 7ublic.
>E? Ieo7le who ha3e wellAdefined st/on4 3iews on a 7a/ticula/ to7ic 7/io/ to
;oinin4 a 7anel a/e often able to i67ose thei/ 3iews on 7anel 6e6be/s who
a/e not co66itted at the outset to an< conclusion.
SECTI() I*
1. Biotechnolo4< co67anies sa< that 3olunta/< 4uideline fo/ thei/ indust/< a/e
sufficient to ensu/e that no ha/6 will /esult when a 4eneticall< alte/ed o/4anis6 is
/eleased into the en3i/on6ent. It is foolishB howe3e/B to /el< on assu/ances f/o6
7/oduce/s of 4eneticall< alte/ed o/4anis6s that thei/ 7/oducts will not be ha/6ful.
The/efo/eB a biotechnolo4< co67an< should be /e@ui/ed to a77l< to an
inde7endent /e4ulato/< boa/d co67osed of scientists outside the biotechnolo4<
indust/< fo/ the /i4ht to sell newl< c/eated o/4anis6s.
,hich one of the followin4 7/inci7lesB if acce7tedB 6ost st/on4l< ;ustifies
d/awin4 the conclusion abo3e=
>A? *olunta/< 4uidelines a/e sufficient to /e4ulate acti3ities that 7ose little dan4e/
GMAT . 'SAT C- "6&
to the en3i/on6ent.
>B? Ieo7le who en4a4e in an acti3it< and ha3e a financial sta0e in that acti3it<
should not be the sole /e4ulato/s of that acti3it<.
>C? Methods that /esult in ha/6 to the en3i/on6ent 6ust so6eti6es be used in
o/de/ to a3oid e3en 4/eate/ ha/6.
>D? A co67an< is obli4ated to ensu/e the effecti3eness of its 7/oducts but not
thei/ en3i/on6ental safet<.
>E? Issues of en3i/on6ental 7/otection a/e so i67o/tant that the< should not be
left to scientific e87e/ts.
. Qoo di/ecto/1 The cit< is in a financial c/isis and 6ust /educe its s7endin4.
)e3e/thelessB at least one /eduction 6easu/e in ne8t <ea/2s bud4etB cuttin4 Cit<
Qoos fundin4 in halfB is false econo6<. The 9oo2s cu//ent bud4et e@uals less than
1 7e/cent of the cit<2s deficitB so withd/awin4 su77o/t f/o6 the 9oo does little to
hel7 the cit<2s financial situation. 5u/the/6o/eB the 9ooB which 6ust close if its
bud4et is cutB att/acts tou/ists and ta8 dolla/s to the cit<. 5inall<B the 9oo adds
i66easu/abl< to the cit<2s cultu/al cli6ate and thus 6a0es the cit< an att/acti3e
7lace fo/ business to locate.
,hich one of the followin4 is the 6ain conclusion of the 9oo di/ecto/2s
a/4u6ent=
>A? -educin4 s7endin4 is the onl< 6eans the cit< has of /es7ondin4 to the cu//ent
financial c/isis.
>B? It would be false econo6< fo/ the cit< to cut the 9oo2s bud4et in half.
>C? Cit< Qoo2s bud4et is onl< a 3e/< s6all 7o/tion of the cit<2s enti/e bud4et.
>D? The 9oo will be fo/ced to close if its bud4et is cut.
>E? The cit<2s educational and cultu/al cli6ate will be i//e7a/abl< da6a4ed if the
9oo is fo/ced to close.
". A cat will not be affectionate towa/d 7eo7le unless it is handled when it is a
0itten. Since the cat that Iaula 7lans to 4i3e to he/ f/iend was handled when it
was a 0ittenB that cat will be affectionate towa/d 7eo7le.
>A? Tuli7 bulbs will not 7/oduce flowe/s unless the< a/e chilled fo/ two 6onths.
Since the tuli7 bulbs in the cla< 7ot we/e not chilled fo/ two 6onthsB these
bulbs will not 7/oduce flowe/s.
>B? Beets do not 4/ow well unless the soil in which the< a/e 4/own contains t/ace
a6ounts of bo/on. Since the beets in this 7lot a/e 4/owin4 wellB the soil in
the 7lot 6ust contain t/ace a6ounts of bo/on.
>C? 5/uit t/ees will not 7/oduce 6uch f/uit unless the< a/e 7/uned 7/o7e/l<. That
the f/uit t/ees at the local o/cha/d 7/oduce a la/4e a6ount of f/uit 7/o3es that
the< ha3e been 7/uned 7/o7e/l<.
"%$ 'SAT
>D? C/anbe//ies will not th/i3e unless the< a/e 4/own in bo4s. Since the
c/anbe//ies in this a/ea a/e not 4/own in bo4sB these c/anbe//ies will not
th/i3e.
>E? C/ass seeds will not 4e/6inate well unless the< a/e 7/essed fi/6l< into the
4/ound. The 4/ass seeds sown in this <a/d we/e 7/essed fi/6l< into the
4/oundB so the< will 4e/6inate well.
#. Dntil /ecentl<B anth/o7olo4ists 4ene/all< a4/eed that hi4he/ 7/i6ates o/i4inated
about "$ 6illion <ea/s a4o in the Al 5a<<u6 /e4ion of E4<7t. Howe3e/B a #$A
6illionA<ea/ old fossili9ed f/a46ent of a lowe/ ;awbone disco3e/ed in Bu/6a
>now called M<an6a/? in 1&%8 was used to su77o/t the theo/< that the ea/liest
hi4he/ 7/i6ates o/i4inated in Bu/6a. Howe3e/B the clai6 is 7/e6atu/eB fo/CCCCCC
,hich one o/ the followin4B if /ueB is the 6ost lo4ical co67letion of the
7a/a4/a7h abo3e=
>A? the/e a/e no 6o/e 7/i6ate s7ecies in Bu/6a than the/e a/e in E4<7t
>B? se3e/al anth/o7olo4istsB usin4 diffe/ent datin4 6ethodsB inde7endentl<
confi/6ed the esti6ated a4e of the ;awbone f/a46ent
>C? hi4he/ 7/i6ates cannot be identified solel< b< thei/ lowe/ ;awbones
>D? se3e/al 7/o6inent anth/o7olo4ists do not belie3e that hi4he/ 7/i6ates could
ha3e o/i4inated in eithe/ E4<7t o/ Bu/6a
>E? othe/ a/chaeolo4ical e87editions in Bu/6a ha3e unea/thed hi4he/A7/i6ate
fossili9ed bone f/a46ents that a/e clea/l< olde/ than #$ 6illion <ea/s
!. The ends of 6ode/n centu/ies ha3e been 4/eeted with both a7ocal<7tic an8ieties
and uto7ian fantasies. It is not su/7/isin4 that both /eactions ha3e consistentl<
7/o3en to be 6is7laced. Afte/ allB the 7/ecise ti6e when a centu/< ha77ens to end
cannot ha3e an< s7ecial si4nificanceB since the G/e4o/ian calenda/B thou4h widel<
usedB is onl< one a6on4 6an< that 7eo7le ha3e de3ised.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB could be substituted fo/ the /eason cited
abo3e while still 7/ese/3in4 the fo/ce of the a/4u6ent=
>A? It is lo4icall< i67ossible fo/ both /eactions to be co//ect at the sa6e ti6e.
>B? ,hat is a uto7ian fantas< to one 4/ou7 of 7eo7le 6a< well beB fo/ anothe/
4/ou7 of 7eo7leB a /eali9ation of thei/ wo/st fea/s.
>C? The nu6be/ s<ste6 based on the nu6be/ tenB in the absence of which one
hund/ed <ea/s would not ha3e the a77ea/ance of bein4 a si4nificant 7e/iod of
ti6eB is b< no 6eans the onl< one that 7eo7le ha3e c/eated.
>D? The fi/6 e87ectation that so6ethin4 e8t/ao/dina/< is about to ha77en can
6a0e 7eo7le beha3e in a 6anne/ that 6a0es it less li0el< that so6ethin4
e8t/ao/dina/< will ha77en.
>E? Since a centu/< fa/ e8ceeds the no/6al hu6an life s7anB 7eo7le do not li3e
lon4 enou4h to lea/n f/o6 6ista0es that the< the6sel3es 6ade one hund/ed
<ea/s befo/e.
GMAT . 'SAT C- "%1
6. Ieo7le who listen to ce/tain /eco/din4s of 6usic a/e in dan4e/ of bein4 undul<
influenced b< s7o0en 6essa4es that ha3e been /eco/ded bac0wa/ds on the /eco/ds
o/ ta7es.
A conse@uence of the 3iew abo3e is that
>A? the s7o0en 6essa4es 6ust be loude/ than the 6usic on the /eco/din4s
>B? bac0wa/ds 6essa4es can be added to a /eco/din4 while still 7/ese/3in4 all of
the 6usical @ualities of the /eco/ded 7e/fo/6ance
>C? the /eco/din4s on which such 6essa4es a77ea/ a/e chosen fo/ this 7u/7ose
eithe/ because the< a/e es7eciall< 7o7ula/ o/ because the< int/oduce a
t/anceli0e state
>D? if such 6essa4es 6ust be co67/ehended to e8e/t influenceB then 7eo7le 6ust
be able to co67/ehend s7o0en 6essa4es /eco/ded bac0wa/ds
>E? when 7eo7le listen to /eco/ded 6usicB the< 7a< full attention to the 6usic as it
7la<s
%. Ad3e/tise6ent1 (3e/ 8$ 7e/cent of the 7eo7le who testAd/i3e a Qenith ca/ end u7
bu<in4 one. So be wa/ned1 <ou should not testAd/i3e a Qenith unless <ou a/e
7/e7a/ed to bu< oneB because if <ou so 6uch as d/i3e a Qenith a/ound the bloc0B
the/e is a bette/ than 8$ 7e/cent chance <ou will choose to bu< it.
If the ad3e/tise6ent is inte/7/eted as i67l<in4 that the @ualit< of the ca/ is
unusuall< i67/essi3eB which one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost clea/l< casts doubt
on that i67lication=
>A? TestAd/i3es of Qenith ca/s a/eB acco/din4 to Qenith sales 7e/sonnelB 4ene/all<
6o/e e8tensi3e than a d/i3e a/ound the bloc0 and encounte/ 3a/ied d/i3in4
conditions.
>B? Dsuall< deale/s ha3e enou4h Qenith 6odels in stoc0 that 7/os7ecti3e
7u/chase/s a/e able to testAd/i3e the e8act 6odel that the< a/e conside/in4 fo/
7u/chase.
>C? Those who ta0e testAd/i3es in ca/s a/eB in o3e/whel6in4 7/o7o/tionsB 7eo7le
who ha3e al/ead< decided to bu< the 6odel d/i3en unless so6e fault should
beco6e e3ident.
>D? Al6ost &$ 7e/cent of the 7eo7le who 7u/chase a ca/ do not do so on the da<
the< ta0e a fi/st testAd/i3e but do so afte/ anothe/ testAd/i3e.
>E? In so6e Qenith ca/sB a 6ino/ 7a/t has b/o0en within the fi/st <ea/B and Qenith
deale/s ha3e issued notices to owne/s that the deale/s will /e7lace the 7a/t
with a /edesi4ned one at no cost to owne/s.
8. In Malsenia sales of classical /eco/ds a/e soa/in4. The bu<e/s /es7onsible fo/ this
boo6 a/e @uite new to classical 6usic and we/e d/awn to it eithe/ b< classical
sco/es f/o6 tele3ision co66e/cials o/ b< the6e tunes int/oducin4 6a;o/ s7o/ts
e3ents on tele3ision. Audiences at classical conce/tsB howe3e/B a/e continuall<
sh/in0in4 in Malsenia. It can be concluded f/o6 this that the new Malsenian
"% 'SAT
con3e/ts to classical 6usicB ha3in4 initiall< e87e/ienced this 6usic as /eco/ded
6usicB a/e 6ost co6fo/table with classical 6usic as /eco/ded 6usic and /eall<
ha3e no desi/e to hea/ li3e 7e/fo/6ances.
The a/4u6ent assu6es which one of the followin4=
>A? To sell well in MalseniaB a classical /eco/d 6ust include at least one 7iece
fa6ilia/ f/o6 tele3ision.
>B? At least so6e of the new Malsenian bu<e/s of classical /eco/ds ha3e a3ailable
to the6 the o7tion of attendin4 classical conce/ts.
>C? The nu6be/ of classical conce/ts 7e/fo/6ed in Malsenia has not dec/eased in
/es7onse to s6alle/ audiences.
>D? The classical /eco/ds a3ailable in Malsenia a/eB fo/ the 6ost 7a/tB not
/eco/din4s of actual 7ublic conce/ts.
>E? Classical conce/ts in Malsenia a/e not li6ited to 6usic that is /eadil<
a3ailable on /eco/din4s.
&. B/ain scans of 7eo7le e87osed to ce/tain neu/oto8ins /e3eal b/ain da6a4e
identical to that found in 7eo7le suffe/in4 f/o6 Ia/0inson2s disease. This fact
shows not onl< that these neu/oto8ins cause this t<7e of b/ain da6a4eB but also
that the b/ain da6a4e itself causes Ia/0inson2s disease. Thus b/ain scans can be
used to dete/6ine who is li0el< to de3elo7 Ia/0inson2s disease.
The a/4u6ent contains which one of the followin4 /easonin4 e//o/s=
>A? It fails to establish that othe/ 6ethods that can be used to dia4nose
Ia/0inson2s disease a/e less accu/ate than b/ain scans.
>B? It o3e/esti6ates the i67o/tance of ea/l< dia4nosis in dete/6inin4 a77/o7/iate
t/eat6ents fo/ 7eo7le suffe/in4 f/o6 Ia/0inson2s disease.
>C? It 6ista0es a co//elation between the t<7e of b/ain da6a4e desc/ibed and
Ia/0inson2s disease fo/ a causal /elation between the two.
>D? It assu6es that 7eo7le would want to 0now as ea/l< as 7ossible whethe/ the<
we/e li0el< to de3elo7 Ia/0inson2s disease.
>E? It ne4lects to s7ecif< how the info/6ation 7/o3ided b< b/ain scans could be
used eithe/ in t/eatin4 Ia/0inson2s disease o/ in 6onito/in4 the 7/o4/ession
of the disease.
1$. Al6ost all of the boo0s 7ublished in the 7ast 1!$ <ea/s we/e 7/inted on acidic
7a7e/. Dnfo/tunatel<B e3e/< 0ind of acidic 7a7e/ 4/aduall< dest/o<s itself due to
its 3e/< acidit<. This 7/ocess of dete/io/ation can be slowed if the boo0s a/e
sto/ed in a coolB d/< en3i/on6ent. Techni@uesB which a/e now bein4 de3elo7edB to
deacidif< boo0s will 7/obabl< be a77lied onl< to boo0s with histo/ical
si4nificance.
If all of the state6ents in the 7assa4e abo3e a/e t/ueB which one of the followin4
6ust also be t/ue=
>A? If a boo0 was 7ublished in the 7ast 1!$ <ea/s and is histo/icall< insi4nificantB
GMAT . 'SAT C- "%"
it will 7/obabl< dete/io/ate co67letel<.
>B? Al6ost all of the boo0s 7ublished in the 7ast 1!$ <ea/s will 4/aduall< dest/o<
the6sel3es.
>C? Al6ost all of the boo0s that 4/aduall< dete/io/ate a/e 6ade of acidic 7a7e/.
>D? If a boo0 is of histo/ical si4nificance and was 7/inted befo/e 1!$ <ea/s a4oB it
will be deacidified.
>E? Boo0s 7ublished on acidic 7a7e/ in 1&$$ should now all be at about the sa6e
state of dete/io/ation.
11. Ci3il libe/ta/ian1 The cate4o/ical 7/ohibition of an< non3iolent 6eans of
e87/ession ine3itabl< 7oisons a societ<2s intellectual at6os7he/e. The/efo/eB
those ad3ocatin4 censo/shi7 of all 7otentiall< offensi3e a/t a/e 7u/suin4 a cou/se
that is ha/6ful to societ<.
Censo/shi7 ad3ocate1 :ou2/e w/on4B because 6an< 7eo7le a/e in a4/ee6ent about
what constitutes 7otentiall< offensi3e a/t.
The censo/shi7 ad3ocate2s /ebuttal is flawed because it
>A? atte67ts to e8t/act a 4ene/al /ule f/o6 a s7ecific case
>B? e8t/acts an e//oneous 7/inci7le f/o6 a co66onl< held belief
>C? attac0s the ci3il libe/ta/ians cha/acte/ instead of the a/4u6ent
>D? /elies on an i//ele3ant /eason fo/ /e;ectin4 the ci3il libe/ta/ian2s a/4u6ent
>E? uses h<7e/bolic infla66ato/< lan4ua4e that obscu/es the issue at hand
1. Althou4h 6ost s7ecies of nondo6estic 6a66als in Aust/alia a/e 6a/su7ialsB
o3e/ 1$$ s7eciesKincludin4 sealsB batsB and 6iceKa/e not 6a/su7ials but
7lacentals. It is clea/B howe3e/B that these 7lacentals a/e not nati3e to this island
continent1 all nonhu6an 7lacentals e8ce7t the din4oB a do4 int/oduced b< the fi/st
hu6ans that settled Aust/aliaB a/e ani6als whose ancesto/s could swi6 lon4
distancesB flA? So6e 6a/su7ials now found in Aust/alia 6i4ht not be nati3e to that
continentB but /athe/ 6i4ht ha3e been int/oduced to Aust/alia b< so6e othe/
6eans.
>B? Hu6ans who settled Aust/alia 7/obabl< int/oduced 6an< of the 7lacental
6a66al s7ecies now 7/esent on that Continent.
>C? The onl< Aust/alian 7lacentals that could be nati3e to Aust/alia would be
ani6als whose ancesto/s could not ha3e /eached Aust/alia f/o6 elsewhe/e.
>D? )o 6a/su7ials now found in Aust/alia can swi6 lon4 distancesB flE? SealsB batsB and 6ice a/e t<7icall< found onl< in a/eas whe/e the/e a/e no
nati3e 6a/su7ials.
"%# 'SAT
1". I. -oo6 ai/ conditione/s 7/oduced b< +a7anese 6anufactu/e/s tend to be 6o/e
/eliable than those 7/oduced b< Dnited States 6anufactu/e/s.
II. The a3e/a4e lifeti6e of /oo6 ai/ conditione/s 7/oduced b< Dnited States
6anufactu/e/s is about fifteen <ea/sB the sa6e as that of /oo6 ai/ conditione/s
7/oduced b< +a7anese 6anufactu/e/s.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB would best /econcile the two state6ents
abo3e=
>A? -eliabilit< is a 6easu/e of how lon4 a 7/oduct functions without needin4
/e7ai/.
>B? I/oduction facilities of fi/6s desi4nated as Dnited States 6anufactu/e/s a/e
not all located in the Dnited States.
>C? Da6a4e to /oo6 ai/ conditione/s du/in4 shi77in4 and installation does not
occu/ with 4/eat f/e@uenc< in the Dnited States o/ in +a7an.
>D? -oo6 ai/ conditione/s ha3e been 6anufactu/ed fo/ a lon4e/ ti6e in the
Dnited States than in +a7an.
>E? +a7anese 6anufactu/e/s often use 6o/e /eliable co67onents in thei/ /oo6 ai/
conditione/s than do Dnited States 6anufactu/e/s.
1#. In 1&8$ the/e was 4/owin4 conce/n that the 7/otecti3e o9one la<e/ o3e/ the
Anta/ctic 6i4ht be dec/easin4 and the/eb< allowin4 so 6uch ha/6ful ult/a3iolet
/adiation to /each the Ea/th that 7ola/ 6a/ine life would be da6a4ed. So6e
4o3e/n6ent officials dis6issed these conce/nsB since statistics indicated that
4lobal at6os7he/ic o9one le3els /e6ained constant.
The /ele3ance of the e3idence cited b< the 4o3e/n6ent officials in su77o/t of
thei/ 7osition would be 6ost se/iousl< unde/6ined if it we/e t/ue that
>A? 6ost s7ecies of 7lant and ani6al life flou/ish in wa/6 cli6ates /athe/ than in
the 7ola/ /e4ions
>B? dec/eases in the a6ount of at6os7he/ic (9one o3e/ the Anta/ctic ice ca7 tend
to be seasonal /athe/ than constant
>C? dec/eases in the a6ount of at6os7he/ic o9one we/e of little conce/n befo/e
l&8$
>D? @uantities of at6os7he/ic o9one shifted awa< f/o6 the 7ola/ ca7sB
co//es7ondin4l< inc/easin4 o9one le3els in othe/ /e4ions
>E? e3en whe/e the a6ount of at6os7he/ic o9one is no/6alB so6e ult/a3iolet li4ht
/eaches the Ea/th2s su/face
1!. Goodbod<B Inc.B is in the 7/ocess of findin4 tenants fo/ its newl< co67leted Ia//ot
Nua< co66e/cial de3elo76entB which will 6a0e a3ailable hund/eds of thousands
of s@ua/e feet of new office s7ace on what was fo/6e/l< de/elict 7/o7e/t< outside
the financial cente/ of the cit<. Su/7/isin4l< enou4hB the co6in4 /ecessionB thou4h
it will hu/t 6ost of the cit<2s businessesB should hel7 Goodbod< to find tenants.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB does 6ost to hel7 /esol3e the a77a/ent
GMAT . 'SAT C- "%!
7a/ado8=
>A? Businesses fo/ced to econo6i9e b< the /ecession will want to ta0e ad3anta4e
of the lowe/ /ents a3ailable outside the financial cente/.
>B? Iublic t/ans7o/tation lin0s the financial cente/ with the a/ea a/ound Ia//ot
Nua<.
>C? The a/ea in which the Ia//ot Nua< de3elo76ent is located beca6e de/elict
afte/ the hea3< indust/< that used to be the/e closed down in a 7/e3ious
/ecession.
>D? Man< of Goodbod<2s othe/ 7/o7e/ties a/e in financial cente/ and will beco6e
3acant if the /ecession is se3e/e enou4h to fo/ce Goodbod<2s tenants out of
business.
>E? The /ecession is li0el< to ha3e the 6ost se3e/e effect not on se/3ice indust/iesB
which /e@ui/e a lot of office s7aceB but on 6anufactu/e/s.
Questions 1&-1'
D/. Mi61 Elect/onic fetal 6onito/sB now /outinel< used in hos7ital deli3e/< /oo6s to
chec0 fetal hea/tbeatB a/e 6o/e int/usi3e than o/dina/< stethosco7es and do no 6o/e to
i67/o3e the chances that a health< bab< will be bo/n. The/efo/eB the additional cost of
elect/onic 6onito/in4 is un;ustified and such 6onito/in4 should be discontinued.
D/. Ande/s1 I disa4/ee. Althou4h <ou and I 0now that both 6ethods a/e ca7able of
7/o3idin4 the sa6e info/6ationB elect/onic 6onito/in4 has been well wo/th the cost.
Docto/s now 0now the wa/nin4 si4ns the< need to listen fo/ with stethosco7esB but
onl< because of what was lea/ned f/o6 usin4 elect/onic 6onito/s.
16. ,hich one of the followin4 7/inci7lesB if acce7tedB would 7/o3ide the 6ost
su77o/t fo/ D/. Mi62s contention that the use of elect/onic fetal 6onito/s should
be discontinued=
>A? Hos7itals should discontinue the /outine use of a 6onito/in4 6ethod
whene3e/ an alte/nati3e 6ethod that 7/o3ides 6o/e info/6ation beco6es
a3ailable.
>B? Monito/in4 7/ocedu/es should be /outinel< used in deli3e/< /oo6s onl< if
the< 7/o3ide info/6ation of a 0ind that is 7otentiall< useful in ensu/in4 that a
health< bab< will be bo/n.
>C? ,hen two 6ethods a3ailable to hos7itals 7/o3ide the sa6e 0ind of
info/6ationB the 6o/e int/usi3e 6ethod should not be used.
>D? ,hen the use of a 6edical de3ice has enabled docto/s to lea/n so6ethin4 that
i67/o3es the chances that babies will be bo/n healthE? -outinel< used 6edical 7/ocedu/es should be /ee3aluated 7e/iodicall< to be
su/e that these 7/ocedu/es 7/o3ide /eliable info/6ation.
1%. As a /e7l< to D/. Mi62s a/4u6entB D/. Ande/s2 /es7onse is inade@uate because it
"%6 'SAT
>A? 6isses the 7oint at issue
>B? assu6es what it sets out to 7/o3e
>C? confuses hi4h cost with hi4h @ualit<
>D? o3e/esti6ates the i67o/tance of technolo4< to 6ode6 6edicine
>E? o3e/loo0s the fact that a 7/ocedu/e can be e8tensi3el< used without bein4 the
best 7/ocedu/e a3ailable
18. I/ofesso/ Ha/tle<2s new boo0 on 6o/al 7hiloso7h< contains nu6e/ous 7assa4es
that can be found 3e/bati6 in an ea/lie/ 7ublished wo/0 b< Ha/tle<2s collea4ueB
I/ofesso/ 'aw/ence. The/efo/e in 3iew of the fact that these 7assa4es we/e
unatt/ibuted in Ha/tle<2s boo0B Ha/tle< has been dishonest in not ac0nowled4in4
the intellectual debt owed to 'aw/ence.
,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion on which the a/4u6ent is based=
>A? Ha/tle< could not ha3e w/itten the new boo0 without the 7assa4es in
@uestion.
>B? ,hile w/itin4 the new boo0B Ha/tle< had access to the 6anusc/i7t of
'aw/ence s boo0.
>C? A boo0 on 6o/al 7hiloso7h< should contain onl< 6ate/ial /e7/esentin4 the
autho/2s own con3ictions.
>D? 'aw/ence did not 4et the ideas in the 7assa4es in Nuestion o/ did not 4et thei/
fo/6ulations o/i4inall< f/o6 Ha/tle<.
>E? Ha/tle< conside/ed the 7assa4es in @uestion to be the best 7ossible
e87/essions of the ideas the< contain.
1&. Ieo7le who /ecei3e unsolicited ad3ice f/o6 so6eone whose ad3anta4e would be
se/3ed if that ad3ice is ta0en should /e4a/d the 7/offe/ed ad3ice with s0e7ticis6
unless the/e is 4ood /eason to thin0 that thei/ inte/ests substantiall< coincide with
those of the ad3ice 4i3e/ in the ci/cu6stance in @uestion.
This 7/inci7leB if acce7tedB would ;ustif< which one of the followin4 ;ud46ents=
>A? Afte/ lea/nin4 b< chance that Ha//iet is loo0in4 fo/ a secu/e in3est6ent fo/
he/ /eti/e6ent sa3in4sB 5lo<d w/ites to he/ /eco66endin4 the -.M
Co67an< as an es7eciall< secu/e in3est6ent. But since 5lo<d is the sole
owne/ of -.MB Ha//ie/ should /e;ect his ad3ice out of hand and in3est the
sa3in4s elsewhe/e.
>B? ,hile sho77in4 fo/ a /ef/i4e/ato/B -a6on is a77/oached b< a sales7e/son
whoB on the basis of he/ 7e/sonal e87e/ienceB wa/ns hi6 a4ainst the least
e87ensi3e 6odel. Howe3e/B the sales7e/son2s co66ission inc/eases with the
7/ice of the /ef/i4e/ato/ soldB so -a6on should not /e;ect the least e87ensi3e
6odel on the sales7e/son2s ad3ice alone.
>C? Ma/io wants to b/in4 7ast/< to :3ette2s 7a/t<B and when he consults he/ :3ette
su44ests that he b/in4 his fa3o/ite chocolate fud4e b/ownies f/o6 the local
ba0e/<. Howe3e/B since :3ette also 7/efe/s those b/ownies to an< othe/
GMAT . 'SAT C- "%%
7ast/D? Sa/a o3e/hea/s -on tal0in4 about a cou/se he will be teachin4 and inte//u7ts
to /eco66end a te8tboo0 fo/ his cou/se. Howe3e/B e3en thou4h Sa/a and
-on each w/ote a cha7te/ of2 this te8tboo0B since the boo02s edito/ is a
7e/sonal f/iend of Sa/a2sB -on should in3esti4ate fu/the/ befo/e decidin4
whethe/ it is the best te8tboo0 fo/ his cou/se.
>E? Mel is bu<in4 fish fo/ sou7. +oelB who owns the fish 6a/0et whe/e Mel is a
/e4ula/ and 3alued custo6e/B su44ests a 6uch less e87ensi3e fish than the
fish Mel he/self 7/efe/s. Since if Mel follows +oel2s ad3iceB +oel will 6a0e
less 7/ofit on the sale than he would ha3e othe/wiseB Mel should follow his
/eco66endation.
$. 'ast <ea/ the count< 7a/0 s<ste6 failed to 4ene/ate enou4h /e3enue to co3e/ its
costs. An< business should be closed if it is un7/ofitableB but count< 7a/0s a/e not
businesses. The/efo/eB the fact that count< 7a/0s a/e un7/ofitable does not b<
itself ;ustif< closin4 the6.
The 7atte/n of /easonin4 in the a/4u6ent abo3e is 6ost closel< 7a/alleled in
>A? A 7/i6eAti6e tele3ision se/ies should be canceled if it fails to att/act a la/4e
audienceB but the s6all audience att/acted b< the docu6enta/< se/ies is not
sufficient /eason to cancel itB since it does not ai/ du/in4 7/i6e ti6e.
>B? Althou4h co67anies that 6anufactu/e and 6a/0et auto6obiles in the Dnited
States 6ust 6eet st/in4ent ai/A@ualit< standa/dsB the (MESA co67an<
should be e8e67t f/o6 these standa/ds since it 6anufactu/es bic<cles in
addition to auto6obiles.
>C? Althou4h the 7/o3ince did not s7ecificall< intend to 7/ohibit bettin4 on ho/se
/aces when it 7assed a law 7/ohibitin4 4a6blin4B such bettin4 should be
/e4a/ded as bein4 7/ohibited because it is a fo/6 of 4a6blin4.
>D? E3en thou4h coc0atiels a/e notB st/ictl< s7ea0in4B 6e6be/s of the 7a//ot
fa6ilE? Since 6ino/s a/e not sub;ect to the sa6e c/i6inal laws as a/e adultsB the<
should not be sub;ect to the sa6e so/ts of 7unish6ents as those that a77l< to
adults.
1. +ane1 I/ofesso/ Ha/7e/2s ideas fo/ 6odif<in4 the desi4n of 4uita/s a/e of no 3alue
because the/e is no 4ene/al a4/ee6ent a6on4 6usicians as to what a 4uita/
should sound li0e andB conse@uentl<B no widel< acce7ted basis fo/ e3aluatin4 the
6e/its of a 4uita/2s sound.
Ma/01 ,hat2s 6o/eB Ha/7e/2s ideas ha3e had enou4h ti6e to be ado7ted if the<
/eall< /esulted in su7e/io/ sound. It too0 onl< ten <ea/s fo/ the To//es desi4n fo/
4uita/s to be al6ost uni3e/sall< ado7ted because of the i67/o3e6ent it 6a0es in
"%8 'SAT
tonal @ualit<.
,hich one of the followin4 6ost accu/atel< desc/ibes the /elationshi7 between
+ane2s a/4u6ent and Ma/02s a/4u6ent=
>A? Ma/02s a/4u6ent shows how a wea0ness in +ane2s a/4u6ent can be
o3e/co6e.
>B? Ma/02s a/4u6ent has a 7/e6ise in co66on with +ane2s a/4u6ent.
>C? Ma/0 and +ane use si6ila/ techni@ues to a/4ue fo/ diffe/ent conclusions.
>D? Ma/02s a/4u6ent /estates +ane2s a/4u6ent in othe/ te/6s.
>E? Ma/02s a/4u6ent and +ane2s a/4u6ent a/e based on conflictin4 su77ositions.
Questions !!-!3
Docto/s in B/itain ha3e lon4 sus7ected that 7atients who wea/ tinted e<e4lasses a/e
abno/6all< 7/one to de7/ession and h<7ochond/ia. Is<cholo4ical tests 4i3en the/e to
hos7ital 7atients ad6itted fo/ 7h<sical co67laints li0e hea/t 7ain and di4esti3e
dist/ess confi/6ed such a /elationshi7. Ie/ha7s 7eo7le whose /elationshi7 to the wo/ld
is 7s<cholo4icall< 7ainful choose such 4lasses to /educe 3isual sti6ulationB which is
7e/cei3ed as i//itatin4. At an< /ateB it can be concluded that when such 4lasses a/e
wo/nB it is because the wea/e/ has a tendenc< to be de7/essed o/ h<7ochond/iacal.
. The a/4u6ent assu6es which one of the followin4=
>A? De7/ession is not caused in so6e cases b< an o/4anic condition of the bod<.
>B? ,ea/e/s do not thin0 of the tinted 4lasses as a 6eans of distancin4 the6sel3es
f/o6 oche/ 7eo7le.
>C? De7/ession can ha3e 6an< causesB includin4 actual conditions about which it
is /easonable fo/ an<one to be de7/essed.
>D? 5o/ h<7ochond/iacs wea/in4 tinted 4lassesB the 4lasses se/3e as a 3isual
si4nal to othe/s that the wea/e/2s health is delicate.
>E? The tintin4 does not di6 li4ht to the e<e enou4h to de7/ess the wea/e/2s 6ood
substantiall<.
". Each of the followin4B if t/ueB wea0ens the a/4u6ent EHCEIT1
>A? So6e 7eo7le wea/ tinted 4lasses not because the< choose to do so but
because a 6edical condition of thei/ e<es fo/ces the6 to do so.
>B? E3en a de7/essed o/ h<7ochond/iacal 7e/son can ha3e 3alid 6edical
co67laintsB so a docto/ should 7e/fo/6 all the usual ob;ecti3e tests in
dia4nosin4 such 7e/sons.
>C? The confi/6ato/< tests we/e not done fo/ 7laces such as weste/n )o/th
A6e/ica whe/e the usual @ualit< of li4ht diffe/s f/o6 that 7/e3ailin4 in
B/itain.
>D? 5ashions with /es7ect to wea/in4 tinted 4lasses diffe/ in diffe/ent 7a/ts of the
wo/ld.
GMAT . 'SAT C- "%&
>E? At the hos7itals whe/e the tests we/e 4i3enB 7atients who we/e ad6itted fo/
conditions less a6bi4uous than hea/t 7ain o/ di4esti3e dist/ess did not show
the /elationshi7 between tinted 4lasses and de7/ession o/ h<7ochond/ia.
#. The onl< fossili9ed bones of la/4e 7/e< found in and a/ound settle6ents of ea/l<
hu6ans bea/ teeth 6a/0s of nonhu6an 7/edato/s on a/eas of the s0eleton that had
the 6ost 6ealB and cut 6a/0s 6ade b< hu6ans on the a/eas that had the least
6eat. The 7/edato/s that hunted la/4e 7/e< in3a/iabl< a/e the 6eatiest 7a/ts of the
ca/cassesB lea3in4 uneaten /e6ains behind.
If the info/6ation abo3e is t/ueB it 7/o3ides the 6ost su77o/t fo/ which one of the
followin4=
>A? Ea/l< hu6ans we/e 7/edato/s of s6all 7/eB? Ea/l< hu6ans ate f/uits and edible /oots as well as 6eat.
>C? Ea/l< hu6ans would ha3e been 6o/e effecti3e hunte/s of la/4e 7/e< if the<
had hunted in la/4e 4/ou7s /athe/ than indi3iduall<.
>D? Ea/l< hu6ans we/e not hunte/s of la/4e 7/e< but sca3en4ed the uneaten
/e6ains of 7/e< 0illed b< othe/ 7/edato/s.
>E? Ea/l< hu6ans we/e no6adicB and thei/ settle6ents followed the 6i4/ato/<
7atte/ns of 7/edato/s of la/4e 7/e<.
!. Geo/4e1 A wellA0nown educato/ clai6s that child/en who a/e /ead to when the<
a/e 3e/< <oun4 a/e 6o/e li0el< to en;o< /eadin4 when the< 4/ow u7 than a/e
child/en who we/e not /ead to. But this clai6 is clea/l< false. M< cousin E6o/<
was /e4ula/l< /ead to as a child and as an adult he seldo6 /eads fo/ 7leasu/eB
whe/eas no one /ead to 6e and /eadin4 is now 6< fa3o/ite fo/6 of /ela8ation.
D/sula1 :ou and E6o/< 7/o3e nothin4 in this case. :ou/ e87e/ience is enou4h to
/efute the clai6 that all a3id adult /eade/s we/e /ead to as child/enB but what the
educato/ said about /eadin4 to child/en is not that so/t of clai6.
,hich one of the followin4 desc/ibes a flaw in Geo/4es /easonin4=
>A? He t/eats his own e87e/ience and the e87e/iences of othe/ 6e6be/s of his
own fa6il< as thou4h the< ha3e 6o/e wei4ht as e3idence than do the
e87e/iences of othe/ 7eo7le.
>B? He does not distin4uish between the @ualit< and the @uantit< of the boo0s that
adults /ead to E6o/< when E6o/< was a child.
>C? He o3e/loo0s the wellA0nown fact that not all /eadin4 is e@uall< /ela8in4.
>D? He fails to establish that the clai6 6ade b< this 7a/ticula/ educato/ accu/atel<
/eflects the 7osition held b< the 6a;o/it< of educato/s.
>E? He atte67ts to /efute a 4ene/al clai6 b< /efe/ence to nonconfo/6in4 casesB
althou4h the clai6 is consistent with the occu//ence of such cases.
TEST &
SECTI() I
"8$ 'SAT
1. (f all of the su/4eons 7/acticin4 at the cit< hos7italB the chief su/4eon has the
wo/st /eco/d in te/6s of the 7e/centa4e of his 7atients who die eithe/ du/in4 o/
i66ediatel< followin4 an o7e/ation 7e/fo/6ed b< hi6. Ia/ado8icall<B the
hos7ital2s ad6inist/ato/s clai6 that he is the best su/4eon cu//entl< wo/0in4 at the
hos7ital.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 4oes fa/thest towa/d showin4 that the
ad6inist/ato/s2 clai6 and the statistic cited 6i4ht both be co//ect=
>A? Since the hos7ital ad6inist/ato/s a77oint the chief su/4eonB the ad6inist/ato/s
a/e st/on4l< 6oti3ated to de7ict the chief su/4eon the< ha3e chosen as a wise
choice.
>B? In a77ointin4 the cu//ent chief su/4eonB the hos7ital ad6inist/ato/s followed
the 7/acticeB well established at the cit< hos7italB of 7/o6otin4 one of the
su/4eons al/ead< on staff.
>C? So6e of the <oun4e/ su/4eons on the cit< hos7ital2s staff /ecei3ed 7a/t of
thei/ t/ainin4 f/o6 the cu//ent chief su/4eon.
>D? At the cit< hos7ital those o7e/ations that inhe/entl< entail the 4/eatest /is0 to
the life of the 7atient a/e 4ene/all< 7e/fo/6ed b< the chief su/4eon.
>E? The cu//ent chief su/4eon has a bette/ /eco/d of 7atients2 su/3i3in4 su/4e/<
than did his i66ediate 7/edecesso/.
. Between 1&%1 and 1&%!B the 4o3e/n6ent office that 6onito/s d/u4 co67anies
issued an a3e/a4e of 6$ citations a <ea/ fo/ se/ious 3iolations of d/u4A7/o6otion
laws. Between 1&%6 and 1&8$B the annual a3e/a4e fo/ issuance of such citations
was onl< !. This dec/ease indicates that the 4o3e/n6ent office wasB on a3e/a4eB
conside/abl< 6o/e la8 in enfo/cin4 d/u4A7/o6otion laws between 1&%6 and 1&8$
than it was between 1&%1 and 1&%!.
>A? The dec/ease in the nu6be/ of citations was not caused b< a dec/ease in d/u4
co67anies 3iolations of d/u4A7/o6otion laws.
>B? A chan4e in enfo/ce6ent of d/u4A7/o6otion laws did not a77l< to 6ino/
3iolations.
>C? The enfo/ce6ent of d/u4A7/o6otion laws chan4ed in /es7onse to 7olitical
7/essu/e.
>D? The 4o3e/n6ent office should not issue 6o/e than an a3e/a4e of ! citations a
<ea/ to d/u4 co67anies fo/ se/ious 3iolations of d/u4A7/o6otion laws.
>E? Befo/e 1&%1 the 4o3e/n6ent office issued 6o/e than 6$ citations a <ea/ to
d/u4 co67anies fo/ se/ious 3iolations of d/u4A7/o6otion laws.
". Sheila1 Health e87e/ts 4ene/all< a4/ee that s6o0in4 a tobacco 7/oduct fo/ 6an<
GMAT . 'SAT C- "81
<ea/s is 3e/< li0el< to be ha/6ful to the s6o0e/2s health.
Ti61 (n the cont/a/<B s6o0in4 has no effect on health at all1 althou4h 6<
4/andfathe/ s6o0ed th/ee ci4a/s a da< f/o6 the a4e of fou/teenB he died at a4e
ninet<Asi8.
A 6a;o/ wea0ness of Ti62s counte/a/4u6ent is that his counte/a/4u6ent
>A? atte67ts to /efute a 7/obabilistic conclusion b< clai6in4 the e8istence of a
sin4le counte/e8a67le
>B? challen4es e87e/t o7inion on the basis of s7ecific info/6ation una3ailable to
e87e/ts in the field
>C? desc/ibes an indi3idual case that is e87licitl< discounted as an e8ce7tion to
the e87e/ts2 conclusion
>D? 7/esu77oses that lon4e3it< and health status a/e un/elated to each othe/ in the
4ene/al 7o7ulation
>E? tacitl< assu6es that those health e87e/ts who a/e in a4/ee6ent on this issue
a//i3ed at that a4/ee6ent inde7endentl< of one anothe/
#. The case of the 5/ench -e3olution is t<7icall< /e4a/ded as the best e3idence fo/
the clai6 that societies can /ea7 6o/e benefit than ha/6 f/o6 a /e3olution. But
e3en the 5/ench -e3olution se/3es this /ole 7oo/l<B since 5/ance at the ti6e of the
-e3olution had a uni@ue ad3anta4e. Des7ite the -e3olutionB the sa6e ci3il
se/3ants and functiona/ies /e6ained in officeB ca//<in4 on the da<AtoAda< wo/0 of
4o3e/n6entB and thus 6an< of the dis/u7tions that /e3olutions no/6all< b/in4
we/e a3oided.
,hich one of the followin4 6ost accu/atel< cha/acte/i9es the a/4u6entati3e
st/ate4< used in the 7assa4e=
>A? de6onst/atin4 that the clai6 a/4ued a4ainst is inte/nall< inconsistent
>B? su77o/tin4 a 7a/ticula/ 7osition on the basis of 4ene/al 7/inci7les
>C? o77osin4 a clai6 b< unde/6inin4 e3idence offe/ed in su77o/t of that clai6
>D? ;ustif<in4 a 3iew th/ou4h the use of a se/ies of 7e/suasi3e e8a67les
>E? co67a/in4 two 7ositions in o/de/ to illust/ate thei/ /elati3e st/en4ths and
wea0nesses
!. A 7e/son can de3elo7 o/ out4/ow asth6a at an< a4e. In child/en unde/ tenB
asth6a is twice as li0el< to de3elo7 in bo<s. Bo<s a/e less li0el< than 4i/ls to
out4/ow asth6aB <et b< adolescence the 7e/centa4e of bo<s with asth6a is about
the sa6e as the 7e/centa4e of 4i/ls with asth6a because a la/4e nu6be/ of 4i/ls
de3elo7 asth6a in ea/l< adolescence.
Assu6in4 the t/uth of the 7assa4eB one can conclude f/o6 it that the nu6be/ of
adolescent bo<s with asth6a is a77/o8i6atel< e@ual to the nu6be/ of adolescent
4i/ls with asth6aB if one also 0nows that
>A? a tendenc< towa/d asth6a is often inhe/ited
"8 'SAT
>B? child/en who de3elo7 asth6a befo/e two <ea/s of a4e a/e unli0el< to out4/ow
it
>C? the/e a/e a77/o8i6atel< e@ual nu6be/s of adolescent bo<s and adolescent
4i/ls in the 7o7ulation
>D? the de3elo76ent of asth6a in childhood is not closel< /elated to cli6ate o/
en3i/on6ent
>E? the 7e/centa4e of adults with asth6a is lowe/ than the 7e/centa4e of
adolescents with asth6a
6. Ha//< T/e3al4a1 :ou and <ou/ 7ublication ha3e unfai/l< disc/i6inated a4ainst 6<
7oe6s. I ha3e sub6itted thi/t< 7oe6s in the last two <ea/s and <ou ha3e not
7ublished an< of the6J It is all because I won the 5enne/ Ioet/< Awa/d two <ea/s
a4o and <ou/ 7oet/< edito/ thou4ht she dese/3ed it.
Iublishe/1 -idiculousJ (u/ edito/ial 7olic< and 7/actice is 7e/fectl< fai/B since ou/
7oet/< edito/ ;ud4es all sub6issions fo/ 7ublication without e3e/ seein4 the
na6es of the 7oetsB and hence cannot 7ossibl< ha3e 0nown who w/ote <ou/
7oe6s.
The 7ublishe/ 6a0es which one of the followin4 assu67tions in /e7l<in4 to
T/e3al4a2s cha/4es of unfai/ disc/i6ination=
>A? The 7oet/< edito/ does not bea/ a 4/ud4e a4ainst Ha//< T/e3al4a fo/ his
winnin4 the 5enne/ Ioet/< Awa/d.
>B? It is not unusual fo/ 7oets to cont/ibute 6an< 7oe6s to the 7ublishe/2s
7ublication without e3e/ ha3in4 an< acce7ted fo/ 7ublication.
>C? The 7oet/< edito/ cannot /eco4ni9e the 7oe6s sub6itted b< Ha//< T/e3al4a as
his unless T/e3al4a2s na6e is attached to the6.
>D? The 7oet/< edito/2s decisions on which 7oe6s to 7ublish a/e not based st/ictl<
on ;ud46ents of int/insic 6e/it.
>E? Ha//< T/e3al4a sub6itted his 7oe6s to the 7ublishe/2s 7ublication unde/ his
7en na6e.
%. In a stud< of the effect of /adiation f/o6 nuclea/ wea7ons 7lants on 7eo7le li3in4
in a/eas nea/ the6B /esea/che/s co67a/ed death /ates in the a/eas nea/ the 7lants
with death /ates in a/eas that had no such 7lants. 5indin4 no diffe/ence in these
/atesB the /esea/che/s concluded that /adiation f/o6 the nuclea/ wea7ons 7lants
7oses no health ha9a/ds to 7eo7le li3in4 nea/ the6.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< wea0ens the /esea/che/s2
a/4u6ent=
>A? )uclea/ 7owe/ 7lants we/e not included in the stud<.
>B? The a/eas studied had si6ila/ death /ates befo/e and afte/ the nuclea/ wea7ons
7lants we/e built.
>C? E87osu/e to nuclea/ /adiation can cause 6an< se/ious diseases that do not
necessa/il< /esult in death.
GMAT . 'SAT C- "8"
>D? (nl< a s6all nu6be/ of a/eas ha3e nuclea/ wea7ons 7lants.
>E? The /esea/che/s did not stud< the 7ossible health ha9a/ds of /adiation on
7eo7le who we/e e67lo<ed at the nuclea/ wea7ons 7lants if those e67lo<ees
did not li3e in the stud< a/eas.
8. It was once belie3ed that cells 4/own in labo/ato/< tissue cultu/es we/e essentiall<
i66o/tal. That isB as lon4 as all of thei/ needs we/e 6etB the< would continue
di3idin4 fo/e3e/. Howe3e/B it has been shown that no/6al cells ha3e a finite
/e7/oducti3e li6it. A hu6an li3e/ cellB fo/ e8a67leB di3ides 6$ ti6es and then
sto7s. If such a cell di3ides "$ ti6es and then is 7ut into a dee7 f/ee9e fo/ 6onths
o/ e3en <ea/s. It E/e6e6be/sF whe/e it sto77ed di3idin4. Afte/ thawin4B it di3ides
anothe/ "$ ti6esKbut no 6o/e.
If the info/6ation abo3e is accu/ateB a li3e/ cell in which 6o/e than 6$ di3isions
too0 7lace in a tissue cultu/e CA))(T be which one of the followin4=
>A? an abno/6al hu6an li3e/ cell
>B? a no/6al hu6an li3e/ cell that had been f/o9en afte/ its fi/st di3ision and
afte/wa/d thawed
>C? a no/6al cell that ca6e f/o6 the li3e/ of an indi3idual of a nonhu6an s7ecies
and had ne3e/ been f/o9en
>D? a no/6al li3e/ cell that ca6e f/o6 an indi3idual of a nonhu6an s7ecies and
had been f/o9en afte/ its fi/st di3ision and afte/wa/d thawed
>E? an abno/6al cell f/o6 the li3e/ of an indi3idual of a nonhu6an s7ecies
&. Co67laints that 6il0 bottle/s ta0e eno/6ous 6a/0u7s on the bottled 6il0 sold to
consu6e/s a/e 6ost li0el< to a/ise when least wa//anted b< the actual s7/ead
between the 7/ice that bottle/s 7a< fo/ /aw 6il0 and the 7/ice at which the< sell
bottled 6il0. The co67laints occu/ when the bottledA6il0 7/ice /isesB <et these
7/ice inc/eases 6ost often 6e/el< /eflect the /isin4 7/ice of the /aw 6il0 that
bottle/s bu< f/o6 dai/< fa/6e/s. ,hen the /awA6il0 7/ice is /isin4B the bottle/s2
6a/0u7s a/e actuall< s6allest 7/o7o/tionate to the /etail 7/ice. ,hen the /awA6il0
7/ice is fallin4B howe3e/B the 6a/0u7s a/e 4/eatest.
t/ue on the basis of the6=
>A? Consu6e/s 7a< 6o/e fo/ bottled 6il0 when /awA6il0 7/ices a/e fallin4 than
when these 7/ices a/e /isin4.
>B? Inc/eases in dai/< fa/6e/s2 cost of 7/oducin4 6il0 a/e 4ene/all< not 7assed on
to consu6e/s.
>C? Mil0 bottle/s ta0e substantiall< 4/eate/ 6a/0u7s on bottled 6il0 when its
7/ice is low fo/ an e8tended 7e/iod than when it is hi4h fo/ an e8tended
7e/iod.
>D? Mil0 bottle/s 4ene/all< do not /es7ond to a dec/ease in /awA6il0 7/ices b<
st/ai4htawa< 7/o7o/tionatel< lowe/in4 the 7/ice of the bottled 6il0 the< sell.
"8# 'SAT
>E? Consu6e/s tend to co67lain 6o/e about the 7/ice the< 7a< fo/ bottled 6il0
when dai/< fa/6e/s a/e ea/nin4 thei/ s6allest 7/ofits.
Questions 10-11
If the 7ublic lib/a/< sha/ed b< the ad;acent towns of -ed3ille and Glenwood we/e
/elocated f/o6 the lib/a/<2s cu//entB o3e/c/owded buildin4 in cent/al -ed3ille to a
la/4e/B a3ailable buildin4 in cent/al GlenwoodB the lib/a/< would then be within
wal0in4 distance of a la/4e/ nu6be/ of lib/a/< use/s. That is because the/e a/e 6an<
6o/e 7eo7le li3in4 in cent/al Glenwood than in cent/al -ed3illeB and 7eo7le 4ene/all<
will wal0 to the lib/a/< onl< if it is located close to thei/ ho6es.
1$. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost st/en4thens the a/4u6ent=
>A? The 7ublic lib/a/< was located between Glenwood and -ed3ille befo/e bein4
6o3ed to its cu//ent location in cent/al -ed3ille.
>B? The a/ea co3e/ed b< cent/al Glenwood is a77/o8i6atel< the sa6e si9e as that
co3e/ed b< cent/al -ed3ille.
>C? The buildin4 that is a3ailable in Glenwood is s6alle/ than an alte/nati3e
buildin4 that is a3ailable in -ed3ille.
>D? Man< of the 7eo7le who use the 7ublic lib/a/< do not li3e in eithe/ Glenwood
o/ -ed3ille.
>E? The distance that 7eo7le cu//entl< wal0 to 4et to the lib/a/< is fa/the/ than
what is 4ene/all< conside/ed wal0in4 distance.
11. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< wea0ens the a/4u6ent=
>A? Man< 6o/e 7eo7le who cu//entl< wal0 to the lib/a/< li3e in cent/al -ed3ille
than in cent/al Glenwood.
>B? The nu6be/ of 7eo7le li3in4 in cent/al Glenwood who would use the lib/a/<
if it we/e located the/e is s6alle/ than the nu6be/ of 7eo7le li3in4 in cent/al
-ed3ille who cu//entl< use the lib/a/<.
>C? The nu6be/ of 7eo7le usin4 the 7ublic lib/a/< would continue to inc/ease
steadil< if the lib/a/< we/e 6o3ed to Glenwood.
>D? Most of the 7eo7le who cu//entl< eithe/ d/i3e to the lib/a/< o/ ta0e 7ublic
t/ans7o/tation to /each it would continue to do so if the lib/a/< we/e 6o3ed
to cent/al Glenwood.
>E? Most of the 7eo7le who cu//entl< wal0 to the lib/a/< would /e6ain lib/a/<
use/s if the lib/a/< we/e /elocated to cent/al Glenwood.
1. 'i4ht utilit< t/uc0s ha3e beco6e 7o7ula/ a6on4 consu6e/s who bu< the6
7/i6a/il< fo/ the t/uc0s2 /u44ed a77ea/ance. :et althou4h these t/uc0s a/e tou4hA
loo0in4B the< a/e e8e67t f/o6 the 4o3e/n6ent2s ca/Asafet< standa/ds that dictate
6ini6u6 /oof st/en4th and 6ini6u6 /esistance to i67act. The/efo/eB if in3ol3ed
in a se/ious hi4hAi67act accidentB a d/i3e/ of one of these t/uc0s is 6o/e li0el< to
be in;u/ed than is a d/i3e/ of a ca/ that is sub;ect to these 4o3e/n6ent standa/ds.
GMAT . 'SAT C- "8!
The a/4u6ent de7ends on the assu67tion that
>A? the 4o3e/n6ent has established safet< standa/ds fo/ the const/uction of li4ht
utilit< t/uc0s
>B? 7eo7le who bu< auto6obiles solel< fo/ thei/ a77ea/ance a/e 6o/e li0el< than
othe/ 7eo7le to d/i3e /ec0lessl<
>C? li4ht utilit< t/uc0s a/e 6o/e li0el< than othe/ 0inds of 3ehicles to be in3ol3ed
in accidents that /esult in in;u/ies
>D? the t/uc0s2 /u44ed a77ea/ance is dece7ti3e in that thei/ en4ines a/e not
es7eciall< 7owe/ful
>E? li4ht utilit< t/uc0s a/e less li0el< to 6eet the ca/Asafet< standa/ds than a/e ca/s
that a/e sub;ect to the standa/ds
1". 5i3e <ea/s a4oB du/in4 the fi/st )o/th A6e/ican outb/ea0 of the cattle disease
CHCB the death /ate f/o6 the disease was ! 7e/cent of all /e7o/ted casesB whe/eas
toda< the co//es7ondin4 fi4u/e is o3e/ 18 7e/cent. It is clea/B the/efo/eB that du/in4
these 7ast ! <ea/sB CHC has inc/eased in 3i/ulence.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost substantiall< wea0ens the a/4u6ent=
>A? Man< /ecent cattle deaths that ha3e actuall< been caused b< CHC ha3e been
6ista0enl< att/ibuted to anothe/ disease that 6i6ics the s<67to6s of CHC.
>B? Du/in4 the fi/st )o/th A6e/ican outb/ea0 of the diseaseB 6an< of the deaths
/e7o/ted to ha3e been caused b< CHC we/e actuall< due to othe/ causes.
>C? An inoculation 7/o4/a6 a4ainst CHC was /ecentl< be4un afte/ cont/olled
studies showed inoculation to be %$ 7e/cent effecti3e in 7/e3entin4 se/ious
cases of the illness.
>D? Since the fi/st outb/ea0B fa/6e/s ha3e lea/ned to t/eat 6ild cases of CHC and
no lon4e/ /e7o/t the6 to 3ete/ina/ians o/ autho/ities.
>E? Cattle that ha3e cont/acted and su/3i3ed CHC /a/el< cont/act the disease a
second ti6e.
Questions 14-15
Econo6ist1 So6e 7olic<6a0e/s belie3e that ou/ count/<2s continued econo6ic 4/owth
/e@ui/es a hi4he/ le3el of 7e/sonal sa3in4s than we cu//entl< ha3e. A /ecent le4islati3e
7/o7osal would allow indi3iduals to set u7 sa3in4s accounts in which inte/est ea/ned
would be e8e67t f/o6 ta8es until 6one< is withd/awn f/o6 the account. Bac0e/s of
this 7/o7osal clai6 that its i67le6entation would inc/ease the a6ount of 6one<
a3ailable fo/ ban0s to loan at a /elati3el< s6all cost to the 4o3e/n6ent in lost ta8
/e3enues. :etB when si6ila/ ta8Aincenti3e 7/o4/a6s we/e t/ied in the 7astB 3i/tuall< all
of the 6one< in3ested th/ou4h the6 was di3e/ted f/o6 othe/ 7e/sonal sa3in4sB and the
o3e/all le3el of 7e/sonal sa3in4s was unchan4ed.
1#. The 7assa4e as a whole 7/o3ides the 6ost su77o/t fo/ which one of the followin4
conclusions=
"86 'SAT
>A? Bac0e/s of the ta8Aincenti3e 7/o7osal undoubtedl< ha3e so6e 6oti3e othe/
than thei/ e87/essed ai6 of inc/easin4 the a6ount of 6one< a3ailable fo/
ban0s to loan.
>B? The 7/o7osed ta8 incenti3e is unli0el< to att/act enou4h additional 6one< into
7e/sonal sa3in4s accounts to 6a0e u7 fo/ the attendant loss in ta8 /e3enues.
>C? A ta8Aincenti3e 7/o4/a6 that /esulted in substantial loss of ta8 /e3enues
would be li0el< to 4ene/ate a la/4e inc/ease in 7e/sonal sa3in4s.
>D? The econo6< will be in dan4e/ unless so6e alte/nati3e to inc/eased 7e/sonal
sa3in4s can be found to sti6ulate 4/owth.
>E? The 4o3e/n6ent has no effecti3e 6eans of influencin4 the a6ount of 6one<
that 7eo7le a/e willin4 to 7ut into sa3in4s accounts.
1!. The autho/ c/itici9es the 7/o7osed ta8Aincenti3e 7/o4/a6 b<
>A? challen4in4 a 7/e6ise on which the 7/o7osal is based
>B? 7ointin4 out a disa4/ee6ent a6on4 7olic<6a0e/s
>C? de6onst/atin4 that the 7/o7osal2s i67le6entation is not feasible
>D? @uestionin4 the ;ud46ent of the 7/o7osal2s bac0e/s b< citin4 7ast cases in
which the< had ad3ocated 7/o4/a6s that ha3e 7/o3ed ineffecti3e
>E? dis7utin4 the assu67tion that a 7/o4/a6 to encou/a4e 7e/sonal sa3in4s is
needed
16. Althou4h all bi/ds ha3e feathe/s and all bi/ds ha3e win4sB so6e bi/ds do not fl<.
5o/ e8a67leB 7en4uins and ost/iches use thei/ win4s to 6o3e in a diffe/ent wa<
f/o6 othe/ bi/ds. Ien4uins use thei/ win4s onl< to swi6 unde/ wate/ at hi4h
s7eeds. (st/iches use thei/ win4s onl< to /un with the wind b< liftin4 the6 as if
the< we/e sails.
,hich one of the followin4 is 6ost 7a/allel in its /easonin4 to the a/4u6ent
abo3e=
>A? Ancient 7hiloso7he/s t/ied to e87lain not how the wo/ld functions but wh< it
functions. In cont/astB 6ost conte67o/a/< biolo4ists see0 co67/ehensi3e
theo/ies of how o/4anis6s functionB but 6an< /efuse to s7eculate about
7u/7ose.
>B? So6e chai/s a/e used onl< as deco/ationsB and othe/ chai/s a/e used onl< to
ta6e lions. The/efo/eB not all chai/s a/e used fo/ sittin4 in des7ite the fact
that all chai/s ha3e a seat and so6e su77o/t such as le4s.
>C? So6e 6usicians in a s<67hon< o/chest/a 7la< the 3iolinB and othe/s 7la< the
3iolaB but these a/e both in the sa6e cate4o/< of 6usical inst/u6entsB na6el<
st/in4 inst/u6ents.
>D? All ca/s ha3e si6ila/ d/i3e 6echanis6sB but so6e ca/s de/i3e thei/ 7owe/
f/o6 sola/ ene/4E? Sailin4 shi7s 6o3e in a diffe/ent wa< f/o6 stea6shi7s. Both sailin4 shi7s and
GMAT . 'SAT C- "8%
stea6shi7s na3i4ate o3e/ wate/B but onl< sailin4 shi7s use sails to 6o3e o3e/
the su/face.
Questions 1'-18
+ones1 I/ehisto/ic wooden tools found in South A6e/ica ha3e been dated to 1"B$$$
<ea/s a4o. Althou4h scientists att/ibute these tools to 7eo7les whose ancesto/s fi/st
c/ossed into the A6e/icas f/o6 Sibe/ia to Alas0aB this cannot be co//ect. In o/de/ to
ha3e /eached a site so fa/ southB these 7eo7les 6ust ha3e been 6i4/atin4 southwa/d
well befo/e 1"B$$$ <ea/s a4o. Howe3e/B no such tools datin4 to befo/e 1"B$$$ <ea/s
a4o ha3e been found an<whe/e between Alas0a and South A6e/ica.
S6ith1 :ou/ e3idence is inconclusi3e. Those tools we/e found in 7eat bo4sB which a/e
/a/e in the A6e/icas. ,ooden tools in soils othe/ than 7eat bo4s usuall< deco67ose
within onl< a few <ea/s.
1%. The 7oint at issue between +ones and S6ith is
>A? whethe/ all 7/ehisto/ic tools that a/e 1"B$$$ <ea/s o/ olde/ we/e 6ade of
wood
>B? whethe/ the scientists2 att/ibution of tools could be co//ect in li4ht of +ones2s
e3idence
>C? whethe/ the datin4 of the wooden tools b< the scientists could be co//ect
>D? how lon4 a4o the 7eo7les who c/ossed into the A6e/ican f/o6 Sibe/ia to
Alas0a fi/st did so
>E? whethe/ S6ith2s e3idence entails that the wooden tools ha3e been dated
co//ectl<
18. S6ith /es7onds to +ones b<
>A? citin4 se3e/al studies that in3alidate +ones2s conclusion
>B? accusin4 +ones of disto/tin4 the scientists2 7osition
>C? dis7utin4 the accu/ac< of the su77o/tin4 e3idence cited b< +ones
>D? showin4 that +ones2s e3idence actuall< su77o/ts the denial of +ones2s
conclusion
>E? challen4in4 an i67licit assu67tion in +ones2s a/4u6ent
1&. Edito/ial1 It is clea/ that if this count/<2s uni3e/sities we/e li3in4 u7 to both thei/
6o/al and thei/ intellectual /es7onsibilitiesB the bestAsellin4 7ublications in 6ost
uni3e/sit< boo0sto/es would not be f/i3olous ones li0e 12 1oday and 3ossi0
-e4iew. Howe3e/B in 6ost uni3e/sit< boo0sto/es the onl< 7ublication that sells
bette/ than 3ossi0 -e4iew is 12 1oday.
If the state6ents in the edito/ial a/e t/ueB which one of the followin4 6ust also be
t/ue on the basis of the6=
>A? Ieo7le who 7u/chase 7ublications that a/e de3oted 7/i6a/il< to 4ossi7 o/ to
tele3ision 7/o4/a66in4 a/e intellectuall< i//es7onsible.
"88 'SAT
>B? It is i//es7onsible fo/ uni3e/sit< boo0sto/es to ca//< 7ublications such as
3ossi0 -e4iew and 12 1oday.
>C? Most 7eo7le who 7u/chase 7ublications at uni3e/sit< boo0sto/es 7u/chase
eithe/ 12 1oday o/ 3ossi0 -e4iew.
>D? Man< 7eo7le who attend this count/<2s uni3e/sities fail to li3e u7 to both thei/
6o/al and thei/ intellectual /es7onsibilities.
>E? At least so6e of this count/<2s uni3e/sities a/e not 6eetin4 thei/ 6o/al
/es7onsibilities o/ thei/ intellectual /es7onsibilities o/ both.
Questions !0-!1
Saunde/s1 E3e/<one at last wee02s nei4hbo/hood association 6eetin4 a4/eed that the
/ow of abandoned and 3andali9ed houses on Ca/lton St/eet 7osed a th/eat to the safet<
of ou/ nei4hbo/hood. Mo/eo3e/B no one now dis7utes that 4ettin4 the houses to/n
down eli6inated that th/eat. So6e 7eo7le t/ied to a/4ue that it was unnecessa/< to
de6olish what the< clai6ed we/e basicall< sound buildin4sB since the cit< had
established a fund to hel7 7eo7le in need of housin4 bu< and /ehabilitate such
buildin4s. The o3e/whel6in4 success of the de6olition st/ate4<B howe3e/B 7/o3es that
the 6a;o/it<B who fa3o/ed de6olitionB we/e /i4ht and that those who clai6ed that the
7/oble6 could and should be sol3ed b< /ehabilitatin4 the houses we/e w/on4.
$. ,hich one of the followin4 7/inci7lesB if establishedB would dete/6ine that
de6olishin4 the houses was the /i4ht decision o/ instead would dete/6ine that the
7/o7osal ad3ocated b< the o77onents of de6olition should ha3e been ado7ted=
>A? ,hen what to do about an abandoned nei4hbo/hood buildin4 is in dis7uteB
the cou/se of action that would /esult in the 6ost housin4 fo/ 7eo7le who
need it should be the one ado7ted unless the buildin4 is belie3ed to 7ose a
th/eat to nei4hbo/hood safet<.
>B? ,hen the/e a/e two 7/o7osals fo/ sol3in4 a nei4hbo/hood 7/oble6B and onl<
one of the6 would 7/eclude the 7ossibilit< of t/<in4 the othe/ a77/oach if the
fi/st 7/o3es unsatisfacto/C? If one of two 7/o7osals fo/ /eno3atin4 3acant nei4hbo/hood buildin4s
/e@ui/es 4o3e/n6ent fundin4 whe/eas the second does notB the second
7/o7osal should be the one ado7ted unless the necessa/< 4o3e/n6ent funds
ha3e al/ead< been secu/ed.
>D? )o 7lan fo/ eli6inatin4 a nei4hbo/hood 7/oble6 that /e@ui/es de6olishin4
basicall< sound houses should be ca//ied out until all othe/ 7ossible
alte/nati3es ha3e been tho/ou4hl< in3esti4ated.
>E? )o 7/o7osal fo/ dealin4 with a th/eat to a nei4hbo/hood2s safet< should be
ado7ted 6e/el< because a 6a;o/it< of the /esidents of that nei4hbo/hood
7/efe/ that 7/o7osal to a 7a/ticula/ counte/7/o7osal.
1. Saunde/s2 /easonin4 is flawed because it
GMAT . 'SAT C- "8&
>A? /elies on fea/ /athe/ than on a/4u6ent to 7e/suade the nei4hbo/hood
association to /e;ect the 7olic< ad3ocated b< Saunde/s2 o77onents
>B? fails to establish that the/e is an<one who could @ualif< fo/ cit< funds who
would be inte/ested in bu<in4 and /ehabilitatin4 the houses
>C? 6ista0enl< e@uates an absence of 3ocal 7ublic dissent with the 7/esence of
uni3e/sal 7ublic su77o/t
>D? offe/s no e3idence that the 7olic< ad3ocated b< Saunde/s2 o77onents would
not ha3e succeeded if it had been 4i3en the chance
>E? does not s7ecif< the 7/ecise natu/e of the th/eat to nei4hbo/hood safet<
su77osedl< 7osed b< the 3andali9ed houses
. 5o/ the w/ite/s who fi/st 4a3e feudalis6 its na6eB the e8istence of feudalis6
7/esu77osed the e8istence of a noble class. :et the/e cannot be a noble classB
7/o7e/l< s7ea0in4B unless both the titles that indicate su7e/io/B noble status and
the inhe/itance of such titles a/e sanctioned b< law. Althou4h feudalis6 e8isted in
Eu/o7e as ea/l< as the ei4hth centu/A? To sa< that feudalis6 b< definition /e@ui/es the e8istence of a nobilit< is to
e67lo< a definition that disto/ts histo/<.
>B? I/io/ to the twelfth centu/C? The fact that a societal 4/ou7 has a distinct le4al status is not in itself
sufficient to allow that 4/ou7 to be 7/o7e/l< conside/ed a social class.
>D? The decline of feudalis6 in Eu/o7e was the onl< cause of the /ise of a
Eu/o7ean nobilit<.
>E? The 7/io/ e8istence of feudal institutions is a 7/e/e@uisite fo/ the e6e/4ence of
a nobilit<B as defined in the st/ictest sense of the te/6.
". Ma<o/ S6ithB one of ou/ few 4o3e/n6ent officials with a /eco/d of outs7o0enB
info/6edB and consistent o77osition to nuclea/ 7owe/ 7lant const/uction 7/o;ectsB
has now decla/ed he/self in fa3o/ of buildin4 the nuclea/ 7owe/ 7lant at
'ittletown. If so6eone with he/ 7ast antinuclea/ /eco/d now fa3o/s buildin4 this
7owe/ 7lantB then the/e is 4ood /eason to belie3e that it will be safe and the/efo/e
should be built.
The a/4u6ent is 3ulne/able to c/iticis6 on which one of the followin4 4/ounds=
>A? It o3e/loo0s the 7ossibilit< that not all those who fail to s7ea0 out on issues of
nuclea/ 7owe/ a/e necessa/il< o77osed to it.
>B? It assu6es without wa//ant that the @ualities enablin4 a 7e/son to be elected to
7ublic office confe/ on that 7e/son a 4/as7 of the scientific 7/inci7les on
"&$ 'SAT
which technical decisions a/e based.
>C? It fails to establish that a consistent and outs7o0en o77osition is necessa/il<
an info/6ed o77osition.
>D? It leads to the fu/the/ but unacce7table conclusion that an< 7/o;ect fa3o/ed b<
Ma<o/ S6ith should be sanctioned si67l< on the basis of he/ ha3in4 s7o0en
out in fa3o/ of it.
>E? It 4i3es no indication of eithe/ the basis of Ma<o/ S6ith2s fo/6e/ o77osition
to nuclea/ 7owe/ 7lant const/uction o/ the /easons fo/ he/ su77o/t fo/ the
'ittletown 7/o;ect.
#. Ad3e/tise6ent1 In toda<2s wo/ldB <ou 6a0e a state6ent about the 7e/son <ou a/e
b< the ca/ <ou own. The 6essa4e of the SMH MachA! is una6bi4uous1 Its owne/
is D<na6icB A44/essi3eB and Successful. Shouldn2t <ou own an SMH MachA!=
If the clai6s 6ade in the ad3e/tise6ent a/e t/ueB which one of the followin4 6ust
also be t/ue on the basis of the6=
>A? An<one who is d<na6ic and a44/essi3e is also successful.
>B? An<one who is not both d<na6ic and successful would 6is/e7/esent hi6self
o/ he/self b< bein4 the owne/ of an SMH MachA!.
>C? Ieo7le who bu< the SMH MachA! a/e usuall< 6o/e a44/essi3e than 7eo7le
who bu< othe/ ca/s.
>D? )o ca/ othe/ than the SMH MachA! announces that its owne/ is successful.
>E? Al6ost no one would fail to /eco4ni9e the 0ind of 7e/son who would choose
to own an SMH MachA!.
!. The 4/eat 6edie3al uni3e/sities had no ad6inist/ato/sB <et the< endu/ed fo/
centu/ies. (u/ uni3e/sit< has a hu4e ad6inist/ati3e staffB and we a/e in se/ious
financial difficulties. The/efo/eB we should abolish the 7ositions and sala/ies of
the ad6inist/ato/s to ensu/e the lon4e3it< of the uni3e/sit<.
,hich one of the followin4 a/4u6ents contains flawed /easonin4 that 6ost
closel< 7a/allels the flawed /easonin4 in the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? )o ai/7lane had ;et en4ines befo/e 1&#$B <et ai/7lanes had been fl<in4 since
1&$". The/efo/eB ;et en4ines a/e not necessa/< fo/ the o7e/ation of ai/7lanes.
>B? The no3elist2s sto/ies be4an to be acce7ted fo/ 7ublication soon afte/ she
sta/ted usin4 a co67ute/ to w/ite the6. :ou ha3e been ha3in4 t/ouble 4ettin4
<ou/ sto/ies acce7ted fo/ 7ublicationB and <ou do not use a co67ute/. To
6a0e su/e <ou/ sto/ies a/e acce7ted fo/ 7ublicationB thenB <ou should w/ite
the6 with the aid of a co67ute/.
>C? Afte/ docto/s be4an usin4 antibioticsB the nu6be/ of infections a6on4
7atients d/o77ed d/asticall<. )owB howe3e/B /esistant st/ains of bacte/ia
cannot be cont/olled b< standa/d antibiotics. The/efo/eB new 6ethods of
cont/ol a/e needed.
>D? A bic<cle should not be /idden without a hel6et. Since a 4ood hel6et can
GMAT . 'SAT C- "&1
sa3e the /ide/2s lifeB a hel6et should be conside/ed the 6ost i67o/tant 7iece
of bic<clin4 e@ui76ent.
>E? The 4/eat cities of the ancient wo/ld we/e 6ostl< built alon4 wate/wa<s.
A/chaeolo4ists sea/chin4 fo/ the /e6ains of such cities should the/efo/e t/<
to dete/6ine whe/e 6a;o/ /i3e/s used to /un.
SECTI() I*
1. The cafete/ia at Ac6e Co67an< can offe/ onl< fou/ 6ain dishes at lunchti6eB
and the sa6e fou/ choices ha3e been offe/ed fo/ <ea/s. -ecentl< 6ush/oo6
casse/ole was offe/ed in 7lace of one of the othe/ 6ain dishes fo/ two da<sB
du/in4 which 6o/e 7eo7le chose 6ush/oo6 casse/ole than an< othe/ 6ain dish.
Clea/l<B if the cafete/ia wants to 7lease its custo6e/sB 6ush/oo6 casse/ole should
/e7lace one of the /e4ula/ dishes as a 7e/6anent 7a/t of the 6enu.
The a/4u6ent is 6ost 3ulne/able to c/iticis6 on the 4/ounds that it fails to
conside/
>A? the 7/o7o/tion of Ac6e Co67an< e67lo<ees who /e4ula/l< eat lunch in the
co67an< cafete/ia
>B? whethe/ an< of the in4/edients used in the cafete/ia2s /eci7e fo/ 6ush/oo6
casse/ole a/e included in an< of the /e4ula/ 6ain dishes
>C? a desi/e fo/ 3a/iet< as a /eason fo/ 7eo7le2s choice of 6ush/oo6 casse/ole
du/in4 the da<s it was offe/ed
>D? what foods othe/ than 6ain dishes a/e /e4ula/l< offe/ed at lunchti6e b< the
cafete/ia
>E? whethe/ othe/ 6eals besides lunch a/e se/3ed in the Ac6e Co67an< cafete/ia
. ,hen oldA4/ow fo/ests a/e clea/ed of tall t/eesB 6o/e sunli4ht /eaches the fo/est
floo/. This /esults in a sha/7 inc/ease in the 7o7ulation of leaf< sh/ubs on which
the 6ule dee/ de7end fo/ food. :et 6ule dee/ he/ds that inhabit clea/ed fo/ests a/e
less wellAnou/ished than a/e he/ds li3in4 in oldA4/owth fo/ests.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost hel7s to /esol3e the a77a/ent 7a/ado8=
>A? Mule dee/ ha3e en9<6eA/ich sali3a and s7eciali9ed di4esti3e o/4ans that
enable the dee/ to di4est tou4h 7lants inedible to othe/ dee/ s7ecies.
>B? Mule dee/ he/ds that inhabit clea/ed fo/ests tend to ha3e 6o/e fe6ale with
<oun4 offs7/in4 and fewe/ adult 6ales than do othe/ 6ule dee/ 7o7ulations.
>C? Mule dee/ 7o7ulations a/e s7/ead th/ou4hout weste/n )o/th A6e/ica and
inhabit hotB sunn< cli6ates as well as coolB wet cli6ates.
>D? As 7lants /ecei3e 6o/e sunli4htB the< 7/oduce hi4he/ a6ounts of tanninsB
co67ounds that inhibit di4estion of the 7lants2 7/oteins.
"& 'SAT
>E? Insect 7a/asitesB such as ce/tain s7ecies of tic0sB that feed 7/i6a/< on 6ule
dee/ often dwell in t/eesB f/o6 which the< d/o7 onto 7assin4 dee/.
". Gene3ie3e1 Inc/easin4 costs ha3e led co66e/cial ai/lines to cut bac0 on ai/7lane
6aintenance. AlsoB /eductions in 7ublic s7endin4 ha3e led to ai/ t/affic cont/ol
cente/s bein4 unde/funded and unde/staffed. 5o/ these and othe/ /easons it is
beco6in4 @uite unsafe to fl<B and so one should a3oid doin4 it.
Ha/old1 :ou/ /easonin4 6a< be soundB but I can ha/dl< acce7t <ou/ conclusion
when <ou <ou/self ha3e /ecentl< been fl<in4 on co66e/cial ai/lines e3en 6o/e
than befo/e.
,hich one of the followin4 /elies on a @uestionable techni@ue 6ost si6ila/ to that
used in Ha/old2s /e7l< to Gene3ie3e=
>A? Da3id sa<s that the new fil6 is not 3e/< 4oodB but he has not seen it hi6selfB
so I don2t acce7t his o7inion.
>B? A lon4 ti6e a4o Ma/ia showed 6e a 4/eat wa< to coo0 la6bB but fo/ 6edical
/easons she no lon4e/ eats /ed 6eatB so I2ll coo0 so6ethin4 else fo/ dinne/
toni4ht.
>C? Susan has been t/<in4 to 7e/suade 6e to 4o /oc0 cli6bin4 with he/B clai6in4
that it2s @uite safeB but last wee0 she fell and b/o0e he/ colla/boneB so I don2t
belie3e he/.
>D? Iat has shown 6e /esea/ch that 7/o3es that eatin4 /aw 4/een 3e4etables is
3e/< beneficial and that one should eat the6 dailE? Gab/iel has all the @ualifications we ha3e s7ecified fo/ the ;ob and has 6uch
/ele3ant wo/0 e87e/ienceB but I don2t belie3e we should hi/e hi6B because
when he wo/0ed in a si6ila/ 7osition befo/e his 7e/fo/6ance was 6edioc/e.
#. All 7eo7le /esidin4 in the count/< of G/ada/a a77/o3e of le4islation /e@ui/in4 that
ce/tain ha9a/dous waste be dis7osed of b< bein4 bu/ned in 6ode/n hi4hA
te67e/atu/e incine/ato/s. Howe3e/B waste dis7osal co67anies 7lannin4 to build
such incine/ato/s encounte/ fie/ce /esistance to thei/ a77lications fo/ buildin4
7e/6its f/o6 the /esidents of e3e/< G/ada/an co66unit< that those co67anies
7/o7ose as an incine/ato/ site.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost hel7s to e87lain the /esidents2
si6ultaneousl< holdin4 both of the 7ositions asc/ibe the6=
>A? Hi4hAte67e/atu/e incine/ation 6ini6i9es the o3e/all /is0 to the hu6an
7o7ulation of the count/< f/o6 the wastes bein4 dis7osed ofB but it
concent/ates the /e6ainin4 /is0 in a s6all nu6be/ of incine/ation sites.
>B? Hi4hAte67e/atu/e incine/ation is 6o/e e87ensi3e than an< of the a3ailable
alte/nati3es would be and the hi4he/ costs would be /eco3e/ed th/ou4h
hi4he/ 7/oduct 7/ices.
>C? Hi4hAte67e/atu/e incine/ation will be ca//ied out b< 7/i3ate co67anies /athe/
GMAT . 'SAT C- "&"
than b< a 4o3e/n6ent a4enc< so that the 4o3e/n6ent will not be /e@ui/ed to
7olice itself.
>D? The to8in fu6es 4ene/ated within a hi4hAte67e/atu/e incine/ato/ can be
fu/the/ t/eated so that all to8ic /esidues f/o6 a 7/o7e/l< o7e/atin4 incine/ato/
a/e solids.
>E? The substantial cost of hi4hAte67e/atu/e incine/ation can be 7a/tiall< offset b<
/e3enue f/o6 sales of elect/ic ene/4< 4ene/ated as a b<A7/oduct of
incine/ation.
!. Elena1 ,hile I was at the do4 showB e3e/< do4 that 4/owled at 6e was a white
7oodleB and e3e/< white 7oodle I saw 4/owled at 6e.
,hich one of the followin4 can be 7/o7e/l< infe//ed f/o6 Elena2s state6ent=
>A? The onl< white do4s that Elena saw at the do4 show we/e 7oodles.
>B? The/e we/e no 4/a< 7oodles at the do4 show.
>C? At the do4 showB no 4/a< do4s 4/owled at Elena.
>D? All the white do4s that Elena saw 4/owled at he/.
>E? Elena did not see an< 4/a< 7oodles at the do4 show.
Questions &-'
De/e01 ,e 6ust e87loit a3ailable /esou/ces in de3elo7in4 effecti3e anticance/ d/u4s
such as the one 6ade f/o6 6atu/e Iacific <ew t/ees. Althou4h the <ew 7o7ulation
6i4ht be th/eatenedB the t/ees should be ha/3ested nowB since an effecti3e s<nthetic
3e/sion of the <ew2s anticance/ che6ical could ta0e <ea/s to de3elo7.
'ola1 )ot onl< a/e 6atu/e <ews 3e/< /a/eB but 6ost a/e located in a/eas whe/e lo44in4
is 7/ohibited to 7/otect the habitat of the endan4e/ed s7otted owl. Des7ite ou/
ea4e/ness to ta0e ad3anta4e of a new 6edical b/ea0th/ou4hB we should wait fo/ a
s<nthetic d/u4 /athe/ than th/eaten the su/3i3al of both the <ew and the owlB which
could ha3e fa/A/eachin4 conse@uences fo/ an enti/e ecos<ste6.
6. ,hich one of the followin4 is the 6ain 7oint at issue between 'ola and De/e0=
>A? whethe/ the ha/3estin4 of a3ailable Iacific <ews would ha3e fa/A/eachin4
en3i/on6ental /e7e/cussions
>B? whethe/ the d/u4s that a/e effecti3e a4ainst 7otentiall< deadl< diseases should
be based on s<nthetic /athe/ than natu/all< occu//in4 che6icals
>C? whethe/ it is ;ustifiable to wait until a s<nthetic d/u4 can be de3elo7ed when
the ca7acit< fo/ 7/oducin4 the <ewAde/i3ed d/u4 al/ead< e8ists
>D? the e8tent of the en3i/on6ental disaste/ that would /esult if both the Iacific
<ew and the s7otted owl we/e to beco6e e8tinct
>E? whethe/ en3i/on6ental conside/ations should e3e/ ha3e an< wei4ht when
hu6an li3es a/e at sta0e
%. 'ola2s 7osition 6ost closel< confo/6s to which one of the followin4 7/inci7les=
"&# 'SAT
>A? Dnless 7eo7le2s wellAbein4 is th/eatenedB the/e should be no hi4he/ 7/io/it<
than 7/ese/3in4 endan4e/ed 7lant and ani6al 7o7ulations.
>B? Medical /esea/che/s should wo/0 with en3i/on6entalists to co6e to an
a4/ee6ent about the fate of the Iacific <ew and the s7otted owl.
>C? En3i/on6ental conce/ns should 7la< a /ole in decisions conce/nin4 6edical
/esea/ch onl< if hu6an li3es a/e not at sta0e.
>D? (nl< 6edical b/ea0th/ou4hs that could sa3e hu6an li3es would ;ustif<
th/eatenin4 the en3i/on6ent.
>E? A3oidin4 actions that th/eaten an enti/e ecos<ste6 ta0es 7/ecedence o3e/
i66ediatel< 7/o3idin4 ad3anta4e to a /est/icted 4/ou7 of 7eo7le.
8. The di/ecto/ of a seconda/< school whe/e 6an< students we/e ha3in4 se3e/e
acade6ic 7/oble6s i67aneled a co66ittee to stud< the 6atte/. The co66ittee
/e7o/ted that these students we/e ha3in4 acade6ic 7/oble6s because the< s7ent
la/4e a6ounts of ti6e on school s7o/ts and too little ti6e stud<in4. The di/ecto/
then 7/ohibited all students who we/e ha3in4 acade6ic 7/oble6s f/o6 ta0in4 7a/t
in s7o/ts in which the< we/e acti3e. He stated that this would ensu/e that such
students would do well acade6icall<.
The /easonin4 on which the di/ecto/ bases his state6ent is not sound because he
fails to establish that
>A? so6e students who s7end ti6e on s7o/ts do not ha3e acade6ic 7/oble6s
>B? all students who do well acade6icall< do so because of ti6e sa3ed b< not
7a/tici7atin4 in s7o/ts
>C? at least so6e of the ti6e the students will sa3e b< not 7a/tici7atin4 in s7o/ts
will be s7ent on sol3in4 thei/ acade6ic 7/oble6s
>D? no students who do well acade6icall< s7end ti6e on s7o/ts
>E? the @ualit< of the school2s s7o/ts 7/o4/a6 would not suffe/ as a /esult of the
ban
&. It can safel< be concluded that the/e a/e at least as 6an< t/ees in Seclee as the/e
a/e in Ma/town.
5/o6 which one of the followin4 does the conclusion lo4icall< follow=
>A? Mo/e t/ees we/e 7lanted in Seclee in the 7ast two <ea/s than in Ma/town.
>B? Seclee is the /e4ion within which Ma/town is located.
>C? Ma/town is suffe/in4 f/o6 an e7ide6ic of t/eeA3i/us infection.
>D? The a3e/a4e annual /ainfall fo/ Seclee is 4/eate/ than the a3e/a4e annual
/ainfall fo/ Ma/town.
>E? The a3e/a4e nu6be/ of t/ees cut down annuall< in Ma/town is hi4he/ than in
Seclee.
Questions 10-11
GMAT . 'SAT C- "&!
A diste67e/ 3i/us has caused twoAthi/ds of the seal 7o7ulation in the )o/th Sea to die
since Ma< 1&88. The e87lanation fo/ the deaths cannot /est he/eB howe3e/. The/e 6ust
be a /eason the no/6all< latent 3i/us could 7/e3ail so suddenl<1 clea/l< the se3e/e
7ollution of the )o/th Sea wate/s 6ust ha3e wea0ened the i66une s<ste6 of the
seals so that the< could no lon4e/ withstand the 3i/us.
1$. The a/4u6ent conce/nin4 the i66une s<ste6 of the seals 7/esu77oses which one
of the followin4=
>A? The/e has been a 4/adual decline in the seal 7o7ulation of the )o/th Sea
du/in4 the 7ast two centu/ies.
>B? )o fu/the/ sou/ces of 7ollution ha3e been added since Ma< 1&88 to the
al/ead< e8istin4 sou/ces of 7ollution in the )o/th Sea.
>C? The/e was no sudden 6utation in the diste67e/ 3i/us which would ha3e
allowed the 3i/us successfull< to attac0 health< )o/th Sea seals b< Ma<
1&88.
>D? Iollution in the )o/th Sea is no 4/eate/ than 7ollution in the Medite//anean
SeaB off the coast of )o/th A6e/icaB o/ in the Sea of +a7an.
>E? So6e s7ecies that 7/o3ide food fo/ the seals ha3e nea/l< beco6e e8tinct as a
/esult of the 7ollution.
11. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ts the e87lanation 4i3en
in the a/4u6ent=
>A? At 3a/ious ti6es du/in4 the last ten <ea/sB se3e/al s7ecies of shellfish and
seabi/ds in the )o/th Sea ha3e e87e/ienced un7/ecedented stee7 d/o7s in
7o7ulation.
>B? B< /educin4 7ollution at its sou/ceB )o/the/n Eu/o7e and Scandina3ia ha3e
been ta0in4 the lead in 7/e3entin4 7ollution f/o6 /eachin4 the wate/s of the
)o/th Sea.
>C? 5o/ 6an< <ea/sB fish fo/ hu6an consu67tion ha3e been ta0en f/o6 the wate/s
of the )o/th Sea.
>D? The/e a/e two s7ecies of seal found th/ou4hout the )o/th Sea a/eaB the
co66on seal and the 4/a< seal.
>E? The diste67e/ caused b< the 3i/us was a disease that was new to the
7o7ulation of )o/th Sea seals in Ma< 1&88B and so the seals2 i66une
s<ste6s we/e un7/e7a/ed to counte/ it.
1. It is clea/ that none of the 3olle<ball 7la<e/s at <este/da<2s office beach 7a/t<
ca6e to wo/0 toda< since e3e/<one who 7la<ed 3olle<ball at that 7a/t< 4ot badl<
sunbu/ned and no one at wo/0 toda< is e3en sli4htl< sunbu/ned.
,hich one of the followin4 e8hibits a 7atte/n of /easonin4 that 6ost closel<
7a/allels that in the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? Since e3e/<one e67lo<ed b< T-5 who was 4i3en the o77o/tunit< to 7u/chase
dental insu/ance did so and e3e/<one who 7u/chased dental insu/ance saw a
"&6 'SAT
dentistB it is clea/ that no one who failed to see a dentist is e67lo<ed b< T-5.
>B? Since no one who was 7/o6oted du/in4 the 7ast <ea/ failed to attend the
awa/ds ban@uetB e3identl< none of the office 6ana4e/s attended the ban@uet
this <ea/ since the< we/e all denied 7/o6otion.
>C? Since the Donnel< /e7o/t was not finished on ti6eB no one in +ohn2s 4/ou7
could ha3e been assi4ned to cont/ibute to that /e7o/t since e3e/<one in
+ohn2s 4/ou7 has a /e7utation fo/ 4ettin4 assi4n6ents in on ti6e.
>D? E3e/<one with an office on the second floo/ wo/0s di/ectl< fo/ the 7/esident
andB as a /esultB no one with a second floo/ office will ta0e a +ul< 3acation
because no one who wo/0s fo/ the 7/esident will be able to ta0e ti6e off
du/in4 +ul<.
>E? Since all of the 7eo7le who a/e now on the MHM Co/7o/ation 7a</oll ha3e
been e67lo<ed in the sa6e ;ob fo/ the 7ast fi3e <ea/sB it is clea/ that no one
who f/e@uentl< chan4es ;obs is li0el< to be hi/ed b< MHM.
Questions 13-14
The dean of co67utin4 6ust be /es7ected b< the acade6ic staff and be co67etent to
o3e/see the use of co67ute/s on ca67us. The onl< deans who6 acade6ics /es7ect a/e
those who hold docto/al de4/eesB and onl< so6eone who /eall< 0nows about
co67ute/s can co67etentl< o3e/see the use of co67ute/s on ca67us. 5u/the/6o/eB the
boa/d of t/ustees has decided that the dean of co67utin4 6ust be selected f/o6 a6on4
this uni3e/sit<2s staff. The/efo/eB the dean of co67utin4 6ust be a 7/ofesso/ f/o6 this
uni3e/sit<2s co67ute/ science de7a/t6ent.
1". ,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion on which the a/4u6ent de7ends=
>A? Acade6ics /es7ect onl< 7eo7le who hold docto/al de4/ees.
>B? All of this uni3e/sit<2s 7/ofesso/s ha3e obtained docto/al de4/ees.
>C? At this uni3e/sitD? All acade6ics who hold docto/al de4/ees a/e /es7ected b< thei/ acade6ic
collea4ues.
>E? A6on4 this uni3e/sit<2s staff 6e6be/s with docto/al de4/eesB onl< those in
the co67ute/ science de7a/t6ent /eall< 0now about co67ute/s.
1#. ,hich one of the followin4 state6entsB if t/ueB would wea0en the a/4u6ent=
>A? The/e a/e 6e6be/s of this uni3e/sit<2s staff who hold docto/al de4/ees and
who a/e not 7/ofesso/s but who /eall< 0now about co67ute/s.
>B? The/e a/e 6e6be/s of this uni3e/sit<2s 7hiloso7h< de7a/t6ent who do not
hold docto/al de4/ees but who /eall< 0now about co67ute/s.
>C? Co67ute/ science 7/ofesso/s who hold docto/al de4/ees but who a/e not
6e6be/s of this uni3e/sit<2s staff ha3e a77lied fo/ the 7osition of dean of
co67utin4.
GMAT . 'SAT C- "&%
>D? Se3e/al 6e6be/s of the boa/d of t/ustees of this uni3e/sit< do not hold
docto/al de4/ees.
>E? So6e 6e6be/s of the co67ute/ science de7a/t6ent at this uni3e/sit< a/e not
/es7ected b< acade6ics in othe/ de7a/t6ents.
Questions 15-1&
Consu6e/ ad3ocate1 Dnde/ the cu//ent absence of 4o3e/n6ent standa/ds fo/ food
7/oduct labelin4B 6anufactu/e/s a/e 6isleadin4 o/ decei3in4 consu6e/s b< thei/
7/oduct labelin4. 5o/ e8a67leB a ce/tain b/and of ;uice is labeled Ef/esh o/an4e ;uiceBF
<et the 7/oduct is 6ade f/o6 wate/B concent/ateB and fla3o/ enhance/s. Since Ef/eshF
as a77lied to food 7/oducts is co66onl< unde/stood to 6ean 7u/e and un7/ocessedB
labelin4 that o/an4e ;uice Ef/eshF is un@uestionabl< dece7ti3e.
Manufactu/e/1 Dsin4 wo/ds so6ewhat diffe/entl< than the< a/e co66onl< used is not
dece7ti3e. Afte/ allB Ef/eshF can also 6ean ne3e/ f/o9en. ,e cannot be faulted fo/
failin4 to co67l< with standa/ds that ha3e not been officiall< fo/6ulated. ,hen the
4o3e/n6ent sets clea/ standa/ds 7e/tainin4 to 7/oduct labelin4B we will ce/tainl<
co67l< with the6.
1!. (n the basis of thei/ state6ents abo3eB the consu6e/ ad3ocate and the
6anufactu/e/ a/e co66itted to disa4/eein4 about the t/uth of which one of the
followin4 state6ents=
>A? In the absence of 4o3e/n6ent standa/dsB co66on unde/standin4 is the a/bite/
of dece7ti3e labelin4 7/actices.
>B? T/uthful labelin4 7/actices that /eflect co66on standa/ds of usa4e can be
established b< the 4o3e/n6ent.
>C? The te/6 Ef/eshF when it is a77lied to food 7/oducts is co66onl< unde/stood
to 6ean 7u/e and un7/ocessed.
>D? Te/6s that a77l< to natu/al foods can be t/uthfull< a77lied to 7ac0a4ed foods.
>E? Clea/ 4o3e/n6ent standa/ds fo/ labelin4 food 7/oducts will ensu/e t/uthful
labelin4 7/actices.
16. ,hich one of the followin4 7/inci7leB if establishedB would cont/ibute 6ost to a
defense of the 6anufactu/e/2s 7osition a4ainst that of the consu6e/ ad3ocate=
>A? In the absence of 4o3e/n6ent definitions fo/ te/6s used in 7/oduct labelin4B
co66on standa/ds of unde/standin4 alone should a77l<.
>B? Go3e/n6ent standa/ds fo/ t/uthful labelin4 should alwa<s be desi4ned to
/eflect co66on standa/ds of unde/standin4.
>C? Ieo7le should be f/ee to the e8tent that it is le4al to do soB to e87loit to thei/
ad3anta4es the inhe/ent a6bi4uit< and 3a4ueness in lan4ua4e.
>D? ,hen 4o3e/n6ent standa/ds and co66on standa/ds fo/ t/uthful labelin4 a/e
inco67atible with each othe/B the 4o3e/n6ent standa/ds should alwa<s ta0e
7/ecedence.
"&8 'SAT
>E? In thei/ inte/7/etation of lan4ua4eB consu6e/s should ne3e/ 7/esu6e that
3a4ueness indicates an atte67t to decei3e on the 7a/t of 6anufactu/e/s
unless those 6anufactu/e/s would /ea7 la/4e benefits f/o6 successful
dece7tion.
1%. Ce/tain ite6sKthose with that ha/dAtoAdefine @ualit< called e8clusi3it<Kha3e
the odd 7/o7e/t<B when the< beco6e a3ailable fo/ saleB of sellin4 /a7idl< e3en
thou4h the< a/e e8t/e6el< e87ensi3e. In factB t/<in4 to sell such an ite6 fast b<
as0in4 too low a 7/ice is a se/ious e//o/B since it calls into @uestion the 3e/< thin4
Ke8clusi3it<Kthat is su77osed to be the ite62s chief a77eal. The/efo/eB 4i3en
that a 7/ice that will 7/o3e to be /i4ht is 3i/tuall< i67ossible fo/ the selle/ to
4au4e in ad3anceB the selle/ should 6a0e su/e that an< e//o/ in the initial as0in4
7/ice is in the di/ection of settin4 the 7/ice too hi4h.
The a/4u6ent /eco66ends a ce/tain 7/icin4 st/ate4< on the 4/ounds that
>A? this st/ate4< lac0s a counte/7/oducti3e featu/e of the /e;ected alte/nati3e
>B? this st/ate4< has all of ad3anta4es of the /e;ected alte/nati3eB but fewe/ of its
disad3anta4es
>C? e87e/ience has 7/o3en this st/ate4< to be su7e/io/B e3en thou4h the /easons
fo/ this su7e/io/it< elude anal<sis
>D? this st/ate4< does not /el< on 7/os7ecti3e bu<e/s esti6ates of 3alue
>E? the e//o/ associated with this st/ate4<B unli0e the e//o/ associated with the
/e;ected alte/nati3eB is li0el< to 4o unnoticed
18. In o/de/ to cont/ol the dee/ 7o7ulationB a biolo4ist has 7/o7osed in;ectin4 fe6ale
dee/ du/in4 b/eedin4 season with 1$ 6illi4/a6s of a ho/6one that would
su77/ess fe/tilit<. C/itics ha3e cha/4ed that the 7/o7osal 7oses health /is0s to
7eo7le who 6i4ht eat the 6eat of t/eated dee/ and the/eb< in4est unsafe
@uantities of the ho/6one. The biolo4ist has /es7onded to these c/itics b< 7ointin4
out that hu6ans can in4est u7 to 1$ 6illi4/a6s of the ho/6one a da< without an<
ad3e/se effectsB and since no one would eat e3en one enti/e dee/ a daA? Ieo7le would be notified of the ti6e when dee/ in thei/ a/ea we/e to be
t/eated with the ho/6one.
>B? The ho/6one that would be in;ected into the dee/ is che6icall< si6ila/ to
ho/6ones used in hu6an cont/ace7ti3es.
>C? Huntin4 season fo/ dee/ could be scheduled so that it would not coincide with
b/eedin4 season.
>D? The ho/6one in @uestion does not occu/ natu/all< in the fe6ale dee/ that
would be in;ected.
>E? Most 7eo7le do not conside/ dee/ 6eat to be 7a/t of thei/ dail< diet and eat it
GMAT . 'SAT C- "&&
onl< on /a/e occasions.
1&. A /ecent su/3e< conducted in one )o/th A6e/ican cit< /e3ealed wides7/ead
conce/n about the 7/oble6s faced b< teena4e/s toda<. Se3ent< 7e/cent of the
adults su/3e<ed said the< would 7a< hi4he/ ta8es fo/ d/u4 t/eat6ent 7/o4/a6sB
and 6$ 7e/cent said the< we/e willin4 to 7a< hi4he/ ta8es to i67/o3e the cit<2s
schools. :et in a 3ote in that sa6e cit<B a 7/o7osition to inc/ease fundin4 fo/
schools b< /aisin4 ta8es failed b< a na//ow 6a/4in to win 6a;o/it< a77/o3al.
,hich one of the followin4 facto/sB if t/ueB would 'EAST cont/ibute to an
e87lanation of the disc/e7anc< desc/ibed abo3e=
>A? The su/3e< sa67le was not /e7/esentati3e of the 3ote/s who 3oted on the
7/o7osition.
>B? Man< of the 7eo7le who we/e su/3e<ed did not /es7ond t/uthfull< to all of the
@uestions 7ut to the6.
>C? The 7/o7osition was onl< 7a/t of a 6o/e e87ensi3e co66unit< i67/o3e6ent
7/o4/a6 that 3ote/s had to acce7t o/ /e;ect in total.
>D? A 7/o7osition fo/ inc/easin4 funds fo/ local d/u4 t/eat6ent cente/s also failed
to win a77/o3al.
>E? The 7/o7osition to /aise ta8es fo/ schools was couched in te/6inolo4< that
6an< of the 3ote/s found confusin4.
Questions !0-!1
SoAcalled en3i/on6entalists ha3e a/4ued that the 7/o7osed Golden 'a0e De3elo76ent
would inte/fe/e with bi/dA6i4/ation 7atte/ns. Howe3e/B the fact that these sa6e 7eo7le
ha3e /aised en3i/on6ental ob;ections to 3i/tuall< e3e/< de3elo76ent 7/o7osal b/ou4ht
befo/e the council in /ecent <ea/s indicates that thei/ e87/essed conce/n fo/ bi/dA
6i4/ation 7atte/ns is nothin4 but a 6as0 fo/ thei/ antide3elo76entB anti7/o4/ess
a4enda. Thei/ clai6B the/efo/eB should be dis6issed without fu/the/ conside/ation.
$. ,hich one of the followin4 @uestionable a/4u6entati3e techni@ues is e67lo<ed
in the 7assa4e=
>A? ta0in4 the failu/e of a 4i3en a/4u6ent to establish its conclusion as the basis
fo/ clai6in4 that the 3iew e87/essed b< that conclusion is false
>B? /e;ectin4 the conclusion of an a/4u6ent on the basis of a clai6 about the
6oti3es of those ad3ancin4 the a/4u6ent
>C? usin4 a few e8ce7tional cases as the basis fo/ a clai6 about what is t/ue in
4ene/al
>D? 6is/e7/esentin4 e3idence that su77o/ts the 7osition the a/4u6ent is intended
to /efute
>E? assu6in4 that what is t/ue of a 4/ou7 as a whole is necessa/il< t/ue of each
6e6be/ of that 4/ou7
1. 5o/ the clai6 that the conce/n e87/essed b< the soAcalled en3i/on6entalists is not
#$$ 'SAT
thei/ /eal conce/n to be 7/o7e/l< d/awn on the basis of the e3idence citedB which
one of the followin4 6ust be assu6ed=
>A? )ot e3e/< de3elo76ent 7/o7osal o77osed in /ecent <ea/s b< these soAcalled
en3i/on6entalists was o77osed because the< belie3ed it to 7ose a th/eat to
the en3i/on6ent.
>B? Ieo7le whose /eal a4enda is to bloc0 de3elo76ent whe/e3e/ it is 7/o7osed
alwa<s t/< to dis4uise thei/ t/ue 6oti3es.
>C? An<one who o77oses un/est/icted de3elo76ent is an o77onent of 7/o4/ess.
>D? The council has no /eason to ob;ect to the 7/o7osed Golden 'a0e
De3elo76ent othe/ than conce/n about the de3elo76ent2s effect on bi/dA
6i4/ation 7atte/ns.
>E? ,hen 7eo7le sa< that the< o77ose a de3elo76ent 7/o;ect solel< on
en3i/on6ental 4/oundsB thei/ /eal conce/n al6ost alwa<s lies elsewhe/e.
. Is<cholo4ists toda< /eco4ni9e childhood as a se7a/ate sta4e of life which can
onl< be unde/stood in its own te/6sB and the< wonde/ wh< the ,este/n wo/ld
too0 so lon4 to see the foll< of /e4a/din4 child/en si67l< as s6allB inade@uatel<
sociali9ed adults. Most 7s<cholo4istsB howe3e/B 7e/sist in /e4a/din4 7eo7le %$ to
&$ <ea/s old as thou4h the< we/e "! <ea/ olds who ;ust ha77en to ha3e white hai/
and e8t/a leisu/e ti6e. But old a4e is as funda6entall< diffe/ent f/o6 <oun4
adulthood and 6iddle a4e as childhood isKa fact attested to b< the o/4ani9ation
of 6ode/n social and econo6ic life. Su/el< it is ti6eB the/efo/eB to ac0nowled4e
that se/ious /esea/ch into the uni@ue 7s<cholo4< of ad3anced a4e has beco6e
indis7ensable.
,hich one of the followin4 7/inci7lesB if establishedB would 7/o3ide the st/on4est
bac0in4 fo/ the a/4u6ent=
>A? ,hene3e/ cu//ent 7s<cholo4ical 7/actice conflicts with t/aditional attitudes
towa/d 7eo7leB those t/aditional attitudes should be chan4ed to b/in4 the6 in
line with cu//ent 7s<cholo4ical 7/actice.
>B? ,hene3e/ two 4/ou7s of 7eo7le a/e so /elated to each othe/ that an< 6e6be/
of the second 4/ou7 6ust 7/e3iousl< ha3e been a 6e6be/ of the fi/stB 7eo7le
in the fi/st 4/ou7 should not be /e4a/ded si67l< as de3iant 6e6be/s of the
second 4/ou7.
>C? ,hene3e/ 6ost 7/actitione/s of a 4i3en disci7line a77/oach a 7a/ticula/
7/oble6 in the sa6e waD? ,hene3e/ a societ<2s econo6ic life is so o/4ani9ed that two distinct ti6es of
life a/e t/eated as bein4 funda6entall< diffe/ent f/o6 one anothe/B each ti6e
of life can be unde/stood onl< in te/6s of its own distinct 7s<cholo4<.
>E? ,hene3e/ 7s<cholo4ists a4/ee that a sin4le 7s<cholo4< is inade@uate fo/ two
distinct a4e 4/ou7sB the< should be 7/e7a/ed to show that the/e a/e 4/eate/
diffe/ences between the two a4e 4/ou7s than the/e a/e between indi3iduals in
GMAT . 'SAT C- #$1
the sa6e a4e 4/ou7.
". Sabina1 The wo/ds used in e87/essin4 facts affect neithe/ the facts no/ the
conclusions those facts will su77o/t. Mo/eo3e/B if the wo/ds a/e clea/l< defined
and consistentl< usedB the actual wo/ds chosen 6a0e no diffe/ence to an
a/4u6ent2s soundness. ThusB how an a/4u6ent is e87/essed can ha3e no bea/in4
on whethe/ it is a 4ood a/4u6ent.
E6ile1 Badl< chosen wo/ds can 6a0e e3en the soundest a/4u6ent a 7oo/ one.
Afte/ allB 6an< wo/ds ha3e social and 7olitical connotations that influence
7eo7le2s /es7onse to clai6s e87/essed in those wo/dsB /e4a/dless of how ca/efull<
and e87licitl< those wo/ds a/e defined. Since whethe/ 7eo7le will ac0nowled4e a
fact is affected b< how the fact is e87/essedB the conclusions the< actuall< d/aw
a/e also affected.
The 7oint at issue between E6ile and Sabina is whethe/
>A? definin4 wo/ds in one wa< /athe/ than anothe/ can alte/ eithe/ the facts o/ the
conclusions the facts will ;ustif<
>B? a wo/d can be defined without ta0in4 into account its social and 7olitical
connotations
>C? a sound a/4u6ent in su77o/t of a 4i3en conclusion is a bette/ a/4u6ent than
an< unsound a/4u6ent fo/ that sa6e conclusion
>D? it would be a 4ood 7olic< to a3oid usin4 wo/ds that a/e li0el< to lead 7eo7le
eithe/ to 6isunde/stand the clai6s bein4 6ade o/ to /eason badl< about those
clai6s
>E? a facto/ that affects neithe/ the t/uth of an a/4u6ent2s 7/e6ises no/ the lo4ical
/elation between its 7/e6ises and its conclusion can cause an a/4u6ent to be
a bad one
#. Most dis7osable 7lastic containe/s a/e now labeled with a code nu6be/ >f/o6 1 to
&? indicatin4 the t<7e o/ @ualit< of the 7lastic. Ilastics with the lowest code
nu6be/s a/e the easiest fo/ /ec<clin4 7lants to /ec<cle and a/e thus the 6ost li0el<
to be /ec<cled afte/ use /athe/ than du67ed in landfills. Ilastics labeled with the
hi4hest nu6be/s a/e onl< /a/el< /ec<cled. Consu6e/s can 6a0e a si4nificant
lon4Ate/6 /eduction in the a6ount of waste that 4oes un/ec<cledB the/efo/eB b<
/efusin4 to 7u/chase those 7/oducts 7ac0a4ed in 7lastic containe/s labeled with
the hi4hest code nu6be/s.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< unde/6ines the conclusion
abo3e=
>A? The cost of collectin4B so/tin4B and /ec<clin4 disca/ded 7lastics is cu//entl<
hi4he/ than the cost of 6anufactu/in4 new 7lastics f/o6 3i/4in 6ate/ials.
>B? Man< consu6e/s a/e unawa/e of the codes that a/e sta67ed on the 7lastic
containe/s.
>C? A 7lastic containe/ al6ost alwa<s has a hi4he/ code nu6be/ afte/ it is
#$ 'SAT
/ec<cled than it had befo/e /ec<clin4 because the /ec<clin4 7/ocess causes a
de4/adation of the @ualit< of the 7lastic.
>D? I/oducts 7ac0a4ed in 7lastics with the lowest code nu6be/s a/e often 6o/e
e87ensi3e than those 7ac0a4ed in the hi4he/Anu6be/ed 7lastics.
>E? Co66unities that collect all disca/ded 7lastic containe/s fo/ 7otential
/ec<clin4 late/ du67 in landfills 7lastics with hi4he/Anu6be/ed codes onl<
when it is clea/ that no /ec<cle/ will ta0e the6.
!. Des7ite a stead< dec/ease in the a3e/a4e nu6be/ of hou/s wo/0ed 7e/ 7e/son 7e/
wee0B the sha/e of the 7o7ulation that /eads a dail< news7a7e/ has declined
4/eatl< in the 7ast $ <ea/s. But the 7e/centa4e of the 7o7ulation that watches
tele3ision dail< has shown a si6ila/l< d/a6atic inc/ease o3e/ the sa6e 7e/iod.
Clea/l<B inc/eased tele3ision 3iewin4 has caused a si6ultaneous decline in
news7a7e/ /eadin4.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB would be 6ost da6a4in4 to the e87lanation
4i3en abo3e fo/ the decline in news7a7e/ /eadin4=
>A? The/e has been a d/a6atic inc/ease o3e/ the 7ast $ <ea/s in the 7e/centa4e of
7eo7le who tell 7ollta0e/s that tele3ision is thei/ 7/i6a/< sou/ce of
info/6ation about cu//ent e3ents.
>B? (f those 6e6be/s of the 7o7ulation who do not watch tele3isionB the
7e/centa4e who /ead a news7a7e/ e3e/< da< has also shown a d/a6atic
dec/ease.
>C? The ti6e 7eo7le s7end with the boo0s and news7a7e/s the< /ead has
inc/easedB on a3e/a4eB f/o6 1 to " hou/s 7e/ wee0 in the 7ast $ <ea/s.
>D? Ieo7le who s7end la/4e a6ounts of ti6e each da< watchin4 tele3ision a/e
less able to 7/ocess and /e6e6be/ 7/inted info/6ation than a/e those who do
not watch tele3ision.
>E? A t<7ical tele3ision set is on 6 hou/s a da<B down f/o6 an a3e/a4e of 6 1R
hou/s a da< ! <ea/s a4o.
TEST 1$
SECTI() II
1. C/i6es in which hand4uns a/e used a/e 6o/e li0el< than othe/ c/i6es to /esult in
fatalities. Howe3e/B the 6a;o/it< of c/i6es in which hand4uns a/e used do not
/esult in fatalities. The/efo/eB the/e is no need to enact laws that add/ess c/i6es
in3ol3in4 hand4uns as distinct f/o6 othe/ c/i6es.
The 7atte/n of flawed /easonin4 dis7la<ed in the a/4u6ent abo3e 6ost closel<
/ese6bles that in which one of the followin4=
>A? (3e/wei4ht 7eo7le a/e at hi4he/ /is0 of de3elo7in4 hea/t disease than othe/
GMAT . 'SAT C- #$"
7eo7le. Howe3e/B 6o/e than half of all o3e/wei4ht 7eo7le ne3e/ de3elo7
hea/t disease. Hence it is unnecessa/< fo/ 7h<sicians to be 6o/e ca/eful to
e67hasi9e the dan4e/ of hea/t disease to thei/ o3e/wei4ht 7atients than to
thei/ othe/ 7atients.
>B? Man< 7eo7le swi6 dail< in o/de/ to sta< 7h<sicall< fit. :et 7eo7le who swi6
dail< inc/ease thei/ /is0 of de3elo7in4 ea/ infections. Hence 7eo7le who
want to /e6ain in 4ood health a/e bette/ off not followin4 fitness 7/o4/a6s
that include swi66in4 dail<.
>C? Most 7h<sicians /eco66end a balanced diet fo/ those who want to /e6ain in
4ood health. :et 6an< 7eo7le find that nont/aditional dieta/< /e4i6ents such
as e8tended fastin4 do thei/ health no se/ious ha/6. The/efo/eB the/e is no
need fo/ e3e/<one to a3oid nont/aditional dieta/< /e4i6ents.
>D? 5ood /ich in choleste/ol and fat 7ose a se/ious health th/eat to 6ost 7eo7le.
Howe3e/B 6an< 7eo7le a/e /eluctant to 4i3e u7 eatin4 foods that the< 4/eatl<
en;o<. The/efo/eB 7eo7le who /efuse to 4i3e u7 /ich foods need to s7end
6o/e ti6e e8e/cisin4 than do othe/ 7eo7le.
>E? Man< se/ious health 7/oble6s a/e the /esult of dieta/< diso/de/s. :et these
diso/de/s a/e often b/ou4ht about b< 7s<cholo4ical facto/s. Hence 7eo7le
suffe/in4 f/o6 se/ious health 7/oble6s should unde/4o 7s<cholo4ical
e3aluation.
. Tall child/en can 4ene/all< /each hi4h shel3es easil<. Sho/t child/en can 4ene/all<
/each hi4h shel3es onl< with difficult<. It is 0nown that sho/t child/en a/e 6o/e
li0el< than a/e tall child/en to beco6e sho/t adults. The/efo/eB if sho/t child/en a/e
tau4ht to /each hi4h shel3es easilA? att/ibutes a cha/acte/istic of an indi3idual 6e6be/ of a 4/ou7 to the 4/ou7 as
a whole
>B? 7/esu77oses that which is to be 7/o3ed
>C? /efutes a 4ene/ali9ation b< 6ean of an e8ce7tional case
>D? assu6es a causal /elationshi7 whe/e onl< a co//elation has been indicated
>E? ta0e lac0 of e3idence fo/ the e8istence of a state of affai/s as e3idence that
the/e can be no such state of affai/s
". Balance is 7a/ticula/l< i67o/tant when /e7o/tin4 the bac04/ound of ci3il wa/s and
conflicts. 5acts 6ust not be delibe/atel< 6ani7ulated to show one 7a/t< in a
fa3o/able li4htB and the 3iews of each side should be fai/l< /e7/esented. This
conce7t of balanceB howe3e/B does not ;ustif< concealin4 o/ 4lossin4 o3e/ basic
in;ustices in an effo/t to be e3enAhanded. If all the 6edia we/e to ado7t such a
7e/3e/se inte/7/etation of balanced /e7o/tin4B the 7ublic would be 4i3en a 7ictu/e
of a wo/ld whe/e each 7a/t< in e3e/< conflict had an e@ual 6easu/e of ;ustice on
its sideB cont/a/< to ou/ e87e/ience of life andB indeedB ou/ co66on sense.
#$# 'SAT
,hich one of the followin4 best e87/esses the 6ain 7oint of the a/4u6ent=
>A? Balanced /e7o/tin4 7/esents the 7ublic with a 7ictu/e of the wo/ld in which all
sides to a conflict ha3e e@ual ;ustification.
>B? Balanced /e7o/tin4 /e@ui/es i67a/tiall< /e3ealin4 in;ustices whe/e the< occu/
no less than fai/l< 7/esentin4 the 3iews of each 7a/t< in a conflict.
>C? (u/ e87e/ience of life shows that the/e a/e indeed cases in which conflicts
a/ise because of an in;usticeB with one 7a/t< clea/l< in the w/on4.
>D? Co66on sense tells us that balance is es7eciall< needed when /e7o/tin4 the
bac04/ound of ci3il wa/s and conflicts.
>E? Balanced /e7o/tin4 is an ideal that cannot be /eali9edB because ;ud46ents of
balance a/e necessa/il< sub;ecti3e.
#. Data f/o6 satellite 7hoto4/a7hs of the t/o7ical /ain fo/est in Melonia show that
last <ea/ the defo/estation /ate of this en3i/on6entall< sensiti3e 9one was
si4nificantl< lowe/ than in 7/e3ious <ea/s. The Melonian 4o3e/n6entB which
s7ent 6illions of dolla/s last <ea/ to enfo/ce laws a4ainst bu/nin4 and cuttin4 of
the fo/estB is clai6in4 that the satellite data indicate that its inc/eased effo/ts to
halt the dest/uction a/e 7/o3in4 effecti3e.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< unde/6ines the 4o3e/n6ent2s
clai6=
>A? 'andowne/ o77osition to the 4o3e/n6ent2s antidefo/estation effo/ts 4/ew
6o/e 3iolent last <ea/ in /es7onse to the inc/eased enfo/ce6ent.
>B? -ainfall du/in4 the usuall< d/< 6A6onth annual bu/nin4 season was
abno/6all< hea3< last <ea/.
>C? Go3e/n6ent a4ents had to issue fines totalin4 o3e/ L& 6illion to "B!$$
3iolato/s of bu/nin4AandAcuttin4 /e4ulations.
>D? The inaccessibilit< of 6uch of the /ain fo/est has 6ade it i67ossible to
confi/6 the satellite data b< di/ect obse/3ation f/o6 the field.
>E? Much of the 6one< that was desi4nated last <ea/ fo/ fo/est 7/ese/3ation has
been s7ent on /esea/ch and not on enfo/ce6ent.
!. Ad3e/tise6ent1 )o/thwoods Ma7le S</u7B 6ade the oldAfashioned wa<B is si67l<
to7s fo/ taste. And he/e is the 7/oof1 in a /ecent 6a/0et su/3e<B % out of e3e/< 1$
sho77e/s who e87/essed a 7/efe/ence said that )o/thwoods was the onl< 6a7le
s</u7 fo/ the6B no ifsB andsB o/ buts.
(f the followin4B which one is the st/on4est /eason wh< the ad3e/tise6ent is
7otentiall< 6isleadin4=
>A? The 7/o7o/tion of sho77e/s e87/essin4 no 7/efe/ence 6i4ht ha3e been 3e/<
s6all.
>B? (the/ b/ands of 6a7le s</u7 6i4ht also be 6ade the oldAfashioned wa<.
>C? )o 6a/0et su/3e< co3e/s 6o/e than a si9able 6ino/it< of the total 7o7ulation
of consu6e/s.
GMAT . 'SAT C- #$!
>D? The 7/efe/ence fo/ the )o/thwoods b/and 6i4ht be based on such a facto/ as
an e8ce7tionall< low 7/ice.
>E? Sho77e/s who bu< s</u7 6i4ht bu< onl< 6a7le s</u7.
6. In the su66e/ of 1&"6 a 7ollin4 se/3ice tele7honed 1$B$$$ Dnited States 3ote/s
and as0ed how the< 7lanned to 3ote in the co6in4 7/esidential election. The
su/3e< sa67le included a 3a/iet< of /es7ondentsK/u/al and u/banB 6ale and
fe6aleB f/o6 e3e/< state. The 7oll 7/edicted that Alf/ed 'andon would soundl<
defeat 5/an0lin -oose3elt. )e3e/thelessB -oose3elt won in a landslide.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB best e87lains wh< the 7oll2s 7/ediction was
inaccu/ate=
>A? The inte/3iewe/s did not /e3eal thei/ own 7olitical affiliation to the
/es7ondents.
>B? (nl< 7eo7le who would be @ualified to 3ote b< election ti6e we/e
inte/3iewedB so the su/3e< sa67le was not /e7/esentati3e of the o3e/all
Dnited States 7o7ulation.
>C? The su/3e< sa67le was /e7/esentati3e onl< of 7eo7le who could affo/d
tele7hones at a ti6e when 7hone owne/shi7 was less co66on than it is
toda<.
>D? )o effo/t was 6ade to dete/6ine the /es7ondents2 7olitical affiliations.
>E? Because the 7oll as0ed onl< fo/ /es7ondents2 candidate 7/efe/enceB it collected
no info/6ation conce/nin4 thei/ /easons fo/ fa3o/in4 'andon o/ -oose3elt.
%. ,aste 6ana4e6ent co67aniesB which collect waste fo/ dis7osal in landfills and
incine/ation 7lantsB /e7o/t that dis7osable 7lastics 6a0e u7 an e3e/Ainc/easin4
7e/centa4e of the waste the< handle. It is clea/ that atte67ts to dec/ease the
a6ount of 7lastic that 7eo7le th/ow awa< in the 4a/ba4e a/e failin4.
>A? Because 7lastics c/eate ha/6ful 7ollutants when bu/nedB an inc/easin4
7e/centa4e of the 7lastics handled b< waste 6ana4e6ent co67anies a/e
bein4 dis7osed of in landfills.
>B? Althou4h 6an< 7lastics a/e /ec<clableB 6ost of the 7lastics dis7osed of b<
waste 6ana4e6ent co67anies a/e not.
>C? Ieo7le a/e 6o/e li0el< to sa3e and /euse 7lastic containe/s than containe/s
6ade of hea3ie/ 6ate/ials li0e 4lass o/ 6etal.
>D? An inc/easin4 7/o7o/tion of the 7a7e/B 4lassB and 6etal cans that waste
6ana4e6ent co67anies used to handle is now bein4 /ec<cled.
>E? ,hile the 7e/centa4e of 7/oducts usin4 7lastic 7ac0a4in4 is inc/easin4B the
total a6ount of 7lastic bein4 6anufactu/ed has /e6ained unchan4ed.
8. Most of the ult/a3iolet /adiation /eachin4 the Ea/th2s at6os7he/e f/o6 the Sun is
abso/bed b< the la<e/ of st/atos7he/ic o9one and ne3e/ /eaches the Ea/th2s
#$6 'SAT
su/face. Between 1&6& and 1&86B the la<e/ of st/atos7he/ic o9one o3e/ )o/th
A6e/ica thinnedB dec/easin4 b< about " 7e/cent. :et the a3e/a4e le3el of
ult/a3iolet /adiation 6easu/ed at /esea/ch stations ac/oss )o/th A6e/ica
dec/eased o3e/ the sa6e 7e/iod.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB best /econciles the a77a/entl< disc/e7ant facts
desc/ibed abo3e=
>A? Dlt/a3iolet /adiation inc/eases the /is0 of s0in cance/ and cata/actsG the
incidence of s0in cance/ and cata/acts inc/eased substantiall< between 1&6&
and 1&86.
>B? Between 1&6& and 1&86B the la<e/ of st/atos7he/ic o9one o3e/ B/a9il thinnedB
and the a3e/a4e le3el of ult/a3iolet /adiation /eachin4 the Ea/th2s su/face in
B/a9il inc/eased.
>C? Manufactu/ed chlo/ine che6icals thin the la<e/ of st/atos7he/ic o9one.
>D? (9one 7ollutionB which abso/bs ult/a3iolet /adiationB inc/eased d/a6aticall<
between 1&6& and 1&86.
>E? Thinnin4 of the la<e/ of st/atos7he/ic o9one 3a/ies f/o6 one 7a/t of the wo/ld
to anothe/ and f/o6 <ea/ to <ea/.
Questions 9-10
The nu6be/ of ai/c/aft collisions on the 4/ound is inc/easin4 because of the
substantial inc/ease in the nu6be/ of fli4hts o7e/ated b< the ai/lines. Man< of the
fatalities that occu/ in such collisions a/e caused not b< the collision itselfB but b< an
inhe/ent flaw in the cabin desi4n of 6ost ai/c/aftB in which seatsB b< /est/ictin4 access
to e6e/4enc< e8itsB i67ede esca7e. The/efo/eB to /educe the total nu6be/ of fatalities
that /esult annuall< f/o6 such collisionsB the ai/lines should be /e@ui/ed to /e6o3e all
seats that /est/ict access to e6e/4enc< e8its.
&. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 7/o3ides the 6ost su77o/t fo/ the 7/o7osal=
>A? The nu6be/ of deaths that occu//ed in theate/ fi/es because theate/ 7at/ons
could not esca7e was 4/eatl< /educed when theate/s we/e /e@ui/ed to ha3e
aisles leadin4 to each e8it.
>B? -e6o3in4 the seats that bloc0 e6e/4enc< e8its on ai/c/aft will /e@ui/e a
costl< /efittin4 of ai/c/aft cabins.
>C? In the e3ent of fi/eB 7ublic buildin4s e@ui77ed with s6o0e detecto/s ha3e
fewe/ fatalities than do 7ublic buildin4s not so e@ui77ed.
>D? In the e3ent of collisionB 7assen4e/s on 7lanes with a s6alle/ 7assen4e/
ca7acit< 4ene/all< suffe/ 6o/e se/ious in;u/< than do 7assen4e/s on 7lanes
with a la/4e/ 7assen4e/ ca7acit<.
>E? The safet< belts attached to ai/c/aft seats function to 7/otect 7assen4e/s f/o6
the full fo/ce of i67act in the e3ent of a collision.
1$. ,hich one of the followin4 7/o7osalsB if i67le6ented to4ethe/ with the 7/o7osal
GMAT . 'SAT C- #$%
6ade in the 7assa4eB would i67/o3e the 7/os7ects fo/ achie3in4 the stated
ob;ecti3e of /educin4 fatalities=
>A? The ai/lines should be /e@ui/edB when bu<in4 new 7lanesB to bu< onl< 7lanes
with un/est/icted access to e6e/4enc< e8its.
>B? The ai/lines should not be 7e/6itted to inc/ease fu/the/ the nu6be/ of fli4hts
in o/de/ to offset the dec/ease in the nu6be/ of seats on each ai/c/aft.
>C? Ai/7o/t autho/ities should be /e@ui/ed to st/ea6line thei/ 7assen4e/ chec0Ain
7/ocedu/es to acco66odate the inc/eased nu6be/ of 7assen4e/s se/3ed b<
the ai/lines.
>D? Ai/7o/t autho/ities should be /e@ui/ed to /efine secu/it< 7/ecautions b<
6a0in4 the6 less cons7icuous without 6a0in4 the6 less effecti3e.
>E? The ai/lines should not be allowed to inc/ease the tic0et 7/ice fo/ each
7assen4e/ to offset the dec/ease in the nu6be/ of seats on each ai/c/aft.
11. -ecentl< disco3e/ed fossil e3idence casts doubt on the e3olutiona/< theo/< that
dinosau/s a/e 6o/e closel< /elated to /e7tiles than to othe/ classes of ani6als.
5ossils show that so6e dinosau/s had hollow bonesKa featu/e found toda< onl<
in wa/6Ablooded c/eatu/esB such as bi/dsB that ha3e a hi4h 6etabolic /ate.
Dinosau/s had wellAde3elo7ed senses of si4ht and hea/in4B which is not t/ue of
7/esentAda< coldAblooded c/eatu/es li0e /e7tiles. The hi4hl< a/ched 6outh /oof of
so6e dinosau/s would ha3e 7e/6itted the6 to b/eathe while eatin4B as fastA
b/eathin4 ani6alsB such as bi/dsB need to do. TodaA? atte67tin4 to ;ustif< one 7osition b< de6onst/atin4 that an o77osin4 7osition
is based on e//oneous info/6ation
>B? establishin4 a 4ene/al 7/inci7le that it then uses to d/aw a conclusion about a
7a/ticula/ case
>C? dis6issin4 a clai6 6ade about the 7/esent on the basis of histo/ical e3idence
>D? assu6in4 that if all 6e6be/s of a cate4o/< ha3e a ce/tain 7/o7e/t< then all
thin4s with that 7/o7e/t< belon4 to the cate4o/<
>E? 7/esentin4 e3idence that a 7ast 7heno6enon is 6o/e si6ila/ to one /athe/ than
the othe/ of two 7/esentAda< 7heno6ena
1. Iu/eb/ed do4s a/e 7/one to 4eneticall< dete/6ined abno/6alities. Althou4h such
abno/6alities often can be co//ected b< su/4e/<B the cost can /each se3e/al
thousand dolla/s. Since non7u/eb/ed do4s /a/el< suffe/ f/o6 4eneticall<
dete/6ined abno/6alitiesB 7otential do4 owne/s who want to /educe the /is0 of
incu//in4 costl< 6edical bills fo/ thei/ 7ets would be well ad3ised to choose
non7u/eb/ed do4s.
#$8 'SAT
>A? Most 4eneticall< dete/6ined abno/6alities in do4s do not se/iousl< affect a
do42s 4ene/al wellAbein4.
>B? All do4sB whethe/ 7u/eb/ed o/ non7u/eb/edB a/e sub;ect to the sa6e co66on
non4eneticall< dete/6ined diseases.
>C? Iu/eb/ed do4s tend to ha3e sho/te/ natu/al life s7ans than do non7u/eb/ed
do4s.
>D? The 7u/chase 7/ice of non7u/eb/ed do4s tends to be lowe/ than the 7u/chase
7/ice of 7u/eb/ed do4s.
>E? A do4 that does not ha3e 4eneticall< dete/6ined abno/6alities 6a<
ne3e/theless ha3e offs7/in4 with such abno/6alities.
1". C/iticis6 that the 7/ess 7ande/s to 7ublic senti6ent ne4lects to conside/ that the
7/ess is a 7/ofitA6a0in4 institution. 'i0e othe/ 7/i3ate ente/7/isesB it has to 6a0e
6one< to su/3i3e. If 7/ess we/e not 7/ofitA6a0in4B who would su77o/t it= The
onl< alte/nati3e is subsid< andB with itB outside cont/ol. It is eas< to 4et subsidies
fo/ 7/o7a4andaB but no one will subsidi9e honest ;ou/nalis6.
It can be 7/o7e/l< infe//ed f/o6 the 7assa4e that if the 7/ess is
>A? not subsidi9edB it is in no dan4e/ of outside cont/ol
>B? not subsidi9edB it will not 7/oduce 7/o7a4anda
>C? not to be subsidi9edB it cannot be a 7/ofitA6a0in4 institution
>D? to 7/oduce honest ;ou/nalis6B it 6ust be 7/ofitA6a0in4 institution
>E? to 6a0e a 7/ofitB it 6ust 7/oduce honest ;ou/nalis6
Questions 14-15
'ucien1 IublicAhousin4 ad3ocates clai6 that the 6an< ho6eless 7eo7le in this cit< a/e
7/oof that the/e is insufficient housin4 a3ailable to the6 and the/efo/e that 6o/e lowA
inco6e a7a/t6ents a/e needed. But that conclusion is absu/d. Man< a7a/t6ents in 6<
own buildin4 /e6ain un/ented and 6< 7/ofessional collea4ues /e7o/t si6ila/
3acancies whe/e the< li3e. Since a7a/t6ents clea/l< a/e a3ailableB ho6elessness is not
a housin4 7/oble6. Ho6elessness canB the/efo/eB onl< be caused b< 7eo7le2s inabilit<
o/ unwillin4ness to wo/0 to 7a< the /ent.
Ma/ia1 (n the cont/a/<B all /ecent studies show that a si4nificant 7e/centa4e of this
cit<2s ho6eless 7eo7le hold /e4ula/ ;obs. These a/e 7eo7le who lac0 neithe/ will no/
abilit<.
1#. 'ucien2s a/4u6ent a4ainst the 7ublicAhousin4 ad3ocates2 7osition is 6ost
3ulne/able to which one of the followin4 c/iticis6s=
>A? It offe/s no ;ustification fo/ dis6issin4 as absu/d the housin4 ad3ocates2 clai6
that the/e a/e 6an< ho6eless 7eo7le in the cit<.
>B? It t/eats info/6ation ac@ui/ed th/ou4h info/6al con3e/sations as thou4h it
7/o3ided e3idence as st/on4 as info/6ation ac@ui/ed on the basis of
cont/olled scientific studies.
GMAT . 'SAT C- #$&
>C? It /es7onds to a clai6 in which Ea3ailableF is used in the sense of
Eaffo/dableF b< usin4 Ea3ailableF in the sense of Enot occu7ied.F
>D? It o3e/loo0s the 7ossibilit< that not all a7a/t6ent buildin4s ha3e 3acant
a7a/t6ents fo/ /ent.
>E? It fails to add/ess the issueB /aised b< the 7ublicAhousin4 ad3ocates2 a/4entB of
who would 7a< fo/ the const/uction of 6o/e lowAinco6e housin4.
1!. Ma/ia /es7onds to 'ucien2s a/4u6ent b<
>A? challen4in4 the accu/ac< of the 7e/sonal e87e/iences he offe/s in su77o/t of
his 7osition
>B? showin4 that a 7/esu77osition of his a/4u6ent is false
>C? 7/esentin4 e3idence that calls into @uestion his 6oti3es fo/ ado7tin4 the 3iew
he holds
>D? de6onst/atin4 that the e3idence he offe/s su77o/ts a conclusion othe/ than the
conclusion he d/aws f/o6 it
>E? offe/in4 an alte/nati3e e87lanation fo/ the facts he cites as e3idence
su77o/tin4 his conclusion
16. So6e 7eo7le ta0e thei/ 6o/al cues f/o6 4o3e/n6ental codes of lawG fo/ the6B it
is inconcei3able that so6ethin4 that is le4all< 7e/6issible could be i66o/al.
Those whose 3iew is desc/ibed abo3e hold inconsistent beliefs if the< also belie3e
that
>A? law does not co3e/ all ci/cu6stances in which one 7e/son 6o/all< w/on4s
anothe/
>B? a le4all< i67e/6issible action is ne3e/ 6o/all< e8cusable
>C? 4o3e/n6ental officials so6eti6es beha3e ille4all<
>D? the 6o/al consensus of a societ< is e87/essed in its laws
>E? so6e 4o3e/n6ental /e4ulations a/e so detailed that the< a/e bu/denso6e to
the econo6<
1%. Ce/tain inst/u6ents used in 3ete/ina/< su/4e/< can be 6ade eithe/ of stainless
steel o/ of n<lon. In a stud< of such inst/u6entsB 1$ co67lete ste/ili9ations of a
set of n<lon inst/u6ents /e@ui/ed ".# ti6es the a6ount of ene/4< used to
6anufactu/e that set of inst/u6entsB whe/eas !$ co67lete ste/ili9ations of a set of
stainless steel inst/u6ents /e@ui/ed .1 ti6es the a6ount of ene/4< /e@ui/ed to
6anufactu/e that set of inst/u6ents.
If the state6ents abo3e a/e t/ueB each of the followin4 could be t/ue EHCEIT1
>A? The !$ co67lete ste/ili9ations of n<lon inst/u6ents used 6o/e ene/4< than
did the !$ co67lete ste/ili9ations of the stainless steel inst/u6ents.
>B? Mo/e ene/4< was /e@ui/ed fo/ each co67lete ste/ili9ation of the n<lon
inst/u6ents than was /e@ui/ed to 6anufactu/e the n<lon inst/u6ents.
>C? Mo/e n<lon inst/u6ents than stainless steel inst/u6ents we/e ste/ili9ed in the
#1$ 'SAT
stud<.
>D? Mo/e ene/4< was used to 7/oduce the stainless steel inst/u6ents than was
used to 7/oduce the n<lon inst/u6ents.
>E? The total cost of !$ co67lete ste/ili9ations of the stainless steel inst/u6ents
was 4/eate/ than the cost of 6anufactu/in4 the stainless steel inst/u6ents.
18. A local 4/ou7 had 7lanned a 7a/ade fo/ to6o//owB but cit< hall has not <et acted
on its a77lication fo/ a 7e/6it. The 4/ou7 had a77lied fo/ the 7e/6it well in
ad3anceB had 6ade su/e thei/ a77lication satisfied all the /e@ui/e6entsB and was
clea/l< entitled to a 7e/6it. Althou4h the law 7/ohibits 7a/ades without a 7e/6itB
the 4/ou7 7lans to 7/oceed with its 7a/ade. The 4/ou72s leade/ defended its
decision b< a77ealin4 to the 7/inci7le that citi9ens need not /ef/ain f/o6 actions
that fail to co67l< with the law if the< ha3e 6ade a 4oodAfaith effo/t to co67l<
but a/e 7/e3ented f/o6 doin4 so b< 4o3e/n6ent inaction.
,hich one of the followin4 actions would be ;ustified b< the 7/inci7le to which
the leade/ of the 4/ou7 a77ealed in defendin4 the decision to 7/oceed=
>A? A che6icalA7/ocessin4 co67an< co66issioned an en3i/on6ental i67act
/e7o/t on its 7lant. The /e7o/t desc/ibed foul odo/s e6anatin4 f/o6 the 7lant
but found no ha9a/dous wastes bein4 7/oduced. Conse@uentlB? A cit< /esident a77lied fo/ /e9onin4 of he/ 7/o7e/t< so that she would build a
bowlin4 alle< in a /esidential co66unit<. She based he/ a77lication on the
need fo/ /ec/eational facilities in the co66unit<. He/ a77lication was tu/ned
down b< the 9onin4 boa/dB so she decided to fo/4o const/uction.
>C? The law /e@ui/es that no ca/ be o7e/ated without a ce/tain a6ount of
insu/ance co3e/a4e. But since the autho/ities ha3e been unable to desi4n an
effecti3e 7/ocedu/e fo/ 7/osecutin4 owne/s of ca/s that a/e d/i3en without
insu/anceB 6an< ca/ owne/s a/e allowin4 thei/ insu/ance to la7se.
>D? a /ealAestate de3elo7e/ obtained a 7e/6it to de6olish a histo/ic a7a/t6ent
buildin4 that had not <et been decla/ed a 4o3e/n6entall< 7/otected histo/ic
land6a/0. Des7ite the 7/otests of citi9ens2 4/ou7sB the de3elo7e/ then
de6olished the buildin4.
>E? A 7h<sician who had been t/ained in one count/< a77lied fo/ a license to
7/actice 6edicine in anothe/ count/<. Althou4h he 0new he 6et all the
@ualifications fo/ this licenseB he had not <et /ecei3ed it one <ea/ afte/ he
a77lied fo/ it. He be4an to 7/actice 6edicine without the license in the
second count/< des7ite the law2s /e@ui/e6ent fo/ a license.
Questions 19-!0
A uni3e/sit< should not be entitled to 7atent the in3entions of its facult< 6e6be/s.
Dni3e/sitiesB as 4ua/anto/s of intellectual f/eedo6B should encou/a4e the f/ee flow of
ideas and the 4ene/al disse6ination of 0nowled4e. :et a uni3e/sit< that /etains the
GMAT . 'SAT C- #11
/i4ht to 7atent the in3entions of its facult< 6e6be/s has a 6oti3e to su77/ess
info/6ation about a 7otentiall< 3aluable disco3e/< until the 7atent fo/ it has been
secu/ed. Clea/l<B su77/essin4 info/6ation conce/nin4 such disco3e/ies is inco67atible
with the uni3e/sit<2s obli4ation to 7/o6ote the f/ee flow of ideas.
1&. ,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion that the a/4u6ent 6a0es=
>A? Dni3e/sities a/e the onl< institutions that ha3e an obli4ation to 4ua/antee
intellectual f/eedo6.
>B? Most in3entions b< uni3e/sit< facult< 6e6be/s would be 7/ofitable if
7atented.
>C? Iublication of /e7o/ts on /esea/ch is the onl< 7/actical wa< to disse6inate
info/6ation conce/nin4 new disco3e/ies.
>D? Dni3e/sities that ha3e a 6oti3e to su77/ess info/6ation conce/nin4
disco3e/ies b< thei/ facult< 6e6be/s will occasionall< act on that 6oti3e.
>E? If the in3entions of a uni3e/sit< facult< 6e6be/ a/e not 7atented b< that
uni3e/sit<B then the< will be 7atented b< the facult< 6e6be/ instead.
$. The clai6 that a uni3e/sit< should not be entitled to 7atent the in3entions of its
facult< 6e6be/s 7la<s which one of the followin4 /oles in the a/4u6ent=
>A? It is the conclusion of the a/4u6ent.
>B? It is a 7/inci7le f/o6 which the conclusion is de/i3ed.
>C? It is an e87licit assu67tion.
>D? It is additional but nonessential info/6ation in su77o/t of one of the 7/e6ises.
>E? It is a clai6 that 6ust be de6onst/ated to be false in o/de/ to establish the
conclusion.
1. En4lish and the Aust/onesian lan4ua4e Mba/ba/a6 both use the wo/d Edo4F fo/
canines. These two lan4ua4es a/e un/elatedB and since s7ea0e/s of the two
lan4ua4es onl< ca6e in contact with one anothe/ lon4 afte/ the wo/d Edo4F was
fi/st used in this wa< in eithe/ lan4ua4eB neithe/ lan4ua4e could ha3e bo//owed
the wo/d f/o6 the othe/. Thus this case shows that so6eti6es when lan4ua4es
sha/e wo/ds that a/e si6ila/ in sound and 6eanin4 the si6ila/it< is due neithe/ to
lan4ua4e /elatedness no/ to bo//owin4.
The a/4u6ent /e@ui/es that which one of the followin4 be assu6es=
>A? En4lish and Mba/ba/a6 sha/e no wo/ds othe/ than Edo4.F
>B? Se3e/al lan4ua4es besides En4lish and Mba/ba/a6 use Edo4F as the wo/d fo/
canines.
>C? Dsuall< when two lan4ua4es sha/e a wo/dB those lan4ua4es a/e /elated to each
othe/.
>D? The/e is no thi/d lan4ua4e f/o6 which both En4lish and Mba/ba/a6
bo//owed the wo/d Edo4.F
>E? If two un/elated lan4ua4es sha/e a wo/dB s7ea0e/s of those two lan4ua4es
#1 'SAT
6ust ha3e co6e in contact with one anothe/ at so6e ti6e.
. Iolitician1 5/o6 the ti6e ou/ 7a/t< too0 office al6ost fou/ <ea/s a4o the nu6be/
of 7eo7le une67lo<ed cit<Awide inc/eased b< less than $ 7e/cent. The
o77osition 7a/t< cont/olled cit< 4o3e/n6ent du/in4 the fou/ 7/ecedin4 <ea/sB and
the nu6be/ of une67lo<ed cit< /esidents /ose b< o3e/ $ 7e/cent. ThusB due to
ou/ leade/shi7B fewe/ 7eo7le now find the6sel3es a6on4 the /an0s of the
une67lo<edB whate3e/ the o77osition 6a< clai6.
The /easonin4 in the 7olitician2s a/4u6ent is 6ost 3ulne/able to the c/iticis6 that
>A? the clai6s 6ade b< the o77osition a/e si67l< dis6issed without bein4
s7ecified
>B? no e3idence has been offe/ed to show that an< decline in une67lo<6ent o3e/
the 7ast fou/ <ea/s was unifo/6 th/ou4hout all a/eas of the cit<
>C? the issue of how 6uch une67lo<6ent in the cit< is affected b< seasonal
fluctuations is i4no/ed
>D? the e3idence cited in su77o/t of the conclusion actuall< 7/o3ides 6o/e
su77o/t fo/ the denial of the conclusion
>E? the 7ossibilit< has not been add/essed that an< inc/ease in the nu6be/ of
7eo7le e67lo<ed is due to 7/o4/a6s su77o/ted b< the o77osition 7a/t<
". A 7oo/ fa/6e/ was fond of tellin4 his child/en1 EIn this wo/ldB <ou a/e eithe/ /ich
o/ 7oo/B and <ou a/e eithe/ honest o/ dishonest. All 7oo/ fa/6e/s a/e honest.
The/efo/eB all /ich fa/6e/s a/e dishonest.F
The fa/6e/2s conclusion is 7/o7e/l< d/awn if the a/4u6ent assu6es that
>A? e3e/< honest fa/6e/ is 7oo/
>B? e3e/< honest 7e/son is a fa/6e/
>C? e3e/<one who is dishonest is a /ich fa/6e/
>D? e3e/<one who is 7oo/ is honest
>E? e3e/< 7oo/ 7e/son is a fa/6e/
#. +ou/nalist1 Can <ou 4i3e 6e a su66a/< of the no3el <ou a/e wo/0in4 on=
)o3elist1 ,ellB I assu6e that b< Esu66a/<F <ou 6ean so6ethin4 b/ief and not a
3e/sion of the no3el itself. The /eason I w/ite no3els is that what I want to
co66unicate can be co66unicated onl< in the fo/6 of a no3el. So I a6 af/aid I
cannot su66a/i9e 6< no3el fo/ <ou in a wa< that would tell <ou what I a6 t/<in4
to co66unicate with this no3el.
,hich one of the followin4 e8hibits a 7atte/n of /easonin4 that is 6ost 7a/allel to
that used b< the no3elist=
>A? (nl< if a d/awin4 can be used as a 4uide b< the builde/ can it be conside/ed a
blue7/int. This d/awin4 of the 7/o7osed buildin4 can be used as a 4uide b<
the builde/B so it can be conside/ed a blue7/int.
>B? (nl< a state6ent that does not di3ul4e co67an< sec/ets can be used as a 7/ess
GMAT . 'SAT C- #1"
/elease. This state6ent does not di3ul4e co67an< sec/etsB but it is
uninfo/6ati3e and the/efo/e cannot be used as a 7/ess /elease.
>C? ,atchin4 a t/a3elo4 is not the sa6e as t/a3elin4. But a t/a3elo4 confe/s so6e
of the benefits of t/a3el without the ha/dshi7s of t/a3el. So 6an< 7eo7le ;ust
watch t/a3elo4s and do not unde/4o the ha/dshi7s of t/a3el.
>D? (nl< a th/eeAdi6ensional /e7/esentation of a landsca7e can con3e< the
e87e/ience of bein4 in that landsca7e. A 7hoto4/a7h ta0en with a t/aditional
ca6e/a is not th/eeAdi6ensional. The/efo/e a 7hoto4/a7h ta0en with a
t/aditional ca6e/a can ne3e/ con3e< the e87e/ience of bein4 in a landsca7e.
>E? A ban@uet 6enu fo/etells the content of a 6ealB but so6e 7eo7le collect
6enus in o/de/ to /e6ind the6sel3es of 4/eat 6eals the< ha3e eaten. Thus a
ban@uet 6enu has a function not onl< befo/eB but also afte/B a 6eal has been
se/3ed.
!. Medical /esea/ch findin4s a/e custo6a/il< not 6ade 7ublic 7/io/ to thei/
7ublication in a 6edical ;ou/nal that has had the6 /e3iewed b< a 7anel of e87e/ts
in a 7/ocess called 7ee/ /e3iew. It is clai6ed that this 7/actice dela<s 7ublic
access to 7otentiall< beneficial info/6ation thatB in e8t/e6e instancesB could sa3e
li3es. :et 7/e7ublication 7ee/ /e3iew is the onl< wa< to 7/e3ent e//oneous and
the/efo/e 7otentiall< ha/6ful info/6ation f/o6 /eachin4 a 7ublic that is ill
e@ui77ed to e3aluate 6edical clai6s on its own. The/efo/eB waitin4 until a
6edical ;ou/nal has 7ublished the /esea/ch findin4s that ha3e 7assed 7ee/ /e3iew
is the 7/ice that 6ust be 7aid to 7/otect the 7ublic f/o6 6a0in4 decisions based
on 7ossibl< substanda/d /esea/ch.
>A? unless 6edical /esea/ch findin4s a/e b/ou4ht to 7ee/ /e3iew b< a 6edical
;ou/nalB 7ee/ /e3iew will not occu/
>B? an<one who does not se/3e on 6edical /e3iew 7anel does not ha3e the
necessa/< 0nowled4e and e87e/tise to e3aluate 6edical /esea/ch findin4
>C? the 4ene/al 7ublic does not ha3e access to the 6edical ;ou/nals in which
/esea/ch findin4s a/e 7ublished
>D? all 6edical /esea/ch findin4s a/e sub;ected to 7/e7ublication 7ee/ /e3iew
>E? 7ee/ /e3iew 7anels a/e so6eti6es sub;ect to 7olitical and 7/ofessional
7/essu/es that can 6a0e thei/ ;ud46ents less than i67a/tial
SECTI() I*
1. Ieo7le who accuse the 7ostal se/3ice of inco67etence and inefficienc< while
co67lainin4 of the 7/o7osed fi3eAcent inc/ease in 7ostal /ates do not 0now a
ba/4ain when the< see one. 5ew e87e/iences a/e 6o/e en;o<able than /eadin4 a
#1# 'SAT
7e/sonal lette/ f/o6 a f/iend. *iewed in this waA? su44ests that the 7ostal se/3ice is both co67etent and efficientB but does not
establish how co67etence and efficienc< should be 6easu/ed
>B? clai6s that the 7/o7osed inc/ease is insi4nificant but does not sa< at what
le3el the inc/ease would be wo/th< of se/ious debate
>C? confuses the 3alue of the ob;ect deli3e/ed with the 3alue of deli3e/in4 that
ob;ect
>D? a77eals to an outside autho/it< fo/ su77o/t of a 7/e6ise that should be
established b< a/4u6ent
>E? fails to establish whethe/ o/ not the c/itics of the 7ostal se/3ice a/e e67lo<ees
of the 7ostal se/3ice
. ,hen a stud< of as7i/in2s abilit< to 7/e3ent hea/t attac0s in hu6ans <ielded
7ositi3e /esultsB /esea/che/s i66ediatel< sub6itted those /esults to a 6edical
;ou/nalB which 7ublished the6 si8 wee0s late/. Had the /esults been 7ublished
soone/B 6an< of the hea/t attac0s that occu//ed du/in4 the dela< could ha3e been
7/e3ented.
The conclusion d/awn abo3e would be 6ost unde/6ined if it we/e t/ue that
>A? the 6edical ;ou/nal2s staff wo/0ed o3e/ti6e in o/de/ to 7ublish the stud<2s
/esults as soon as 7ossible
>B? studies of as7i/in2s usefulness in /educin4 hea/t attac0s in labo/ato/< ani6als
/e6ain inconclusi3e
>C? 7eo7le who ta0e as7i/in /e4ula/l< suffe/ a hi4he/AthanAa3e/a4e incidence of
sto6ach ulce/s
>D? the 6edical ;ou/nal2s official 7olic< is to 7ublish a/ticles onl< afte/ an
e8tensi3e /e3iew 7/ocess
>E? a 7e/son2s /is0 of suffe/in4 a hea/t attac0 d/o7s onl< afte/ that 7e/son has
ta0en as7i/in /e4ula/l< fo/ two <ea/s
". It 6i4ht see6 that an ai/line could inc/ease 7/ofits b< /educin4 ai/fa/es on all its
fli4hts in o/de/ to encou/a4e disc/etiona/< t/a3el and thus fill 7lanes. (ffe/s of
ac/ossAtheAboa/d discount fa/es ha3eB indeedB /esulted in the sale of la/4e nu6be/s
of /educedA7/ice tic0ets. )e3e/theless such offe/s ha3eB in the 7astB actuall< cut
the ai/line2s 7/ofits.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost hel7s to /esol3e the a77a/ent
>A? 5ewe/ than 1$ 7e/cent of all ai/ t/a3ele/s 6a0e no atte67t to see0 out
discount fa/es.
>B? 5a/es fo/ t/i7s between a la/4e cit< and a s6all cit< a/e hi4he/ than those fo/
t/i7s between two la/4e cities e3en when the distances in3ol3ed a/e the
GMAT . 'SAT C- #1!
sa6e.
>C? Ac/ossAtheAboa/d discounts in fa/es tend to dec/ease /e3enues on fli4hts that
a/e no/6all< filledB but the< fail to att/act 7assen4e/s to un7o7ula/ fli4hts.
>D? (nl< a s6all nu6be/ of 7eo7le who ha3e ne3e/ befo/e t/a3eled b< ai/ a/e
7e/suaded to do so on the basis of ac/ossAtheAboa/d discount fa/es.
>E? It is difficult to de3ise an ad3e/tisin4 ca67ai4n that 6a0es the 7ublic awa/e of
ac/ossAtheAboa/d discount fa/es while full< e87lainin4 the /est/ictions
a77lied to those discount fa/es.
#. (nl< if the electo/ate is 6o/al and intelli4ent will a de6oc/ac< function well.
,hich one of the followin4 can be lo4icall< infe//ed f/o6 the clai6 abo3e=
>A? If the electo/ate is 6o/al and intelli4entB then a de6oc/ac< will function well.
>B? Eithe/ a de6oc/ac< does not function well o/ else the electo/ate is not 6o/al
o/ not intelli4ent.
>C? If the electo/ate is not 6o/al o/ not intelli4entB then a de6oc/ac< will not
function well.
>D? If a de6oc/ac< does not function wellB then the electo/ate is not 6o/al o/ not
intelli4ent.
>E? It cannotB at the sa6e ti6eB be t/ue that the electo/ate is 6o/al and intelli4ent
and that a de6oc/ac< will not function well.
!. Infants <oun4e/ than si8 6onths who ha3e no/6al hea/in4 can /eadil< distin4uish
between acousticall< si6ila/ sounds that a/e used as 7a/t of an< lan4ua4eKnot
onl< those used in the lan4ua4e s7o0en b< the 7eo7le who /aise the6. :oun4
adults can /eadil< distin4uish between such sounds onl< in lan4ua4es that the<
/e4ula/l< use. It is 0nown that the 7h<siolo4ical ca7acit< to hea/ be4ins to
dete/io/ate afte/ infanc<. So the obse/3ed diffe/ence in the abilities of infants and
<oun4 adult to distin4uish between acousticall< si6ila/ s7eech sounds 6ust be
the /esult of the 7h<siolo4ical dete/io/ation of hea/in4.
>A? sets an a/bit/a/< cutoff 7oint of si8 6onths fo/ the a4e below which infants
a/e able to distin4uish acousticall< si6ila/ s7eech sounds
>B? does not e87lain the 7/ocedu/es used to 6easu/e the abilities of two 3e/<
diffe/ent 7o7ulations
>C? i4no/es the fact that ce/tain t<7es of s7eech sounds occu/ in al6ost all
lan4ua4es
>D? assu6es that what is t/ue of a 4/ou7 of 7eo7le ta0en collecti3el< is also t/ue
of an< indi3idual with that 4/ou7
>E? ta0es a facto/ that 6i4ht cont/ibute to an e87lanation of the obse/3ed
diffe/ence as a sufficient e87lanation fo/ that diffe/ence
6. The econo6ies of so6e indust/iali9ed count/ies face the 7/os7ect of la/4e labo/
#16 'SAT
sho/ta4es in the decades ahead. MeanwhileB these count/ies will ha3e a 3ast
nu6be/ of e87e/ienced and 7/oducti3e olde/ wo/0e/s whoB as thin4s standB will be
d/i3en f/o6 the wo/0 fo/ce u7on /eachin4 the a4e of si8t<Afi3e b< the wides7/ead
7/actice of /e@ui/in4 wo/0e/s to /eti/e at that a4e. The/efo/eB if the disc/i6inato/<
7/actice of 6andato/< /eti/e6ent at a4e si8t<Afi3e we/e eli6inatedB the labo/
sho/ta4es facin4 these econo6ies would be a3e/ted.
>A? olde/ wo/0e/s ha3e ac@ui/ed s0ills that a/e e8t/e6el< 3aluable and that thei/
<oun4e/ collea4ues lac0
>B? wo/0e/s in indust/iali9ed count/ies a/e often un7/e7a/ed to face the econo6ic
conse@uences of enfo/ced idleness
>C? a la/4e nu6be/ of wo/0e/s in so6e indust/iali9ed count/ies would continue
wo/0in4 be<ond the a4e of si8t<Afi3e if wo/0e/s in those count/ies we/e
allowed to do so
>D? 6andato/< /eti/e6ent at a4e si8t<Afi3e was fi/st instituted when life
e87ectanc< was conside/able lowe/ than it is toda<
>E? a substantial 7/o7o/tion of the 7o7ulation of officiall< /eti/ed wo/0e/s is
actuall< en4a4ed in 4ainful e67lo<6ent
%. The incidence in +a7an of 6ost t<7es of cance/ is /e6a/0able low co67a/ed to
with in )o/th A6e/icaB es7eciall< conside/in4 that +a7an has a 6ode/n lifeAst<leB
indust/ial 7ollution included. The cance/ /atesB howe3e/B fo/ +a7anese 7eo7le who
i66i4/ate to )o/th A6e/ica and ado7t the diet of )o/th A6e/icans a77/o8i6ate
the hi4he/ cance/ /ates 7/e3alent in )o/th A6e/ica.
If the state6ents abo3e a/e t/ueB the< 7/o3ide the 6ost su77o/t fo/ which one of
the followin4=
>A? The 4/eate/ the le3el of indust/ial 7ollution in a count/B? The st/ess of life in )o/th A6e/ica is 4/eate/ than that of life in +a7an and
7/edis7oses to cance/.
>C? The sta7le foods of the +a7anese diet contain ele6ents that cu/e cance/.
>D? The /elati3el< low /ate of cance/ a6on4 7eo7le in +a7an does not /esult f/o6
a hi4h f/e@uenc< of a 7/otecti3e 4enetic t/ait a6on4 +a7anese 7eo7le.
>E? The hi4he/ cance/ /ates of +a7anese i66i4/ants to )o/th A6e/ica a/e caused
b< fats in the )o/th A6e/ican diet.
8. A t/anslation in3a/iabl< /eflects the w/itin4 st<le of the t/anslato/. So6eti6es
when a lon4 docu6ent needs to be t/anslated @uic0l<B se3e/al t/anslato/s a/e 7ut
to wo/0 on the ;obB each assi4ned to t/anslate 7a/t of the docu6ent. In these casesB
the /esult is usuall< a t/anslation 6a/0ed b< diffe/ent and often inco67atible
w/itin4 st<les. Ce/tain co67ute/ 7/o4/a6s fo/ lan4ua4e t/anslation that wo/0
without the inte/3ention of hu6an t/anslation can finish the ;ob faste/ than hu6an
GMAT . 'SAT C- #1%
t/anslato/s and 7/oduce a st<listicall< unifo/6 t/anslation with an 8$ 7e/cent
accu/ac< /ate. The/efo/eB when a lon4 docu6ent needs to be t/anslated @uic0lA? whethe/ the 7/oble6 of st<listic 3a/iet< in hu6an t/anslation could be sol3ed
b< 4i3in4 st<listic 4uidelines to hu6an t/anslato/s
>B? whethe/ nu6e/ical co67a/isons of the accu/ac< of t/anslations can /easonabl<
be 6ade
>C? whethe/ co67ute/ t/anslation 7/o4/a6sB li0e hu6an t/anslato/sB each ha3e
thei/ own distinct w/itin4 st<le
>D? whethe/ the co67ute/ t/anslation contains e//o/s of 4/a66a/ and usa4e that
d/asticall< alte/ the 6eanin4 of the te8t
>E? how the accu/ac< /ate of co67ute/ t/anslation 7/o4/a6s co67a/es with that of
hu6an t/anslato/s in /elation to the use/s2 needs
Questions 9-10
M</na1 Ieo7le should follow diets in which fat /e7/esents no 6o/e than "$ 7e/cent of
total calo/iesB not the "% 7e/cent the a3e/a4e diet in this count/< contains.
-oland1 If e3e/<one in the count/< followed <ou /eco66endation du/in4 his o/ he/
enti/e lifeB ;ust $. 7e/cent would len4then thei/ li3e at allB and then onl< b< an
a3e/a4e of " 6onths. Modif<in4 ou/ diet is not wo/thwhile. A lifeti6e of sac/ifice
s7ent eatin4 an una77ealin4 lowAfat diet is too hi4h a 7/ice to 7a< fo/ the chance of
e8tendin4 that sac/ifice fo/ " 6onths.
M</na1 But fo/ e3e/<one who dies ea/l< f/o6 a hi4hAfat dietB 6an< 6o/e 7eo7le suffe/
f/o6 se/ious ch/onic diseases because the< followed such diets.
&. M</na /es7onds to -oland b<
>A? dis7utin4 the co//ectness of the facts cited b< -oland and offe/in4 facts that
she conside/s co//ect
>B? showin4 that the facto/s conside/ed b< -oland a/e not the onl< ones /ele3ant
in e3aluatin4 he/ /eco66endation
>C? de6onst/atin4 that the statistics used b< -oland to dis7ute he/
/eco66endation a/e inaccu/ate
>D? su44estin4 that -oland2s e3idence de/i3es f/o6 un/eliable sou/ces
>E? 7ointin4 out that -oland2s a/4u6ent assu6es the 3e/< 7/o7osition it sets out
to 7/o3e
1$. -oland2s a/4u6ent assu6es that
>A? it is desi/able to li3e in such a wa< as to len4th life as 6uch as 7ossible
>B? a lowAfat diet cannot /eadil< be 6ade a77ealin4 and satisf<in4 to a 7e/son
#18 'SAT
who follows it /e4ula/l<
>C? diet is the onl< /ele3ant facto/ to conside/ in co67utin4 influences on len4th
of life
>D? the diffe/ence in tastiness between a diet in which fat /e7/esents "$ 7e/cent of
total calo/ies and one in which it /e7/esents "% 7e/cent is not noticeable
>E? not e3e/<one in the count/< eats the a3e/a4e diet
11. So6e c/itics clai6 that it is unfai/ that so 6an< 4/eat wo/0s of a/t a/e housed in
hu4e 6et/o7olitan 6useu6sB since the 7o7ulations se/3ed b< these 6useu6s
al/ead< ha3e access to a wide 3a/iet< of i67o/tant a/two/0. But this c/iticis6 is in
7/inci7le unwa//anted because the li6ited nu6be/ of 6aste/7ieces 6a0es wide/
dist/ibution of the6 i67/actical. BesidesB if a 6aste/7iece is to be full<
a77/eciatedB it 6ust be seen alon4side othe/ wo/0s that 7/o3ide a social and
histo/ical conte8t fo/ it.
,hich one of the followin4B if establishedB could 6ost lo4icall< se/3e as the
7/inci7le a77ealed to in the a/4u6ent counte/in4 the c/itics2 clai6=
>A? In 7/o3idin4 facilities to the 7ublicB the 4oal should be to ensu/e that as 6an<
as 7ossible of those 7eo7le who could benefit f/o6 the facilities a/e able to
do so.
>B? In 7/o3idin4 facilities to the 7ublicB the 4oal should be to ensu/e that the
4/eatest 7ossible nu6be/ of 7eo7le 4ain the 4/eatest benefit 7ossible f/o6
the6.
>C? It is un/easonable to enfo/ce a /edist/ibution of social 4oods that in3ol3es
de7/i3in4 so6e 6e6be/s of societ< of these 4oods in o/de/ to su77l< othe/s.
>D? 5o/ it to be /easonable to c/itici9e an a//an4e6ent as unfai/B the/e 6ust be a
6o/e e@uitable a//an4e6ent that is 7/acticall< attainable.
>E? A wo/0 of a/t should be dis7la<ed in conditions /ese6blin4 as closel< as
7ossible those in which the wo/0 was o/i4inall< intended to be dis7la<ed.
1. So6e accountants calculate with si67le addin4 6achinesB and so6e use co67le8
co67ute/s. (ne can 7e/fo/6 6o/e calculations in less ti6e with a co67ute/ than
with an addin4 6achine. The/efo/eB assu6in4 the costs of usin4 the two t<7es of
6achines a/e e@ualB an accountant who uses a co67ute/ 4ene/all< can ea/n 6o/e
7e/ hou/ than an accountant who uses an addin4 6achine.
,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion that would 6a0e the conclusion in
the 7assa4e a lo4ical one=
>A? Mo/e accountants use co67ute/s than use addin4 6achines.
>B? The 6o/e hou/s an accountant s7ends on the ;obB the 6o/e 6one< he o/ she
will ea/n.
>C? The 6o/e calculations an accountant 7e/fo/6sB the 6o/e 6one< he o/ she will
ea/n.
>D? An accountant who uses an addin4 6achine can cha/4e a hi4he/ hou/l< /ate
GMAT . 'SAT C- #1&
than one who uses a co67ute/.
>E? In 4ene/alB accountants 3a/< in te/6s of the nu6be/ of calculations the< 6a0e
and the a6ount of 6one< the< ea/n.
1". This su66e/B +ennife/B who has wo/0ed at M*Q Manufactu/in4 fo/ ;ust o3e/ th/ee
<ea/sB 7lans to s7end with he/ fa6il< the enti/e fou/ wee0s of 7aid 3acation to
which she is entitled this <ea/. An<one who has wo/0ed at M*Q Manufactu/in4
fo/ between one and fou/ <ea/s is auto6aticall< entitled to e8actl< th/ee wee0s
7aid 3acation each <ea/ but can a77l< u7 to half of an< 3acation ti6e that /e6ains
unused at the end of one <ea/ to the ne8t <ea/2s 3acation.
If the state6ents abo3e a/e all t/ueB which one of the followin4 6ust also be t/ue
on the basis of the6=
>A? +ennife/ did not use two wee0s of the 7aid 3acation ti6e to which she was
entitled 7ast <ea/.
>B? If +ennife/ continues to wo/0 fo/ M*Q Manufactu/in4B she will onl< be
entitled to th/ee wee0s 7aid 3acation ne8t <ea/.
>C? The 6a;o/it< of M*Q2s e67lo<ees use each <ea/ all of the 7aid 3acation ti6e
to which the< a/e entitled.
>D? 'ast <ea/ +ennife/ too0 onl< one wee0 of the 7aid 3acation ti6e to which she
was entitled.
>E? M*Q Manufactu/in4 so6eti6es allows e8t/a 3acation ti6e to e67lo<ees who
need to s7end 6o/e ti6e with thei/ fa6ilies.
1#. A ca/eful /e3iew of hos7ital fatalities due to anesthesia du/in4 the last $ <ea/s
indicates that the 6ost si4nificant safet< i67/o3e6ents /esulted f/o6 bette/
t/ainin4 of anesthetists. E@ui76ent that 6onito/s a 7atient2s o8<4en and ca/bon
dio8ide le3els was not a3ailable in 6ost o7e/atin4 /oo6s du/in4 the 7e/iod unde/
/e3iew. The/efo/eB the inc/eased use of such 6onito/in4 e@ui76ent in o7e/atin4
/oo6s will not si4nificantl< cut fatalities due to anesthesia.
A flaw in the a/4u6ent is that
>A? the e3idence cited to show that one facto/ led to a ce/tain /esult is not
sufficient to show that a second facto/ will not also lead to that /esult
>B? the /easons 4i3en in su77o/t of the conclusion 7/esu77ose the t/uth of that
conclusion
>C? the e3idence cited to show that a ce/tain facto/ was absent when a ce/tain
/esult occu//ed does not show that the absence of that facto/ caused that
/esult
>D? the e3idence cited in su77o/t of the conclusion is inconsistent with othe/
info/6ation that is 7/o3ided
>E? the /eason indicated fo/ the clai6 that one e3ent caused a second 6o/e
st/on4l< su77o/ts the clai6 that both e3ents we/e inde7endent effects of a
thi/d e3ent
#$ 'SAT
1!. )ew t<7es of washin4 6achines desi4ned to consu6e less ene/4< also e8t/act
less wate/ f/o6 laund/< du/in4 thei/ final s7in c<cles than do washin4 6achines
that consu6e so6ewhat 6o/e ene/4<. The wette/ the laund/<B the 6o/e ene/4<
/e@ui/ed to d/< it in an auto6atic d/<e/. Thus usin4 these new t<7es of washin4
6achines could /esult in an o3e/all inc/ease in the ene/4< needed to wash and d/<
a load of laund/<.
In which one of the followin4 is the 7atte/n of /easonin4 6ost 7a/allel to that in
the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? The 6o/e s0ill /e@ui/ed to o7e/ate a 6achineB the ha/de/ it is to find 7eo7le
able to do itB and thus the 6o/e those 7eo7le 6ust be 7aid. The/efo/eB if a
facto/< installs 6achines that /e@ui/e hi4hl< s0illed o7e/ato/sB it 6ust be
7/e7a/ed to 7a< hi4he/ wa4es.
>B? The/e a/e two /outes between Cente/3ille and Ma7letownB and the scenic
/oute is the lon4e/ /oute. The/efo/eB a 7e/son who is not conce/ned with how
lon4 it will ta0e to t/a3el between Cente/3ille and Ma7letown will 7/obabl<
ta0e the scenic /oute.
>C? The 6o/e 7eo7le who wo/0 in the lib/a/<2s /eadin4 /oo6B the noisie/ the /oo6
beco6esG and the noisie/ the wo/0in4 en3i/on6entB the less efficientl<
7eo7le wo/0. The/efo/eB when 6an< 7eo7le a/e wo/0in4 in the /eadin4 /oo6B
those 7eo7le a/e wo/0in4 less efficientl<.
>D? Iine is a less e87ensi3e wood than ceda/ but is 6o/e susce7tible to /ot.
(utdoo/ fu/nitu/e 6ade f/o6 wood susce7tible to /ot 6ust be 7ainte/ with
6o/e e87ensi3e 7aint. The/efo/eB buildin4 outdoo/ fu/nitu/e f/o6 7ine /athe/
than ceda/ could inc/ease the total cost of buildin4 and 7aintin4 the fu/nitu/e.
>E? The 6o/e wei4hts added to an e8e/cise 6achineB the 4/eate/ the 6uscle
st/en4th needed to wo/0 out on the 6achine. D7 to a 7ointB usin4 6o/e
6uscle st/en4th can 6a0e a 7e/son st/on4e/. Thus an e8e/cise 6achine with
6o/e wei4hts canB but does not necessa/il<B 6a0e a 7e/son st/on4e/.
Questions 1&-1'
G1 The 4/ou7 of wo/0s e8hibited in this <ea/2s Met/o7olitan A/t Show /e3eals a bias
in fa3o/ of 7hoto4/a7he/s. E@ual nu6be/s of 7hoto4/a7he/sB scul7to/sB and 7ainte/s
sub6itted wo/0s that 6et the t/aditional c/ite/ia fo/ the showB <et 6o/e 7hoto4/a7hs
we/e e8hibited than eithe/ scul7tu/es o/ 7aintin4s. As <ou 0nowB each a/tist was
allowed to sub6it wo/0 in one 6ediu6 onl<.
H1 How could the/e ha3e been bias= All sub6itted wo/0s that 6et the t/aditional
c/ite/iaKand onl< those wo/0sKwe/e e8hibited in the show.
16. If both G2s asse/tions and H2s asse/tion a/e t/ueB which one of the followin4 6ust
also be t/ue=
>A? Mo/e 7hoto4/a7he/s than scul7to/s o/ 7ainte/s sub6itted wo/0s to be
conside/ed fo/ e8hibition in the Met/o7olitan A/t Show.
GMAT . 'SAT C- #1
>B? All the wo/0s sub6itted fo/ the Met/o7olitan A/t Show 6et the t/aditional
c/ite/ia fo/ the show.
>C? The @ualit< of 7hoto4/a7hs e8hibited in the 6et/o7olitan A/t Show was
infe/io/ to the @ualit< of the scul7tu/es o/ 7aintin4s e8hibited.
>D? So6e of the 7hoto4/a7hs sub6itted fo/ the Met/o7olitan A/t Show did not
6eet the t/aditional c/ite/ia fo/ the show.
>E? Mo/e wo/0s that 6et the t/aditional c/ite/ia fo/ the Met/o7olitan A/t Show
we/e sub6itted b< 7hoto4/a7he/s than b< scul7to/s o/ 7ainte/s.
1%. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ts G2s alle4ation of bias=
>A? If an a/tist has had one of his o/ he/ wo/0s e8hibited in the Met/o7olitan A/t
ShowB that a/tist has an ad3anta4e in 4ettin4 co66issions and sellin4 wo/0s
o3e/ a/tists who ha3e ne3e/ had a wo/0 e8hibited in the show.
>B? The fee fo/ ente/in4 7hoto4/a7hs in the Met/o7olitan A/t Show was L! 7e/
wo/0 sub6ittedB while the fee fo/ each 7aintin4 o/ scul7tu/e sub6itted was
L%!.
>C? The co66ittee that selected f/o6 the sub6itted wo/0s the ones to be
e8hibited in this <ea/2s Met/o7olitan A/t Show had fou/ 6e6be/s1 one
7hoto4/a7he/B on scul7to/B one 7ainte/B and one who wo/0s in all th/ee 6edia
but is the least 0nown of the fou/ 6e6be/s.
>D? -e3iews of this <ea/2s Met/o7olitan A/t Show that a77ea/ed in 6a;o/
news7a7e/s and 6a4a9ines tended to 4i3e 6o/e co3e/a4e to the 7hoto4/a7hs
in the show than to the scul7tu/es and 7aintin4s that we/e e8hibited.
>E? In 7/e3ious <ea/sB it has often ha77ened that 6o/e 7aintin4s o/ 6o/e
scul7tu/es we/e e8hibited in the Met/o7olitan A/t Show than 7hoto4/a7hsB
e3en thou4h the total nu6be/ of wo/0s e8hibited each <ea/ does not 3a/<
widel<.
Questions 18-19
Ma/cus1 5o/ 6ost ethical dile66as the ;ou/nalist is li0el< to faceB t/aditional
;ou/nalistic ethics is clea/B ade@uateB and essentiall< co//ect. 5o/ e8a67leB when
;ou/nalists ha3e unco3e/ed newswo/th< info/6ationB the< should 4o to 7/ess with it as
soon as 7ossible. )o dela< 6oti3ated b< the ;ou/nalists2 7e/sonal o/ 7/ofessional
inte/ests is 7e/6issible.
Anita1 ,ellB Ma/cusB of cou/se inte/estin4 and i67o/tant info/6ation should be
b/ou4ht befo/e the 7ublicKthat is a ;ou/nalist2s ;ob. But in the t<7ical caseB whe/e a
;ou/nalist has so6e info/6ation but is in a @uanda/< about whethe/ it is <et i67o/tant
o/ Enewswo/th<BF this 4uidance is inade@uate.
18. The 7oint 6ade b< Anita2s state6ents is 6ost accu/atel< e87/essed b< which one
of the followin4=
>A? Ma/cus2s clai6 that t/aditional ;ou/nalistic ethics is clea/ fo/ 6ost ethical
# 'SAT
dile66as in ;ou/nalis6 is inco//ect.
>B? A t<7ical case illust/ates that Ma/cus is w/on4 in clai6in4 that t/aditional
;ou/nalistic ethics is essentiall< co//ect fo/ 6ost ethical dile66as in
;ou/nalis6.
>C? The ethical 7/inci7le that Ma/cus cites does not hel7 the ;ou/nalist in a t<7ical
0ind of situation in which a decision needs to be 6ade.
>D? The/e a/e co66on situations in which a ;ou/nalist 6ust 6a0e a decision and
in which no 7/inci7le of ;ou/nalistic ethics can be of hel7.
>E? T/aditional ;ou/nalistic ethics a6ounts to no 6o/e than an unnecessa/il<
con3oluted desc/i7tion of the ;ou/nalist2s ;ob.
1&. In o/de/ to conclude 7/o7e/l< f/o6 Anita2s state6ents that Ma/cus2 4ene/al clai6
about t/aditional ;ou/nalistic ethics is inco//ectB it would ha3e to be assu6ed that
>A? whethe/ a 7iece of info/6ation is o/ is not newswo/th< can /aise ethical
dile66as fo/ ;ou/nalists
>B? the/e a/e ci/cu6stances in which it would be ethicall< w/on4 fo/ a ;ou/nalist
to 4o to 7/ess with le4iti6atel< ac@ui/edB newswo/th< info/6ation
>C? the 6ost se/ious 7/ofessional dile66as that a ;ou/nalist is li0el< to face a/e
not ethical dile66as
>D? the/e a/e no ethical dile66as that a ;ou/nalist is li0el< to face that would not
be conclusi3el< /esol3ed b< an ade@uate s<ste6 of ;ou/nalistic ethics
>E? 5o/ a s<ste6 of ;ou/nalistic ethics to be ade@uate it 6ust be able to 7/o3ide
4uidance in e3e/< case in which a ;ou/nalist 6ust 6a0e a 7/ofessional
decision
Questions !0-!1
(f e3e/< 1$$ bu/4la/ ala/6s 7olice answe/B && a/e false ala/6s. This situation causes
an eno/6ous and dan4e/ous d/ain on inc/easin4l< sca/ce 7ublic /esou/ces. Each false
ala/6 wastes an a3e/a4e of #! 6inutes of 7olice ti6e. As a /esult 7olice a/e
consistentl< ta0en awa< f/o6 /es7ondin4 to othe/ le4iti6ate calls fo/ se/3iceB and a
dis7/o7o/tionate sha/e of 7olice se/3ice 4oes to ala/6 s<ste6 use/sB who a/e 6ostl<
businesses and affluent ho6eowne/s. Howe3e/B bu/4la/ ala/6 s<ste6sB unli0e ca/
ala/6 s<ste6sB a/e effecti3e in dete//in4 bu/4la/iesB so the onl< acce7table solution is
to fine bu/4la/ ala/6 s<ste6 owne/s the cost of #! 6inutes of 7olice ti6e fo/ each
false ala/6 thei/ s<ste6s 4ene/ate.
$. The state6ent that bu/4la/ ala/6 s<ste6sB unli0e ca/ ala/6 s<ste6sB a/e effecti3e
in dete//in4 bu/4la/ies 7la<s which one of the followin4 /oles in the a/4u6ent=
>A? It ;ustifies 7lacin4 6o/e /est/ictions on owne/s of bu/4la/ ala/6s than on
owne/s of ca/ ala/6s.
>B? It 7/o3ides bac04/ound info/6ation needed to 6a0e 7lausible the clai6 that
the nu6be/ of bu/4la/ ala/6s 7olice a/e called on to answe/ is 4/eat enou4h
GMAT . 'SAT C- #"
to be a d/ain on 7ublic /esou/ces.
>C? It 7/o3ides a basis fo/ e8cludin4 as unacce7table one ob3ious alte/nati3e to
the 7/o7osal of finin4 owne/s of bu/4la/ ala/6 s<ste6s fo/ false ala/6s.
>D? It 4i3es a /eason wh< 7olice 6i4ht be 6o/e inclined to /es7ond to bu/4la/
ala/6s than to ca/ ala/6s.
>E? It e87lains wh< a dis7/o7o/tionate nu6be/ of the bu/4la/ ala/6s /es7onded to
b< 7olice co6e f/o6 ala/6 s<ste6s owned b< businesses.
1. (n the basis of the 7/e6ises ad3ancedB which one of the followin4 7/inci7lesB if
establishedB would 7/o3ide the 6ost ;ustification fo/ the concludin4
/eco66endation=
>A? )o se46ent of a co66unit< should be 7e/6itted to en4a4e in a 7/actice that
has been shown to /esult in a dis7/o7o/tionate sha/e of 7olice se/3ice bein4
de3oted to that se46ent of the co66unit<.
>B? ,hen 7ublic /esou/ces a/e in sho/t su77lC? Iolice de7a/t6ents a/e not ;ustified in i67/o3in4 se/3ice to one se46ent of
the co66unit< at the e87ense of othe/ se46ents of the co66unit< unless
doin4 so /educes the c/i6e le3el th/ou4hout the enti/e a/ea se/3ed.
>D? An<one who di/ectl< benefits f/o6 a se/3ice 7/o3ided b< 7ublic e67lo<ees
should be /e@ui/ed to /ei6bu/se the 4ene/al 7ublic fund an a6ount
e@ui3alent to the a3e/a4e cost 7/o3idin4 that se/3ice.
>E? If /ecei7t of a se/3ice /esults in the waste of sca/ce 7ublic /esou/ces and
7eo7le with othe/ le4iti6ate needs a/e disad3anta4ed in conse@uenceB the
/eci7ient of that se/3ice should co67ensate the 7ublic fo/ the /esou/ces
wasted.
. ,hen butte/fat was conside/ed nut/itious and healthfulB a law was enacted
/e@ui/in4 that 6anufactu/e/s use the te/6 Ei6itation butte/F to indicate butte/
whose butte/fat content had been di6inished th/ou4h the addition of wate/.
Toda<B it is 0nown that the hi4h choleste/ol content of butte/fat 6a0es it ha/6ful
to hu6an health. Since the 7ublic should be encou/a4ed to eat foods with lowe/
/athe/ than hi4he/ butte/fat content and since the te/6 Ei6itationF with its
connotations of falsit< dete/s 6an< 7eo7le f/o6 7u/chasin4 7/oducts so
desi4natedB 6anufactu/es who wish to 4i3e /educedAbutte/fat butte/ the 6o/e
a77ealin4 na6e of Elite butte/F should be allowed to do so.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< unde/6ines the a/4u6ent=
>A? The 6anufactu/e/s who 7/efe/ to use the wo/d EliteF instead of Ei6itationF
a/e 6oti3ated 7/inci7all< b< the financial inte/est of thei/ stoc0 holde/s.
>B? The 6anufactu/e/s who wish to call thei/ 7/oduct Elite butte/F 7lan to chan4e
the co67osition of the 7/oduct so that it contains 6o/e wate/ than it now
## 'SAT
does.
>C? So6e indi3iduals who need to /educe thei/ inta0e of choleste/ol a/e not
dete//ed f/o6 usin4 the /educedAbutte/fat 7/oduct b< the ne4ati3e
connotations of the te/6 Ei6itation.F
>D? Choleste/ol is onl< one of 6an< facto/s that cont/ibute to the t<7es of health
7/oble6s with which the consu67tion of e8cessi3e a6ounts of choleste/ol is
often associated.
>E? Most 7eo7le dete//ed f/o6 eatin4 Ei6itation butte/F because of its na6e
choose alte/nati3es with a lowe/ butte/fat content than this 7/oduct has.
". 5a/6 ani6als ha3e ce/tain beha3io/al tendencies that /esult f/o6 the e3olutiona/<
histo/< of these s7ecies. B< i67osin4 on these ani6als a t<7e of o/4ani9ation that
conflicts with thei/ beha3io/al tendenciesB cu//ent fa/6A6ana4e6ent 7/actices
cause the ani6als 6o/e 7ain and dist/ess than do 7/actices that 6o/e closel<
confo/6 to the ani6als2 beha3io/al tendencies. Because the ani6als tend to /esist
this t<7e of o/4ani9ationB cu//ent 7/actices can also be less efficient than those
othe/ fa/6A6ana4e6ent 7/actices.
If the state6ents abo3e a/e t/ueB which one of the followin4 can be 7/o7e/l<
infe//ed f/o6 the6=
>A? So6e of the beha3io/al tendencies of fa/6 ani6als can be alte/ed b< efficient
fa/6A6ana4e6ent 7/actices.
>B? In o/de/ to i67le6ent efficient fa/6A6ana4e6ent 7/acticesB it is necessa/< to
be fa6ilia/ with the e3olutiona/< histo/< of fa/6 ani6als.
>C? In o/de/ to c/eate fa/6A6ana4e6ent 7/actices that cause less 7ain and dist/ess
to fa/6 ani6alsB a si4nificant loss of efficienc< will be /e@ui/ed.
>D? 5a/6A6ana4e6ent 7/actices that cause the least a6ount 7f 7ain and dist/ess
to fa/6 ani6als a/e also the 6ost efficient 6ana4e6ent 7/actices.
>E? So6e chan4es in fa/6A6ana4e6ent 7/actices that lessen the 7ain and dist/ess
e87e/ienced b< fa/6 ani6als can /esult in 4ains in efficienc<.
#. It now see6s clea/ that the si4nificant /ole initiall< 7/edicted fo/ 7e/sonal
co67ute/s in the class/oo6 has not beco6e fact. (ne need onl< loo0 to the
d/a6atic decline in sales of co67ute/s fo/ class/oo6 use in the 7ast <ea/ fo/ 7/oof
that the fad has 7assed.
,hich one of the followin4 a/4u6ents contains flawed /easonin4 7a/allel to that
>A? Clea/l< 4o3e/n6ent le4islation 6andatin4 the /eduction of auto6obile
e6issions has been at least 7a/tiall< successfulB as is de6onst/ated b< the
fact that the ai/ of the $ la/4est cities now contains s6alle/ a6ounts of the
6a;o/ 7ollutants 6entioned in the le4islation than it did befo/e the
le4islation was 7assed.
>B? Mechanical t/anslation f/o6 one lan4ua4e into anothe/B not 6e/el< in na//ow
GMAT . 'SAT C- #!
conte8ts such as ai/line /ese/3ations but 4ene/allC? Sales of co67ute/s fo/ ho6e use will ne3e/ /each the le3els o7ti6isticall<
7/o;ected b< 6anufactu/e/s. The /eason is that ho6e use was en3isioned as
enco67assin4 tas0sB such as 6enu 7lannin4 and chec0boo0 /econciliationB
that 6ost ho6e6a0e/s 7e/fo/6 in 6uch si67le/ wa<s than usin4 a co67ute/
would /e@ui/e.
>D? It is a77a/ent that consu6e/s ha3e ti/ed of 6ic/owa3e o3ens as @uic0l< as
the< initiall< ca6e to acce7t this /ecent in3ention. In cont/ast to se3e/al
<ea/s of inc/easin4 sales followin4 the int/oduction of 6ic/owa3e o3ensB
sales of 6ic/owa3e o3ens flattened last <ea/B indicatin4 that consu6e/s ha3e
found /elati3el< little use fo/ these de3ices.
>E? C/eatin4 incenti3es fo/ a 7a/ticula/ 0ind of in3est6ent ine3itabl< en4ende/s
boo6AandAbust c<cles. The e3idence is in the /ecent decline in the 3alue of
co66e/cial /eal estateB which shows thatB althou4h the 4o3e/n6ent can
encou/a4e 7eo7le to 7ut u7 buildin4sB it cannot 4ua/antee that those
buildin4s will be full< /ented o/ sold.
!. Scientists atte67tin4 to /e7licate ce/tain cont/o3e/sial /esults /e7o/ted b< a 4/ou7
of e87e/ienced /esea/che/s failed to 4et the sa6e /esults as those /e7o/ted. The
conclusion d/awn f/o6 this b< the scientists who conducted the /e7lication
e87e/i6ents was that the o/i4inall< /e7o/ted /esults had been due to fault<
6easu/e6ents.
The a/4u6ent of the scientists who conducted the /e7lication e87e/i6ents
assu6es that
>A? the o/i4inal e87e/i6ents had not been desc/ibed in sufficient detail to 6a0e
an e8act /e7lication 7ossible
>B? the fact that o/i4inall< /e7o/ted /esults a/oused cont/o3e/s< 6ade it hi4hl<
li0el< that the< we/e in e//o/
>C? the theo/etical 7/inci7les called into @uestion b< the o/i4inall< /e7o/ted /esults
we/e the6sel3es based on wea0 e3idence
>D? the /e7lication e87e/i6ents we/e not so li0el< as the o/i4inal e87e/i6ents to
be 6a//ed b< fault< 6easu/e6ents
>E? the /esea/che/s who o/i4inall< /e7o/ted the cont/o3e/sial /esults had
the6sel3es obse/3ed those /esults onl< once
TEST 11
SECTI() I
#6 'SAT
1. Educational tele3ision is a cont/adiction in te/6s. ,hile a class/oo6 encou/a4es
social inte/actionB tele3ision encou/a4es solitude. School is cente/ed on the
de3elo76ent of lan4ua4eB but tele3ision de7ends u7on constantl< chan4in4 3isual
i6a4es. And in a class/oo6B fun is 6e/el< a 6eans to an endB but on tele3ision it
is the end in itself.
D7on which one of the followin4 assu67tions does the autho/ /el< in the
7assa4e=
>A? The class/oo6 should not be a 7lace whe/e an<one has fun.
>B? (nl< e87e/iences that closel< /ese6ble what ta0es 7lace in the school
en3i/on6ent can be educational.
>C? Tele3ision 7/o4/a6s /einfo/ce so6e of the 3alues of the school en3i/on6ent.
>D? Educational tele3ision 7/o4/a6s a/e bette/ than 6ost othe/ tele3ision
7/o4/a6s.
>E? The 7otential of tele3ision as a 7owe/ful lea/nin4 tool has not <et been
/eali9ed.
. Switchin4 to ElowA<ieldF ci4a/ettesB those that <ield less nicotineB ta/B and ca/bon
6ono8ide than /e4ula/ ci4a/ettes when tested on a standa/d 6achineB does notB in
4ene/alB /educe the incidence of hea/t attac0. This /esult is su/7/isin4B since
nicotine and ca/bon 6ono8ide ha3e been i67licated as cont/ibutin4 to hea/t
disease.
disc/e7anc<=
>A? S6o0in4 lowA<ield ci4a/ettes has beco6e fashionableB as /elati3el< healthie/
st<les of life ha3e beco6e 6o/e 7o7ula/ than those that ha3e been identified
as /is0<.
>B? 5o/ those who a/e the6sel3es s6o0e/sB inhalin4 the s6o0e of othe/s is not
4ene/all< a si4nificant facto/ cont/ibutin4 to an inc/eased /is0 of hea/t
disease.
>C? )icotine does not cont/ibute as 6uch as to hea/t disease as does ca/bon
6ono8ide.
>D? Ca/bon 6ono8ide and ci4a/ette ta/ a/e not addicti3e substances.
>E? Ieo7le who switch f/o6 hi4hA<ield to lowA<ield ci4a/ettes often co67ensate
b< inc/easin4 the nu6be/ and de7th of 7uffs in o/de/ to 6aintain thei/
accusto6ed nicotine le3el.
Questions 3-4
Sall<1 I cannot stud< at a uni3e/sit< whe/e the/e is an alcohol 7/oble6. So unless
so6ethin4 is done about the alcohol 7/oble6 at this uni3e/sit<B I2ll ha3e to t/ansfe/ to
a uni3e/sit< whe/e the/e a/e no f/ate/nities.
GMAT . 'SAT C- #%
:olanda1 I don2t a4/ee that f/ate/nities a/e /es7onsible fo/ the alcohol 7/oble6 at this
uni3e/sit<. Alcohol 7/oble6s e8ist at all uni3e/sitiesB includin4 those whe/e the/e a/e
no f/ate/nities. ,e all should beco6e 6o/e awa/e of alcohol abuse. It2s not si67l< a
f/ate/nit< 7/oble6G it2s a cultu/al 7/oble6.
". ,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion on which Sall<2s a/4u6ent
de7ends=
>A? Most uni3e/sities ha3e f/ate/nities.
>B? )othin4 will be done about the alcohol 7/oble6 at Sall<2s uni3e/sit<.
>C? Alcohol 7/oble6s a/e beco6in4 6o/e wides7/ead at uni3e/sities.
>D? So6e f/ate/nit< 6e6be/s who d/in0 alcohol be3e/a4es a/e too <oun4 to do so
le4all<.
>E? The/e could be uni3e/sities that ha3e no alcohol 7/oble6s.
#. In the con3e/sationB :olanda does which one of the followin4=
>A? She a/4ues that if 7eo7le beco6e 6o/e awa/e of alcohol abuseB fewe/ 7eo7le
will the6sel3es abuse alcohol.
>B? She 6a0es an o3e/l< b/oad 4ene/ali9ation f/o6 one uni3e/sit< to all
uni3e/sities.
>C? She concludes that because alcohol 7/oble6s a/e cultu/al 7/oble6sB the<
cannot be f/ate/nit< 7/oble6s.
>D? She t/ies to unde/6ine what she su77oses to be Sall<2s 7osition b< 7ointin4
out that alcohol 7/oble6s occu/ e3en at uni3e/sities whe/e the/e a/e no
f/ate/nities.
>E? She su44ests that e3en if alcohol 7/oble6s e8isted onl< at uni3e/sities with
f/ate/nitiesB she would still conclude that alcoholis6 is a cultu/al /athe/ than
a f/ate/nit< 7/oble6.
!. So6e 7eo7le ha3e @uestioned wh< the Ho6eowne/s Association is su77o/tin4
Coo7e/2s candidac< fo/ 6a<o/. But if the Association wants a 6a<o/ who will
att/act 6o/e businesses to the townB Coo7e/ is the onl< candidate it could su77o/t.
SoB since the Association is su77o/tin4 Coo7e/B it 6ust ha3e a 4oal of att/actin4
6o/e businesses to the town.
The /easonin4 in the a/4u6ent is in e//o/ because
>A? the /easons the Ho6eowne/s Association should want to att/act 6o/e
businesses to the town a/e not 4i3en
>B? the Ho6eowne/s Association could be su77o/tin4 Coo7e/2s candidac< fo/
/easons un/elated to att/actin4 businesses to the town
>C? othe/ 4/ou7s besides the Ho6eowne/s Association could be su77o/tin4
Coo7e/2s candidac<
>D? the Ho6eowne/s Association 6i4ht disco3e/ that att/actin4 6o/e businesses
to the town would not be in the best inte/est of its 6e6be/s
#8 'SAT
>E? Coo7e/ 6i4ht not ha3e all of the s0ills that a/e needed b< a 6a<o/ who wants
to att/act businesses to a town
6. Ad3e/tise6ent1 Most 7owe/ hed4e t/i66e/s on the 6a/0et do an ade@uate ;ob of
t/i66in4 hed4es. But 6an< 7owe/ hed4e t/i66e/s a/e dan4e/ous to o7e/ate and
can cause se/ious in;u/< when used b< unt/ained o7e/ato/s. Bolte/ Indust/ies2
hed4e t/i66e/ has been tested b< )ational 'abo/ato/iesB the 6ost t/usted na6e in
safet< testin4. So <ou 0nowB if <ou bu< a Bolte/2sB <ou a/e bu<in4 a 7owe/ hed4e
t/i66e/ whose safet< is assu/ed.
The answe/ to which one of the followin4 @uestions would be 6ost useful in
e3aluatin4 the t/uth of the conclusion d/awn in the ad3e/tise6ent=
>A? Has )ational 'abo/ato/ies 7e/fo/6ed safet< tests on othe/ 6achines 6ade b<
Bolte/ Indust/ies=
>B? How i67o/tant to the a3e/a4e bu<e/ of a 7owe/ hed4e t/i66e/ is safet< of
o7e/ation=
>C? ,hat we/e the /esults of )ational 'abo/ato/ies2 tests of Bolte/ Indust/ies2
hed4e t/i66e/=
>D? A/e the/e safe/ wa<s of t/i66in4 a hed4e than usin4 a 7owe/ hed4e t/i66e/=
>E? Does an< othe/ 7owe/ hed4e t/i66e/ on the 6a/0et do a bette/ ;ob of
t/i66in4 hed4es than does Bolte/ Indust/ies hed4e t/i66e/=
%. SlashAandAbu/n a4/icultu/e in3ol3es bu/nin4 se3e/al ac/es of fo/estB lea3in4
3e4etable ash that 7/o3ides a67le fe/tili9e/ fo/ th/ee o/ fou/ <ea/s of bountiful
c/o7s. (n the clea/ed land nut/ients leach out of the soilB howe3e/B and the land
beco6es too 7oo/ to su77o/t a4/icultu/e. )ew land is then clea/ed b< bu/nin4 and
the 7/ocess sta/ts a4ain. Since 6ost fa/6in4 in the t/o7ics uses this 6ethodB
fo/ests in this /e4ion will e3entuall< be 7e/6anentl< e/adicated.
>A? fo/ests in the t/o7ics do not /e4ene/ate well enou4h to /esto/e the6sel3es
once the< ha3e been clea/ed b< the slashAandAbu/n 6ethod
>B? so6e othe/ 6ethods of a4/icultu/e a/e not as dest/ucti3e to the en3i/on6ent in
t/o7ical /e4ions as the slashAandAbu/n 6ethod is
>C? fo/ests in the t/o7ics a/e natu/all< deficient in nut/ients that a/e needed to
su77o/t the 4/owth of 7lants that a/e not nati3e to those /e4ions
>D? slashAandAbu/n a4/icultu/e is 7a/ticula/l< suitable fo/ fa/6in4 in t/o7ical a/eas
>E? slashAandAbu/n a4/icultu/e 7/oduces a 6o/e bountiful c/o7 than do othe/
a4/icultu/e 6ethods fo/ the fi/st <ea/
8. (f B!$$ 7eo7le who su/3i3ed a fi/st hea/t attac0B those who did not s6o0e had
thei/ fi/st hea/t attac0 at a 6edian a4e of 6. Howe3e/B of those B!$$B 7eo7le
who s6o0ed two 7ac0s of ci4a/ettes a da< had thei/ fi/st hea/t attac0 at a 6edian
a4e of !1. (n the basis of this info/6ationB it can be concluded that nons6o0e/s
tend to ha3e a fi/st hea/t attac0 ele3en <ea/s late/ than do 7eo7le who s6o0e two
GMAT . 'SAT C- #&
7ac0s of ci4a/ettes a da<.
The conclusion is inco//ectl< d/awn f/o6 the info/6ation 4i3en because this
info/6ation does not include
>A? the /elati3e se3e/it< of hea/t attac0s suffe/ed b< s6o0e/s and nons6o0e/s
>B? the natu/e of the diffe/ent 6edical t/eat6ents that s6o0e/s and nons6o0e/s
/ecei3ed afte/ the< had su/3i3ed thei/ fi/st hea/t attac0
>C? how 6an< of the B!$$ 7eo7le studied suffe/ed a second hea/t attac0
>D? the ea/liest a4e at which a 7e/son who s6o0ed two 7ac0s a da< had his o/ he/
fi/st hea/t attac0
>E? data on 7eo7le who did not su/3i3e a fi/st hea/t attac0
&. Ialeontolo4ists ha3e disco3e/ed fossils of centi7edes that a/e #1# 6illion <ea/s
old. These fossils a/e at least $ 6illion <ea/s olde/ than the ea/liest landA
dwellin4 ani6als 7/e3iousl< identified. The 7aleontolo4ists a/e confident that
these centi7edes li3ed on landB e3en thou4h the fossili9ed centi7edes we/e
disco3e/ed in /oc0 that also contained fossili9ed /e6ains of ani6als 0nown to be
wate/Adwellin4.
The 7aleontolo4ists2 3iew would be 'EAST su77o/ted b< the t/uth of which one
of the followin4=
>A? The le4s of the fossili9ed centi7edes we/e 7a/ticula/l< suited to bein4 a 6eans
of loco6otion on land.
>B? All of the centi7edes that had 7/e3iousl< been disco3e/ed we/e land dwelle/s.
>C? The /oc0 in which the fossili9ed centi7edes we/e found was fo/6ed f/o6 6ud
flats that we/e occasionall< co3e/ed b< /i3e/ wate/.
>D? 5ossils of the ea/liest landAdwellin4 ani6als that had 7/e3iousl< been
identified we/e found in /oc0 that did not contain fossili9ed /e6ains of
wate/Adwellin4 ani6als.
>E? 5ossils of s7ide/s with /es7i/ato/< s<ste6s ada7ted onl< to b/eathin4 ai/ we/e
found in the sa6e /oc0 as the centi7ede fossils.
1$. B/oadcaste/1 (u/ /adio station has a /es7onsibilit< to se/3e the 7ublic inte/est.
HenceB when ou/ c/itics contend that ou/ /ecent e87ose of e3ents in the 7/i3ate
li3es of local celeb/ities was e8cessi3el< int/usi3eB we can onl< /e7l< that the
o3e/whel6in4 7ublic inte/est in these 6atte/s 6a0es it ou/ /es7onsibilit< to
7ublici9e the6.
,hich one of the followin4 is a flaw in the b/oadcaste/2s defense of the /adio
station2s 7/actice=
>A? assu6in4 without a/4u6ent that the/e is a /i4ht to 7/i3ac<
>B? i4no/in4 4/ounds fo/ c/iticis6 of the e87ose aside f/o6 int/usion into 7eo7le2s
7/i3ate li3es
>C? intentionall< failin4 to s7ecif< what is 6eant b< Ee8cessi3el< int/usi3eF
#"$ 'SAT
>D? confusin4 le4al /es7onsibilit< with 6o/al obli4ation
>E? i67/o7e/l< e87loitin4 an a6bi4uit< in the 7h/ase E7ublic inte/estF
Questions 11-1!
The fi/e that dest/o<ed the Munici7al Buildin4 sta/ted befo/e dawn this 6o/nin4B and
the last fi/e fi4hte/s did not lea3e until late this afte/noon. )o one could ha3e been
an<whe/e in the 3icinit< of a fi/e li0e that one and fail to notice it. Tho6as 6ust ha3e
seen itB whate3e/ he now sa<s to the cont/a/<. He ad6its thatB as usualB he went f/o6
his a7a/t6ent to the lib/a/< this 6o/nin4B and the/e is no wa< fo/ hi6 to 4et f/o6 his
a7a/t6ent to the lib/a/< without 4oin4 7ast the Munici7al Buildin4.
11. The 6ain conclusion of the a/4u6ent is that
>A? Tho6as was in the 3icinit< of the fi/e this 6o/nin4
>B? Tho6as clai6ed not to ha3e seen the fi/e
>C? Tho6as saw the fi/e this 6o/nin4
>D? Tho6as went di/ectl< f/o6 his a7a/t6ent to the lib/a/< this 6o/nin4
>E? Tho6as went b< the Munici7al Buildin4 this 6o/nin4
1. The a/4u6ent e67lo<s which one of the followin4 /easonin4 techni@ues=
>A? 7/esentin4 se3e/al diffe/ent 7ieces of e3idence each of which b< itself would
allow the conclusion to be 7/o7e/l< d/awn
>B? establishin4 that one thin4 occu//ed b< showin4 that anothe/ thin4 occu//ed
and that this second thin4 was enou4h to ensu/e the occu//ence of the fi/st
thin4
>C? ;ustif<in4 a clai6 that a 3iew held b< so6eone else is false b< e87lainin4 wh<
that 3iewB des7ite its falsitD? /el<in4 on e3idence that a ce/tain 0ind of e3ent has /e4ula/l< occu//ed in the
7ast as a basis fo/ concludin4 that an e3ent of that 0ind occu//ed in the
7/esent case
>E? d/awin4 a 4ene/al conclusion about what is 7ossible in a ce/tain 0ind of
situation on the basis of fi/sthand e87e/ience with one such situation
1". Edito/ial1 In /e;ectin4 the 7lan 7/o7osed b< 7a/lia6ent to /efo/6 the electo/al
7/ocessB the 7/esident clea/l< acted in the best inte/ests of the nation. An<one who
thin0s othe/wise should /e6e6be/ that the 7/esident 6ade this decision 0nowin4
it would be 6et with fie/ce o77osition at ho6e and wides7/ead disa77/o3al
ab/oad. All citi9ens who 7lace the nation2s wellAbein4 abo3e na//ow 7a/tisan
inte/ests will a77laud this cou/a4eous action.
The /easonin4 in the edito/ial is in e//o/ because
>A? it confused a @ualit< that is 6e/el< desi/able in a 7olitical leade/ with a
@ualit< that is essential to effecti3e 7olitical decisionA6a0in4
GMAT . 'SAT C- #"1
>B? it fails to distin4uish between e3idence conce/nin4 the cou/a4e /e@ui/ed to
6a0e a ce/tain decision and e3idence conce/nin4 the wisdo6 of 6a0in4 that
decision
>C? it i4no/es the li0elihood that 6an< citi9ens ha3e no na//ow 7a/tisan inte/est in
the 7/o7osed election /efo/6 7lan
>D? it o3e/loo0s the 7ossibilit< that the/e was st/on4 o77osition to the
7a/lia6ent2s 7lan a6on4 6e6be/s of the 7/esident2s own 7a/t<
>E? it de7ends on the unwa//anted assu67tion that an< 7lan 7/o7osed b< a
7a/lia6ent will necessa/il< se/3e onl< na//ow 7a/tisan inte/ests
1#. (nce consu6e/s /eco4ni9e that a 7e/iod of inflation has be4unB the/e is 4ene/all<
an inc/ease in consu6e/ s7endin4. This inc/ease can be /eadil< e87lained b<
consu6e/s2 desi/e not to 7ost7one 7u/chases that will su/el< inc/ease in 7/ice. But
du/in4 7/ot/acted 7e/iods of inflationB consu6e/s e3entuall< be4in to 7ut off
6a0in4 e3en /outine 7u/chasesB des7ite the fact that consu6e/s continue to e87ect
7/ice to /ise and des7ite the fact that sala/ies also /ise du/in4 inflationa/< 7e/iods.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost hel7s to e87lain the a77a/ent
inconsistenc< in consu6e/ beha3io/ desc/ibed abo3e=
>A? Du/in4 ti6es of inflation consu6e/s sa3e 6o/e 6one< than the< do in
noninflationa/< 7e/iods.
>B? The/e is usuall< a la4 between the leadin4 econo6ic indicato/s fi/st si4nalin4
the onset of an inflationa/< 7e/iod and consu6e/s2 /eco4nition of its onset.
>C? )o 4ene/ali9ation that desc/ibes hu6an beha3io/ will be t/ue of e3e/< t<7e of
hu6an beha3io/.
>D? If si4nificant nu6be/s of consu6e/s a/e unable to 6a0e 7u/chasesB 7/ices will
e3entuall< fall but sala/ies will not be di/ectl< affected.
>E? Consu6e/s2 7u/chasin4 7owe/ dec/eases du/in4 7e/iods of 7/ot/acted inflation
since sala/ies do not 0ee7 7ace with 7/ices.
Questions 15-1&
A fa3o/ed theo/< to e87lain the e8tinction of dinosau/sB to4ethe/ with 6an< othe/
s7eciesB has been the 4loball< catast/o7hic collision of a la/4e aste/oid with the Ea/th.
Su77o/tin4 e3idence is an e8t/ate//est/ial che6ical ele6ent in a la<e/ of dust found
wo/ldwide at a 4eolo4ical le3el laid down conte67o/aneousl< with the su77o/ted
e3ent. A new co67etin4 theo/< contends that an< aste/oid i67act was i//ele3antB
because it was 6assi3e 3olcanic acti3it< that caused the e8tinctions b< 7uttin4 enou4h
dust into the at6os7he/e to cool the 7lanet. The Decean /e4ion of India contains
e8tensi3e 3olcanic flows that occu//ed within the sa6e ti6e 7e/iod as the su77osed
aste/oid i67act and the e8tinctions.
1!. The new theo/< assu6es that
>A? the 6assi3e 3olcanic acti3it< was not caused b< the i67act of an aste/oid
#" 'SAT
>B? no indi3idual dinosau/s su/3i3ed the i67act of the aste/oidB if it occu//ed
>C? the e8tinctions too0 7lace o3e/ a lon4e/ ti6e 7e/iod than the< would ha3e if
caused b< the i67act of an aste/oid
>D? othe/ 3olcanic e/u7tions we/e not occu//in4 at the sa6e ti6e as those in the
Decean /e4ion
>E? it is not 7ossible to dete/6ine which would ha3e occu//ed fi/stB the 3olcanic
flows in the Decean /e4ion o/ the su77osed i67act of an aste/oid
16. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost of st/on4l< indicates that the aste/oidA
i67act theo/< is at least inco67leteB if not false=
>A? 'a/4e concent/ations of dinosau/ nests with fossil e44s found in Albe/ta
indicate that at least so6e s7ecies of dinosau/s con4/e4ated in la/4e 4/ou7s
du/in4 so6e 7a/t of thei/ li3es.
>B? Dinosau/ /e6ains indicate that so6e s7ecies of dinosau/ could ha3e 6i4/ated
in he/ds o3e/ wide /an4esB so that the< could ha3e t/a3eled to esca7e the
local effects of ce/tain catast/o7hes.
>C? 'e4ends f/o6 6an< cultu/esB such as the G/ee0 le4end that Cad6us /aised an
a/6< b< sowin4 d/a4ons2 teeth in the 4/oundB show that 3a/ious accident
7eo7les wo/ldwide we/e fa6ilia/ with the fossils of dinosau/s.
>D? In the Gobi dese/t in ChinaB whe/e now onl< s6all ani6als can e0e out an
e8istenceB fossil dinosau/ s0eletons % feet lon4 we/e found in ci/cu6stances
indicatin4 that the cli6ate the/e was as d/< when the dinosau/s li3ed as it is
now.
>E? The fossil /eco/d in Montano f/o6 below the la<e/ of e8t/ate//est/ial dust
shows a di6inution o3e/ ti6e in dinosau/ s7ecies f/o6 "! to 1"B and
dinosau/ teeth found abo3e the dust la<e/ show a di6inution in s7ecies f/o6
1" to !.
1%. A cont/actB whethe/ e87/essed o/ une87/essedB e8ists when two 7a/ties en4a4e
with each othe/ fo/ the /eci7/ocal t/ansfe/ of benefits. ThusB in acce7tin4 su77o/t
f/o6 7ublic fundsB an a/tist c/eates at least an une87/essed cont/act between
hi6self o/ he/self and the 7ublicB and the 7ublic can /i4htl< e87ect to benefit f/o6
the a/tist2s wo/0.
,hich one of the followin4 6ost accu/atel< desc/ibes an e//o/ in /easonin4 in the
7assa4e=
>A? atte67tin4 to ;ustif< a /ule of conduct on the 4/ounds that it confe/s benefits
on all of the 7a/ties in3ol3ed
>B? concludin4 that a definition is full< a77licable to a situation when it is 0nown
onl< that the situation confo/6s 7a/tiall< to that definition
>C? s7ea0in4 onl< in a abst/act te/6s about 6atte/s that in3ol3e contin4encies and
that 6ust be ;ud4ed on a caseAb<Acase basis
>D? confusin4 the t<7e of 6ental o/ e6otional acti3it< in which an indi3idual can
GMAT . 'SAT C- #""
en4a4e with the 6ental o/ e6otional states that can cha/acte/i9e 4/ou7s of
indi3iduals
>E? t/eatin4 an issue that /e@ui/es /esolution th/ou4h 7olitical 7/ocesses as if it
we/e 6e/el< a 6atte/ of o7inion
18. Ieo7le cannot be 6o/all< /es7onsible fo/ thin4s o3e/ which the< ha3e no cont/ol.
The/efo/eB the< should not be held 6o/all< /es7onsible fo/ an< ine3itable
conse@uences of such thin4sB eithe/. Dete/6inin4 whethe/ adults ha3e an< cont/ol
o3e/ the t/eat6ent the< a/e /ecei3in4 can be difficult. Hence in so6e cases it can
be difficult to 0now whethe/ adults bea/ an< 6o/al /es7onsibilit< fo/ the wa< the<
a/e t/eated. E3e/<oneB howe3e/B so6eti6es acts in wa<s that a/e an ine3itable
conse@uence of t/eat6ent /ecei3ed as an infant and infants clea/l< cannot cont/olB
and so a/e not 6o/all< /es7onsible fo/B the t/eat6ent the< /ecei3e.
An<one 6a0in4 the clai6s abo3e would be lo4icall< co66itted to which one of
the followin4 fu/the/ clai6s=
>A? An infant should ne3e/ be held 6o/all< /es7onsible fo/ an action that infant
has 7e/fo/6ed.
>B? The/e a/e ce/tain co66onl< 7e/fo/6ed actions fo/ which no one 7e/fo/6in4
those actions should e3e/ be held 6o/all< /es7onsible.
>C? Adults who clai6 that the< ha3e no cont/ol o3e/ the t/eat6ent the< a/e
/ecei3in4 should often be held at least 7a/tiall< /es7onsible fo/ bein4 so
t/eated.
>D? If a 4i3en action is within a ce/tain 7e/son2s cont/ol that 7e/son should be
held 6o/all<.
>E? )o adult should be held 6o/all< /es7onsible fo/ e3e/< action he o/ she
7e/fo/6s.
1&. 5a/es on the cit<A/un 7ublic buses in G/een3ille a/e subsidi9ed b< cit< ta8
/e3enuesB but a6on4 the beneficia/ies of the low fa/es a/e 6an< 7eo7le who
co66ute f/o6 outside the cit< to ;obs in G/een3ille. So6e cit< councilo/s a/4ue
that cit< ta8es should be used 7/i6a/il< to benefit the 7eo7le who 7a< the6B and
the/efo/e that bus fa/es should be /aised enou4h to co3e/ the cost of the se/3ice.
Each of the followin4B if t/ueB would wea0en the a/4u6ent ad3anced b< the cit<
councilo/s EHCEIT1
>A? Man< businesses whose 7/esence in the cit< is beneficial to the cit<2s
ta87a<e/s would /elocate outside the cit< if 7ublicAt/ansit fa/e we/e 6o/e
e87ensi3e.
>B? B< 7/o3idin4 co66ute/s with econo6ic incenti3es to d/i3e to wo/0B hi4he/
t/ansit fa/es would wo/sen ai/ 7ollution in G/een3ille and inc/ease the cost of
6aintainin4 the cit<2s st/eets.
>C? Inc/easin4 t/ansit fa/es would disad3anta4e those /esidents of the cit< whose
low inco6es 6a0e the6 e8e67t f/o6 cit< ta8esB and all cit< councilo/s
#"# 'SAT
a4/ee that these /esidents should be able to ta0e ad3anta4e of cit<A/un
se/3ices.
>D? *ote/s in the citE? Ieo7le who wo/0 in G/een3ille and ea/n wa4es abo3e the nationall<
6andated 6ini6u6 all 7a< the cit< wa4e ta8 of ! 7e/cent.
$. Go3e/n6ent official1 Clea/l<B censo/shi7 e8ists if weB as citi9ensB a/e not allowed
to co66unicate what we a/e /ead< to co66unicate at ou/ own e87ense o/ if
othe/ citi9ens a/e not 7e/6itted access to ou/ co66unications at thei/ own
e87ense. Iublic unwillin4ness to 7/o3ide funds fo/ ce/tain 0inds of scientificB
schola/lA? All actions that cause unnecessa/< ha/6 to othe/s a/e un;ust1 so if a ;ust action
causes ha/6 to othe/sB that action 6ust be necessa/<.
>B? Since the/e is 6o/e to 4ood 6anne/s than si67l< usin4 7olite fo/6s of
add/essB it is not 7ossible to sa< on fi/st 6eetin4 a 7e/son whethe/ o/ not that
7e/son has 4ood 6anne/s.
>C? Ac/o7hobiaB usuall< defined as a 6o/bid fea/ of hei4htsB can also 6ean a
6o/bid fea/ of sha/7 ob;ects. Since both fea/s ha3e the sa6e o/i4in.
>D? The/e is no doubt that a deed is he/oic if the doe/ /is0s his o/ he/ own life to
benefit anothe/ 7e/son. Thus an action is not he/oic if onl< thin4 it endan4e/s
is the /e7utation of the doe/.
>E? Ie/ce7tion of beaut< in an ob;ect is dete/6ined b< 7ast and 7/esent influences
on the 6ind of the beholde/. Thus on ob;ect can be called beautifulB since not
e3e/<one will see beaut< in it.
1. The +a7anese hai5u is defined as a 7oe6 of th/ee lines with fi3e s<llables in the
fi/st lineB se3en s<llables in the second lineB and fi3e s<llables in the thi/d line.
En4lish 7oets tend to i4no/e this fact. Dis/e4a/din4 s<llable countB the< 4ene/all<
call an< th/eeAline En4lish 7oe6 with a Ehai5u feelF a hai5u. This de6onst/ates
that En4lish 7oets ha3e little /es7ect fo/ fo/ei4n t/aditionsB e3en those f/o6 which
so6e of thei/ own 7oet/< de/i3es.
The /easonin4 is flawed because it
>A? confuses 6atte/s of ob;ecti3e fact with 6atte/s of sub;ecti3e feelin4
>B? d/aws a conclusion that is b/oade/ in sco7e than is wa//anted b< the e3idence
ad3anced
>C? /elies on ste/eot<7es instead of 7/esentin4 e3idence
>D? o3e/loo0s the 7ossibilit< that the case it cites is not uni@ue
>E? fails to ac0nowled4e that i4no/in4 so6ethin4 i67lies a ne4ati3e ;ud46ent
about that thin4
GMAT . 'SAT C- #"!
Questions !!-!3
)o one 0nows what 7u/7osesB if an6eanin4lessB accidental associations between ideas?B
which accu6ulate du/in4 the da< and which would othe/wise clo4 u7 ou/ 6e6o/ies.
Inte/estin4l<B the onl< 6a66al that does not ha3e /a7id e<e 6o3e6ent slee7B in
which we hu6ans t<7icall< ha3e ou/ 6ost 3i3id d/ea6sB is the s7in< anteate/B which
has been seen as ano6alous in that it has a 3e/< la/4e b/ain /elati3e to the ani6al2s
si9e. This fact 7/o3ides so6e confi/6ation fo/ the 7a/asiticAconnection h<7othesisB
since the h<7othesis 7/edicts that fo/ an ani6al that did not d/ea6 to ha3e an effecti3e
6e6o/< that ani6al would need e8t/a 6e6o/< s7ace fo/ the 7a/asitic connections.
. The 7a/asiticAconnection h<7othesisB if t/ueB 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ts which one of
the followin4=
>A? The ani6als with the s6allest b/ains s7end the 6ost ti6e slee7in4.
>B? I66ediatel< afte/ a 7e/son awa0ens f/o6 no/6al slee7B he/ o/ his 6e6o/<
contains 3i/tuall< no accidental associations between ideas.
>C? ,hen a 6a66al that would no/6all< d/ea6 is 7/e3ented f/o6 d/ea6in4B the
functionin4 of its 6e6o/< will be i67ai/ed.
>D? Insofa/ as a 7e/son2s desc/i7tion of a d/ea6 in3ol3es 6eanin4ful associations
between ideasB it is an inaccu/ate desc/i7tion.
>E? All ani6als othe/ than the s7in< anteate/ d/ea6.
". The /easonin4 in the a/4u6ent 6ost closel< confo/6s to which one of the
followin4 7/inci7les=
>A? 5acts about one s7ecies of ani6al can 7/o3ide confi/6ation fo/ h<7othesis
about all s7ecies that a/e si6ila/ in all /ele3ant /es7ects to the 7a/ticula/
s7ecies in @uestion.
>B? A h<7othesis f/o6 which se3e/al 7/edictions can be d/awn as lo4ical
conclusions is confi/6ed onl< when the 6a;o/it< of these 7/edictions tu/n
out to be t/ue.
>C? A h<7othesis about the 7u/7ose of an action o/ ob;ect is confi/6ed when it is
shown that the h<7othesi9ed 7u/7ose is achie3ed with the hel7 of the action
o/ ob;ect and could not be achie3ed without that action o/ ob;ect.
>D? A h<7othesis is 7a/tiall< confi/6ed whene3e/ a 7/ediction de/i3ed f/o6 that
h<7othesis 7/o3ides an e87lanation fo/ an othe/wise une87lained set of facts.
>E? ,hen se3e/al co67etin4 h<7otheses e8istB one of the6 is confi/6ed onl<
when it 6a0es a co//ect 7/ediction that its /i3als fail to 6a0e.
#. The bod< of an<one infected b< 3i/us H willB afte/ a wee0B 7/oduce antibodies to
fi4ht the 3i/usG the antibodies will inc/ease in nu6be/ fo/ the ne8t <ea/ o/ so.
The/e is now a test that /eliabl< indicates how 6an< antibodies a/e 7/esent in a
7e/son2s bod<. If 7ositi3eB this test can be used du/in4 the fi/st <ea/ of infection to
#"6 'SAT
esti6ate to within a 6onth how lon4 that 7e/son has had the 3i/us.
,hich one of the followin4 conclusions is best su77o/ted b< the state6ents
abo3e=
>A? Antibodies inc/ease in nu6be/ onl< until the< ha3e defeated the 3i/us.
>B? ,ithout the test fo/ antibodiesB the/e is no wa< of establishin4 whethe/ a
7e/son has 3i/us H.
>C? Antibodies a/e 7/oduced onl< fo/ 3i/al infections that cannot be fou4ht b< an<
othe/ bod< defenses.
>D? If a 7e/son /e6ains infected b< 3i/us H indefinitelE? An<one infected b< 3i/us H will fo/ a ti6e fail to e8hibit infection if tested b<
the antibod< test.
!. 'a/4e ine@ualities in wealth alwa<s th/eaten the 3iabilit< of t/ue de6oc/ac<B since
wealth is the basis of 7olitical 7owe/B and t/ue de6oc/ac< de7ends on the e@ual
dist/ibution of 7olitical 7owe/ a6on4 all citi9ens.
The /easonin4 in which one of the followin4 a/4u6ents 6ost closel< 7a/allels the
>A? Consu6e/ cultu/e and an e67hasis on technolo4ical inno3ation a/e a
dan4e/ous co6binationB since to4ethe/ the< a/e uncont/ollable and lead to
i//ational e8cess.
>B? If Sa/a went to the boo0sto/e e3e/< ti6e he/ 7oc0et was fullB Sa/a would
ne3e/ ha3e enou4h 6one< to co3e/ he/ li3in4 e87ensesB since boo0s a/e he/
lo3e and the< a/e 4ettin4 3e/< e87ensi3e.
>C? It is 3e/< difficult to w/ite a successful science fiction no3el that is set in the
7astB since histo/ical fiction de7ends on histo/ical accu/acD? Honest< is i67o/tant in 6aintainin4 f/iendshi7s. But so6eti6es honest< can
lead to a/4u6entsB so it is difficult to 7/edict the effect a 7a/ticula/ honest<
act will ha3e on a f/iendshi7.
>E? -e7eated enc/oach6ents on one2s leisu/e ti6e b< a de6andin4 ;ob inte/fe/e
with the /e@ui/e6ents of 4ood health. The /eason is that 4ood health de7ends
on /e4ula/ 6ode/ate e8e/ciseB but ade@uate leisu/e ti6e is essential to /e4ula/
e8e/cise.
SECTI() I*
Questions 1-!
A 7h<sician who is too tho/ou4h in conductin4 a 6edical chec0u7 is li0el< to sub;ect
GMAT . 'SAT C- #"%
the 7atient to the disco6fo/t and e87ense of unnecessa/< tests. (ne who is not
tho/ou4h enou4h is li0el< to 6iss so6e se/ious 7/oble6 and the/efo/e 4i3e the 7atient
a false sense of secu/it<. It is difficult fo/ 7h<sicians to ;ud4e e8actl< how tho/ou4h
the< should be. The/efo/eB it is 4ene/all< unwise fo/ 7atients to ha3e 6edical chec0u7s
when the< do not feel ill.
1. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost se/iousl< wea0en the a/4u6ent in
the 7assa4e=
>A? So6e se/ious diseases in thei/ ea/l< sta4es ha3e s<67to6s that 7h<sicians
can /eadil< detect.
>B? Dnde/ the 7/essu/e of /educed /ei6bu/se6entsB 7h<sicians ha3e been
/educin4 the a3e/a4e a6ount of ti6e the< s7end on each 6edical chec0u7.
>C? Iatients not 6edicall< t/ained a/e unable to ;ud4e foe the6sel3es what de4/ee
of tho/ou4hness is a77/o7/iate fo/ 7h<sicians in conductin4 6edical
chec0u7s.
>D? Man< 7eo7le a/e financiall< unable to affo/d /e4ula/ 6edical chec0u7s.
>E? So6e 7h<sicians so6eti6es e8e/cise e8actl< the /i4ht de4/ee of tho/ou4hness
in 7e/fo/6in4 a 6edical chec0u7.
. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB would 7/o3ide the 6ost su77o/t fo/ the
>A? )ot all 6edical tests entail si4nificant disco6fo/t.
>B? So6eti6es unnecessa/< 6edical tests cause health< 7eo7le to beco6e ill.
>C? So6e 7atients /efuse to acce7t a 7h<sician2s assu/ance that the 7atient is
health<.
>D? The 6o/e co67lete the se/ies of tests 7e/fo/6ed in a 6edical chec0u7B the
6o/e li0el< it is that a /a/e diseaseB if 7/esentB will be disco3e/ed.
>E? Ih<sicians can eli6inate the need to o/de/ ce/tain tests b< ca/efull<
@uestionin4 7atients and /e;ectin4 so6e 7ossibilities on that basis.
". Ieo7le often 7/onounce a wo/d diffe/entl< when as0ed to /ead w/itten 6ate/ial
aloud than when s7ea0in4 s7ontaneousl<. These diffe/ences 6a< cause 7/oble6s
fo/ those who de3elo7 co67ute/s that /eco4ni9e s7eech. Dsuall< the de3elo7e/s
Et/ainF the co67ute/s b< usin4 sa67les of w/itten 6ate/ial /ead b< the 7eo7le
who will be usin4 the co67ute.
The obse/3ations abo3e 7/o3ide 6ost e3idence fo/ the conclusion that
>A? It will be i67ossible to de3elo7 co67ute/s that decode s7ontaneous s7eech.
>B? ,hen /eadin4 w/itten 6ate/ialB 7eo7le who ha3e diffe/ent accents 7/onounce
the sa6e wo/d in the sa6e wa< as one anothe/.
>C? Co67ute/s 6a< be less /eliable in decodin4 s7ontaneous s7eech than in
decodin4 sa67les that ha3e been /ead aloud.
>D? A Et/ainedF co67ute/ ne3e/ co//ectl< decodes the s7ontaneous s7eech of a
#"8 'SAT
7e/son whose 3oice sa67le was used to t/ain it.
>E? Co67ute/s a/e now able to inte/7/et o/al s7eech without e//o/.
#. (ne of the /e@ui/e6ents fo/ ad6ission to the 'unn3ille -olle/ S0atin4 Club is a
hi4h de4/ee of s0ill in /olle/ s0atin4. The club 7/esident has e87/essed conce/n
that the club 6a< ha3e disc/i6inated a4ainst @ualified wo6en in its ad6issions
this <ea/. :et half of the a77licants ad6itted to the club this <ea/ we/e wo6en.
This 7/o3es that the/e was no disc/i6ination a4ainst @ualified wo6en a77licants
in the club2s ad6issions this <ea/.
,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion on which the conclusion of the
a/4u6ent de7ends=
>A? (nl< a few a77licants we/e found to be @ualified and we/e ad6itted to the
club this <ea/.
>B? )o 6o/e than half of all the /olle/ s0ate/s in 'unn3ille a/e wo6en.
>C? )o 6o/e than half of all the /olle/ s0ate/s in 'unn3ille a/e 6en.
>D? This <ea/ no 6o/e than half of the a77licants who 6et all the @ualifications
fo/ ad6ission to the club we/e wo6en.
>E? This <ea/ no 6o/e than half of the 6e6be/s of the club2s co66ittee that
6a0es decisions about a77licants2 @ualifications we/e 6en.
!. ,hen 4i/ls a/e educated in sin4leAse8 seconda/< schoolsB the< tend to do bette/
acade6icall< than 4i/ls who attend 6i8edAse8 schools. Since Alice achie3ed
hi4he/ 4/ades than an< othe/ wo6an in he/ fi/st <ea/ at the uni3e/sitA? ,hen students ha3e indi3idual tuto/in4 in 6athB the< usuall< 4et 4ood 4/ades
on thei/ final e8a6s. Celia had indi3idual tuto/in4 in 6ath so she will
7/obabl< 4et a 4ood 4/ade.
>B? ,hen babies a/e tau4ht to swi6B the< ha3e 6o/e than the a3e/a4e nu6be/ of
ea/ infections as the< 4/ow u7. +anice has 6o/e ea/ infections than an< othe/
7e/son at the local swi66in4 clubB so she 7/obabl< was tau4ht to swi6
when she was a bab<.
>C? ,hen child/en stud< 6usic at an ea/l< a4eB the< late/ tend to a77/eciate a
wide 3a/iet< of 6usicB so the talent of futu/e 6usicians is best foste/ed at an
ea/l< a4e.
>D? ,hen child/en 7/actice thei/ 7iano scales fo/ half an hou/ each daE? ,hen child/en ha3e 7a/ents who hel7 the6 with thei/ ho6ewo/0B the<
usuall< do well in school. The/efo/eB ha3in4 hel7 with ho6ewo/0 is
7/obabl< the cause of hi4h acade6ic achie3e6ent.
GMAT . 'SAT C- #"&
6. In the 7ast centu/<B )o/th A6e/ica has shifted its 6ain ene/4< sou/ce fi/st f/o6
wood to coalB then f/o6 coal to oil and natu/al 4as. ,ith each t/ansitionB the
newl< do6inant fuel has had less ca/bon and 6o/e h<d/o4en than its 7/edecesso/
had. It is lo4ical to conclude that in the futu/e the 6ain ene/4< sou/ce will be 7u/e
h<d/o4en.
,hich one of the followin4 e87/esses a 4ene/al 7/inci7le that could unde/lie the
a/4u6ent=
>A? If se/ies of t/ansitions f/o6 one state of a s<ste6 to anothe/ state of that
s<ste6 is allowed to continue without inte/fe/enceB the initial state of the
se/ies will e3entuall< /ecu/.
>B? If each of two desi/able att/ibutes belon4s to a useful substanceB then the 6ost
useful fo/6 of that substance will ha3e those two att/ibutes in e@ual
a6ounts.
>C? If the second sta4e of a 7/ocess has been co67leted 6o/e @uic0l< than the
fi/st sta4eB the thi/d sta4e of that 7/ocess will be co67leted 6o/e @uic0l<
than the second sta4e.
>D? If each ste7 in a se/ies of chan4es in3ol3es a dec/ease of one att/ibute of the
thin4 unde/4oin4 the chan4e and an inc/ease of anothe/B the se/ies will
te/6inate with the fi/st att/ibute eli6inated and onl< the second att/ibute
7/esent.
>E? If one substance is bette/ fo/ a ce/tain 7u/7ose than anothe/ substance isB then
the best substance fo/ that 7u/7ose is one that includes a6on4 its att/ibutes
all of the att/ibutes of the fi/st substance and none of the att/ibutes of the
second substance.
Questions '-8
H1 Since 6an< che6icals useful fo/ a4/icultu/e and 6edicine de/i3e f/o6 /a/e o/
endan4e/ed 7lant s7eciesB it is li0el< that 6an< 7lant s7ecies that a/e now e8tinct
could ha3e 7/o3ide us with substances that would ha3e been a boon to hu6anit<.
The/efo/eB if we want to ensu/e that che6icals f/o6 7lants a/e a3ailable fo/ use in the
futu/eB we 6ust 6a0e 6o/e se/ious effo/ts to 7/ese/3e fo/ all ti6e ou/ natu/al
/esou/ce.
:1 But li3in4 thin4s a/e not ou/ E/esou/ces.F :ou/s is a selfish a77/oach to
conse/3ation. ,e should /athe/ st/i3e to 7/ese/3e li3in4 s7ecies because the< dese/3e
to su/3i3eB not because of the 4ood the< can do us.
%. ,hich one of the followin4 is an issue about which H and : disa4/ee=
>A? ,hethe/ the benefits hu6ans de/i3e f/o6 e87lo/in4 nonAhu6an s7ecies
7/o3ides a 4ood /eason fo/ 7/ese/3in4 nonAhu6an s7ecies.
>B? ,hethe/ the cost of 7/ese/3in4 7lant s7ecies outwei4hs the cost of a/tificiall<
s<nthesi9in4 che6icals that could othe/wise be de/i3ed f/o6 those s7ecies.
>C? ,hethe/ it is 7/udent to conse/3e natu/al /esou/ces.
##$ 'SAT
>D? ,hethe/ hu6ans should 6a0e effo/ts to 7/e3ent the e8tinction of li3in4
s7ecies.
>E? ,hethe/ all nonAhu6an s7ecies a/e e@uall< 3aluable as natu/al /esou/ces.
8. H2s a/4u6ent /elies on which one of the followin4 assu67tions=
>A? Medicine would now be 6o/e ad3anced than it is if the/e had been a se/ious
conse/3ation 7olic< in the 7ast.
>B? All li3in4 thin4s e8ist to se/3e hu6an0ind.
>C? The use of /a/e and endan4e/ed 7lant s7ecies as a sou/ce fo/ che6icals will
not itself /ende/ those s7ecies e8tinct.
>D? The onl< wa< to 7e/suade 7eo7le to 7/ese/3e natu/al /esou/ces is to con3ince
the6 that it is in thei/ inte/est to do so.
>E? 5ewB if an<B 7lant s7ecies ha3e been sa3ed f/o6 e8tinction th/ou4h hu6an
effo/ts.
&. The/e is /elati3el< little /oo6 fo/ 4/owth in the o3e/all ca/7et 6a/0etB which is
tied to the si9e of the 7o7ulation. Most who 7u/chase ca/7et do so onl< once o/
twiceB fi/st in thei/ twenties o/ thi/tiesB and then 7e/ha7s a4ain in thei/ fifties o/
si8ties. Thus as the 7o7ulation a4esB co67anies 7/oducin4 ca/7et will be able to
4ain 6a/0et sha/e in the ca/7et 6a/0et onl< th/ou4h 7u/chasin4 co67etito/sB and
not th/ou4h 6o/e a44/essi3e 6a/0etin4.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB casts the 6ost doubt on the conclusion
abo3e=
>A? Most of the 6a;o/ ca/7et 7/oduce/s 6a/0et othe/ floo/ co3e/in4s as well.
>B? Most established ca/7et 7/oduce/s 6a/0et se3e/al diffe/ent b/and na6es and
3a/ietiesB and the/e is no /e6ainin4 niche in the 6a/0et fo/ new b/ands to
fill.
>C? Two of the th/ee 6e/4e/s in the indust/<2s last ten <ea/s led to a decline in
7/ofits and /e3enues fo/ the newl< 6e/4ed co67anies.
>D? I/ice /eductionsB achie3ed b< costAcuttin4 in 7/oductionB b< so6e of the
do6inant fi/6s in the ca/7et 6a/0et a/e causin4 othe/ 7/oduce/s to lea3e the
6a/0et alto4ethe/.
>E? The ca/7et 6a/0et is unli0e 6ost 6a/0ets in that consu6e/s a/e beco6in4
inc/easin4l< /esistant to new 7atte/ns and st<les.
1$. Decision 6a0e/s tend to ha3e distincti3e st<les. (ne such st<le is fo/ the decision
6a0e/ to see0 the widest 7ossible in7ut f/o6 ad3ise/s and to e87lo/e alte/nati3es
while 6a0in4 u7 his o/ he/ 6ind. In factB decision 6a0e/s of this so/t will often
a/4ue 3i4o/ousl< fo/ a 7a/ticula/ ideaB e67hasi9in4 its st/on4 7oints and
down7la<in4 its wea0nessesB not because the< actuall< belie3e in the idea but
because the< want to see if thei/ /eal /ese/3ations about it a/e idios<nc/atic o/ a/e
held inde7endentl< b< thei/ ad3ise/s.
GMAT . 'SAT C- ##1
,hich one of the followin4 is 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ted b< the state6ent abo3e=
>A? If ce/tain decision 6a0e/s2 state6ents a/e @uoted accu/atel< and at len4thG the
content of the @uote could nonetheless be 4/eatl< at 3a/iance with the
decision e3entuall< 6a0e.
>B? Ce/tain decision 6a0e/s do not 0now which ideas the< do not /eall< belie3e
in until afte/ the< ha3e 7/esented a 3a/iet< of ideas to thei/ ad3ise/s.
>C? If ce/tain decision 6a0e/s dis6iss an idea out of handB it 6ust be because its
wea0nesses a/e 6o/e 7/onounced than an< st/on4 7oints it 6a< ha3e.
>D? Ce/tain decision 6a0e/s 7/oceed in a wa< that 6a0es it li0el< that the< will
f/e@uentl< decide in fa3o/ of ideas in which the< do not belie3e.
>E? If ce/tain decision 6a0e/s2 ad3ise/s 0now the actual beliefs of those the<
ad3iseB those ad3ise/s will 4i3e bette/ ad3ice than the< would if the< did not
0now those beliefs.
Questions 11-1!
The fo/ei4n 6iniste/ of Qe/ia announced toda< that he/ count/< was se3e/in4
di7lo6atic /elations with )andalo because of )andalo2s fla4/ant 3iolations of hu6an
/i4hts. But Qe/ia continues to 6aintain di7lo6atic /elations with 6an< count/ies that
the 6iniste/ 0nows to ha3e fa/ wo/se hu6anA/i4hts /eco/ds than )andalo does.
The/efo/eB des7ite the fo/ei4n 6iniste/2s clai6B this latest di7lo6atic 6o3e cannot be
e87lained e8clusi3el< b< Qe/ia2s co66it6ent to u7holdin4 hu6an /i4hts.
11. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 7/o3ides the 6ost su77o/t fo/ the a/4u6ent in
the 7assa4e=
>A? The count/< that cu//entl< bu<s 6ost of Qe/ia2s e87o/ts /ecentl< su44ested
that it 6i4ht se3e/el< /est/ict its i67o/ts f/o6 Qe/ia unless Qe/ia b/o0e off
Di7lo6atic /elations with )andalo.
>B? Two wee0s afte/ the Qe/ian 6iniste/2s announce6entB se3e/al othe/ count/ies
cited hu6anA/i4hts 3iolations as a /eason fo/ se3e/in4 di7lo6atic /elations
with )andalo.
>C? Mo/e count/ies ha3e e87/essed conce/n o3e/ /e7o/ted hu6anA/i4hts 3iolations
in )andalo than ha3e e87/essed conce/n o3e/ hu6anA/i4hts 3iolations in
Qe/ia.
>D? )andalo has conside/ed accusin4 Qe/ia of 3iolatin4 the hu6an /i4hts of
)andalo citi9ens li3in4 in Qe/ia.
>E? The o77osition 7a/t< in Qe/ia has lon4 ad3ocated se3e/in4 t/ade /elations with
count/ies that s<ste6aticall< 3iolate hu6an /i4hts but has o77osed se3e/in4
di7lo6atic /elations.
1. The a/4u6entati3e st/uctu/e of which one of the followin4 6ost closel< 7a/allels
that of the a/4u6ent in the 7assa4e=
>A? Hen/<2s 7a/ents insist that he eat b/ea0fast befo/e lea3in4 fo/ school because
## 'SAT
not doin4 so would be bad fo/ his health. But his 7a/ents the6sel3es al6ost
ne3e/ eat b/ea0fastB so thei/ insistence cannot be co67letel< e87lained b<
thei/ conce/n fo/ his health.
>B? I/ofesso/ ,alsh sa<s that onl< t<7ed te/6 7a7e/s will be acce7ted because
6ost handw/itin4 is difficult to /ead. But since she lectu/es f/o6 handw/itten
notesB he/ 7olic< cannot be e8clusi3el< e87lained b< an< difficult< she has
with handw/itten 6ate/ial.
>C? +a6es clai6s that he stole onl< because he was hun4/<. But althou4h hun4e/
could account fo/ stealin4 if food could not be /eadil< obtained in an< othe/
waD? A/6and declined Helen2s in3itation to dinne/ on the 4/ounds that sociali9in4
with cowo/0e/s is i67/udent. But since A/6and went to a 6o3ie with
anothe/ cowo/0e/B Ma/iaB that sa6e e3enin4B his e87/essed conce/n fo/
7/udence cannot full< e87lain his /efusal.
>E? It is often asse/ted that the/e a/e fewe/ 4ood teache/s than the/e used to be
because teache/s2 sala/ies ha3e /eached a new low. But teache/s ha3e alwa<s
been 7oo/l< 7aidB so low sala/ies cannot full< e87lain this 7e/cei3ed decline
in the effecti3eness of teache/s.
1". 5ew 7oliticians will su77o/t le4islation that conflicts with thei/ own selfAinte/est.
A case in 7oint is Au4ust 5/ensonB who th/ou4hout his ei4ht te/6s in office
consistentl< o77osed 6easu/es li6itin4 the ad3anta4e incu6bents en;o< o3e/
thei/ challen4e/s. The/efo/eB if such 6easu/es a/e to be enactedB the< 6ust /esult
f/o6 di/ect 7o7ula/ 3ote /athe/ f/o6 le4islati3e action.
The case of Au4ust 5/enson 7la<s which one of the followin4 /oles in the
a/4u6ent=
>A? It 7/o3ides e3idenceB the falsit< of which would 4ua/antee the falsit< of the
autho/2s conclusion.
>B? It is cited as an e8a67le illust/atin4 the 4ene/ali9ation that is in3o0ed.
>C? It 4i3es essential bac04/ound info/6ation conce/nin4 a 6easu/e bein4
ad3ocated.
>D? It de6onst/ates the e8tent to which incu6bents ha3e the ad3anta4e o3e/
challen4e/s.
>E? It 4i3es an e8a67le of the li6its of di/ect 7o7ula/ 3ote.
1#. In a lea/nin4 e87e/i6ent a /esea/che/ /an /ats th/ou4h a 6a9e. So6e of the /ats
we/e blindB othe/s deafB othe/s lac0ed a sense of s6ellB and othe/s had no senso/<
deficiencies1 <et all the /ats lea/ned the tas0 in 6uch the sa6e a6ount of ti6e. (f
the senses othe/ than si4htB hea/in4B and s6ellB onl< 0inesthesia had not
7/e3iousl< been shown to be i//ele3ant to 6a9eAlea/nin4. The /esea/che/
concluded on the basis of these facts that 0inesthesiaB the sensation of bodil<
6o3e6entB is sufficient fo/ 6a9eAlea/nin4.
GMAT . 'SAT C- ##"
The /esea/che/2s /easonin4 is 6ost 3ulne/able to which one of the followin4
c/iticis6s=
>A? The s6all diffe/ences in 7/oficienc< found b< the /esea/che/ did not a77ea/ to
fall into a s<ste6atic 7atte/n b< 4/ou7.
>B? The 7ossibilit< that the inte/action of 0inesthesia with at least one othe/ sense
is /e@ui/ed fo/ 6a9eAlea/nin4 cannot be /uled out on the basis of the data
abo3e.
>C? It can be dete/6ined f/o6 the data that /ats who a/e de7/i3ed of one of thei/
sou/ces of senso/< sti6ulation beco6e 6o/e /eliant on 0inesthesia than the<
had beenB but the data do not indicate how such a t/ansfe/ence ta0es 7lace.
>D? It can be dete/6ined f/o6 the data that /ats can lea/n to /un 6a9es b<
de7endin4 on 0inesthesia aloneB but the 7ossibilit< that /ats /es7ond to nonA
0inesthetic sti6ulation is not /uled out.
>E? It can be dete/6ined f/o6 the data that 6a9eAlea/nin4 in /ats de7ends on at
least two sou/ces of senso/< sti6ulationB one of which is 0inesthesiaB but
which of the /e6ainin4 sou/ces 6ust also be e67lo<ed is not dete/6inable.
1!. )ew le4islation would /e@ui/e a se3enAda< waitin4 7e/iod in the sale of hand4uns
to 7/i3ate indi3idualsB in o/de/ that /eco/ds of 7/isons could be chec0ed and the
sale of hand4uns to 7eo7le li0el< to hu/t othe/ 7eo7le the/eb< 7/e3ented. Ieo7le
o77osed to this le4islation clai6 that 7/ison /eco/ds a/e so full of e//o/s that the
7/o7osed law would 7/e3ent as 6an< lawAabidin4 citi9ens as c/i6inals f/o6
ha3in4 access to hand4uns.
If the clai6 6ade b< 7eo7le o77osed to the new le4islation is t/ueB which one of
the followin4 is a 7/inci7le thatB if establishedB would do the 6ost to ;ustif<
o77osition to the new le4islation on the basis of that clai6=
>A? The /i4hts of lawAabidin4 citi9ens a/e 6o/e wo/th< of 7/otection than a/e the
/i4hts of c/i6inals.
>B? )othin4 should be done to /est/ict 7otential c/i6inals at the cost of 7lacin4
/est/ictions on lawAabidin4 citi9ens.
>C? 'e4islation should not be enacted if no benefit could acc/ue to societ< as a
/esult of that le4islation.
>D? )o /est/ictions should be 7laced on the sale of 6e/chandise unless sale of that
6e/chandise could endan4e/ innocent 7eo7le.
>E? E3en citi9ens who a/e neithe/ fu4iti3es no/ felons should not be 7e/6itted to
own a hand4un unless the< ha3e /ecei3ed ade@uate t/ainin4.
Questions 1&-1'
The Gulches is an a/ea of 3olcanic /oc0 that is 4ashed b< 6an< channels that lead
downhill f/o6 the site of a 7/ehisto/ic 4lacie/ to a /i3e/. The channels clea/l< we/e cut
b< /unnin4 wate/. It was once acce7ted as fact that the cuttin4 occu//ed 4/aduall<B as
the 4lacie/ 6elted. But one 4eolo4ist theo/i9ed that the channels we/e cut in a sho/t
### 'SAT
ti6e b< an eno/6ous flood. The channels do show 7h<sical e3idence of ha3in4 been
fo/6ed @uic0l<B but the flood theo/< was o/i4inall< /e;ected because scientists 0new
of no natu/al 7/ocess that could 6elt so 6uch ice so @uic0l<. Ia/ado8icall<B toda< the
scientific co66unit< acce7ts the flood theo/< e3en thou4h scientists still do not 0now
of a 7/ocess that can 6elt so 6uch ice so @uic0l<.
16. ,hich one of the followin4 is su77o/ted b< the info/6ation in the 7assa4e=
>A? (nl< /unnin4 wate/ can cause dee7 channels in 3olcanic /oc0.
>B? The /i3e/ did not e8ist befo/e the channels we/e cut.
>C? Geolo4ists cannot dete/6ine the a6ount of heat /e@ui/ed to 6elt a 4lacie/
@uic0l<.
>D? The 7h<sical effects of wate/ on /oc0 3a/< with the s7eed with which those
effects a/e 7/oduced.
>E? Geolo4ists a/e co67elled to /e;ect 7h<sical e3idence when it leads to an
une87lainable conclusion.
1%. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost hel7s to /esol3e the a77a/ent 7a/ado8 in
the 7assa4e=
>A? -i77lesB which indicate that the channels we/e cut b< wate/B ha3e been
disco3e/ed in the floo/s of the channels.
>B? The Gulches is 0nown to be si6ila/ in ce/tain /es7ects to 6an< othe/ 3olcanic
/oc0 fo/6ations.
>C? Mo/e than one 4lacie/ was 7/esent in the a/ea du/in4 7/ehisto/ic ti6es.
>D? *olcanic /oc0 is 6o/e easil< cut b< wate/ than a/e othe/ fo/6s of /oc0.
>E? Scientists now belie3e that the 7/ehisto/ic 4lacie/ da66ed a sou/ce of wate/B
c/eated a hu4e la0e in the 7/ocessB and then /et/eated.
18. Ad3e/tise6ent1 Attention 7ond owne/sJ )inet<Aei4ht 7e/cent of 6os@uito la/3ae
in a 7ond die within 6inutes afte/ the 7ond has been t/eated with BTI. :et BTI is
not to8ic to fishB bi/dsB ani6alsB 7lantsB o/ beneficial insects. So b< usin4 BTI
/e4ula/l< to dest/o< thei/ la/3aeB <ou can 4/eatl< /educe 7o7ulations of 7es0<
6os@uitoes that hatch in <ou/ 7ondB and <ou can do so without di6inishin4 the
7o7ulations of fishB f/o4sB o/ beneficial insects in and a/ound the 7ond.
>A? The 6ost effecti3e wa< to cont/ol the nu6be/s of 6os@uitoes in a 4i3en a/ea
is to dest/o< the 6os@uito la/3ae in that a/ea.
>B? Io7ulations of 6os@uitoes a/e not de7endent on a sin4le bod< of wate/ within
an a/ea as a 7lace fo/ thei/ la/3ae to hatch and de3elo7.
>C? The/e a/e no insect 7ests besides 6os@uitoes that 7ond owne/s 6i4ht want to
eli6inate f/o6 in and a/ound thei/ 7ond.
>D? The effecti3eness of BTI in dest/o<in4 6os@uito la/3ae in a 7ond does not
/e@ui/e the 7ond owne/2s st/ict adhe/ence to s7ecific a77lication 7/ocedu/es.
GMAT . 'SAT C- ##!
>E? The fishB f/o4sB and beneficial insects in and a/ound a 7ondAowne/2s 7ond do
not de7end on 6os@uito la/3ae as an i67o/tant sou/ce of food.
1&. Man< 7eo7le chan4e thei/ wills on thei/ own e3e/< few <ea/sB in /es7onse to
si4nificant chan4es in thei/ 7e/sonal o/ financial ci/cu6stances. This 7/actice can
c/eate a 7/oble6 fo/ the e8ecuto/ when these 7eo7le a/e ca/eless and do not date
thei/ wills1 the e8ecuto/ will then often 0now neithe/ which one of se3e/al
undated wills is the 6ost /ecentB no/ whethe/ the will d/awn u7 last has e3e/ been
found. The/efo/eB 7eo7le should not onl< date thei/ wills but also state in an< new
will which will it su7e/sedesB fo/ then the/e would not be a 7/oble6 to be4in with.
>A? t/eats a 7a/tial solution to the stated 7/oble6 as thou4h it we/e a co67lete
solution
>B? fails to distin4uish between 7/e3ention of a 7/oble6 and successful
contain6ent of the ad3e/se effects that the 7/oble6 6i4ht cause
>C? 7/o7oses a solution to the stated 7/oble6 that does not actuall< sol3e the
7/oble6 but 6e/el< 6a0es so6eone else /es7onsible fo/ sol3in4 the 7/oble6
>D? clai6s that a ce/tain action would be a chan4e fo/ the bette/ without e87licitl<
conside/in4 what ne4ati3e conse@uences the action 6i4ht ha3e
>E? 7/o7oses that a ce/tain action be based on info/6ation that would be
una3ailable at the ti6e 7/o7osed fo/ that action
$. So6e flowe/in4 7lant s7eciesB enti/el< de7endent on bees fo/ 7ollinationB lu/e
thei/ 7ollinato/s with abundant necta/ and 7ollenB which a/e the onl< sou/ce of
food fo/ bees. (ften the 7ollinatin4 s7ecies is so hi4hl< ada7ted that it can feed
f/o6Kand thus 7ollinateKonl< a sin4le s7ecies of 7lant. Si6ila/l<B so6e 7lant
s7ecies ha3e e3ol3ed flowe/s that onl< a sin4le s7ecies of bee can 7ollinateKan
a//an4e6ent that 7laces the 7lant s7ecies at 4/eat /is0 of e8tinction. If ca/eless
a77lications of 7esticides dest/o< the 7ollinatin4 bee s7eciesB the 7lant s7ecies
itself can no lon4e/ /e7/oduce.
The info/6ation abo3eB if t/ueB 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ts which one of the
followin4=
>A? The ea/liest s7ecies of flowe/in4 7lants a77ea/ed on Ea/th
conte67o/aneousl< with the ea/liest bee s7ecies.
>B? If the sole 7ollinato/ of a ce/tain 7lant s7ecies is in no dan4e/ of e8tinctionB
the 7lant s7ecies it 7ollinates is also unli0el< to beco6e e8tinct.
>C? So6e bees a/e able to 4athe/ 7ollen and necta/ f/o6 an< s7ecies of 7lant.
>D? The blosso6s of 6ost s7ecies of flowe/in4 7lants att/act so6e s7ecies of bees
and do not att/act othe/s.
>E? The total dest/uction of the habitat of so6e 7lant s7ecies could cause so6e
bee s7ecies to beco6e e8tinct.
1. The 7/o7e/ wa< to 7lan a scientific 7/o;ect is fi/st to decide its 4oal and then to
##6 'SAT
7lan the best wa< to acco67lish that 4oal. The Dnited States s7ace station 7/o;ect
does not confo/6 to this ideal. ,hen the Cold ,a/ endedB the 7/o;ect lost its
o/i4inal 7u/7oseB so anothe/ 7u/7ose was @uic0l< 4/afted onto the 7/o;ectB that of
conductin4 li6itedA4/a3it< e87e/i6entsB e3en thou4h such e87e/i6ents can be
done in an alte/nati3e wa<. It isB the/efo/eB abundantl< clea/ that the s7ace station
should not be built.
>A? attac0s the 7/o7onents of a clai6 /athe/ than a/4uin4 a4ainst the clai6 itself
>B? 7/esu77oses what it sets out to 7/o3e
>C? faults 7lanne/s fo/ not fo/eseein4 a ce/tain e3entB when in fact that e3ent was
not fo/eseeable
>D? contains state6ents that lead to a selfAcont/adiction
>E? concludes that a sho/tco6in4 is fatalB ha3in4 7/oduced e3idence onl< of the
e8istence of that sho/tco6in4
. (nl< an e87e/t in so6e b/anch of 7s<cholo4< could unde/stand wh< Iat/ic0 is
beha3in4 i//ationall<. But no e87e/t is ce/tain of bein4 able to sol3e so6eone
else2s 7/oble6. Iat/ic0 wants to de3ise a solution to his own beha3io/al 7/oble6.
,hich one of the followin4 conclusions can be 3alidl< d/awn f/o6 the 7assa4e=
>A? Iat/ic0 does not unde/stand wh< he is beha3in4 in this wa<.
>B? Iat/ic0 is not an e87e/t in 7s<cholo4<.
>C? Iat/ic0 is not ce/tain of bein4 able to de3ise a solution to his own beha3io/al
7/oble6.
>D? Dnless Cha/les is an e87e/t in so6e b/anch of 7s<cholo4E? If Cha/les is ce/tain of bein4 able to sol3e Iat/ic02s beha3io/al 7/oble6B then
Cha/les does not unde/stand wh< Iat/ic0 is beha3in4 in this wa<.
". Th/ou4hout Eu/o7ean histo/< fa6ines ha3e 4ene/all< been followed b< 7e/iod of
/isin4 wa4esB because when a labo/ fo/ce is di6inishedB wo/0e/s a/e 6o/e
3aluable in acco/dance with the law of su77l< and de6and. The I/ish 7otato
fa6ine of the 18#$s is an e8ce7tionG it /esulted in the death o/ e6i4/ation of half
of I/eland2s 7o7ulationB but the/e was no si4nificant /ise in the a3e/a4e wa4es in
I/eland in the followin4 decade.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB would 'EAST cont/ibute to an e87lanation of
the e8ce7tion to the 4ene/ali9ation=
>A? I67/o3ed 6edical ca/e /educed the 6o/talit< /ate a6on4 ableAbodied adults
in the decade followin4 the fa6ine to below 7/efa6ine le3els.
>B? E3iction 7olicies of the landowne/s in I/eland we/e desi4ned to fo/ce
e6i4/ation of the elde/l< and infi/6B who could not wo/0B and to /etain a
hi4h 7e/centa4e of ableAbodied wo/0e/s.
GMAT . 'SAT C- ##%
>C? Ad3ances in technolo4< inc/eased the efficienc< of indust/< and a4/icultu/eB
and so allowed 6aintenance of econo6ic out7ut with less de6and fo/ labo/.
>D? The bi/th /ate inc/eased du/in4 the decade followin4 the fa6ineB and this
co67ensated fo/ 6uch of the loss of 7o7ulation that was due to the fa6ine.
>E? En4landB which had 7olitical cont/ol of I/elandB le4islated a/tificiall< low
wa4es to 7/o3ide En4lishAowned indust/< and a4/icultu/e in I/eland with
chea7 labo/.
#. ,hen the /ate of inflation e8ceeds the /ate of /etu/n on the 6ost 7/ofitable
in3est6ent a3ailableB the diffe/ence between those two /ates will be the
7e/centa4e b< whichB at a 6ini6u6B the 3alue of an< in3est6ent will decline. If
in such a ci/cu6stance the 3alue of a 7a/ticula/ in3est6ent declines b< 6o/e than
that 7e/centa4e. It 6ust be t/ue thatCCCCCC
,hich one of the followin4 lo4icall< co67letes the a/4u6ent=
>A? the /ate of inflation has /isen
>B? the in3est6ent in @uestion is beco6in4 less 7/ofitable
>C? the in3est6ent in @uestion is less 7/ofitable than the 6ost 7/ofitable
in3est6ent a3ailable
>D? the /ate of /etu/n on the 6ost 7/ofitable in3est6ent a3ailable has declined
>E? the/e has been a chan4e in which 7a/ticula/ in3est6ent ha77ens to be the 6ost
7/ofitable a3ailable
!. Ihiloso7he/1 The ei4hteenthAcentu/< thesis that 6otion is absolute asse/ts that the
chan4e in an ob;ect2s 7osition o3e/ ti6e could be 6easu/ed without /efe/ence to
the 7osition of an< othe/ ob;ect. A wellA/es7ected 7h<sicistB howe3e/B clai6s that
this thesis is incohe/ent. Since a thesis that is incohe/ent cannot be acce7ted as a
desc/i7tion of /ealitA? atte67tin4 to 7e/suade b< the 6e/e use of technical te/6inolo4<
>B? usin4 e87e/i6ental /esults to ;ustif< a chan4e in definition
>C? /el<in4 on the autho/it< of an e87e/t to su77o/t a 7/e6ise
>D? infe//in4 f/o6 what has been obse/3ed to be the case unde/ e87e/i6ental
conditions to what is in 7/inci7le t/ue
>E? 4ene/ali9in4 f/o6 what is t/ue in one /e4ion of s7ace to what 6ust be t/ue in
all /e4ions of s7ace
TEST 1
SECTI() II
##8 'SAT
Question 1-!
1. Sea tu/tles nest onl< at thei/ own bi/th7laces. Afte/ hatchin4 on the beachB the
tu/tles ente/ the wate/ to be4in thei/ fa/A/an4in4 6i4/ationB onl< /etu/nin4 to thei/
bi/th7lace to nest so6e 1! to "$ <ea/s late/. It has been h<7othesi9ed that
newbo/n sea tu/tles lea/n the s6ell of thei/ en3i/on6entB and it is this s6ell that
sti6ulates the tu/tles to /etu/n to nest.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB would cast the 6ost se/ious doubt on the
h<7othesis in the 7assa4e=
>A? Beaches on which sea tu/tles nest tend to be in secluded locations such as on
islands.
>B? Sea tu/tles e87osed to a 3a/iet< of en3i/on6ents unde/ e87e/i6ental
conditions 7/efe//ed the en3i/on6ent that contained sand fo/6 thei/ own
bi/th7laces.
>C? Elect/onic ta4s attached to sea tu/tles did not alte/ thei/ nestin4 7atte/ns.
>D? Dnli0e othe/ t<7es of tu/tlesB sea tu/tles ha3e a wellAde3elo7ed sense of s6ell.
>E? Sea tu/tles that ha3e thei/ sense of s6ell dest/o<ed b< e87osu/e to 7et/oleu6
7/oducts /etu/ned to nest at thei/ own bi/th7laces.
. ,hich one of the followin4 would be 6ost i67o/tant to 0now in e3aluatin4 the
h<7othesis in the 7assa4es=
>A? how lon4 the e87ected life s7an of sea tu/tles
>B? what the 6a8i6u6 6i4/ation /an4e of the sea tu/tles is
>C? whethe/ 6an< beaches on which sea tu/tles we/e hatched ha3e since been
dest/o<ed b< de3elo76ent
>D? befo/e /etu/nin4 to the nestB sea tu/tles a/e outside the a/ea whe/e the s6ell of
thei/ bi/th7lace would be 7e/ce7tible
>E? whethe/ both se8 of sea tu/tles a/e acti3el< in3ol3ed in the nestin4 7/ocess
". 5o/ +uanita to 4et to the 9oo she 6ust ta0e eithe/ the nu6be/ 1 bus o/ else the
subwa<. E3e/<one 0nows that the nu6be/ 1 bus is not /unnin4 this wee0G so
althou4h +uanita 4ene/all< a3oids usin4 the subwaA? asse/t that if so6ethin4 is t/ueB it will be 0nown to be t/ue
>B? de6onst/ate that ce/tain 7ossibilities a/e not e8clusi3e
>C? show that so6ethin4 is the case b< /ulin4 out the onl< alte/nati3e
>D? e87lain wh< an a77a/ent e8ce7tion to a 4ene/al /ule is not a /eal
>E? substitutes a clai6 about what in3a/iabl< occu/s fo/ a clai6 about what
t<7icall< occu/s
#. If the /e4ulation of co67ute/ netwo/0s is to be 6odeled on 7ast le4islationB then
GMAT . 'SAT C- ##&
its 6odel 6ust be eithe/ le4islation /e4ulatin4 a tele7hone s<ste6 o/ else
le4islation /e4ulatin4 a 7ublic b/oadcastin4 se/3ice. If the tele7hone 6odel is
usedB co67ute/ netwo/0s will be held /es7onsible onl< fo/ ensu/in4 that 6essa4es
4et t/ans6itted. If the 7ublic b/oadcast 6odel is usedB co67ute/ netwo/0s will
additionall< be /es7onsible fo/ the content of those 6essa4es. :et a co67ute/
netwo/0 se/3es both these so/ts of functions1 it can se/3e as a 7/i3ate 6essa4e
se/3ice o/ as a 7ublicl< accessible info/6ation se/3ice. Thus neithe/ of these
6odels can be a77/o7/iate fo/ co67ute/ netwo/0s.
The 7assa4e is st/uctu/ed to lead to which one of the followin4 conclusions=
>A? -e4ulation of co67ute/ netwo/0s is /e@ui/ed in o/de/ to ensu/e the 7/i3ac< of
the 6essa4es t/ans6itted th/ou4h such netwo/0s.
>B? The /e4ulation of co67ute/ netwo/0s should not be 6odeled on an< sin4le
7iece of 7ast le4islation.
>C? Co67ute/ netwo/0s we/e de3elo7ed b< bein4 6odeled on both tele7hone
s<ste6s and tele3ision netwo/0s.
>D? 'e4islato/s who do not ha3e e8tensi3e e87e/ience with co67ute/s should not
atte67t to w/ite le4islation /e4ulatin4 co67ute/ netwo/0s.
>E? A co67ute/ netwo/0 6e/el< du7licates the functions of a tele7hone s<ste6s
and a tele3ision s<ste6.
!. The 4o3e/n6ent has 7/o7osed a 7lan /e@ui/in4 <oun4 7eo7le to 7e/fo/6 se/3ices
to co//ect 3a/ious cu//ent social illsB es7eciall< those in education and housin4.
Go3e/n6ent se/3iceB howe3e/B should be co67elled onl< in /es7onse to a di/ect
th/eat to the nation2s e8istence. 5o/ that /easonB the 7/o7osed 7/o4/a6 should not
be i67le6ented.
,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion on which the 4o3e/n6ent de7ends=
>A? Go3e/n6entA/e@ui/ed se/3ice b< <oun4 7eo7le cannot co//ect all social ills.
>B? The nation2s e8istence is di/ectl< th/eatened onl< in ti6es of fo/ei4n attac0.
>C? C/ises in education and housin4 constitute a th/eat to the nation2s e8istence.
>D? The nation2s <oun4 7eo7le belie3e that cu//ent social ills 7ose no di/ect th/eat
to the nation2s e8istence.
>E? So6e of the social ills that cu//entl< afflict the nation do not 7ose a di/ect
th/eat to the nation2s e8istence.
6. Ci4a/ette s6o0in4 has been shown to be a health ha9a/dG the/efo/eB 4o3e/n6ents
should ban all ad3e/tise6ents that 7/o6ote s6o0in4.
,hich one of the followin4 7/inci7lesB if establishedB 6ast st/on4l< su77o/ts the
a/4u6ent=
>A? Ad3e/tise6ents should not be allowed to show 7eo7le doin4 thin4s that
endan4e/ thei/ health.
>B? Ad3e/tise/s should not 6a0e 6isleadin4 clai6s about the healthfulness of
thei/ 7/oducts.
#!$ 'SAT
>C? Ad3e/tise6ents should disclose the health ha9a/ds associated with the
7/oducts the< 7/o6ote.
>D? All 7/oducts should confo/6 to st/ict 4o3e/n6ent health and safet< standa/ds.
>E? Ad3e/tise6ents should 7/o6ote onl< healthful 7/oducts.
%. E3e/< adult 6ale wooll< 6on0e< is la/4e/ than e3en the la/4est fe6ale wooll<
6on0e<. In colonies of wooll< 6on0e<sB an< adult 6ale will do6inate an<
fe6ale.
the6 be t/ue of wooll< 6on0e<s in colonies=
>A? Si9e is the 7/i6a/< dete/6inant of /elations of do6inance a6on4 wooll<
6on0e<s.
>B? So6e la/4e adolescent 6ale wooll< 6on0e<s do6inate so6e s6alle/ fe6ales
of the s7ecies.
>C? If a 6ale wooll< 6on0e< is la/4e/ than a fe6ale of the s7eciesB that 6ale will
do6inate that fe6ale.
>D? If a fe6ale wooll< 6on0e< do6inates a 6ale of the s7eciesB the do6inated
6ale 6on0e< is not an adult.
>E? An adult 6ale wooll< 6on0e< can do6inate a fe6ale of the s7ecies onl< if
that fe6ale is also an adult.
8. S1 (u/ nation is beco6in4 too a3e/se to /is0. ,e bo<cott an< food /e7o/ted to
contain a to8ic che6icalB e3en thou4h the /is0B as a 6athe6atical /atioB 6i4ht be
6ini6al. ,ith this 6entalit<B Colu6bus would ne3e/ ha3e sailed west.
T1 A /is0Ata0e/ in one conte8t can be /is0Aa3e/se in anothe/1 the sa6e 7e/son can
d/i3e /ec0lesslA? a distinction should be 6ade between a3oidable and una3oidable /is0s
>B? a3e/sion to /is0 cannot be /eliabl< assessed without /efe/ence to conte8t
>C? the/e is confusion about /is0 in the 6inds of 6an< 6e6be/s of the 7ublic
>D? 6athe6atical odds conce/nin4 /is0 4i3e an unwa//anted i67/ession of
7/ecision
>E? /is0 cannot be defined in /elation to 7e/cei3ed 7/obable benefit
&. An< announce6ent autho/i9ed b< the head of the de7a/t6ent is i67o/tant.
Howe3e/B announce6ents a/e so6eti6es issuedB without autho/i9ationB b< 7eo7le
othe/ than the head of the de7a/t6entB so so6e announce6ents will ine3itabl<
tu/n out not to be i67o/tant.
The /easonin4 is flawed because the a/4u6ent
>A? does not s7ecif< e8actl< which co66unications a/e to be classified as
announce6ents
GMAT . 'SAT C- #!1
>B? o3e/loo0s the 7ossibilit< that 7eo7le othe/ than the head of the de7a/t6ent
ha3e the autho/it< to autho/i9e announce6ents
>C? lea3es o7en the 7ossibilit< that the head of the de7a/t6ent ne3e/B in factB
autho/i9es an< announce6ents
>D? assu6es without wa//ant that ;ust because satisf<in4 a 4i3en condition is
enou4h to ensu/e an announce6ent2s i67o/tanceB satisf<in4 that condition is
necessa/< fo/ its i67o/tance
>E? fails to distin4uish between the i67o/tance of the 7osition so6eone holds and
the i67o/tance of what that 7e/son 6a< actuall< be announcin4 on a
7a/ticula/ occasion
Questions 10-11
The labelin4 of othe/wise hi4hAcalo/ie foods as Esu4a/Af/eeBF based on the
/e7lace6ent of all su4a/ b< a/tificial sweetene/sB should be 7/ohibited b< law. Such a
7/ohibition is indicated because 6an< consu6e/s who need to lose wei4ht will
inte/7/et the label Esu4a/Af/eeF as s<non<6ous with Elow in calo/iesF and ha/6
the6sel3es b< buildin4 wei4htAloss diets a/ound foods labeled Esu4a/Af/ee.F
Manufactu/e/s of su4a/Af/ee foods a/e well awa/e of this tendenc< on the 7a/t of
consu6e/s.
1$. ,hich one of the followin4 7/inci7lesB if establishedB 6ost hel7s to ;ustif< the
>A? I/oduct labels that a/e lite/all< inco//ect should be 7/ohibited b< lawB e3en if
/eliance on those labels is not li0el< to cause ha/6 to consu6e/s.
>B? I/oduct labels that a/e lite/all< inco//ectB but in such an ob3ious 6anne/ that
no /ational consu6e/ would /el< on the6B should ne3e/theless be 7/ohibited
b< law.
>C? I/oduct labels that a/e lite/all< co//ect but cannot be inte/7/eted b< the
a3e/a4e bu<e/ of the 7/oduct without e87e/t hel7 should be 7/ohibited b<
law.
>D? I/oduct labels that a/e lite/all< co//ect but will 7/edictabl< be 6isinte/7/eted
b< so6e bu<e/s of the 7/oduct to thei/ own ha/6 should be 7/ohibited b<
law.
>E? I/oduct labels that a/e lite/all< co//ectB but onl< on one of two e@uall<
accu/ate inte/7/etationsB should be 7/ohibited b< law if bu<e/s tend to
inte/7/et the label in the wa< that does not 6atch the 7/oduct2s actual
7/o7e/ties.
11. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 7/o3ides the st/on4est basis fo/ challen4in4
the conclusion in the 7assa4e=
>A? 5ood 6anufactu/e/s would /es7ond to a ban on the label Esu4a/Af/eeF b<
/educin4 the calo/ies in su4a/Af/ee 7/oducts b< enou4h to be able to 7/o6ote
those 7/oducts as diet foods.
#! 'SAT
>B? Indi3iduals who a/e diabetic need to be able to identif< 7/oducts that contain
no su4a/ b< /efe/ence to 7/oduct labels that e87/essl< state that the 7/oduct
contains no su4a/.
>C? Consu6e/s a/e so6eti6es slow to notice chan4es in 7/oduct labels unless
those chan4es a/e the6sel3es well ad3e/tised.
>D? Consu6e/s who ha3e chosen a 7a/ticula/ wei4htAloss diet tend to 7e/sist with
this diet if the< ha3e been wa/ned not to e87ect 3e/< @uic0 /esults.
>E? E8actl< what a77ea/s on a 7/oduct label is less i67o/tant to consu6e/
beha3io/ than is the /elati3e 3isual 7/o6inence of the diffe/ent 7ieces of
info/6ation that the label contains.
1. In the Cente/3ille Botanical Ga/densB all tuli7 t/ees a/e olde/ than an< 6a7les. A
6a;o/it<B but not allB of the 4a/den2s s<ca6o/es a/e olde/ than an< of its 6a7les.
All the 4a/den2s 6a7les a/e olde/ than an< of its do4woods.
If the state6ents abo3e a/e t/ueB which one of the followin4 6ust also be t/ue of
t/ees in the Cente/3ille Botanical Ga/dens=
>A? So6e do4woods a/e as old as the <oun4est tuli7 t/ees.
>B? So6e do4woods a/e as old as the <oun4est s<ca6o/es.
>C? So6e s<ca6o/es a/e not as old as the oldest do4woods.
>D? So6e tuli7 t/ees a/e not as old as the oldest s<ca6o/es.
>E? So6e s<ca6o/es a/e not as old as the <oun4est tuli7 t/ees.
1". E6issions f/o6 auto6obiles that bu/n 4asoline and auto6obiles that bu/n diesel
fuel a/e th/eatenin4 the @ualit< of life on ou/ 7lanetB conta6inatin4 both u/ban ai/
and 4lobal at6os7he/e. The/efo/eB the onl< effecti3e wa< to /educe such
e6issions is to /e7lace the con3entional diesel fuel and 4asoline used in
auto6obiles with cleane/Abu/nin4 fuelsB such as 6ethanolB that c/eate fewe/
e6issions.
>A? -educin4 the use of auto6obiles would not be a 6o/e effecti3e 6eans to
/educe auto6obile e6issions than the use of 6ethanol.
>B? The/e is no fuel othe/ than 6ethanol that is cleane/Abu/nin4 than both diesel
fuel and 4asoline.
>C? If 4i3en a choice of auto6obile fuelsB auto6obile owne/s would not select
4asoline o3e/ 6ethanol.
>D? Auto6obile e6issions constitute the 6ost se/ious th/eat to the 4lobal
en3i/on6ent.
>E? At an< 4i3en ti6e the/e is a di/ect co//elation between the le3el of u/ban ai/
7ollution and the le3el of conta6ination 7/esent in the 4lobal at6os7he/e.
1#. D/. 'ibo0o31 Ce/tain islands nea/ )ew Qealand a/e ho6e to the tuata/aB /e7tiles
that a/e the sole su/3i3in4 6e6be/s of the s7henodontidans. S7henodontidans
GMAT . 'SAT C- #!"
we/e 7lentiful th/ou4hout the wo/ld du/in4 the a4e of the dinosau/s. But the
su/3i3al of s7henodontidans nea/ )ew QealandB and thei/ total disa77ea/ance
elsewhe/eB is no 6<ste/<. )ew Qealand and nea/b< islands ha3e no nati3e land
6a66als. 'and 6a66alsB 7lentiful elsewhe/eB undoubtedl< beca6e 6a;o/
7/edato/s of s7henodontidans and thei/ e44sB leadin4 to thei/ e8tinction.
D/. Santos1 In factB the tuata/a th/i3e onl< on a few islands nea/ )ew Qealand. (n
all those whe/e land 6a66alsB such as /atsB do4sB o/ catsB ha3e been int/oduced in
/ecent <ea/sB the tuata/a a/e now e8tinct o/ nea/l< so.
,hich one of the followin4 6ost accu/atel< cha/acte/i9es D/. Santos2 /es7onse to
the h<7othesis ad3anced b< D/. 'ibo0o3=
>A? It identifies a flaw in D/. 'ibo0o32s /easonin4.
>B? It /estates D/. 'ibo0o32s 6a;o/ h<7othesis and thus adds nothin4 to it.
>C? It cont/adicts one of D/. 'ibo0o32s asse/tions.
>D? It offe/s a h<7othesis that is inco67atible with D/. 'ibo0o32s 7osition.
>E? It 7/o3ides additional e3idence in su77o/t of D/. 'ibo0o32s h<7othesis.
1!. A standa/d 7/oble6 fo/ co67ute/ secu/it< is that 7asswo/ds that ha3e to be t<7ed
on a co67ute/ 0e<boa/d a/e co67a/ati3el< eas< fo/ unautho/i9ed use/s to steal o/
4uess. A new s<ste6 that /elies on /eco4ni9in4 the 3oices of autho/i9ed use/s
a77a/entl< a3oids this 7/oble6. In a s6all initial t/ialB the s<ste6 ne3e/
inco//ectl< acce7ted so6eone see0in4 access to the co67ute/2s data. Clea/l<B if
this /esult can be /e7eated in an o7e/ational settin4B then the/e will be a wa< of
4i3in4 access to those 7eo7le who a/e entitled to access and to no one else.
The /easonin4 abo3e is flawed because it
>A? 6a0es a fault< co67a/isonB in that a secu/it< s<ste6 based on 3oice
/eco4nition would not be e87ected to suffe/ f/o6 the sa6e 7/oble6s as one
that /elied on 7asswo/ds ente/ed f/o6 a 0e<boa/d
>B? bases a 4ene/al conclusion on a s6all a6ount of data
>C? fails to /eco4ni9e that a secu/it< s<ste6 based on 3oice /eco4nition could
easil< ha3e a77lications othe/ than co67ute/ secu/it<
>D? i4no/es the 7ossibilit< that the s<ste6 so6eti6es denies access to 7eo7le who
a/e entitled to access
>E? states its conclusion in a hea3il< @ualified wa<
16. Bod< te67e/atu/e 3a/ies o3e/ a #Ahou/ 7e/iodB with a low 7oint /ou4hl< between
# a.6. and ! a.6. S7eed of /eaction 3a/ies in line with bod< te67e/atu/eB such
that whene3e/ bod< te67e/atu/e is lowB s7eed of /eaction is low. If low bod<
te67e/atu/e caused slow /eactionB the s7eed of /eaction should inc/ease if we
a/tificiall< /aised bod< te67e/atu/e du/in4 the 7e/iod # a.6. to ! a.6. But the
s7eed of /eaction does not inc/ease.
,hich one of the followin4 conclusions can 7/o7e/l< be d/awn f/o6 the abo3e
state6ents=
#!# 'SAT
>A? 'ow s7eeds of /eaction cause low bod< te67e/atu/e.
>B? 'ow s7eeds of /eaction do not cause low bod< te67e/atu/e.
>C? 'ow bod< te67e/atu/es do not cause low s7eeds of /eaction.
>D? 'ow bod< te67e/atu/es cause low s7eeds of /eaction.
>E? A/tificiall< /aisin4 bod< te67e/atu/e causes inc/eased s7eed of /eaction.
1%. (f the two 7/o7osals fo/ sol3in4 the t/affic 7/oble6s on Main St/eetB Chen2s 7lan
is bette/ fo/ the cit< as a wholeB as is clea/ f/o6 the fact that the 7/inci7al
su77o/te/ of -i7le<2s 7lan is S6ith Sto/es. S6ith Sto/esB with its hi4hl< 7aid
consultantsB 0nows whe/e its own inte/est lies andB 6o/eo3e/B has su77o/ted its
own inte/ests in the 7astB e3en to the det/i6ent of the cit< as a whole.
The fault< /easonin4 in which one of the followin4 is 6ost 7a/allel to that in the
a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? Su/el< Cent/e3ille should o77ose ado7tion of the /e4ional 7lannin4
co66ission2s new 7lan since it is not in Cent/e3ille2s inte/estB e3en thou4h it
6i4ht be in the inte/est of so6e towns in the /e4ion.
>B? The school boa/d should su77o/t the 7lan fo/ the new hi4h school since this
7lan was /eco66ended b< the wellA@ualified consultants who6 the school
boa/d hi/ed at 4/eat e87ense.
>C? (f the two bud4et 7/o7osalsB the 6a<o/2s is clea/l< 7/efe/able to the cit<
council2sB since the 6a<o/2s bud4et add/esses the needs of the cit< as a
wholeB whe/eas the cit< council is 7/otectin4 s7ecial inte/ests.
>D? )o6u/a is clea/l< a bette/ candidate fo/ colle4e 7/esident than Mille/B since
)o6u/a has the su77o/t of the th/ee deans who best unde/stand the
7/esident2s ;ob and with who6 the 7/esident will ha3e to wo/0 6ost closel<.
>E? The 7lanned li4htA/ail s<ste6 will clea/l< se/3e subu/ban a/eas wellB since its
6ain o77onent is the cit< 4o3e/n6entB which has alwa<s i4no/ed the needs
of the subu/bs and sou4ht onl< to 7/otect the inte/ests of the cit<.
Questions 18-19
The fo/6at of netwo/0 tele3ision news 7/o4/a6s 4ene/all< allows ad3ocates of a
7oint of 3iew onl< "$ seconds to con3e< thei/ 6essa4e. Conse@uentl<B /e4ula/
watche/s beco6e accusto6ed to thin0in4 of issues in te/6s onl< of slo4ans and catch
7h/asesB and so the e87ectation of ca/eful discussion of 7ublic issues 4/aduall<
disa77ea/s f/o6 thei/ awa/eness. The fo/6at of news7a7e/ sto/iesB on the othe/ handB
leads /eade/s to 7u/sue details of sto/ies headed b< the 6ost i67o/tant facts and so has
the o77osite effect on /e4ula/ /eade/sKthat of 6aintainin4 the e87ectation of ca/eful
discussion of 7ublic issues. The/efo/eB in cont/ast to /e4ula/ news7a7e/ /eadin4B
/e4ula/ watchin4 of netwo/0 tele3ision news 7/o4/a6s inc/eases the tendenc< to thin0
of 7ublic issues in o3e/si67lified te/6s.
18. The a/4u6ent assu6es which one of the followin4=
GMAT . 'SAT C- #!!
>A? *iewe/s of netwo/0 tele3ision news 7/o4/a6s would be inte/ested in seein4
ad3ocates of o77osin4 3iews 7/esent thei/ 7ositions at len4th.
>B? Since it is not 7ossible to 7/esent st/i0in4 i6a4es that would s<6boli9e e3ents
fo/ 3iewe/sB and since i6a4es hold swa< o3e/ wo/ds in tele3isionB tele3ision
6ust o3e/si67lif<.
>C? It is not 7ossible fo/ tele3ision to 7/esent 7ublic issues in a wa< that allows
fo/ the nuanced 7/esentation of di3e/se 3iews and a 4oodAfaith inte/chan4e
between ad3ocates of o77osin4 3iews.
>D? In netwo/0 tele3ision news /e7o/tsB it is not usual fo/ a /e7o/te/ to offe/
additional factual e3idence and bac04/ound info/6ation to de3elo7 a sto/< in
which o77osin4 3iews a/e 7/esented b/iefl< b< thei/ ad3ocates.
>E? Tele3ision news /e7o/te/s int/oduce 6o/e of thei/ own biases into news
sto/ies than do news7a7e/ /e7o/te/s.
1&. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< wea0ens the a/4u6ent=
>A? -e4ula/ watche/s of netwo/0 tele3ision news 7/o4/a6s a/e 6uch 6o/e li0el<
than othe/ 7eo7le to be habitual /eade/s of news7a7e/s.
>B? Includin4 an< "$Asecond @uotations f/o6 7/o7onents of di3e/se 3iewsB the
total a6ount of ti6e de3oted to a sin4le to7ic on /e4ula/ netwo/0 tele3ision
news 7/o4/a6s a3e/a4es less than one and a half 6inutes.
>C? The fo/6at of netwo/0 tele3ision news 7/o4/a6s does not include /oundtable
discussion of issues a6on4 info/6ed 7/o7onents of di3e/se 3iews.
>D? Tele3ision news /e7o/ts tend to de3ote e@ual ti6e to discussion of o77osin4
3iews.
>E? Ieo7le who watch the 6ost tele3isionB 6easu/ed in a3e/a4e nu6be/ of hou/s
of watchin4 7e/ wee0B tend not to be /e4ula/ /eade/s of news7a7e/s.
Questions !0-!1
A /ecent /e7o/t on an en3i/on6ental i67/o3e6ent 7/o4/a6 was c/itici9ed fo/ focusin4
solel< on 7/a46atic solutions to the la/4e nu6be/ of si4nificant 7/oble6s that 7la4ue
the 7/o4/a6 instead of se/iousl< t/<in4 to 7/oduce a cohe/ent 3ision fo/ the futu/e of
the 7/o4/a6. In /es7onse the /e7o/t2s autho/s 4/anted that the c/itics had /aised a 3alid
7oint but e87lained thatB to do an<thin4 at allB the 7/o4/a6 needed continued
4o3e/n6ent fundin4B and that to 4et such fundin4 the 7/o4/a6 fi/st needed to /e4ain a
/e7utation fo/ co67etence.
$. The basic 7osition ta0en b< the /e7o/t2s autho/s on the c/iticis6 le3eled a4ainst
the /e7o/t is that
>A? add/essin4 the c/itics2 conce/n now would be 7/e6atu/e
>B? the c/itics2 6oti3es a/e selfAse/3in4
>C? the notion of a cohe/ent 3ision would be ina77/o7/iate to a 7/o4/a6 of the
so/t at issue
#!6 'SAT
>D? the autho/s of the /e7o/t a/e 6o/e 0nowled4eable than its c/itics
>E? 4i3in4 the /e7o/t a sin4le focus is less desi/able than the c/itics clai6
1. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB would best se/3e the c/itics of the /e7o/t in
thei/ atte67t to unde/6ine the 7osition ta0en b< the /e7o/t2s autho/s=
>A? The 4o3e/n6ent does not actuall< 7/o3ide a full l$$ 7e/cent of the 7/o4/a62s
fundin4.
>B? The 7/o4/a6 will continue to ha3e nu6e/ous se/ious 7/oble6s 7/ecisel<
because it lac0s a cohe/ent 3ision fo/ its futu/e.
>C? The 7/o4/a6 had a cohe/ent 3ision at its ince7tionB but that 3ision has 7/o3ed
i67ossible to sustain.
>D? The 4o3e/n6ent has th/eatened to cut off fundin4 fo/ the 7/o4/a6 but has not
acted <et on this th/eat.
>E? The 7/o4/a6 has ac@ui/ed a wo/se /e7utation fo/ inco67etence than it
dese/3es.
. (il co67an< /e7/esentati3e1 ,e s7ent 6o/e 6one< on cleanin4 the otte/s affected
b< ou/ /ecent oil s7ill than has been s7ent on an< 7/e3ious 6a/ine 6a66al /escue
7/o;ect. This shows ou/ conce/n fo/ the en3i/on6ent.
En3i/on6entalist1 :ou ha3e no such conce/n. :ou/ /eal conce/n is e3ident in <ou/
ad6ission to the 7/ess that news 7hoto4/a7hs of oilAco3e/ed otte/s would be
7a/ticula/l< da6a4in4 to <ou/ 7ublic i6a4eB which 7la<s an i67o/tant /ole in
<ou/ le3el of sales.
The en3i/on6entalist2s conclusion would be 7/o7e/l< d/awn if it we/e t/ue that
the
>A? oil co67an< cannot ha3e 6o/e than one 6oti3e fo/ cleanin4 the otte/s
affected b< the oil s7ill
>B? otte/ 7o7ulation in the a/ea of the oil s7ill could not ha3e su/3i3ed without the
cleanin4 7/o;ect
>C? oil co67an< has alwa<s shown a hi4h /e4a/d fo/ its 7/ofits in choosin4 its
cou/ses of action
>D? 4o3e/n6ent would ha3e s7ent the 6one< to clean the otte/s if the oil
co67an< had not a4/eed to do it
>E? oil co67an<2s effo/ts towa/d cleanin4 the affected otte/s ha3e been 6o/e
successful than ha3e such effo/ts in 7/e3ious 7/o;ects to clean u7 oil s7ills
". A 4/ou7 of scientists stud<in4 calciu6 6etabolis6 in labo/ato/< /ats disco3e/ed
that /e6o3in4 the /ats2 7a/ath</oid 4lands /esulted in the /ats2 ha3in4
substantiall< lowe/ than no/6al le3els of calciu6 in thei/ blood. This disco3e/<
led the scientists to h<7othesi9e that the function of the 7a/ath</oid 4land is to
/e4ulate the le3el of calciu6 in the blood b< /aisin4 that le3el when it falls below
the no/6al /an4e. In a fu/the/ e87e/i6entB the scientists /e6o3ed not onl< the
GMAT . 'SAT C- #!%
7a/ath</oid 4land but also the ad/enal 4land f/o6 /ats. The< 6ade the su/7/isin4
disco3e/< that the le3el of calciu6 in the /ats2 blood dec/eased 6uch less sha/7l<
than when the 7a/ath</oid 4land alone was /e6o3ed.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB e87lains the su/7/isin4 disco3e/< in a wa<
6ost consistent with the scientists2 h<7othesis=
>A? The ad/enal 4land acts to lowe/ the le3el of calciu6 in the blood.
>B? The ad/enal 4land and the 7a/ath</oid 4land 7la< the sa6e /ole in /e4ulatin4
calciu6 blood le3els.
>C? The absence of a 7a/ath</oid 4land causes the ad/enal 4land to inc/ease the
le3el of calciu6 in the blood.
>D? If the ad/enal 4landB and no othe/ 4landB of a /at we/e /e6o3edB the /at2s
calciu6 le3el would /e6ain stable.
>E? The onl< function of the 7a/ath</oid 4land is to /e4ulate the le3el of calciu6
in the blood.
#. Since Ma<o/ D/abble alwa<s /e7a<s he/ 7olitical debts as soon as 7ossibleB she
will al6ost ce/tainl< a77oint 'ee to be the new head of the a/ts co66ission. 'ee
has wanted that ;ob fo/ a lon4 ti6eB and D/abble owes 'ee a lot fo/ his su77o/t in
the last election.
>A? Ma<o/ D/abble has no 7olitical debt that is both of lon4e/ standin4 than the
one she owes to 'ee and could as suitabl< be /e7aid b< an a77oint6ent to be
the new head of the a/ts co66ission.
>B? The/e is no one to who6 Ma<o/ D/abble owes a 4/eate/ 7olitical debt fo/
su77o/t in the last election than the 7olitical debt she owes to 'ee.
>C? 'ee is the onl< 7e/son to who6 Ma<o/ D/abble owes a 7olitical debt who
would be willin4 to acce7t an a77oint6ent f/o6 he/ as the new head of the
a/ts co66ission.
>D? ,hethe/ 'ee is @ualified to head the a/ts co66ission is i//ele3ant to Ma<o/
D/abble2s decision.
>E? The onl< wa< that Ma<o/ D/abble can ade@uatel< /e7a< he/ 7olitical debt to
'ee is b< a77ointin4 hi6 to head the a/ts co66ission.
!. The fact that tobacco s6o0e inhaled b< s6o0e/s ha/6s the s6o0e/s does not
7/o3e that the 6uch s6alle/ a6ount of tobacco s6o0e inhaled b< nons6o0e/s
who sha/e li3in4 s7ace with s6o0e/s ha/6s the nons6o0e/s to so6e de4/ee.
Man< substancesB such as 3ita6in AB a/e to8ic in la/4e @uantities but beneficial in
s6all @uantities.
In which one of the followin4 is the 7atte/n of /easonin4 6ost si6ila/ to that in
the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? The fact that a la/4e concent/ation of bleach will 6a0e fab/ic 3e/< white does
not 7/o3e that a s6all concent/ation of bleach will 6a0e fab/ic so6ewhat
#!8 'SAT
white. The effect of a s6all concent/ation of bleach 6a< be too sli4ht to
chan4e the colo/ of the fab/ic.
>B? Althou4h a healthful diet should include a ce/tain a6ount of fibe/B it does not
follow that a diet that includes la/4e a6ounts of fibe/ is 6o/e healthful than
one that includes s6alle/ a6ounts of fibe/. Too 6uch fibe/ can inte/fe/e with
7/o7e/ di4estion.
>C? The fact that la/4e a6ounts of che6ical fe/tili9e/s can 0ill 7lants does not
7/o3e that che6ical fe/tili9e/s a/e 4ene/all< ha/6ful to 7lants. It 7/o3es onl<
that the @uantit< of che6ical fe/tili9e/ used should be ad;usted acco/din4 to
the needs of the 7lants and the nut/ients al/ead< in the soil.
>D? 5/o6 the fact that fi3e 7/ofessional taste teste/s found a new ce/eal 7/oduct
tastE? Althou4h watchin4 tele3ision fo/ half of e3e/< da< would be a waste of ti6eB
watchin4 tele3ision b/iefl< e3e/< da< is not necessa/il< e3en a s6all waste of
ti6e. Afte/ allB it would be a waste to slee7 half of e3e/< da<B but so6e slee7
e3e/< da< is necessa/<.
6. ,h< should the 4o3e/n6entB /athe/ than indust/< o/ uni3e/sitiesB 7/o3ide the
6one< to 7ut a netwo/0 of su7e/co67ute/s in 7lace= Because the/e is a /an4e of
7/oble6s that can be attac0ed onl< with the 6assi3e dataA6ana4in4 ca7acit< of a
su7e/co67ute/ netwo/0. )o business o/ uni3e/sit< has the /esou/ces to 7u/chase
b< itself enou4h 6achines fo/ a whole netwo/0B and no business o/ uni3e/sit<
wants to in3est in a 7a/t of a netwo/0 if no 6echanis6 e8ists fo/ coo/dinatin4
establish6ent of the netwo/0 as a whole.
,hich one of the followin4 indicates a wea0ness in the a/4u6ent=
>A? It does not fu/nish a wa< in which the dile66a conce/nin4 the establish6ent
of the netwo/0 can be /esol3ed.
>B? It does not establish the i67ossibilit< of c/eatin4 a su7e/co67ute/ netwo/0 as
an inte/national netwo/0.
>C? It fails to add/ess the @uestion of who would 6aintain the netwo/0 if the
4o3e/n6entB /athe/ than indust/< o/ uni3e/sitiesB 7/o3ides the 6one< fo/
establishin4 it.
>D? It ta0es fo/ 4/anted and without ;ustification that it would enhance national
7/ee6inence in science fo/ the 4o3e/n6ent to 7/o3ide the netwo/0.
>E? It o3e/loo0s the 7ossibilit< that businesses o/ uni3e/sitiesB o/ bothB could
coo7e/ate to build the netwo/0.
SECTI() I*
GMAT . 'SAT C- #!&
1. Me4at/ash Co.B the count/<2s la/4est wasteAdis7osal co67an<B has been sued b<
en3i/on6ental 4/ou7s who ha3e accused the fi/6 of ne4li4ent handlin4 of
ha9a/dous waste. The fines and le4al fees that ha3e /esulted f/o6 the le4al attac0s
a4ainst Me4at/ash ha3e cost the co67an< substantial a6ounts of 6one<.
Su/7/isin4l<B as successful lawsuits a4ainst the co67an< ha3e inc/eased in
nu6be/B the co67an< has 4/own st/on4e/ and 6o/e 7/ofitable.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB does the 6ost to /esol3e the a77a/ent
7a/ado8=
>A? Althou4h wasteAdis7osal fi/6s 6e/el< handle but do not 4ene/ate to8ic wasteB
these fi/6s ha3e been held le4all< /es7onsible fo/ en3i/on6ental da6a4e
caused b< this waste.
>B? Me4at/ash has 6ade substantial cont/ibutions to en3i/on6ental causesB as
ha3e othe/ la/4e wasteAdis7osal co67anies.
>C? So6e of the ;ud46ents a4ainst Me4at/ash ha3e le4all< ba//ed it f/o6 ente/in4
the 6o/e 7/ofitable a/eas of the wasteA6ana4e6ent business.
>D? The e8a67le of Me4at/ash2s le4al entan4le6ents has d/i3en 6ost of the
co67an<2s co67etito/s f/o6 the field and dete//ed 7otential /i3als f/o6
ente/in4 it.
>E? In cases in which Me4at/ash has been ac@uitted of cha/4es of ne4li4enceB the
co67an< has 7aid 6o/e in le4al fees than it would ha3e been li0el< to 7a< in
fines.
. 'ewis1 Those who do not lea/n f/o6 7ast 6ista0esKthei/ own and those of othe/s
Ka/e conde6ned to /e7eat the6. In o/de/ to benefit f/o6 the lessons of histo/<B
howe3e/B we fi/st ha3e to 0now histo/<. That is wh< the ac@uisition of b/oad
histo/ical 0nowled4e is so i67o/tant.
Mo//is1 The t/ouble is that the 7ast is infinitel< 3a/ious. 5/o6 its ine8haustible
sto/ehouse of e3ents it is 7ossible to 7/o3e an<thin4 o/ its cont/a/<.
The issue that Mo//is /aises in ob;ectin4 to 'ewis2 3iew is whethe/
>A? the/e a/e an< uncontested histo/ical facts
>B? histo/ical 0nowled4e can be too na//ow to be useful
>C? histo/< teaches an< une@ui3ocal lessons
>D? the/e a/e con3entional c/ite/ia fo/ callin4 a 7ast action a 6ista0e
>E? e3ents in the 7/esent a/e influenced b< 7ast e3ents
". A 4/ou7 of scientists who ha3e done /esea/ch on the health effects of food
i//adiation has disco3e/ed no e3idence challen4in4 its safet<. Su77o/te/s of food
i//adiation ha3e cited this /esea/ch as ce/tain 7/oof that food i//adiation is a safe
7/actice.
A flaw in the /easonin4 of the su77o/te/s of food i//adiation is that the<
>A? assu6e that the scientists doin4 the /esea/ch set out to 7/o3e that food
i//adiation is an unsafe 7/actice
#6$ 'SAT
>B? a/e 6oti3ated b< a biased inte/est in 7/o3in4 the 7/actice to be safe
>C? o3e/loo0 the 7ossibilit< that ob;ections about safet< a/e not the onl< 7ossible
ob;ections to the 7/actice
>D? ne4lect to 7/o3ide detailed info/6ation about the e3idence used to su77o/t the
conclusion
>E? use the lac0 of e3idence cont/adictin4 a clai6 as conclusi3e e3idence fo/ that
clai6
#. Coo0in4 teache/1 'i6a beans 4ene/all< need about an hou/ of boilin4 to /each the
7/o7e/ de4/ee of doneness. The 7/ecise a6ount of ti6e it ta0es de7ends on si9e1
la/4e/ beans /e@ui/e a lon4e/ coo0in4 ti6e than s6alle/ beans do. It is i67o/tant
that li6a beans not be o3e/coo0ed since o3e/coo0in4 /obs beans of 6an< of thei/
nut/ients. Dnde/coo0in4 should also be a3oidedB since unde/coo0ed beans cannot
be co67letel< di4ested.
If the state6ents abo3e a/e t/ueB the< 6ost st/on4l< su77o/t which one of the
followin4=
>A? 'i6a beans that a/e co67letel< di4estible ha3e lost 6an< of thei/ nut/ients in
coo0in4.
>B? The nut/ients that a/e lost when li6a beans a/e o3e/coo0ed a/e the sa6e as
those that the bod< fails to assi6ilate when li6a beans a/e not co67letel<
di4ested.
>C? 'a/4e li6a beansB e3en when full< coo0edB a/e 6o/e difficult to di4est than
s6all li6a beans.
>D? 'i6a beans that a/e added to the 7ot to4ethe/ should be as close to the sa6e
si9e as 7ossible if the< a/e to <ield thei/ full nut/itional 3alue.
>E? 5/o6 the stand7oint of 4ood nut/itionB it is bette/ to o3e/coo0 than to
unde/coo0 li6a beans.
Questions 5-&
'a/4e @uantities of lead dust can be /eleased du/in4 /eno3ations in houses with walls
7ainted with leadAbased 7aint. Because the dust 7uts occu7ants at hi4h /is0 of lead
7oisonin4B such /eno3ations should be done onl< in unoccu7ied houses b< cont/acto/s
who a/e e87e/ienced in /e6o3in4 all t/aces of lead f/o6 houses and who ha3e the
e@ui76ent to 7/otect the6sel3es f/o6 lead dust. E3en when wa/nedB howe3e/B 6an<
7eo7le will not 7a< to ha3e so6eone else do /eno3ations the< belie3e the< could do
less e87ensi3el< the6sel3es. The/efo/eB +o,eowners* "ournal should /un an a/ticle
4i3in4 info/6ation to ho6eowne/s on how to /educe the /is0 of lead 7oisonin4
associated with doAitA<ou/self /eno3ation.
!. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB a/4ues 6ost st/on4l< a4ainst the 7assa4e2s
/eco66endation about an a/ticle=
>A? Most ho6eowne/s 0now whethe/ o/ not the walls of thei/ houses a/e 7ainted
with leadAbased 7aintB e3en if the walls we/e 7ainted b< 7/e3ious owne/s.
GMAT . 'SAT C- #61
>B? Most 7eo7le who unde/ta0e doAitA<ou/self /eno3ation 7/o;ects do so fo/ the
satisfaction of doin4 the wo/0 the6sel3es and so a/e unli0el< to hi/e a
7/ofessional to do that so/t of wo/0.
>C? ,hene3e/ info/6ation on doAitA<ou/self ho6e /eno3ation is 7ublishedB 6an<
7eo7le who would othe/wise hi/e 7/ofessionals decide to 7e/fo/6 the
/eno3ations the6sel3esB e3en when the/e a/e /is0s in3ol3ed.
>D? In 6an< a/easB it is difficult to find 7/ofessional /eno3ato/s who ha3e the
e@ui76ent and @ualifications to 7e/fo/6 safel< /eno3ations in3ol3in4 lead
dust.
>E? ,hen 7/ofessionall< done ho6e /eno3ations a/e no 6o/e e87ensi3e than doA
itA<ou/self /eno3ationsB 6ost 7eo7le choose to ha3e thei/ ho6es /eno3ated
b< 7/ofessionals.
6. ,hich one of the followin4 7/inci7les 6ost hel7s to ;ustif< the 7assa4e2s
/eco66endation about an a/ticle=
>A? Iotentiall< dan4e/ous ;obs should alwa<s be left to those who ha3e the
t/ainin4 and e87e/ience to 7e/fo/6 the6 safelB? If 7eo7le /efuse to chan4e thei/ beha3io/ e3en when wa/ned that the< a/e
;eo7a/di9in4 thei/ healthB info/6ation that enables the6 to 6ini6i9e the
/is0s of that beha3io/ should be 6ade a3ailable to the6.
>C? A ;ou/nal fo/ ho6eowne/s should 7/o3ide its /eade/s with info/6ation on doA
itA<ou/self 7/o;ects onl< if such 7/o;ects do not entail substantial /is0s.
>D? )o one should be encou/a4ed to 7e/fo/6 a 7otentiall< dan4e/ous 7/ocedu/e if
doin4 so could 7lace an< othe/ 7eo7le at /is0.
>E? Ieo7le who a/e willin4 to do wo/0 the6sel3es and who a/e co67etent to do
so should not be discou/a4ed f/o6 doin4 that wo/0.
%. The scientific theo/< of e3olution has challen4ed the 3iew of hu6an o/i4in as
di3ine c/eation and sees us as si67l< descended f/o6 the sa6e ancesto/s as the
a7es. ,hile science and technolo4< ha3e 7/o3ided b/illiant insi4hts into ou/
wo/ld and eased ou/ e3e/<da< lifeB the< ha3e si6ultaneousl< de7/i3ed us of a
3iew in which ou/ i67o/tance is assu/ed. ThusB while science has 4i3en us 6an<
thin4sB it has ta0en awa< 6uch that is also 4/eatl< 3alued.
,hich one of the followin4 is assu6ed in the 7assa4e=
>A? Science and technolo4< a/e of less 3alue than /eli4ion.
>B? Ieo7le ha3e /esisted the ad3ances of science and technolo4<.
>C? The assu/ance that 7eo7le a/e i67o/tant is hi4hl< 3alued.
>D? The wo/ld was a bette/ 7lace befo/e the ad3ent of science and technolo4<.
>E? The need of 7eo7le to feel i67o/tant is now 6et b< science and technolo4<.
Questions 8-9
#6 'SAT
That lon4Ate/6 ci4a/ette s6o0in4 can lead to health 7/oble6s includin4 cance/ and
lun4 disease is a scientificall< wellAestablished fact. Cont/a/< to what 6an< 7eo7le
see6 to belie3eB howe3e/B it is not necessa/< to den< this fact in o/de/ to /e;ect the
3iew that tobacco co67anies should be held eithe/ 6o/all< o/ le4all< /es7onsible fo/
the 7oo/ health of s6o0e/s. Afte/ allB e8cessi3e consu67tion of cand< undeniabl<
leads to such health 7/oble6s as tooth decaA? no one should feel it necessa/< to den< the scientificall< wellAestablished fact
that lon4Ate/6 ci4a/ette s6o0in4 can lead to health 7/oble6s
>B? 7eo7le who 4et ca3ities should not be able to sue cand< 6anufactu/e/s
>C? the fact that s6o0e/s2 health 7/oble6s can be caused b< thei/ s6o0in4 is not
enou4h to ;ustif< holdin4 tobacco co67anies eithe/ le4all< o/ 6o/all<
/es7onsible fo/ those 7/oble6s
>D? e8cessi3e consu67tion of cand< will lead to health 7/oble6s ;ust as su/el< as
lon4Ate/6 ci4a/ette s6o0in4 will
>E? if cand< 6anufactu/e/s we/e held /es7onsible fo/ tooth deca< a6on4 cand<
eate/s then tobacco co67anies should also be held /es7onsible fo/ health
7/oble6s suffe/ed b< s6o0e/s
&. The /easonin4 in the a/4u6ent is 6ost 3ulne/able to c/iticis6 on the 4/ounds that
it
>A? fails to establish that the connection between tooth deca< and cand< eatin4 is
as scientificall< well docu6ented as that between s6o0in4 and the health
7/oble6s suffe/ed b< s6o0e/s
>B? de7ends on the ob3iousl< false assu67tion that e3e/<one who 4ets ca3ities
does so onl< as a /esult of eatin4 too 6uch cand<
>C? lea3es undefined such c/itical @ualif<in4 te/6s as Ee8cessi3eF and Elon4A
te/6F
>D? att/ibutes ce/tain beliefs to E6an< 7eo7leF without identif<in4 the 7eo7le who
alle4edl< hold those beliefs
>E? fails to add/ess the st/i0in4 diffe/ences in the natu/e of the th/eat to health
7osed b< tooth deca< on the one hand and cance/ and lun4 disease on the
othe/
1$. '<dia1 Each <ea/B thousands of seabi/ds a/e in;u/ed when the< beco6e entan4led
in e@ui76ent owned b< fishin4 co67anies. The/efo/eB the fishin4 co67anies
should assu6e /es7onsibilit< fo/ fundin4 3ete/ina/< t/eat6ent fo/ the in;u/ed
bi/ds.
+onathan1 :ou/ feelin4s fo/ the bi/ds a/e ad6i/able. :ou/ 7/o7osalB howe3e/B
should not be ado7ted because t/eat6ent of the 6ost se/iousl< in;u/ed bi/ds
would inhu6anel< 7/olon4 the li3es of ani6als no lon4e/ able to li3e in the wildB
GMAT . 'SAT C- #6"
as all wildlife should.
+onathan uses which one of the followin4 techni@ues in his /es7onse to '<dia=
>A? He di/ects a 7e/sonal attac0 a4ainst he/ /athe/ than add/essin4 the a/4u6ent
she ad3ances.
>B? He su44ests that he/ 7/o7osal is based on selfAinte/est /athe/ than on /eal
s<67ath< fo/ the in;u/ed bi/ds.
>C? He @uestions the a77/o7/iateness of inte/fe/in4 with wildlife in an< waD? He atte67ts to disc/edit he/ 7/o7osal b< discussin4 its i67lications fo/ onl<
those bi/ds that it se/3es least well.
>E? He e3ades discussion of he/ 7/o7osal b< /aisin4 the issue of whethe/ he/
feelin4s about the bi/ds a/e ;ustified.
11. 'o44in4 indust/< official1 Ha/3estin4 t/ees f/o6 oldA4/owth fo/ests fo/ use in
6anufactu/e can /educe the a6ount of ca/bon dio8ide in the at6os7he/eB since
when la/4e old t/ees die in the fo/est the< deco67oseB /eleasin4 thei/ sto/ed
ca/bon dio8ide. Ha/3estin4 oldA4/owth fo/ests wouldB 6o/eo3e/B 6a0e /oo6 fo/
/a7idl< 4/owin4 <oun4 t/eesB which abso/b 6o/e ca/bon dio8ide f/o6 the
at6os7he/e than do t/ees in oldA4/owth fo/ests.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< wea0ens the official2s
a/4u6ent=
>A? Man< oldA4/owth fo/ests a/e the ho6e of thousands of ani6al s7ecies that
would be endan4e/ed if the fo/ests we/e to be dest/o<ed.
>B? Much of the o/4anic 6atte/ f/o6 oldA4/owth t/eesB unusable as lu6be/B is
6ade into 7/oducts that deco67ose /a7idl<.
>C? A <oun4 t/ee contains less than half the a6ount of ca/bon dio8ide that is
sto/ed in an old t/ee of the sa6e s7ecies.
>D? Much of the ca/bon dio8ide 7/esent in fo/ests is e3entuall< /eleased when
wood and othe/ o/4anic deb/is found on the fo/est floo/ deco67ose.
>E? It can ta0e 6an< <ea/s fo/ the t/ees of a newl< 7lanted fo/est to /each the si9e
of those found in e8istin4 oldA4/owth fo/ests.
1. A su/3e< of a 4/ou7 of 7eo7le between the a4es of %! and 8$ found that those
who /e4ula/l< 7la<ed the ca/d 4a6e b/id4e tended to ha3e bette/ sho/tAte/6
6e6o/< than those who did not 7la< b/id4e. It was o/i4inall< concluded f/o6 this
that 7la<in4 b/id4e can hel7 olde/ 7eo7le to /etain and de3elo7 thei/ 6e6o/<.
Howe3e/B it 6a< well be that b/id4e is si67l< a 6o/e en;o<able 4a6e fo/ 7eo7le
who al/ead< ha3e 4ood sho/tAte/6 6e6o/< and who a/e thus 6o/e inclined to
7la<.
In counte/in4 the o/i4inal conclusion the /easonin4 abo3e uses which one of the
followin4 techni@ues=
>A? challen4in4 the /e7/esentati3eness of the sa67le su/3e<ed
#6# 'SAT
>B? concedin4 the su44ested /elationshi7 between 7la<in4 b/id4e and sho/tAte/6
6e6o/C? a/4uin4 that the o/i4inal conclusion /elied on an inaccu/ate unde/standin4 of
the 6oti3es that the 7eo7le su/3e<ed ha3e fo/ 7la<in4 b/id4e
>D? 7/o3idin4 an alte/nati3e h<7othesis to e87lain the data on which the o/i4inal
conclusion was based
>E? desc/ibin4 a flaw in the /easonin4 on which the o/i4inal conclusion was based
1". The/e a/e tests to detect so6e of the /a/e 4enetic flaws that inc/ease the li0elihood
of ce/tain diseases. If these tests a/e 7e/fo/6edB then a 7e/son with a /a/e 4enetic
flaw that is detected can /ecei3e the a77/o7/iate 7/e3enti3e t/eat6ent. Since it
costs the healthAca/e s<ste6 less to 7/e3ent a disease than to t/eat it afte/ it has
occu//edB wides7/ead 4enetic sc/eenin4 will /educe the o3e/all cost of health ca/e.
>A? The cost of t/eatin4 7atients who wouldB in the absence of sc/eenin4B de3elo7
diseases that a/e lin0ed to /a/e 4enetic flaws would be 6o/e than the
co6bined costs of wides7/ead sc/eenin4 and 7/e3enti3e t/eat6ent.
>B? Most diseases lin0ed to /a/e 4enetic flaws a/e 7/e3entable.
>C? The /esou/ces allocated b< hos7itals to the t/eat6ent of 7e/sons with diseases
lin0ed to 4enetic flaws will inc/ease once sc/eenin4 is widel< a3ailable.
>D? E3en if the 4enetic tests a/e 7e/fo/6edB 6an< 7eo7le whose /a/e 4enetic flaws
a/e detected will de3elo7 diseases lin0ed to the flaws as a conse@uence of
not /ecei3in4 the a77/o7/iate 7/e3enti3e t/eat6ent.
>E? If 7/e3enti3e t/eat6ent is 4i3en to 7atients with /a/e 4enetic flawsB additional
funds will be a3ailable fo/ t/eatin4 the 6o/e co66on diseases.
1#. In the 1&6$s 7a/anoia was 3iewed b< social scientists as un4/ounded fea/ of
7owe/lessnessB and the the6e of 7a/anoia as it /elates to feelin4s of 7owe/lessness
was do6inant in fil6s of that 7e/iod. In the 1&%$s 7a/anoia instead was 3iewed
b< social scientists as a /es7onse to /eal th/eats f/o6 societ<. 5il6s of this 7e/iod
7o/t/a< 7a/anoia as a le4iti6ate /es7onse to a wo/ld 4one 6ad.
,hich one of the followin4 is a conclusion that the state6ents abo3eB if t/ueB
6ost st/on4l< su77o/t=
>A? I6a4es of 7a/anoia 7/esented in fil6s 6ade in a 7e/iod /eflect t/ends in social
science of that 7e/iod.
>B? -es7onses to /eal th/eats canB and often doB de4ene/ate into 4/oundless fea/s.
>C? The wo/ld is beco6in4 6o/e and 6o/e th/eatenin4.
>D? Ia/anoia is a condition that 0ee7s chan4in4 alon4 with chan4es in societ<.
>E? The shift in 7e/ce7tion b< social scientists f/o6 the 1&6$s to the 1&%$s
/esulted f/o6 an inabilit< to find a successful cu/e fo/ 7a/anoia.
GMAT . 'SAT C- #6!
1!. A ce/tain e87e/i6ental fun4icide causes no ha/6 to 4a/den 7lantsB thou4h onl< if
it is diluted at least to ten 7a/ts wate/ to one 7a/t fun4icide. Mo/eo3e/B this
fun4icide is 0nown to be so effecti3e a4ainst 7owde/< 6ildew that it has the
ca7acit< to eli6inate it co67letel< f/o6 /ose 7lants. Thus this fun4icideB as lon4
as it is sufficientl< dilutedB 7/o3ides a 6eans of eli6inatin4 7owde/< 6ildew
f/o6 /ose 7lants that in3ol3es no /is0 of ha/6in4 the 7lants.
>A? The/e is not an alte/nati3e 6ethodB besides a77lication of this fun4icideB fo/
eli6inatin4 7owde/< 6ildew f/o6 /ose 7lants without ha/6in4 the 7lants.
>B? ,hen the fun4icide is sufficientl< dilutedB it does not 7/esent an< /is0 of ha/6
to 7eo7leB ani6alsB o/ beneficial insects.
>C? Iowde/< 6ildew is the onl< fun4al infection that affects /ose 7lants.
>D? If a fun4icide is to be effecti3e a4ainst 7owde/< 6ildew on /ose 7lantsB it
6ust eli6inate the 7owde/< 6ildew co67letel<.
>E? The effecti3eness of the fun4icide does not de7end on its bein4 6o/e
concent/ated than one 7a/t in ten 7a/ts of wate/.
16. ,hen 4lass 7/oducts a/e 6ade f/o6 /ec<cled 4lassB the /esultin4 7/oducts can be
e@ual in @ualit< to 4lass 7/oducts 6ade f/o6 @ua/t9 sandB the usual /aw 6ate/ial.
,hen 7lastics a/e /ec<cledB howe3e/B the /esult is ine3itabl< a 7lastic of a lowe/
4/ade than the 7lastic f/o6 which it is de/i3ed. Mo/eo3e/B no a77lications ha3e
been found fo/ 4/ades of 7lastic that a/e lowe/ than the cu//entl< lowest
co66e/cial 4/ade.
,hich one of the followin4 is a conclusion that can be 7/o7e/l< d/awn f/o6 the
state6ents abo3e=
>A? I/oducts cannot 7/esentl< be 6ade out of 7lastic /ec<cled enti/el< f/o6 the
cu//entl< lowest co66e/cial 4/ade.
>B? It is i67ossible to 6a0e 4lass 7/oducts f/o6 /ec<cled 4lass that a/e e@ual in
@ualit< to the best 4lass 7/oducts 6ade f/o6 the usual /aw 6ate/ial.
>C? Glass 7/oducts 6ade f/o6 /ec<cled 4lass a/e less e87ensi3e than co67a/able
7/oducts 6ade f/o6 @ua/t9 sand.
>D? Dnless /ec<cled 7lastic bea/s so6e s<6bol /e3ealin4 its o/i4inB not e3en
6ate/ials scientists can distin4uish it f/o6 3i/4in 7lastic.
>E? The diffe/ence in @ualit< between diffe/ent 4/ades of 4lass is not as 4/eat as
that between diffe/ent 4/ades of 7lastic.
Questions 1'-18
Teache/1 +ou/nalists who conceal the identit< of the sou/ces the< @uote sta0e thei/
7/ofessional /e7utations on what 6a< be called the lo4ic of anecdotes. This is so
because the state6ents /e7o/ted b< such ;ou/nalists a/e dissociated f/o6 the 7/ecise
ci/cu6stances in which the< we/e 6ade and thus will be acce7ted fo/ 7ublication onl<
if the state6ents a/e hi4h in 7lausibilit< o/ o/i4inalit< o/ inte/est to a 4i3en audienceK
#66 'SAT
7/ecisel< the 7/o7e/ties of a 4ood anecdote.
Student1 But what <ou a/e sa<in4B thenB is that the ;ou/nalist need not bothe/ with
sou/ces in the fi/st 7lace. Su/el<B an< /easonabl< /esou/ceful ;ou/nalist can in3ent
7lausibleB o/i4inalB o/ inte/estin4 sto/ies faste/ than the< can be obtained f/o6
unidentified sou/ces.
1%. The student2s /es7onse contains which one of the followin4 /easonin4 flaws=
>A? confusin4 a 6a/4inal ;ou/nalistic 7/actice with the 7/i6a/< wo/0 done b<
;ou/nalists
>B? i4no/in4 the 7ossibilit< that the teache/ /e4a/ds as a 7/e/e@uisite fo/ the
7ublication of an unatt/ibuted state6ent that the state6ent ha3e actuall<
been 6ade
>C? confusin4 the cha/acte/istics of /e7o/ted state6ents with the cha/acte/istics of
the situations in which the state6ents we/e 6ade
>D? ;ud4in4 the 6e/its of the teache/2s 7osition solel< b< the 6ost e8t/e6e case to
which the 7osition a77lies
>E? falsel< concludin4 that if th/ee c/ite/iaB 6et ;ointlA? A ;ou/nalist unde/6ines his o/ he/ own 7/ofessional standin4 b< sub6ittin4
fo/ 7ublication state6ents thatB not bein4 att/ibuted to a na6ed sou/ceB a/e
/e;ected fo/ bein4 i67lausibleB uno/i4inalB o/ dull.
>B? State6ents that a/e att/ibuted to a full< identified sou/ce 6a0e u7 the 6a;o/it<
of /e7o/ted state6ents included b< ;ou/nalists in sto/ies sub6itted fo/
7ublication.
>C? -e7o/ted state6ents that a/e hi4hl< o/i4inal will often see6 i67lausible
unless sub6itted b< a ;ou/nalist who is 0nown fo/ solidB /eliable wo/0.
>D? -e7utable ;ou/nalists so6eti6es do not conceal the identit< of thei/ sou/ces
f/o6 thei/ 7ublishe/s but insist that the identit< of those sou/ces be
concealed f/o6 the 7ublic.
>E? +ou/nalists who ha3e s7ecial access to sou/ces whose identit< the< 6ust
conceal a/e 4/eatl< 3alued b< thei/ 7ublishe/s.
1&. The 7/o7osal to e8tend clinical t/ialsB which a/e /outinel< used as s<ste6atic tests
of 7ha/6aceutical inno3ationsB to new su/4ical 7/ocedu/es should not be
i67le6ented. The 7oint is that su/4ical 7/ocedu/es diffe/ in one i67o/tant /es7ect
f/o6 6edicinal d/u4s1 a co//ectl< 7/esc/ibed d/u4 de7ends fo/ its effecti3eness
onl< on the d/u42s co67ositionB whe/eas the effecti3eness of e3en the 6ost
a77/o7/iate su/4ical 7/ocedu/e is t/ans7a/entl< /elated to the s0ills of the su/4eon
who uses it.
GMAT . 'SAT C- #6%
>A? does not conside/ that new su/4ical 7/ocedu/es 6i4ht be found to be
int/insicall< 6o/e ha/6ful than the best t/eat6ent 7/e3iousl< a3ailable
>B? i4no/es the 7ossibilit< that the challen4ed 7/o7osal is delibe/atel< c/ude in a
wa< desi4ned to elicit c/iticis6 to be used in /efinin4 the 7/o7osal
>C? assu6es that a su/4eon2s s0ills /e6ain unchan4ed th/ou4hout the su/4eon2s
7/ofessional life
>D? desc/ibes a dissi6ila/it< without citin4 an< scientific e3idence fo/ the
e8istence of that dissi6ila/it<
>E? /e;ects a 7/o7osal 7/esu6abl< ad3anced in 4ood faith without ac0nowled4in4
an< such 4ood faith
$. If the 6a;o/it< of the /esidents of the a7a/t6ent co67le8 co67lain that thei/
a7a/t6ents a/e infested with antsB then the 6ana4e6ent of the co67le8 will ha3e
to en4a4e the se/3ices of an e8te/6inato/. But the 6a;o/it< of the /esidents of the
co67le8 indicate that thei/ a7a/t6ents a/e 3i/tuall< f/ee of ants. The/efo/eB the
6ana4e6ent of the co67le8 will not ha3e to en4a4e the se/3ices of an
e8te/6inato/.
,hich one of the followin4 a/4u6ents contains a flawed 7atte/n of /easonin4
7a/allel to that contained in the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? A theate/ will be const/ucted in the fall if funds collected a/e at least
sufficient to co3e/ its cost. To dateB the funds collected e8ceed the theate/2s
costB so the theate/ will be const/ucted in the fall.
>B? The nu6be/ of fli4hts o7e/ated b< the ai/lines cannot be /educed unless the
ai/lines can collect hi4he/ ai/fa/es. But 7eo7le will not 7a< hi4he/ ai/fa/esB so
it is not the case that the nu6be/ of fli4hts will be /educed.
>C? In o/de/ fo/ the co67an< to sta/t the 7/o7osed buildin4 7/o;ectB both the town
council and the 6a<o/ 6ust a77/o3e. Since the 6a<o/ has al/ead< a77/o3edB
the buildin4 7/o;ect will be sta/ted soon.
>D? Most e67lo<ees will attend the co67an< 7icnic if the ente/tain6ent
co66ittee is successful in 4ettin4 a ce/tain band to 7la< at the 7icnic. But
that band will be out of the count/< on the da< of the 7icnicB so it is not t/ue
that 6ost e67lo<ees will attend.
>E? Eithe/ the school2s 7/inci7al o/ twoAthi/ds of the 7a/ent council 6ust a77/o3e
a chan4e in the school d/ess code in o/de/ fo/ the code to be chan4ed. Since
the 7/inci7al will not a77/o3e a chan4e in the d/ess codeB the code will not
be chan4ed.
1. ,hen the su77l< of a 4i3en /esou/ce dwindlesB alte/nati3e technolo4ies allowin4
the use of diffe/ent /esou/ces de3elo7B and de6and fo/ the /esou/ce that was in
sho/t su77l< natu/all< declines. Then the e8istin4 su77lies of that /esou/ce satisf<
whate3e/ de6and /e6ains. A6on4 the onceAdwindlin4 /esou/ces that a/e now in
6o/e than ade@uate su77l< a/e flint fo/ a//owheadsB t/ees usable fo/ schoone/
6astsB and 4ood 6ules. Because new technolo4ies constantl< /e7lace old onesB
#68 'SAT
we can ne3e/ /un out of i67o/tant natu/al /esou/ces.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< unde/6ines the conclusion=
>A? The 6asts and hulls of so6e sailin4 shi7s built toda< a/e still 6ade of wood.
>B? The/e a/e conside/abl< fewe/ 6ules toda< than the/e we/e 1$$ <ea/s a4o.
>C? The cost of so6e new technolo4ies is often so hi4h that the co67anies
de3elo7in4 the6 6i4ht actuall< lose 6one< at fi/st.
>D? Dwindlin4 su77lies of a natu/al /esou/ce often /esult in that /esou/ce2s costin4
6o/e to use.
>E? The biolo4ical /e@ui/e6ents fo/ substances li0e clean ai/ and clean wate/ a/e
unaffected b< technolo4ical chan4e.
. Iauls3ille and 'on4town cannot both be included in the candidate2s itine/a/< of
ca67ai4n sto7s. The candidate will 6a0e a sto7 in Iauls3ille unless Salisbu/< is
6ade 7a/t of the itine/a/<. Dnfo/tunatelA? The chef ne3e/ has both f/esh /adishes and f/esh 4/een 7e77e/s a3ailable fo/
the chief2s salad at the sa6e ti6e. If she uses f/esh /adishesB she also uses
s7inach. But cu//entl< the/e is no s7inach to be had. It can be infe//edB thenB
that she will not be usin4 f/esh 4/een 7e77e/s.
>B? To6 will definitel< su77o/t Ia/0e/ if Mendo9a does not a77l<G and To6 will
not su77o/t both Ia/0e/ and Chun4. SinceB as it tu/ns outB Mendo9a will not
a77lC? The 7/o4/a6 co66ittee ne3e/ selects two 7la<s b< Shaw fo/ a sin4le season.
But when the< select a 7la< b< Cowa/dB the< do not select an< 7la< b< Shaw
at all. 5o/ this seasonB the co66ittee has ;ust selected a 7la< b< ShawB so
the< will not select an< 7la< b< Cowa/d.
>D? In a4/icultu/al 7est cont/olB eithe/ 7esticides o/ the int/oduction of natu/al
ene6ies of the 7estB but not bothB will wo/0. (f cou/seB neithe/ will be
needed if 7estA/esistant c/o7s a/e 7lanted. So if 7esticides a/e in fact neededB
it 6ust be that the/e a/e no natu/al ene6ies of the 7est.
>E? The cit< cannot affo/d to build both a new stadiu6 and the new /oad that
would be needed to 4et the/e. But neithe/ of the two 7/o;ects is wo/th doin4
without the othe/. Since the cit< will not unde/ta0e an< but wo/thwhile
7/o;ectsB the new stadiu6 will not be const/ucted at this ti6e.
". A stud< of adults who suffe/ f/o6 6i4/aine headaches /e3ealed that a si4nificant
7/o7o/tion of the stud< 7a/tici7ants suffe/ f/o6 a co67le8 s<nd/o6e
cha/acte/i9ed b< a set of th/ee s<67to6s. Those who suffe/ f/o6 the s<nd/o6e
e87e/ienced e8cessi3e an8iet< du/in4 ea/l< childhood. As adolescentsB these
7eo7le be4an e87e/iencin4 6i4/aine headaches. As these 7eo7le a77/oached the
GMAT . 'SAT C- #6&
a4e of $B the< also be4an to e87e/ience /ecu//in4 bouts of de7/ession. Since this
7atte/n is in3a/iantB alwa<s with e8cessi3e an8iet< at its be4innin4B it follows that
e8cessi3e an8iet< in childhood is one of the causes of 6i4/aine headaches and
de7/ession in late/ life.
The /easonin4 6 the a/4u6ent is 3ulne/able to c/iticis6 on which one of the
followin4 4/ounds=
>A? It does not s7ecif< the 7/o7o/tion of those in the 4ene/al 7o7ulation who
suffe/ f/o6 the s<nd/o6e.
>B? It fails to /ule out the 7ossibilit< that all of the cha/acte/istic s<67to6s of the
s<nd/o6e ha3e a co66on cause.
>C? It 6a0es a 4ene/ali9ation that is inconsistent with the e3idence.
>D? It fails to de6onst/ate that the 7eo7le who 7a/tici7ated in the stud< a/e
/e7/esentati3e of 6i4/aine suffe/e/s.
>E? It does not establish wh< the stud< of 6i4/aine suffe/e/s was /est/icted to
adult 7a/tici7ants.
#. Mainst/ea6 econo6ic theo/< holds that 6anufactu/e/sB in decidin4 what 0inds of
7/oducts to 6anufactu/e and what fo/6 those 7/oducts should ha3eB si67l<
/es7ond to the needs and desi/es of consu6e/s. Howe3e/B 6ost 6a;o/
6anufactu/e/s 6ani7ulate and e3en c/eate consu6e/ de6andB as an<one who
watches tele3ision 0nows. Since e3en 6ainst/ea6 econo6ic theo/ists watch
tele3isionB thei/ 6oti3e in ad3ancin4 this theo/< 6ust be so6ethin4 othe/ than
disinte/ested conce/n fo/ scientific t/uth.
The clai6 that 6anufactu/e/s 6ani7ulate and c/eate consu6e/ de6and 7la<s
which one of the followin4 /oles in the a/4u6ent=
>A? It is one of the clai6s on which the conclusion is based.
>B? It is the conclusion of the a/4u6ent.
>C? It states the 7osition a/4ued a4ainst.
>D? It states a 7ossible ob;ection to the a/4u6ent2s conclusion.
>E? It 7/o3ides su77le6enta/< bac04/ound info/6ation.
TEST 1"
SECTI() I
1. It is 7/obabl< within the /each of hu6an technolo4< to 6a0e the cli6ate of Ma/s
inhabitable. It 6i4ht be se3e/al centu/ies befo/e 7eo7le could li3e the/eB e3en
with b/eathin4 a77a/atusesB but so6e of the wo/ld2s 4/eat te67les and cathed/als
too0 centu/ies to build. -esea/ch effo/ts now a/e ;ustified if the/e is e3en a chance
of 6a0in4 anothe/ 7lanet inhabitable. BesidesB the intellectual e8e/cise of
#%$ 'SAT
unde/standin4 how the Ma/tian at6os7he/e 6i4ht be chan4ed could hel7 in
unde/standin4 at6os7he/ic chan4es inad3e/tentl< t/i44e/ed b< hu6an acti3it< on
Ea/th.
>A? it is 7/obabl< technolo4icall< 7ossible fo/ hu6an0ind to alte/ the cli6ate of
Ma/s
>B? it would ta0e se3e/al centu/ies to 6a0e Ma/s e3en 6a/4inall< inhabitable
>C? 6a0in4 Ma/s inhabitable is an effo/t co67a/able to buildin4 a 4/eat te67le o/
cathed/al
>D? /esea/ch effo/ts ai6ed at disco3e/in4 how to chan4e the cli6ate of Ma/s a/e
;ustified
>E? effo/ts to chan4e the cli6ate of Ma/s could facilitate unde/standin4 of the
Ea/th2s cli6ate
Questions !-3
Adults ha3e the /i4ht to 3oteG so should adolescents. Ad6ittedl<B adolescents and
adults a/e not the sa6e. But to the e8tent that adolescents and adults a/e diffe/entB
adults cannot be e87ected to /e7/esent the inte/ests of adolescents. If adults cannot
/e7/esent the inte/ests of adolescentsB then onl< b< 4i3in4 adolescents the 3ote will
these inte/ests /e7/esented.
. The a/4u6ent /elies on which one of the followin4 assu67tion=
>A? The /i4ht to 3ote is a /i4ht that all hu6an bein4s should ha3e.
>B? Adolescents and adults diffe/ in 6ost /es7ects that a/e i67o/tant.
>C? Adolescents should ha3e thei/ inte/ests /e7/esented.
>D? An<one who has the /i4ht to 3ote has all the /i4ht an adult has.
>E? Adolescents ha3e ne3e/ en;o<ed the /i4ht to 3ote.
". The state6ent that adolescents and adults a/e not the sa6e 7la<s which one of the
followin4 /oles in the a/4u6ent=
>A? It 7/esents the conclusion of the a/4u6ent.
>B? It 6a0es a 0e< wo/d in the a/4u6ent 6o/e 7/ecise.
>C? It illust/ates a conse@uence of one of the clai6s that a/e used to su77o/t the
conclusion.
>D? It dist/acts attention f/o6 the 7oint at issue.
>E? It concedes a 7oint that is then used to su77o/t the conclusion.
#. ,hen decidin4 whe/e to locate o/ /elocateB business loo0 fo/ an educated wo/0
fo/ceB a hi4h le3el of se/3icesB a low businessAta8 /ateB and close 7/o8i6it< to
6a/0ets and /aw 6ate/ials. Howe3e/B althou4h each of these conside/ations has
a77/o8i6atel< e@ual i67o/tanceB the lac0 of 7/o8i6it< eithe/ to 6a/0ets o/ to /aw
6ate/ials often causes 6unici7alities to lose 7/os7ecti3e businessB whe/eas
GMAT . 'SAT C- #%1
ha3in4 a hi4he/AthanAa3e/a4e businessAta8 /ate /a/el< has this effect.
disc/e7anc< in the state6ents abo3e=
>A? Ta8es 7aid b< business constitute onl< a 7a/t of the ta8 /e3enue collected b<
6ost 6unici7alities.
>B? In 4ene/alB the hi4he/ the /ate at which 6unici7alities ta8 businessesB the
6o/e those 6unici7alities s7end on education and on 7/o3idin4 se/3ices to
businesses.
>C? Businesses so6eti6es lea3e a 6unici7alit< afte/ that 6unici7alit< has /aised
its ta8es on businesses.
>D? Me6be/s of the wo/0 fo/ce who a/e hi4hl< educated a/e 6o/e li0el< to be
willin4 to /elocate to secu/e wo/0 than a/e less hi4hl< educated wo/0e/s.
>E? Businesses ha3e so6eti6es t/ied to obtain ta8 /eductions f/o6 6unici7alities
b< su44estin4 that without such a /eduction the business 6i4ht be fo/ced to
/elocate elsewhe/e.
Questions 5-&
(sca/1 I ha3e been accused of 7la4ia/i9in4 the wo/0 of Ethel M<e/s in 6< /ecent
a/ticle. But that accusation is unwa//anted. Althou4h I ad6it I used 7assa4es f/o6
M<e/s2s boo0 without att/ibutionB M<e/s 4a3e 6e 7e/6ission in 7/i3ate
co//es7ondence to do so.
Millie1 M<e/s cannot 4i3e <ou 7e/6ission to 7la4ia/i9e. Ila4ia/is6 is w/on4B not onl<
because it 3iolates autho/2s /i4hts to thei/ own wo/dsB but also because it 6isleads
/eade/s1 it is funda6entall< a t<7e of lie. A lie is no less a lie if anothe/ 7e/son a4/ees
to the dece7tion.
!. ,hich of the followin4 7/inci7lesB if establishedB would ;ustif< (sca/2s
;ud46ent=
>A? A w/ite/ has no /i4ht to @uote 7assa4e f/o6 anothe/ 7ublished sou/ce if the
autho/ of that othe/ sou/ce has not 4/anted the w/ite/ 7e/6ission to do so.
>B? The w/ite/ of an a/ticle 6ust cite the sou/ce of all 7assa4es that we/e not
w/itten b< that w/ite/ if those 7assa4es a/e 6o/e than a few sentences lon4.
>C? Ila4ia/is6 is ne3e/ ;ustifiedB but w/ite/s a/e ;ustified in occasionall< @uotin4
without att/ibution the wo/0 of othe/ w/ite/s if the wo/0 @uoted has not been
7ublished.
>D? An autho/ is entitled to @uote f/eel< without att/ibution the wo/0 of a w/ite/ if
that w/ite/ /elin@uishes his o/ he/ e8clusi3e /i4ht to the 6ate/ial.
>E? Autho/s a/e entitled to @uote without att/ibution 7assa4es that the< the6sel3es
ha3e w/itten and 7ublished in othe/ boo0s o/ a/ticles.
6. Millie uses which one of the followin4 a/4u6entati3e st/ate4ies in contestin4
(sca/2s 7osition=
#% 'SAT
>A? anal<9in4 7la4ia/is6 in a wa< that unde/6ines (sca/2s 7osition
>B? in3o0in4 e3idence to show that (sca/ did @uote M<e/s2 wo/0 without
att/ibution
>C? challen4in4 (sca/2s abilit< to @uote M<e/s2 wo/0 without att/ibution
>D? citin4 a theo/< of /i4hts that 7/ohibits 7la4ia/is6 and su44estin4 that (sca/ is
co66itted to that theo/<
>E? showin4 that (sca/2s ad6ission de6onst/ates his lac0 of c/edibilit<
%. Soil scientists stud<in4 the /ole of co67ost in ho/ticultu/e ha3e found thatB while
co67ost is useful fo/ buildin4 soil st/uctu/eB it does not su77l< la/4e enou4h
@uantities of the nut/ients essential fo/ 7lant 4/owth to 6a0e it a /e7lace6ent fo/
fe/tili9e/. Man< ho6e 4a/dene/sB howe3e/B ha3e found the< can 4/ow health< and
hi4hl< 7/oducti3e 7lants in soil that lac0ed essential nut/ients b< en/ichin4 the
soil with nothin4 but co67ost.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost hel7s to e87lain the disc/e7ant findin4s
of the soil scientists and the ho6e 4a/dene/s=
>A? The findin4s of soil scientists who a/e e67lo<ed b< fe/tili9e/ 6anufactu/e/s
do not diffe/ widel< f/o6 those of scientists e67lo<ed b< the 4o3e/n6ent o/
b< uni3e/sities.
>B? Co67ost used in /esea/ch 7/o;ects is usuall< 6ade f/o6 lea3es and 4/ass
cli77in4 onlC? Most 7lants 4/own in ho6e 4a/dens and in scientists2 test 7lots need a
fa3o/able soil st/uctu/eB as well as essential nut/ientsB in o/de/ to th/i3e.
>D? The soil in test 7lotsB befo/e it is ad;usted in the cou/se of e87e/i6entsB tends
to contain about the sa6e @uantities of 7lant nut/ients as does soil in ho6e
4a/dens to which no co67ost o/ fe/tili9e/ has been added.
>E? So6e of the 3a/ieties of 7lants 4/own b< ho6e 4a/dene/s /e@ui/e 4/eate/
@uantities of nut/ients in o/de/ to be health< than do the 3a/ieties of 7lants
4ene/all< 4/own b< the soil scientists in test 7lots.
8. At Ha77<wellB Inc.B last <ea/ the a3e/a4e annual sala/< fo/ dieticians was
L!$B$$$B while the a3e/a4e annual sala/< fo/ 7h<sical the/a7ists was L#B$$$. The
a3e/a4e annual sala/< fo/ all Ha77<well e67lo<ees last <ea/ was L#$B$$$.
If the info/6ation abo3e is co//ectB which one of the followin4 conclusions can
7/o7e/l< be d/awn on the basis of it=
>A? The/e we/e 6o/e 7h<sical the/a7ists than dieticians at Ha77<well last <ea/.
>B? The/e was no dietician at Ha77< well last <ea/ who ea/ned less than the
a3e/a4e fo/ a 7h<sical the/a7ist.
>C? At least one Ha77<well e67lo<ee ea/ned less than the a3e/a4e fo/ a 7h<sical
the/a7ist last <ea/.
>D? At least one 7h<sical the/a7ist ea/ned less than the lowestA7aid Ha77<well
GMAT . 'SAT C- #%"
dietician last <ea/.
>E? At least one dietician ea/ned 6o/e than the hi4hestA7aid Ha77<well 7h<sical
the/a7ist last <ea/.
&. Since 6ultinational 4/ain co67anies o7e/ate so as to 6a8i6i9e 7/ofitsB the<
cannot be /elied to initiate econo6ic chan4es that would /efo/6 the wo/ld2s foodA
dist/ibution s<ste6. Althou4h it is t/ue that the actions of 6ultinational
co67anies so6eti6es do /esult in such econo6ic chan4eB this /esult is incidentalB
a/isin4 not f/o6 the desi/e fo/ /efo/6 but f/o6 the desi/e to 6a8i6i9e 7/ofits.
The 6a8i6i9ation of 7/ofits no/6all< de7ends on a stable econo6ic en3i/on6entB
one that discou/a4es chan4e.
>A? the 6a8i6i9ation of 7/ofits de7ends on a stable econo6ic en3i/on6ent
>B? when econo6ic chan4e acco67anies business acti3itC? 6ultinational 4/ain co67anies o7e/ates so as to 6a8i6i9e 7/ofits
>D? the wo/ld2s cu//ent foodAdist/ibution s<ste6 is not in need of /efo/6
>E? 6ultinational 4/ain co67anies cannot be /elied on to initiate /efo/6 of the
wo/ld2s foodAdist/ibution s<ste6
1$. Sta4e 7e/fo/6ances a/e ;ud4ed to be /ealistic to the de4/ee that acto/s /e7/oduce
on sta4e the beha3io/s 4ene/all< associated b< audiences with the e6otional
states of the cha/acte/s 7o/t/a<ed. T/aditional acto/s i6itate those beha3io/sB
whe/eas Method acto/sB th/ou4h /ecollection of 7e/sonal e87e/ienceB actuall<
e87e/ience the sa6e e6otions that thei/ cha/acte/s a/e 6eant to be e87e/iencin4.
Audiences will the/efo/e ;ud4e the 7e/fo/6ances of Method acto/s to be 6o/e
/ealistic than the 7e/fo/6ances of t/aditional acto/s.
>A? Ie/fo/6ances based on an acto/2s own e87e/ience of e6otional states a/e
6o/e li0el< to affect an audience2s e6otions than a/e 7e/fo/6ances based on
i6itations of the beha3io/s 4ene/all< associated with those e6otional states.
>B? The beha3io/ that /esults when a Method acto/ feels a ce/tain e6otion will
confo/6 to the beha3io/ that is 4ene/all< associated b< audiences with that
e6otion.
>C? -ealis6 is an essential c/ite/ion fo/ e3aluatin4 the 7e/fo/6ances of both
t/aditional acto/s and Method acto/s.
>D? T/aditional acto/s do not ai6 to 7/oduce 7e/fo/6ances that a/e /ealistic
/e7/esentations of a cha/acte/2s e6otional states.
>E? In o/de/ to 7o/t/a< a cha/acte/B a Method acto/ need not ha3e had e87e/iences
identical to those of the cha/acte/ 7o/t/a<ed.
11. The de6and fo/ used ca/s has /isen d/a6aticall< in Ge/6an< in /ecent <ea/s.
#%# 'SAT
Most of this de6and is 4ene/ated b< fo/6e/ East Ge/6ans who cannot <et affo/d
new ca/s and fo/ who6 ca/s we/e 4ene/all< una3ailable 7/io/ to unification. This
de6and has outst/i77ed su77l< and thus has e8e/ted an u7wa/d 7/essu/e on the
7/ices of used ca/s. Conse@uentl<B an inc/easin4 nu6be/ of fo/6e/ ,est Ge/6ansB
in o/de/ to ta0e ad3anta4e of the i67/o3ed 6a/0etB will be sellin4 the ca/s the<
ha3e owned fo/ se3e/al <ea/s. HenceB the Ge/6an newAca/ 6a/0et will 6ost
li0el< i67/o3e soon as well.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost hel7 to su77o/t the conclusion
about the Ge/6an newAca/ 6a/0et=
>A? The de6and fo/ old ca/s in fo/6e/ ,est Ge/6an< is 4/eate/ than the de6and
fo/ new ca/s in fo/6e/ East Ge/6an<.
>B? In 6ost Eu/o7ean count/iesB the sale of a used ca/ is sub;ect to less ta8 than is
the sale of a new ca/.
>C? Most Ge/6ans own 3e/< few ca/s in the cou/se of thei/ li3es.
>D? Most fo/6e/ ,est Ge/6ans 7u/chase new ca/s once the< sell thei/ used ca/s.
>E? Man< fo/6e/ East Ge/6ans 7/efe/ to bu< ca/s i67o/ted f/o6 )o/th A6e/ica
because the< a/e 4ene/all< la/4e/ than Eu/o7ean ca/s.
1. In 1&8$ health officials be4an to 7ublici9e the ad3e/se effects of 7/olon4ed
e87osu/e to the sunB and since then the nu6be/ of 7eo7le who sunbathe fo/
e8tended 7e/iods of ti6e has dec/eased conside/abl< each <ea/. )e3e/thelessB in
1&8 the/e was a d/a6atic /ise in newl< /e7o/ted cases of 6elano6aB a fo/6 of
s0in cance/ found 6ostl< in 7eo7le who ha3e had 7/olon4ed e87osu/e to the sun.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB hel7s to /esol3e the a77a/ent disc/e7anc< in
the info/6ation abo3e=
>A? Befo/e 1&8$ a conside/able nu6be/ of the 7eo7le who de3elo7ed 6elano6a
as a /esult of 7/olon4ed e87osu/e to the sun we/e o3e/ fo/t< <ea/s of a4e.
>B? Befo/e 1&8$B when 6ost 7eo7le had not <et be4un to a3oid 7/olon4ed
e87osu/e to the sunB sunbathin4 was widel< thou4ht to be healthful.
>C? In 1&8 scientists /e7o/ted that the bod<2s need fo/ e87osu/e to sunli4ht in
o/de/ to 7/oduce 3ita6in DB which hel7s 7/e3ent the 4/owth of s0in cance/sB
is less than was 7/e3iousl< thou4h.
>D? In 1&8 6edical /esea/che/s 7e/fected a dia4nostic techni@ue that allowed
the6 to detect the 7/esence of 6elano6a 6uch ea/lie/ than had 7/e3iousl<
been 7ossible.
>E? Since 1&8$B those 7eo7le who ha3e continued to sunbathe fo/ e8tended
7e/iods of ti6e ha3e used sunbloc0s that effecti3el< sc/een out the
ult/a3iolet /a<s that hel7 cause 6elano6a.
1". The tin< count/< of Minlandia does not 7/oduce its own tele3ision 7/o4/a66in4.
InsteadB the citi9ens of MinlandiaB who 4ene/all< a/e fluent not onl< in thei/
nati3e MinlandianB but also in BolteseB watch BolteseAlan4ua4e tele3ision
GMAT . 'SAT C- #%!
7/o4/a6s f/o6 nei4hbo/in4 Bolta. Su/3e<s show that the Minlandians s7end on
a3e/a4e 6o/e hou/s 7e/ wee0 /eadin4 fo/ 7leasu/e and fewe/ hou/s 7e/ wee0
watchin4 tele3ision than 7eo7le an<whe/e else in the wo/ld. A 7/o6inent
7s<cholo4ist accounts fo/ the su/3e< /esults b< e87lainin4 that 7eo7le 4ene/all<
7/efe/ to be ente/tained in thei/ nati3e lan4ua4e e3en if the< a/e 7e/fectl< fluent in
othe/ lan4ua4es.
The e87lanation offe/ed b< the 7s<cholo4ist accounts fo/ the Minlandian2s
beha3io/ onl< if which one of the followin4 is assu6ed=
>A? So6e Minlandians de/i3e no 7leasu/e f/o6 watchin4 tele3ision in a lan4ua4e
othe/ than thei/ nati3e Minlandian.
>B? The stud< of Boltese is /e@ui/ed of Minlandian child/en as 7a/t of thei/
schoolin4.
>C? The 7/o7o/tion of bilin4ual /esidents to total 7o7ulation is 4/eate/ in
Minlandia than an<whe/e else in the wo/ld.
>D? At least so6e of what the Minlandians /ead fo/ 7leasu/e is in the Minlandian
lan4ua4e.
>E? ,hen Minlandians watch Boltese tele3ision 7/o4/a6sB the< tend to i4no/e the
fact that the< a/e hea/in4 a fo/ei4n lan4ua4e s7o0en.
1#. Mo//is Hi4h School has int/oduced a 7olic< desi4ned to i67/o3e the wo/0in4
conditions of its new teache/s. As a /esult of this 7olic<B onl< oneA@ua/te/ of all
7a/tAti6e teache/s now @uit du/in4 thei/ fi/st <ea/. Howe3e/B a thi/d of all fullA
ti6e teache/s now @uit du/in4 thei/ fi/st <ea/. ThusB 6o/e fullAti6e than 7a/tAti6e
teache/s at Mo//is now @uit du/in4 thei/ fi/st <ea/.
The a/4u6ent2s /easonin4 is @uestionable because the a/4u6ent fails to /ule out
the 7ossibilit< that
>A? befo/e the new 7olic< was institutedB 6o/e 7a/tAti6e than fullAti6e teache/s at
Mo//is Hi4h School used to @uit du/in4 thei/ fi/st <ea/
>B? befo/e the new 7olic< was institutedB the sa6e nu6be/ of fullAti6e teache/s as
7a/tAti6e teache/s at Mo//is Hi4h School used to @uit du/in4 thei/ fi/st <ea/
>C? Mo//is Hi4h School e67lo<s 6o/e new fullAti6e teache/s than new 7a/tAti6e
teache/s
>D? Mo//is Hi4h School e67lo<s 6o/e new 7a/tAti6e teache/s than new fullAti6e
teache/s
>E? Mo//is Hi4h School e67lo<s the sa6e nu6be/ of new 7a/tAti6e as new fullA
ti6e teache/s
Questions 15-1&
Sal6onella is a foodAbo/ne 6ic/oo/4anis6 that can cause intestinal illness. The illness
is so6eti6es fatalB es7eciall< if not identified @uic0l< and t/eated. Con3entional
Sal6onella tests on food sa67les a/e slow and can 6iss unusual st/ains of the
6ic/oo/4anis6. A new test identifies the 7/esence o/ absence of Sal6onella b< the
#%6 'SAT
one 7iece of 4enetic 6ate/ial co66on to all st/ains. Clea/lA? The le3el of s0ill /e@ui/ed fo/ labo/ato/< technicians to 7e/fo/6 the new test
is hi4he/ than that /e@ui/ed to 7e/fo/6 7/e3ious tests fo/ Sal6onella.
>B? The new test /etu/ns /esults 3e/< soon afte/ food sa67les a/e sub6itted fo/
testin4.
>C? A 7/o7osed new t/eat6ent fo/ Sal6onella 7oisonin4 would ta0e effect faste/
than the old t/eat6ent.
>D? Sal6onella 7oisonin4 is beco6in4 less f/e@uent in the 4ene/al 7o7ulation.
>E? So6e /e6edies fo/ Sal6onella 7oisonin4 also cu/e intestinal diso/de/s caused
b< othe/ 6ic/oo/4anis6.
16. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost substantiall< wea0ens the a/4u6ent=
>A? The new test identifies 4enetic 6ate/ial f/o6 Sal6onella o/4anis6s onl< and
not f/o6 si6ila/ bacte/ia.
>B? The new test detects the 7/esence of Sal6onella at le3els that a/e too low to
7ose a health to 7eo7le.
>C? Sal6onella is onl< one of a 3a/iet< of foodAbo/ne 6ic/oo/4anis6 that can
cause intestinal illness.
>D? The new test has been 6ade 7ossible onl< /ecentl< b< d/a6atic ad3ances in
biolo4ical science.
>E? S<67to6s of Sal6onella 7oisonin4 a/e often 6ista0en fo/ those of othe/
co66on intestinal illness.
1%. (n a3e/a4eB cit< bus d/i3e/s who a/e usin4 the new co67ute/i9ed fa/eAcollection
s<ste6 ha3e a 6uch bette/ onAti6e /eco/d than do d/i3e/s usin4 the old fa/eA
collection s<ste6. Millicent S6ith has the best onAti6e /eco/d of an< bus d/i3e/
in the cit<. The/efo/eB she 6ust be usin4 the co67ute/i9ed fa/eAcollection s<ste6.
,hich one of the followin4 contains flawed /easonin4 6ost si6ila/ to that
contained in the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? All the cit<2s solidAwaste collection 3ehicles ac@ui/ed afte/ 1&88 ha3e a la/4e
ca7acit< than an< of those ac@ui/ed befo/e 1&88. This 3ehicle has the la/4est
ca7acit< of an< the cit< ownsB so it 6ust ha3e been ac@ui/ed afte/ 1&88.
>B? The socce/ 7la<e/s on the blue tea6 a/e 4ene/all< talle/ than the 7la<e/s on
the 4old tea6. Since Hen/i is a 6e6be/ of the blue tea6B he is undoubtedl<
talle/ than 6ost of the 6e6be/s of the 4old tea6.
>C? This to6ato is the la/4est of this <ea/2s c/o7. Since the to6atoes in the
e87e/i6ental 7lot a/e on a3e/a4e la/4e/ than those 4/own in the /e4ula/ 7lotsB
this to6ato 6ust ha3e been 4/own in the e87e/i6ent 7lot.
>D? 'ast wee02s snowsto/6 in To/onto was 7/obabl< an a3e/a4e sto/6 fo/ the
GMAT . 'SAT C- #%%
a/ea. It was ce/tainl< hea3ie/ than an< snowsto/6 0nown to ha3e occu//ed in
Mia6iB but an< a3e/a4e snowsto/6 in To/onto lea3es 6o/e snow than e3e/
falls in Mia6i.
>E? 'awn 6owe/s 7owe/ed b< elect/icit< 4ene/all< /e@ui/e less 6aintenance than
do lawn 6owe/s 7owe/ed b< 4asoline. This lawn 6owe/ is 7owe/ed b<
4asolineB so it will 7/obabl< /e@ui/e a lot of 6aintenance.
18. 5/ieda1 'i4htnin4 causes fi/es and da6a4es elect/onic e@ui76ent. Since li4htnin4
/ods can 7/e3ent an< 6a;o/ da6a4eB e3e/< buildin4 should ha3e one.
E/i01 :ou/ /eco66endation is 7ointless. It is t/ue that li4htnin4 occasionall<
causes fi/esB but fault< wi/in4 and o3e/loaded ci/cuits cause fa/ 6o/e fi/es and
da6a4e to e@ui76ent than li4htnin4 does.
E/i02s /es7onse fails to establish that 5/ieda2s /eco66endation should not be
acted on because his /es7onse
>A? does not show that the benefits that would follow f/o6 5/ieda2s
/eco66endation would be offset b< an< disad3anta4e
>B? does not offe/ an< additional wa< of lessenin4 the /is0 associated with
li4htnin4
>C? a77eals to 5/ieda2s e6otions /athe/ than to he/ /eason
>D? int/oduces an i//ele3ant co67a/ison between o3e/loaded ci/cuits and fault<
wi/in4
>E? confuses the notion of 7/e3entin4 da6a4e with that of causin4 incon3enience
1&. The use of auto6obile safet< seats b< child/en a4ed # and unde/ has nea/l<
doubled in the 7ast 8 <ea/s. It is clea/ that this inc/ease has 7/e3ented child
fatalities that othe/wise would ha3e occu//edB because althou4h the nu6be/ of
child/en a4ed # and unde/ who we/e 0illed while /idin4 in ca/s in3ol3ed in
accidents /ose 1$ 7e/cent o3e/ the 7ast 8 <ea/sB the total nu6be/ of se/ious
auto6obile accidents /ose b< $ 7e/cent du/in4 that 7e/iod.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost st/en4thens the a/4u6ent=
>A? So6e of the auto6obile safet< seats 7u/chased fo/ child/en unde/ # continue
to be used afte/ the child /eaches the a4e of !.
>B? The 7/o7o/tion of se/ious auto6obile accidents in3ol3in4 child 7assen4e/s
has /e6ained constant o3e/ the 7ast 8 <ea/s.
>C? Child/en a/e ta0in4 6o/e t/i7s in ca/s toda< than the< we/e 8 <ea/s a4oB but
the a3e/a4e total ti6e the< s7end in ca/s has /e6ained constant.
>D? The sha/7est inc/ease in the use of auto6obile safet< seats o3e/ the 7ast 8
<ea/s has been fo/ child/en o3e/ the a4e of .
>E? The nu6be/ of fatalities a6on4 adults in3ol3ed in auto6obile accidents /ose
b< 1$ 7e/cent o3e/ the 7ast 8 <ea/s.
Questions !0-!1
#%8 'SAT
The new 7e/fu6e Au/o/a s6ells wo/se to +oan than an< co67a/abl< 7/iced 7e/fu6eB
and none of he/ f/iend li0es the s6ell of Au/o/a as 6uch as the s6ell of othe/
7e/fu6es. Howe3e/B she and he/ f/iends 6ust ha3e a defect in thei/ sense of s6ellB
since I/ofesso/ +a6eson 7/efe/s the s6ell of Au/o/a to that of an< othe/ 7e/fu6e and
she is one of the wo/ld2s fo/e6ost e87e/ts on the 7h<siolo4< of s6ell.
$. The /easonin4 is flawed because it
>A? calls into @uestion the t/uthfulness of the o77onent /athe/ than add/essin4 the
7oint issue
>B? i4no/e the wellA0nown fact that so6eone can 7/efe/ one thin4 to anothe/
without li0in4 eithe/ 3e/< 6uch
>C? fails to establish that the/e is wides7/ead a4/ee6ent a6on4 the e87e/ts in the
field
>D? 6a0es an ille4iti6ate a77eal to the autho/it< of an e87e/t
>E? 6is/e7/esents the 7osition a4ainst which it is di/ected
1. 5/o6 the info/6ation 7/esented in the su77o/t of the conclusionB it can be
7/o7e/l< infe//ed that
>A? none of +oan2s f/iends is an e87e/t on the 7h<siolo4< of s6ell
>B? +oan 7/efe/s all othe/ 7e/fu6es to Au/o/a
>C? I/ofesso/ +a6eson is not one of +oan2s f/iends
>D? none of +oan2s f/iends li0es Au/o/a 7e/fu6e
>E? +oan and he/ f/iends all li0e the sa6e 0inds of 7e/fu6es
. At the end of the <ea/B ,ilson2s De7a/t6ent Sto/e awa/ds f/ee 6e/chandise to its
to7 sales7eo7le. ,hen 7/esented with the fact that the nu6be/ of sales7eo7le
/ecei3in4 these awa/ds has declined 6a/0edl< o3e/ the 7ast fifteen <ea/sB the
newl< a77ointed 7/esident of the co67an< /es7ondedB EIn that caseB since ou/
awa/d c/ite/ion at 7/esent is 6e6be/shi7 in the to7 thi/d of ou/ sales fo/ceB we
can also sa< that the nu6be/ of sales7eo7le 7assed o3e/ fo/ these awa/ds has
si6ila/l< declined.F
,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion that would allow the co67an<
7/esident2s conclusion to be 7/o7e/l< d/awn=
>A? Iolicies at ,ilson2s with /e4a/d to hi/in4 sales7eo7le ha3e not beco6e 6o/e
la8 o3e/ the 7ast fifteen <ea/s.
>B? The nu6be/ of sales7eo7le at ,ilson2s has inc/eased o3e/ the 7ast fifteen
<ea/s.
>C? The c/ite/ion used b< ,ilson2s fo/ selectin4 its awa/d /eci7ients has /e6ained
the sa6e fo/ the 7ast fifteen <ea/s.
>D? The a3e/a4e total sales fi4u/es fo/ ,ilson2s sales7eo7le ha3e been declinin4
fo/ fifteen <ea/s.
>E? ,ilson2s calculates its sales7eo7le2s sales fi4u/es in the sa6e wa< as it did
GMAT . 'SAT C- #%&
fifteen <ea/s a4o.
". The ca7tu/e of a wild ani6al is ;ustified onl< as a last /eso/t to sa3e that ani6al2s
life. But 6an< wild ani6als a/e ca7tu/ed not because thei/ li3es a/e in an< dan4e/
but so that the< can be b/ed in ca7ti3it<. HenceB 6an< ani6als that ha3e been
ca7tu/ed should not ha3e been ca7tu/ed.
,hich one of the followin4 a/4u6ents is 6ost si6ila/ in its 7atte/n of /easonin4
to the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? Iunishin4 a child is ;ustified if it is the onl< wa< to /efo/6 7oo/ beha3io/. But
7unish6ent is ne3e/ the onl< wa< to /efo/6 7oo/ beha3io/. HenceB 7unishin4
a child is ne3e/ ;ustified.
>B? Ia/ents who ne3e/ 7unish a child a/e not ;ustified in co67lainin4 if the child
/e4ula/l< beha3es in wa<s that distu/b the6. But 6an< 7a/ents who 7/efe/
not to 7unish thei/ child/en2s beha3io/. HenceB 6an< 7a/ents who co67lain
about thei/ child/en ha3e no /i4ht to co67lain.
>C? Iunishin4 a <oun4 child is ;ustified onl< if it is done out of conce/n fo/ the
child2s futu/e welfa/e. But 6an< <oun4 child/en a/e 7unished not in o/de/ to
7/o6ote thei/ welfa/e but to 6ini6i9e siblin4 /i3al/<. HenceB 6an< child/en
who a/e 7unished should not ha3e been 7unished.
>D? A teache/ is entitled to 7unish a child onl< if the child2s 7a/ents ha3e
e87licitl< 4i3en the teache/ the 7e/6ission to do so. But 6an< 7a/ents ne3e/
4i3e thei/ child2s teache/ the /i4ht to 7unish thei/ child. HenceB 6an<
teache/s should not 7unish thei/ 7u7ils.
>E? Societ< has no /i4ht to 7unish child/en fo/ deeds that would be c/i6es if the
child/en we/e adults. But societ< does ha3e the /i4ht to 7/otest itself f/o6
child/en who a/e 0nown th/eats. HenceB confine6ent of such child/en does
not constitute 7unish6ent.
#. Dntil /ecentl< it was thou4ht that in0 used befo/e the si8teenth centu/< did not
contain titaniu6. Howe3e/B a new t<7e of anal<sis detected titaniu6 in the in0 of
the fa6ous Bible 7/inted b< +ohannes Gutenbe/4 and in that of anothe/ fifteenthA
centu/< Bible 0nown as BA"6B thou4h not in the in0 of an< of nu6e/ous othe/
fifteenthAcentu/< boo0s anal<9ed. This findin4 is of 4/eat si4nificanceB since it not
onl< st/on4l< su77o/ts the h<7othesis that BA"6 was 7/inted b< Gutenbe/4 but
also shows that the 7/esence of titaniu6 in the in0 of the 7u/7o/tedl< fifteenth
centu/< *inland Ma7 can no lon4e/ be /e4a/ded as a /eason fo/ doubtin4 the
6a72s authenticit<.
The /easonin4 in the 7assa4e is 3ulne/able to c/iticis6 on the 4/ound that
>A? the /esults of the anal<sis a/e inte/7/eted as indicatin4 that the use of titaniu6
as an in4/edient in fifteenthAcentu/< in0 both wasB and was notB e8t/e6el<
/est/icted
>B? if the technolo4< that 6a0es it 7ossible to detect titaniu6 in 7/intin4 in0 has
onl< /ecentl< beco6e a3ailableB it is unli0el< that 7/inte/s o/ a/tists in the
#8$ 'SAT
fifteenth centu/< would 0now whethe/ thei/ in0 contained titaniu6 o/ not
>C? it is un/easonable to su77ose that dete/6ination of the date and location of a
docu6ent2s 7/intin4 o/ d/awin4 can be 6ade solel< on the basis of the
7/esence o/ absence of a sin4le ele6ent in the in0 used in the docu6ent
>D? both the BA"6 Bible and the *inland Ma7 a/e ob;ects that can be a77/eciated
on thei/ own 6e/its whethe/ o/ not the 7/ecise date of thei/ c/eation o/ the
identit< of the 7e/son who 6ade the6 is 0nown
>E? the disco3e/< of titaniu6 in the in0 of the *inland Ma7 6ust ha3e occu//ed
befo/e titaniu6 was disco3e/ed in the in0 of the Gutenbe/4 Bible and the BA
"6 Bible
!. All acto/s a/e e8ube/ant 7eo7le and all e8ube/ant 7eo7le a/e e8t/o3e/tsB but
ne3e/theless it is t/ue that so6e sh< 7eo7le a/e acto/s.
If the state6ents abo3e a/e t/ueB each of the followin4 6ust also be t/ue EHCEIT1
>A? So6e sh< 7eo7le a/e e8t/o3e/ts.
>B? So6e sh< e8t/o3e/ts a/e not acto/s.
>C? So6e e8ube/ant 7eo7le who a/e acto/s a/e sh<.
>D? All 7eo7le who a/e not e8t/o3e/ts a/e not acto/s.
>E? So6e e8t/o3e/ts a/e sh<.
6. Science Acade6< stud<1 It has been de6onst/ated that with natu/al 6ethodsB
so6e wellA6ana4ed fa/6s a/e able to /educe the a6ounts of s<nthetic fe/tili9e/
and 7esticide and also of antibiotics the< use without necessa/il< dec/easin4
<ieldsG in so6e cases <ields can be inc/eased.
C/itics1 )ot so. The fa/6s the acade6< selected to stud< we/e the ones that
see6ed 6ost li0el< to be successful in usin4 natu/al 6ethods. ,hat about the
fa/6e/s who ha3e t/ied such 6ethods and failed=
,hich one of the followin4 is the 6ost ade@uate e3aluation of the lo4ical fo/ce of
the c/itics2 /es7onse=
>A? Success and failu/e in fa/6in4 a/e /a/el< due onl< to luc0B because fa/6in4 is
the 6ana4e6ent of chance occu//ences.
>B? The c/itics show that the /esult of the stud< would ha3e been diffe/ent if twice
as 6an< fa/6s had been studied.
>C? The c/itics assu6e without ;ustification that the failu/es we/e not due to soil
@ualit<.
>D? The c/itics de6onst/ate that natu/al 6ethods a/e not suitable fo/ the 6a;o/it<
of f/a6e/s.
>E? The issue is onl< to show that so6ethin4 is 7ossibleB so it is not /ele3ant
whethe/ the instances studied we/e /e7/esentati3e.
SECTI() I*
GMAT . 'SAT C- #81
1. Most /e4ula/ coffee is 6ade f/o6 a/abica coffee beans because the 4/eat 6a;o/it<
of consu6e/s 7/efe/ its 4ene/all< /iche/ fla3o/ to that of coffee 6ade f/o6 /obusta
beans. Coffee d/in0e/s who switch to decaffeinated coffeeB howe3e/B
o3e/whel6in4l< 7/efe/ coffee 6ade f/o6 /obusta beansB which a/e unli0e a/abica
beans in that thei/ fla3o/s is not as 4/eatl< affected b< decaffeination. De7endin4
on the t<7e of bean in3ol3edB decaffeination /educes o/ /e6o3es 3a/ious
substancesB 6ost of which a/e fla3o/Aneut/al but one of which cont/ibutes to the
/ichness of the coffee2s fla3o/.
The state6ents abo3e 7/o3ide the 6ost su77o/t fo/ which one of the followin4
conclusion=
>A? The annual wo/ld c/o7 of a/abica beans is not la/4e enou4h to satisf<
co67letel< the wo/ld de6and fo/ /e4ula/ coffee.
>B? A/abica beans contain 6o/e caffeine 7e/ unit of wei4ht than do /obusta beans.
>C? Coffee d/in0e/s who d/in0 decaffeinated coffee al6ost e8clusi3el< a/e the
ones who 7/efe/ /e4ula/ coffee 6ade f/o6 /obusta beans to /e4ula/ coffee
6ade f/o6 a/abica beans.
>D? Decaffeination of a/abica beans e8t/acts 6o/e of the substance that enhances
a coffee2s fla3o/ than does decaffeination of /obusta beans.
>E? The/e a/e coffee d/in0e/s who switch f/o6 d/in0in4 /e4ula/ coffee 6ade f/o6
a/abica beans to d/in0in4 decaffeinated coffee 6ade f/o6 a/abica beans
because coffee 6ade f/o6 a/abica beans is less costl<.
. 5o/ the 7ast 1" <ea/sB hi4h school 4uidance counselo/s nationwide ha3e
i67le6ented an a44/essi3e 7/o4/a6 to con3ince hi4h school students to select
ca/ee/s /e@ui/in4 colle4e de4/ees. The 4o3e/n6ent /e7o/ted that the 7e/centa4e of
last <ea/2s hi4h school 4/aduates who went on to colle4e was 1! 7e/cent 4/eate/
than the 7e/centa4e of those who 4/aduated 1$ <ea/s a4o and did so. The
counselo/s concluded f/o6 this /e7o/t that the 7/o4/a6 had been successful.
The 4uidance counselo/s2 /easonin4 de7ends on which one of the followin4
assu67tions about hi4h school 4/aduates=
>A? The nu6be/ of 4/aduates who went on to colle4e /e6ained constant each <ea/
du/in4 the 1$A<ea/ 7e/iod.
>B? An< colle4e cou/ses that the 4/aduates ta0e will i67/o3e thei/ ca/ee/
7/os7ects.
>C? So6e of the 4/aduates who went on to colle4e ne3e/ /ecei3ed 4uidance f/o6
a hi4h school counselo/.
>D? The/e has been a dec/ease in the nu6be/ of 4/aduates who 4o on to colle4e
without ca/ee/ 7lans.
>E? Man< of last <ea/2s 4/aduates who went on to colle4e did so in o/de/ to
#8 'SAT
7/e7a/e fo/ ca/ee/s /e@ui/in4 colle4e de4/ees.
". Insecti3o/ous 7lantsB which unli0e othe/ 7lants ha3e the abilit< to t/a7 and di4est
insectsB can th/i3e in soils that a/e too 7oo/ in 6ine/als to su77o/t
noninsecti3o/ous 7lants. :et the 6ine/al /e@ui/e6ents of insecti3o/ous 7lants a/e
not noticeabl< diffe/ent f/o6 the 6ine/al /e@ui/e6ents of noninsecti3o/ous
7lants.
h<7otheses=
>A? The insects that insecti3o/ous 7lants t/a7 and di4est a/e es7eciall< abundant
whe/e the soil is 7oo/ in 6ine/als.
>B? Insecti3o/ous 7lants th/i3e onl< in soils that a/e too 7oo/ in 6ine/als to
su77o/t noninsecti3o/ous 7lants.
>C? The t<7es of 6ine/als /e@ui/ed b< noninsecti3o/ous 7lants a/e 6o/e li0el<
than a/e the t<7es of 6ine/als /e@ui/ed b< insecti3o/ous 7lants to be found in
soils 7oo/ in 6ine/als.
>D? The nu6be/ of diffe/ent en3i/on6ents in which insecti3o/ous 7lants th/i3e is
4/eate/ than the nu6be/ of diffe/ent en3i/on6ents in which noninsecti3o/ous
7lants th/i3e.
>E? Insecti3o/ous 7lants can 4et so6e of the 6ine/als the< /e@ui/e f/o6 the
insects the< t/a7 and di4est.
#. The /e4ion2s wate/ autho/it< is /es7ondin4 to the cu//ent d/ou4ht b< /est/ictin4
/esidential wate/ use. :et /ese/3oi/ le3els a/e now at the sa6e hei4ht the< we/e
du/in4 the d/ou4ht ten <ea/s a4o when no /est/ictions we/e 7ut into effect and
none 7/o3ed necessa/<. The/efo/eB i67osin4 /est/iction now is clea/l< 7/e6atu/e.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< calls the conclusion abo3e into
@uestion=
>A? The/e a/e now 6o/e wate/ sto/a4e /ese/3oi/s in the /e4ion than the/e we/e ten
<ea/s a4o.
>B? The 7o7ulation of the /e4ion is a77/o8i6atel< th/ee ti6es 4/eate/ than it was
ten <ea/s a4o.
>C? The /e4ion cu//entl< has 6o/e sou/ces outside the d/ou4htAst/ic0en a/ea f/o6
which to d/aw wate/ than it did ten <ea/s a4o.
>D? The wate/Aconsu6in4 ho6e a77liances and fi8tu/es sold toda< a/e desi4ned
to use wate/ 6o/e efficientl< than those sold ten <ea/s a4o.
>E? The 7/ice of wate/ fo/ /esidential use is si4nificantl< hi4he/ in the /e4ion than
it is in /e4ions that a/e not d/ou4htAst/ic0en.
!. Mont4o6e/<B a biolo4ist who is also well /ead in a/chaeolo4<B has /ecentl<
w/itten a boo0 on the o/i4in and 7u/7ose of ancient 6onu6ental a/chitectu/e.
This boo0 has /ecei3ed 6uch 7ositi3e attention in the 7o7ula/ 7/ess but has been
se3e/el< c/itici9ed b< 6an< 7/ofessional a/chaeolo4ists fo/ bein4 too e8t/e6e.
GMAT . 'SAT C- #8"
Mont4o6e/<2s 3iews do not dese/3e a ne4ati3e a77/aisalB howe3e/B since those
3iews a/e no 6o/e e8t/e6e than the 3iews of so6e 7/ofessional a/chaeolo4ists.
The a/4u6ent is 6ost 3ulne/able to which one of followin4 c/iticis6s=
>A? It fails to establish that 7/ofessional a/chaeolo4ists2 3iews that a/e at least as
e8t/e6e as Mont4o6e/<2s 3iews do not dese/3e ne4ati3e a77/aisal fo/ that
/eason.
>B? It assu6es without wa//ant that 6an< 7/ofessional a/chaeolo4ists conside/
biolo4ists un@ualified to discuss ancient a/chitectu/e.
>C? It o3e/loo0s the 7ossibilit< that 6an< 7/ofessional a/chaeolo4ists a/e
unfa6ilia/ with Mont4o6e/<2s 3iews.
>D? It 7/o3ides no inde7endent e3idence to show that the 6a;o/it< of 7/ofessional
a/chaeolo4ists do not su77o/t Mont4o6e/<2s 3iews.
>E? It atte67ts to su77o/t its 7osition b< callin4 into @uestion the 6oti3es of
an<one who su77o/ts an o77osin4 7osition.
6. Ch/onic fati4ue s<nd/o6e is cha/acte/i9ed b< 7/olon4ed fati4ueB 6uscula/ 7ainB
and neu/olo4ical 7/oble6s. It is not 0nown whethe/ these s<67to6s a/e all
caused b< a sin4le 3i/us o/ whethe/ each s<67to6 is the /esult of a se7a/ate 3i/al
infection. A newl< s<nthesi9ed d/u4 has been tested on those who suffe/ f/o6
ch/onic fati4ue s<nd/o6e. Althou4h the s7ecific anti3i/al effects of this d/u4 a/e
un0nownB it has lessened the se3e/it< of all of the s<67to6s of ch/onic fati4ue
s<nd/o6e. Thus the/e is e3idence that ch/onic fati4ue s<nd/o6e isB in factB caused
b< one 3i/us.
The a/4u6ent assu6es which one of followin4=
>A? All those who suffe/ f/o6 7/olon4ed fati4ue also suffe/ f/o6 neu/olo4ical
7/oble6s.
>B? It is 6o/e li0el< that the new d/u4 counte/acts one 3i/us than that it
counte/acts se3e/al 3i/uses.
>C? The s<67to6s of ch/onic fati4ue s<nd/o6e a/e dissi6ila/ to those of an<
othe/ s<nd/o6e.
>D? Most s<nd/o6es that a/e cha/acte/i9ed b< /elated s<67to6s a/e each caused
b< a sin4le 3i/al infection.
>E? An anti3i/al 6edication that eli6inates the 6ost se3e/e s<67to6s of ch/onic
fati4ue s<nd/o6e the/eb< cu/es ch/onic fati4ue s<nd/o6e.
%. DataCo6B a co67an< that filed 6an< 7atents last <ea/B was financiall< 6o/e
successful last <ea/ than we/e its co67etito/sB none of which filed 6an< 7atents.
It is the/efo/e li0el< that DataCo6 owed its 4/eate/ financial success to the fact
that it filed 6an< 7atents last <ea/.
The a/4u6ent is 6ost 3ulne/able to c/iticis6 on the 4/ounds that it
>A? 7/esu77oses what it sets out to de6onst/ate about the /elationshi7 between
the financial success of DataCo62s co67etito/s and the nu6be/ of 7atents
#8# 'SAT
the< filed
>B? confused a co67an<2s financial success with its technolo4ical inno3ati3eness
>C? fails to establish whethe/ an< one of DataCo62s co67etito/s was financiall<
6o/e successful last <ea/ than was an< othe/
>D? 4i3es no /eason to e8clude the 7ossibilit< that othe/ diffe/ences between
DataCo6 and its co67etito/s accounted fo/ its co67a/ati3e financial success
>E? a77lies a 4ene/ali9ation to an e8ce7tional case
8. A histo/< boo0 w/itten hund/eds of <ea/s a4o contains se3e/al inconsistencies.
So6e schola/s a/4ue that because the boo0 contains inconsistenciesB the autho/
6ust ha3e been 4ettin4 info/6ation f/o6 6o/e than one sou/ce.
The conclusion cited does not follow unless
>A? autho/s 4ene/all< t/< to /econcile disc/e7ancies between sou/ces
>B? the inconsistencies would be a77a/ent to the a3e/a4e /eade/ of the histo/<
boo0 at the 7/esent ti6e
>C? the histo/< boo02s autho/ used no sou/ce that contained inconsistencies
/e7eated in the histo/< boo0
>D? the autho/ of the histo/< boo0 was awa/e of the 0inds of inconsistencies that
can a/ise when 6ulti7le sou/ces a/e consulted
>E? the autho/ of the histo/< boo0 was fa6ilia/ with all of the a3ailable sou/ce
6ate/ial that was /ele3ant to the histo/< boo0
&. So6e 4a6esB such as chess and socce/B a/e co67etiti3e and 7la<ed acco/din4 to
/ulesB but othe/sB such as child/en2s 4a6es of 6a0e belie3eB a/e neithe/. The/efo/eB
bein4 co67etiti3e and in3ol3in4 /ules a/e not essential to bein4 a 4a6e.
,hich one of followin4 is 6ost si6ila/ in its lo4ical featu/es to the a/4u6ent
abo3e=
>A? Both the 4ou/6et and the 4lutton en;o< eatin4. Howe3e/B one can be a
4luttonB but not a 4ou/6etB without ha3in4 an educated 7alate. The/efo/eB
ha3in4 an educated 7alate is essential to bein4 a 4ou/6etB but en;o<in4 food
is not.
>B? All )o/th A6e/ican bea/s eat 6eat. So6e ta8ono6istsB howe3e/B ha3e
theo/i9ed that the 4iant 7andaB which eats onl< ba6boo shootsB is a 0ind of
bea/. Eithe/ the/e ta8ono6ists a/e w/on4 o/ eatin4 6eat is not essential to
bein4 a bea/.
>C? It is t/ue that do4s occasionall< eat 3e4etationB but if do4s we/e not
ca/ni3o/ous the< would be sha7ed @uite diffe/entl< f/o6 the wa< the< a/e.
The/efo/eB bein4 ca/ni3o/ous is essential to bein4 a do4.
>D? Most auto6obilesB and nea/l< all of those 7/oduced toda<B a/e 4asolineAfueled
and fou/AwheeledB but othe/sB such as so6e e87e/i6ental elect/ic ca/sB a/e
neithe/. The/efo/eB bein4 4asolineAfueled and ha3in4 fou/ wheels a/e not
essential to bein4 an auto6obile.
GMAT . 'SAT C- #8!
>E? Mont/eal2s 6ost 3aunted cha/acte/isticsB such as its cos6o7olitanis6 and its
3italit<B a/e all to be found in 6an< othe/ cities. The/efo/eB cos6o7olitanis6
and 3italit< a/e not essential 7/o7e/ties of Mont/eal.
Questions 10-11
Household indebtednessB which so6e theo/ists /e4a/d as causin4 /ecessionB was hi4h
7/ecedin4 the /ecent /ecessionB but so was the 3alue of assets owned b< households.
Ad6ittedl<B if 6ost of the assets we/e owned b< @uite affluent householdsB and 6ost
of the debt was owed b< lowAinco6e householdsB hi4h household debt le3els could
ha3e been the cause of the /ecession des7ite hi4h asset 3alues1 lowAinco6e
households 6i4ht ha3e dec/eased s7endin4 in o/de/ to 7a< off debts while the @uite
affluent ones 6i4ht si67l< ha3e failed to inc/ease s7endin4. ButB in factB @uite affluent
7eo7le 6ust ha3e owed 6ost of the household debtB since 6one< is not lent to those
without assets. The/efo/eB the /eal cause 6ust lie elsewhe/e.
1$. The a/4u6ent is st/uctu/ed to lead to which one of the followin4 conclusions=
>A? Hi4h le3els of household debt did not cause the /ecent /ecession.
>B? 'owAinco6e households succeeded in 7a<in4 off thei/ debts des7ite the
/ecent /ecession.
>C? Affluent 7eo7le 7/obabl< inc/eased thei/ s7endin4 le3els du/in4 the /ecent
/ecession.
>D? Hi4h le3els of household debt ha3e little i67act on the econo6<.
>E? ,hen 7eo7le bo//owed 6one< 7/io/ to the /ecent /ecessionB the< did not use
it to 7u/chase assets.
11. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB casts the 6ost doubt on the a/4u6ent=
>A? I/io/ to the /ecent /ecessionB 6iddleAinco6e households owed enou4h debt
that the< had be4un to dec/ease s7endin4.
>B? The total 3alue of the econo6<2s household debt is e8ceeded b< the total
3alue of assets held b< households.
>C? 'owAinco6e households so6ewhat dec/eased thei/ s7endin4 du/in4 the
/ecent /ecession.
>D? Du/in4 a /ecession the affluent usuall< bo//ow 6one< onl< in o/de/ to
7u/chase assets.
>E? Household debt is the cate4o/< of debt least li0el< to affect the econo6<.
1. 5ossilAfuel e6issionsB conside/ed a 0e< facto/ in the 7heno6enon 0nown as
4lobal wa/6in4B contain two 4asesB ca/bon dio8ide and sulfu/ dio8ideB that ha3e
o77osite effects on at6os7he/ic te67e/atu/es. Ca/bon dio8ide t/a7s heatB tendin4
to wa/6 the at6os7he/eB whe/eas sulfu/ dio8ide tu/ns into sulfate ae/osols that
/eflect sunli4ht bac0 towa/d s7aceB the/eb< tendin4 to cool the at6os7he/e. Gi3en
that the heatAt/a77in4 effect is st/on4e/ than the coolin4 effectB cuttin4 fossilAfuel
e6issions 6i4ht be e87ected to slow the /ise in 4lobal te67e/atu/es. :etB
#86 'SAT
su/7/isin4l<B if fossilAfuel e6issions we/e cut toda<B 4lobal wa/6in4 would
actuall< be enhanced fo/ 6o/e than th/ee decades befo/e the te67e/atu/e /ise
be4an to slow.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost hel7s to e87lain the clai6 6ade in the
last sentence abo3e=
>A? Ca/bon dio8ide sta<s in the at6os7he/e fo/ 6an< decadesB while the sulfate
ae/osols fall out within da<s.
>B? Sulfu/ 7ollution is not s7/ead e3enl< a/ound the 4lobe but is concent/ated in
the )o/the/n He6is7he/eB whe/e the/e is a /elati3el< hi4h concent/ation of
indust/<.
>C? ,hile it has lon4 been unde/stood that sulfu/ dio8ide is a ha/6ful 7ollutantB it
has been unde/stood onl< /ecentl< that ca/bon dio8ide 6i4ht also be a
ha/6ful 7ollutant.
>D? Ca/bon dio8ide is 7/oduced not onl< b< auto6obiles but also b< 7owe/ 7lants
that bu/n fossil fuels.
>E? Because fossilAfuel e6issions contain sulfu/ dio8ideB the< cont/ibute not onl<
to 4lobal wa/6in4 but also to acid /ain.
1". Iolice 7ublished a EwantedF 7oste/ fo/ a c/i6inal fu4iti3e in a 6edical ;ou/nalB
because the fu4iti3e was 0nown to ha3e a ce/tain acute noninfectious s0in
7/oble6 that would e3entuall< /e@ui/e a 3isit to a docto/. The 7oste/ as0ed fo/
info/6ation about the whe/eabouts of the fu4iti3e. A 7h<sician2s /es7ondin4 to
the 7oste/2s /e@uest fo/ info/6ation would not 3iolate 6edical ethicsB since
7h<sicians a/e al/ead< sub;ect to /e@ui/e6ents to /e7o/t 4unshot wounds to 7olice
and ce/tain infectious diseases to health autho/ities. These e8ce7tions to
confidentialit< a/e clea/l< ethical.
,hich one of the followin4 7/inci7lesB while /e6ainin4 co67atible with the
/e@ui/e6ents cited abo3eB su77o/ts the 3iew that a 7h<sician2s /es7ondin4 to the
/e@uest would 3iolate 6edical ethics=
>A? Since a 7h<sician acts both as a 7/ofessional 7e/son and as a citi9enB it is not
ethical fo/ a 7h<sician to conceal info/6ation about 7atients f/o6 dul<
constituted law enfo/ce6ent a4encies that ha3e 7/o7e/ ;u/isdiction.
>B? Since a 7atient co6es to a 7h<sician with the e87ectation that the 7atient2s
3isit and 6edical condition will /e6ain confidentialB it is not ethical fo/ a
7h<sician to sha/e this info/6ation with an<one e8ce7t 7e/sonnel within the
7h<sician2s office.
>C? Since the 7/i6a/< conce/n of 6edicine is indi3idual and 7ublic healthB it is
not ethical fo/ a 7h<sicianB e8ce7t in the case of 4unshot woundsB to /educe
7atients2 willin4ness to co6e fo/ t/eat6ent b< a 7olic< of disclosin4 thei/
identities to lawAenfo/ce6ent a4encies.
>D? E8ce7t as /e@ui/ed b< the 6edical t/eat6ent of the 7atientB 7h<sicians cannot
ethicall< disclose to othe/s info/6ation about a 7atient2s identit< o/ 6edical
GMAT . 'SAT C- #8%
condition without the 7atient2s consent.
>E? E8ce7t to othe/ 6edical 7e/sonnel wo/0in4 to 7/ese/3e o/ /esto/e the health of
a 7atient o/ of othe/ 7e/sonsB 7h<sicians cannot ethicall< disclose
info/6ation about the identit< of 7atients o/ thei/ 6edical condition.
1#. In4/id1 -oc0 6usic has 7/oduced no son4s as du/able as the son4s of the 1&#$sB
which continue to be /eco/ded b< nu6e/ous 7e/fo/6e/s.
+e/o6e1 T/ueB /oc0 son4s a/e usuall< /eco/ded onl< once. If the o/i4inal /eco/din4
continues to be 7o7ula/B howe3e/B that fact can indicate du/abilitA? intentionall< 6isinte/7/etin4 the clai6
>B? showin4 that the clai6 necessa/il< leads to a cont/adiction
>C? unde/6inin4 the t/uth of the e3idence that In4/id 7/esents
>D? su44estin4 an alte/nati3e standa/d fo/ ;ud4in4 the 7oint at issue
>E? clai6in4 that In4/id2s 0nowled4e of the 7e/iod unde/ discussion is inco67lete
1!. Health insu/ance insulates 7atients f/o6 the e87ense of 6edical ca/eB 4i3in4
docto/s al6ost co67lete disc/etion in decidin4 the cou/se of 6ost 6edical
t/eat6ents. Mo/eo3e/B with docto/s bein4 7aid fo/ each 7/ocedu/e 7e/fo/6edB
the< ha3e an incenti3e to o3e/t/eat 7atients. It is thus clea/ that 6edical
7/ocedu/es ad6iniste/ed b< docto/s a/e f/e@uentl< 7/esc/ibed onl< because these
7/ocedu/es lead to financial /ewa/ds.
The a/4u6ent uses which one of the followin4 @uestionable techni@ues=
>A? assi4nin4 /es7onsibilit< fo/ a ce/tain /esult to so6eone whose in3ol3e6ent in
the e3ents leadin4 to that /esult was 7u/el< coincidental
>B? infe//in4 the 7e/fo/6ance of ce/tain actions on no basis othe/ than the
e8istence of both incenti3e and o77o/tunit< fo/ 7e/fo/6in4 those actions
>C? 7/esentin4 as ca7/icious and idios<nc/atic decisions that a/e based on the
/i4o/ous a77lication of wellAdefined 7/inci7les
>D? de7ictin4 choices as ha3in4 been 6ade a/bit/a/il< b< dis6issin4 without
a/4u6ent /easons that ha3e been 4i3en fo/ these choices
>E? assu6in4 that the i//ele3ance of a conside/ation fo/ one 7a/tici7ant in a
decision 6a0es that conside/ation i//ele3ant fo/ each 7a/tici7ant in the
decision
16. Chlo/ofluo/oca/bons a/e the best 7ossible sol3ents to ha3e in ca/ en4ines fo/
cleanin4 the elect/onic senso/s in 6ode/n auto6obile i4nition s<ste6s. These
sol3ents ha3e cont/ibuted si4nificantl< to auto6a0e/s2 abilit< to 6eet le4all<
6andated e6ission standa/ds. )ow auto6a0e/s will ha3e to 7hase out the use of
chlo/ofluo/oca/bons at the sa6e ti6e that e6ission standa/ds a/e beco6in4 6o/e
st/in4ent.
#88 'SAT
If unde/ the ci/cu6stances desc/ibed abo3e ca/s continue to 6eet e6ission
standa/dsB which one of the followin4 is the 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ted infe/ence=
>A? As e6ission standa/ds beco6e 6o/e st/in4entB auto6a0e/s will inc/easin4l<
coo7e/ate with each othe/ in the a/ea of e6ission cont/ol.
>B? Ca/ en4ines will be /adicall< /edesi4ned so as to do awa< with the need fo/
cleanin4 the elect/onic i4nition senso/s.
>C? The/e will be a 6a/0ed shift towa/d s6alle/B li4hte/ ca/s that will ha3e less
7owe/ful en4ines but will use thei/ fuel 6o/e efficientl<.
>D? The sol3ents de3elo7ed to /e7lace chlo/ofluo/oca/bons in ca/ en4ines will be
onl< 6a/4inall< less effecti3e than the chlo/ofluo/oca/bons the6sel3es.
>E? So6ethin4 othe/ than the cleanse/s fo/ elect/onic i4nition senso/s will 6a0e a
/elati3el< 4/eate/ cont/ibution to 6eetin4 e6ission standa/ds than at 7/esent.
Questions 1'-18
Two alte/nati3e d/u4s a/e a3ailable to 7/e3ent blood clots f/o6 de3elo7in4 afte/ a
hea/t attac0. Acco/din4 to two 6a;o/ studiesB d/u4 : does this no 6o/e effecti3el<
than the 6o/e e87ensi3e d/u4 QB but d/u4 Q is eithe/ no 6o/e o/ onl< sli4htl< 6o/e
effecti3e than d/u4 :. D/u4 Q2s 6anufactu/e/B which has en4a4ed in @uestionable
6a/0etin4 7/actices such as offe/in4 stoc0 o7tions to docto/s who 7a/tici7ate in
clinical t/ials of d/u4 QB does not contest the /esults of the studies but clai6s that the<
do not /e3eal d/u4 Q2s ad3anta4es. Howe3e/B since d/u4 Q does not clea/l< t/eat the
7/oble6 6o/e effecti3el< than d/u4 :B the/e is no established 6edical /eason fo/
docto/s to use d/u4 Q /athe/ than d/u4 : on thei/ hea/tAattac0 3icti6s.
1%. A 6a;o/ flaw in the a/4u6ent is that the a/4u6ent
>A? does not conside/ d/u4s o/ t/eat6ents othe/ than d/u4 : and Q that 6a< be
used to 7/e3ent blood clottin4 in hea/tAattac0 7atients
>B? ne4lects to co67a/e the 6a/0etin4 7/actices of d/u4 :2s 6anufactu/e/ with
those of d/u4 Q2s 6anufactu/e/
>C? fails to /eco4ni9e that the/e 6a< be 6edical c/ite/ia /ele3ant to the choice
between the two d/u4s othe/ than thei/ effecti3eness as a t/eat6ent
>D? assu6es without 7/oof that the two d/u4s a/e si6ila/ in thei/ effecti3eness as
t/eat6ents because the< a/e si6ila/ in thei/ che6ical co67osition
>E? confuses econo6ic /easons fo/ selectin4 a t/eat6ent with 6edical /easons
18. ,hich one of the followin4 7/inci7lesB if establishedB would 6ost hel7 to ;ustif< a
docto/2s decision to use d/u4 Q /athe/ than d/u4 : when t/eatin4 a 7atient=
>A? (nl< 7atients to who6 the cost of an e87ensi3e t/eat6ent will not be a
financial ha/dshi7 should /ecei3e that t/eat6ent /athe/ than a less e87ensi3e
alte/nati3e one.
>B? Docto/s who a/e willin4 to assist in /esea/ch on the /elati3e effecti3eness of
d/u4s b< 7a/tici7atin4 in clinical t/ials dese/3e fai/ /e6une/ation fo/ that
GMAT . 'SAT C- #8&
7a/tici7ation.
>C? The decision to use a 7a/ticula/ d/u4 when t/eatin4 a 7atient should not be
influenced b< the 6a/0etin4 7/actices e67lo<ed b< the co67an<
6anufactu/in4 that d/u4.
>D? A d/u4 co67an<2s c/iticis6 of studies of its 7/oduct that do not /e7o/t
fa3o/abl< on that 7/oduct is una3oidabl< biased and the/efo/e in3alid.
>E? ,he/e alte/nati3e t/eat6ents e8ist and the/e is a chance that one is 6o/e
effecti3e than the othe/B the 7ossibl< 6o/e effecti3e one should be e67lo<edB
/e4a/dless of cost.
1&. +ane1 Acco/din4 to an a/ticle in this news6a4a9ineB child/en2s handAe<e
coo/dination suffe/s when the< s7end a 4/eat a6ount of ti6e watchin4 tele3ision.
The/efo/eB we 6ust /est/ict the a6ount of ti6e +ac@ueline and Mild/ed a/e
allowed to watch tele3ision.
Alan1 -ubbishJ The a/ticle sa<s that onl< child/en unde/ th/ee a/e affected in that
wa<. +ac@ueline is ten and Mild/ed is ei4ht. The/efo/eB we need not /est/ict thei/
tele3ision 3iewin4.
Alan2s a/4u6ent a4ainst +ane2s conclusion 6a0es which one of the followin4
e//o/s in /easonin4=
>A? It /elies on the sa6e sou/ce that +ane cited in su77o/t of he/ conclusion.
>B? It confuses unde/6inin4 an a/4u6ent in su77o/t of a 4i3en conclusion with
showin4 that the conclusion itself is false.
>C? It does not add/ess the 6ain 7oint of +ane2s a/4u6ent and focuses instead on a
side issue.
>D? It 6a0es an i//ele3ant a77eal to an autho/it<.
>E? It fails to distin4uish the conse@uences of a ce/tain 7/actice f/o6 the causes of
the 7/actice.
$. A new 4a/denin4 /a0e with an SAsha7ed handle /educes co67/ession st/ess on the
s7ine du/in4 the 7ull st/o0e to about oneAfifth of what it is with a st/ai4htAhandled
/a0e. Du/in4 the 7ush st/o0eB howe3e/B co67/ession st/ess is fi3e ti6es 6o/e with
the new /a0e than with a st/ai4htAhandled /a0e. )eithe/ the 7ush st/o0e no/ the
7ull st/o0e with a st/ai4htAhandled /a0e 7/oduces enou4h co67/ession st/ess to
cause in;u/<B but co67/ession st/ess du/in4 the 7ush st/o0e with the new /a0e is
abo3e the dan4e/ le3el. The/efo/eB st/ai4htAhandled /a0es a/e bette/ than the new
/a0es fo/ 6ini6i9in4 /is0 of s7inal in;u/<.
The conclusion abo3e is 7/o7e/l< d/awn f/o6 the 7/e6ises 4i3en if which one of
the followin4 is t/ue=
>A? Co67/ession st/ess /esultin4 f/o6 7ushin4 is the onl< cause of in;u/ies to the
s7ine that occu/s as a /esult of /a0in4.
>B? -a0in4 is a f/e@uent cause of s7inal in;u/< a6on4 4a/dene/s.
>C? The /edesi4n of a tool /a/el< /esults in a net 4ain of efficiencD? A 4a/den /a0e can ne3e/ be used in such a wa< that all the st/o0es with that
/a0e a/e 7ush st/o0es.
>E? It is not 7ossible to desi4n a 4a/den /a0e with a handle that is othe/ than
st/ai4ht o/ SAsha7ed.
1. So6e 7eo7le fea/ that 4lobal wa/6in4 will cause the la/4e ice fo/6ations in the
7ola/ seas to 6eltB the/eb< wa/6in4 the wate/ of those seas and th/eatenin4 the
7lan0ton that is c/ucial to the 6a/ine food chain. So6e scientists contend that it is
unli0el< that the 6eltin4 7/ocess has be4unB since wate/ te67e/atu/es in the 7ola/
seas a/e the sa6e toda< as the< we/e a centu/< a4o.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< unde/6ines the scientists2
contention=
>A? Much of the 6a/ine 7lant life that flou/ished in the 7ola/ seas will die in the
e3ent that the wate/ te67e/atu/es /ise abo3e thei/ 7/esent le3els.
>B? The o3e/all effect of the 6eltin4 7/ocess will be an inc/ease in 4lobal sea
le3els.
>C? The 6ean ai/ te67e/atu/e abo3e both land and wate/ in the 7ola/ /e4ions has
not 3a/ied si4nificantl< o3e/ the 7ast 1$$ <ea/s.
>D? The te67e/atu/e of wate/ that contains 6eltin4 ice tends to /e6ain constant
until all of the ice in the iceAandAwate/ 6i8tu/e has 6elted.
>E? The 6ean te67e/atu/e of ocean wate/s nea/ the e@uato/ has /e6ained constant
o3e/ the 7ast 1$$ <ea/s.
. A lon4Ate/6 health stud< that followed a 4/ou7 of 7eo7le who we/e a4e "! in
1&!$ found that those whose wei4ht inc/eased b< a77/o8i6atel< half a 0ilo4/a6
o/ one 7ound 7e/ <ea/ afte/ the a4e of "! tendedB on the wholeB to li3e lon4e/ than
those who 6aintained the wei4ht the< had at a4e "!. This findin4 see6s at
3a/iance with othe/ studies that ha3e associated wei4ht 4ain with a host of health
7/oble6s that tend to lowe/ life e87ectanc<.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost hel7s to /esol3e the a77a/entl<
conflictin4 findin4s=
>A? As 7eo7le a4eB 6uscle and bone tissue tends to 6a0e u7 a s6alle/ and s6alle/
7/o7o/tion of total bod< wei4ht.
>B? Indi3iduals who /educe thei/ choleste/ol le3els b< losin4 wei4ht can the/eb<
also /educe thei/ /is0 of d<in4 f/o6 hea/t attac0s o/ st/o0es.
>C? S6o0e/sB who tend to be leane/ than nons6o0e/sB tend to ha3e sho/te/ life
s7ans than nons6o0e/s.
>D? The no/6al dete/io/ation of the hu6an i66une s<ste6 with a4e can be
slowed down b< a /eduction in the nu6be/ of calo/ies consu6ed.
>E? Diets that tend to lead to wei4ht 4ain often contain not onl< e8cess fat but also
unhealthful concent/ations of su4a/ and sodiu6.
GMAT . 'SAT C- #&1
". Insu/ance indust/< statistics de6onst/ate that ca/s with ala/6s o/ othe/ antitheft
de3ices a/e 6o/e li0el< to be stolen o/ b/o0en into than ca/s without such de3ices
o/ ala/6s. The/efo/e antitheft de3ices do not 7/otect ca/s a4ainst thie3es.
The 7atte/n of flawed /easonin4 in the a/4u6ent abo3e is 6ost si6ila/ to that in
>A? Since su/3e<s /e3eal that co66unities with flou/ishin4 7ublic lib/a/ies ha3eB
on a3e/a4eB bette/Aeducated citi9ensB it follows that 4ood schools a/e
t<7icall< found in co66unities with 7ublic lib/a/ies.
>B? Most 7ublic lib/a/ies a/e ob3iousl< intended to se/3e the inte/ests of the
casual /eade/B because 6ost 7ublic lib/a/ies contain la/4e collections of
fiction and /elati3el< s6all /efe/ence collections.
>C? Studies /e3eal that 7eo7le who a/e /e4ula/ use/s of lib/a/ies 7u/chase 6o/e
boo0s 7e/ <ea/ than do 7eo7le who do not use lib/a/ies /e4ula/l<. Hence
usin4 lib/a/ies /e4ula/l< does not /educe the nu6be/ of boo0s that lib/a/<
7at/ons 7u/chase.
>D? Since <oun4ste/s who /ead 3o/aciousl< a/e 6o/e li0el< to ha3e defecti3e
3ision than <oun4ste/s who do not /ead 3e/< 6uchB it follows that child/en
who do not li0e to /ead usuall< ha3e 7e/fect 3ision.
>E? Societies that su77o/t f/ee 7ublic lib/a/ies a/e 6o/e li0el< to su77o/t f/ee
7ublic uni3e/sities than a/e societies without f/ee 7ublic lib/a/ies. Hence a
societ< that wished to establish a f/ee 7ublic uni3e/sit< should fi/st establish
a f/ee 7ublic lib/a/<.
#. The 7/oble6 that en3i/on6ental econo6ics ai6s to /e6ed< is the followin41
7eo7le 6a0in4 econo6ic decisions cannot /eadil< co67a/e en3i/on6ental
facto/sB such as clean ai/ and the su/3i3al of endan4e/ed s7eciesB with othe/ costs
and benefits. As en3i/on6ental econo6ists /eco4ni9eB sol3in4 this 7/oble6
/e@ui/es assi4nin4 6oneta/< 3alues to en3i/on6ental facto/s. But 6oneta/<
3alues /esult f/o6 7eo7le co67a/in4 costs and benefits in o/de/ to a//i3e at
econo6ic decisions. ThusB en3i/on6ental econo6ics is st<6ied b< what
6oti3ates it.
If the conside/ations ad3anced in its su77o/t a/e t/ueB the 7assa4e2s conclusion is
su77o/ted
>A? st/on4lB? st/on4lC? at best wea0lD? at best wea0lE? not at allB since the a/4u6ent is ci/cula/B ta0in4 that conclusion as one of its
7/e6ises
TEST 1#
SECTI() II
1. Ia7e/bac0 boo0s wea/ out 6o/e @uic0l< than ha/dco3e/ boo0s doB but 7a7e/bac0
boo0s cost 6uch less. The/efo/eB use/s of 7ublic lib/a/ies would be bette/ se/3ed
if 7ublic lib/a/ies bou4ht onl< 7a7e/bac0 boo0sB since b< so doin4 these lib/a/ies
could inc/ease the nu6be/ of new boo0 titles added to thei/ collections without
inc/easin4 thei/ bud4ets.
,hich one f the followin4B if /ueB 6ost se/iousl< wea0ens the a/4u6ent=
>A? If a 7ublic lib/a/<2s o3e/all bud4et is cutB the bud4e fo/ new ac@uisitions is
usuall< cut bac0 6o/e than is that fo/ da<AtoAda< o7e/ations.
>B? Ia7e/bac0 boo0s can 3e/< ine87ensi3el< ha3e thei/ co3e/s /einfo/ced in o/de/
to 6a0e the6 last lon4e/.
>C? Man< 7a7e/bac0 boo0s a/e ne3e/ 7ublished in ha/dco3e/.
>D? 'ib/a/< use/s as a 4/ou7 de7end on thei/ 7ublic lib/a/< fo/ access to a wide
3a/iet< of u7AtoAdate /efe/ence boo0s that a/e 7ublished in ha/dco3e/ onl<.
>E? Ieo7le a/e 6o/e li0el< to bu< fo/ the6sel3es a co7< of a boo0 the< had
7/e3iousl< bo//owed f/o6 the 7ublic lib/a/< if that boo0 is a3ailable in
7a7e/bac0.
. Ga/ba4e in this nei4hbo/hood 7/obabl< will not be collected until Thu/sda< this
wee0. Ga/ba4e is usuall< collected he/e on ,ednesda<sB and the 4a/ba4e
collecto/s in this cit< a/e e8t/e6el< /eliable. Howe3e/B Monda< was a 7ublic
holidaA? t/eatin4 se3e/al 7ieces of i//ele3ant e3idence as thou4h the< 7/o3ide su77o/t
fo/ the conclusion
>B? indi/ectl< establishin4 that one thin4 is li0el< to occu/ b< di/ectl< /ulin4 out
all of the alte/nati3e 7ossibilities
>C? 7/o3idin4 info/6ation that allows a77lication of a 4ene/al /ule to a s7ecific
case
>D? 4ene/ali9in4 about all actions of a ce/tain 0ind on the basis of a desc/i7tion of
one such action
>E? t/eatin4 so6ethin4 that is 7/obable as thou4h it we/e ine3itable
". ,hen co67act discs fi/st ente/ed the 6a/0etB the< we/e 7/iced si4nificantl<
GMAT . 'SAT C- #&"
hi4he/ than 3in<l /eco/ds. Manufactu/e/s att/ibuted the diffe/ence in 7/ice to the
diffe/ence in 7/oduction costsB sa<in4 that co67act disc 7/oduction was
e87ensi3e because the technolo4< was new and unfa6ilia/. As the technolo4<
beca6e 6o/e efficientB the 7/ice of the discs did indeed co6e down. But 3in<l
/eco/dsB whose 7/oduction technolo4< has lon4 been established then went u7 in
7/ice to a77/oach that of co67act discs.
,hich one of the followin4 6ost hel7s to e87lain wh< the 7/ice of 3in<l /eco/ds
went u7=
>A? Consu6e/s we/e so enthusiastic about the i67/o3ed sound @ualit< offe/ed b<
co67act disc technolo4< that the< we/e willin4 to 7a< hi4he/ 7/ice to obtain
it.
>B? So6e consu6e/s who continued to bu< 3in<l /eco/ds instead of co67act discs
did so because the< we/e unwillin4 to 7a< a hi4he/ 7/ice fo/ co67act discs.
>C? As consu6e/s bou4ht co67act discs instead of 3in<l /eco/dsB the nu6be/ of
3in<l /eco/ds 7/oduced dec/easedB 6a0in4 thei/ 7/oduction less costA
efficient.
>D? Co67act disc 7la<e/ technolo4< continued to chan4e and de3elo7 e3en afte/
co67act discs fi/st ente/ed the 6a/0et.
>E? ,hen co67act discs fi/st ente/ed the 6a/0etB 6an< consu6e/s continued to
bu< 3in<l /eco/ds /athe/ than bu<in4 the e@ui76ent necessa/< to 7la<
co67act discs.
#. Conse/3ationists ha3e established land /ese/3es to 7/ese/3e the last /e6ainin4
habitat fo/ ce/tain s7ecies whose su/3i3al de7ends on the e8istence of such
habitat. A 4/o3e of t/ees in Me8ico that 7/o3ide habitat fo/ )o/th A6e/ican
6ona/ch butte/flies in winte/ is a t<7ical e8a67le of such a land /ese/3e. If 4lobal
wa/6in4 occu/s as 7/edictedB howe3e/B the te67e/atu/e bands within which
3a/ious t<7es of 3e4etation can 4/ow will shift into /e4ions that a/e cu//entl<
coole/.
the followin4=
>A? If 4lobal wa/6in4 occu/s as 7/edictedB the conse/3ation land /ese/3es will
cease to se/3e thei/ 7u/7ose.
>B? Mona/ch butte/flies will succeed in ada7tin4 to cli6atic chan4e b< sho/tenin4
thei/ 6i4/ation.
>C? If 4lobal wa/6in4 occu/sB it will 6elt 7ola/ ice and so will cause the sea le3el
to /ise so hi4h that 6an< coastal 7lants and ani6als will beco6e e8tinct.
>D? The natu/al wo/ld has ada7ted 6an< ti6es in the 7ast to d/astic 4lobal
wa/6in4 and coolin4.
>E? If 4lobal wa/6in4 occu/s /a7idl<B s7ecies of 7lants and ani6als now 7/otected
in conse/3ation land /ese/3es will 6o3e to inhabit a/eas that a/e cu//entl<
used fo/ a4/icultu/e.
#&# 'SAT
!. 5inancial success does not 4ua/antee ha77iness. This clai6 is not 6e/e 7/o3e/bial
wisdo6 but a fact 3e/ified b< statistics. In a /ecentl< concluded su/3e<B onl< oneA
thi/d of the /es7ondents who clai6ed to ha3e achie3ed financial success /e7o/ted
that the< we/e ha77<.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ts the conclusion d/awn
f/o6 the su/3e< /esults=
>A? The /es7ondents who /e7o/ted financial success we/eB fo/ the 6ost 7a/tB
financiall< successful.
>B? 5inancial success was once thou4ht to be necessa/< fo/ ha77iness but is no
lon4e/ conside/ed a 7/e/e@uisite fo/ ha77iness.
>C? Man< of the /es7ondents who clai6ed not to ha3e achie3ed financial success
/e7o/ted that the< we/e ha77< fi3e <ea/s a4o.
>D? Man< of the /es7ondents who failed to /e7o/t financial success we/e in fact
financiall< successful.
>E? Most of the /es7ondents who /e7o/ted the< we/e unha77< we/e in fact ha77<.
6. The distance that ani6als t/a3el each da< and the si9e of the 4/ou7s in which the<
li3e a/e hi4hl< co//elated with thei/ diets. And diet itself de7ends in la/4e 7a/t on
the si9es and sha7es of ani6als2 teeth and faces.
The state6ents abo3e 7/o3ide the 6ost su77o/t fo/ which one of the followin4=
>A? Ani6als that eat 6eat t/a3el in /elati3el< s6all 4/ou7s and ac/oss /elati3el<
s6all /an4es co67a/ed to ani6als that eat 7lants.
>B? Ani6als that ha3e 3a/ied diets can be e87ected to be la/4e/ and 6o/e /obust
than ani6als that eat onl< one o/ two 0inds of food.
>C? ,hen indi3idual he/d ani6als lose thei/ teeth th/ou4h a4e o/ in;u/D? Info/6ation about the si9e and sha7e of an ani6al2s face is all that is needed
to identif< the s7ecies to which that ani6al belon4s.
>E? Info/6ation about the si9e and sha7e of an e8tinct ani6al2s teeth and face can
establish whethe/ that ani6al is li0el< to ha3e been a he/d ani6al.
%. It is not co//ect that the 7eo7le of the Dnited StatesB /elati3e to co67a/able
count/iesB a/e the 6ost li4htl< ta8ed. T/ueB the Dnited States has the lowest ta8B as
7e/cent of 4/oss do6estic 7/oductB of the ,este/n indust/iali9ed count/iesB but ta8
/ates alone do not tell the whole sto/<. Ieo7le in the Dnited States 7a< out of
7oc0et fo/ 6an< 4oods and se/3ices 7/o3ided f/o6 ta8 /e3enues elsewhe/e.
Conside/ uni3e/sal health ca/eB which is an entitle6ent su77o/ted b< ta8 /e3enues
in e3e/< othe/ ,este/n indust/iali9ed count/<B Dnited States 4o3e/n6ent healthA
ca/e e87enditu/es a/e e@ui3alent to about ! 7e/cent of the 4/oss do6estic 7/oductB
but 7/i3ate healthAca/e e87enditu/es /e7/esent anothe/ % 7e/cent. This % 7e/centB
thenB a6ounts to a ta8.
The a/4u6ent conce/nin4 whethe/ the 7eo7le of the Dnited States a/e the 6ost
GMAT . 'SAT C- #&!
li4htl< ta8ed is 6ost 3ulne/able to which one of the followin4 c/iticis6s=
>A? It bases a co67a/ison on 7e/centa4es /athe/ than on absolute nu6be/s.
>B? It un/easonabl< e8tends the a77lication of a 0e< te/6.
>C? It uses ne4ati3el< cha/4ed lan4ua4e instead of atte67tin4 to 4i3e a /eason.
>D? It 4ene/ali9es f/o6 onl< a few instances.
>E? It sets u7 a dichoto6< between alte/nati3es that a/e not e8clusi3e.
8. *a/ious 6idAfou/teenthAcentu/< Eu/o7ean w/ite/s show an inte/est in 4a6esB but
no w/ite/ of this 7e/iod 6entions the 7la<in4 of ca/ds. )o/ do an< of the 6idA
fou/teenthAcentu/< statutes that 7/osc/ibe o/ li6it the 7la< of 4a6es 6ention
ca/dsB thou4h the< do 6ention diceB chessB and othe/ 4a6es. It is the/efo/e li0el<
thatB cont/a/< to what is so6eti6es clai6edB at that ti6e 7la<in4 ca/ds was not <et
co66on in Eu/o7e.
The 7atte/n of /easonin4 in which one of the followin4 is 6ost si6ila/ to that in
the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? )eithe/ toda<2s news7a7e/s no/ this e3enin42s tele3ision news 6entioned a
hu4e fi/e that was /u6o/ed to ha3e ha77ened in the 7o/t last ni4ht.
The/efo/eB the/e 7/obabl< was no such fi/e.
>B? This e3enin42s tele3ision news /e7o/ted that the c/uise shi7 was onl<
da6a4ed in the fi/e last ni4htB whe/eas the news7a7e/ /e7o/ted that it was
dest/o<ed. The tele3ision news is based on 6o/e /ecent info/6ationB so
7/obabl< the shi7 was not dest/o<ed.
>C? A6on4 the buildin4s that a/e nea/ the 7o/t is the news7a7e/2s 7/intin4 7lant.
Ea/l< editions of this 6o/nin42s 7a7e/ we/e 3e/< late. The/efo/eB the fi/e at
the 7o/t 7/obabl< affected a/eas be<ond the 7o/t itself.
>D? The news7a7e/ does not e87licitl< sa< that the 7o/t /eo7ened afte/ the fi/eB
but in its listin4 of newl< a//i3ed shi7s it 6entions so6e a//i3al ti6es afte/
the fi/e. The/efo/eB the 7o/t was 7/obabl< not closed fo/ lon4.
>E? The news7a7e/ is 4ene/all< 6o/e /eliable than the tele3ision news and the
news7a7e/ /e7o/ted that the da6a4e f/o6 last ni4ht2s fi/e in the 7o/t was not
se3e/e. The/efo/eB the da6a4e 7/obabl< was not se3e/e.
&. In a 6atu/e tou/ist 6a/0et such as Bella/ia the/e a/e onl< two wa<s hotel owne/s
can inc/ease 7/ofits1 b< buildin4 6o/e /oo6s o/ b< i67/o3in4 what is al/ead<
the/e. -i4id landAuse laws in Bella/ia /ule out const/uction of new hotels o/B
indeedB an< e87ansion of hotel ca7acit<. It follows that hotel owne/s cannot
inc/ease thei/ 7/ofits in Bella/ia since Bella/ian hotelsCCCCCC
,hich one of the followin4 lo4icall< co67letes the a/4u6ent=
>A? a/e al/ead< o7e/atin4 at an occu7anc< /ate a77/oachin4 1$$ 7e/cent <ea/A
/ound
>B? could not ha3e been sited an< 6o/e att/acti3el< than the< a/e e3en in the
absence of landAuse laws
#&6 'SAT
>C? ha3e to contend with u7wa/d 7/essu/es on the cost of labo/ which ste6 f/o6
an inci7ient sho/ta4e of t/ained 7e/sonnel
>D? al/ead< 7/o3ide a le3el of lu8u/< that is at the li6its of what e3en wealth<
7at/ons a/e 7/e7a/ed to 7a< fo/
>E? ha3e shifted f/o6 se/3in4 6ainl< Bella/ian tou/ists to se/3in4 fo/ei4n tou/ists
t/a3elin4 in o/4ani9ed tou/ 4/ou7s
1$. E3e/< 7olitical 7hiloso7he/ of the ea/l< twentieth centu/< who was eithe/ a
socialist o/ a co66unist was influenced b< -osa 'u8e6bu/4. )o one who was
influenced b< -osa 'u8e6bu/4 ad3ocated a totalita/ian state.
the6 also be t/ue=
>A? )o ea/l<AtwentiethAcentu/< socialist 7olitical 7hiloso7he/ ad3ocated a
totalita/ian state.
>B? E3e/< ea/l<AtwentiethAcentu/< 7olitical 7hiloso7he/ who did not ad3ocate a
totalita/ian state was influenced b< -osa 'u8e6bu/4.
>C? -osa 'u8e6bu/4 was the onl< 7e/son to influence e3e/< ea/l<AtwentiethA
centu/< 7olitical 7hiloso7he/ who was eithe/ socialist o/ co66unist.
>D? E3e/< ea/l<AtwentiethAcentu/< 7olitical 7hiloso7he/ who was influenced b<
-osa 'u8e6bu/4 and was not a socialist was a co66unist.
>E? E3e/< ea/l<AtwentiethAcentu/< 7olitical 7hiloso7he/ who did not ad3ocate a
totalita/ian state was eithe/ socialist o/ co66unist.
Questions 11-1!
Ha//is1 Cu//entl<B h<b/id ani6als a/e not 7/otected b< inte/national endan4e/edA
s7ecies /e4ulations. But new techni@ues in 4enetic /esea/ch su44est that the /ed wolfB
lon4 thou4ht to be an inde7endent s7eciesB is a h<b/id of the co<ote and the 4/a< wolf.
HenceB since the /ed wolf clea/l< dese/3es 7/otectionB these /e4ulations should be
chan4ed to ad6it the 7/otection of h<b/ids.
*o4el1 :et h<b/ids do not need 7/otection. Since a b/eedin4 7o7ulation that a/ises
th/ou4h h<b/idi9ation descends f/o6 inde7endent s7eciesB if an< such 7o7ulation we/e
to die outB it could easil< be /e3i3ed b< inte/b/eedin4 6e6be/s of the s7ecies f/o6
which the h<b/id is descended.
11. ,hich one of the flowin4 is a 7oint at issue between Ha//is and *o4el=
>A? whethe/ the /ed wolf descends f/o6 the 4/a< wolf and the co<ote
>B? whethe/ the/e a/e so6e s7ecies that a/e cu//entl< conside/ed endan4e/ed that
a/e not in fact in an< dan4e/
>C? whethe/ the 7ac0s of /ed wol3es that cu//entl< e8ist a/e in dan4e/ of d<in4 out
>D? whethe/ the/e a/e so6e h<b/ids that ou4ht to be 7/otected b< endan4e/edA
s7ecies /e4ulations
GMAT . 'SAT C- #&%
>E? whethe/ new techni@ues in 4enetic /esea/ch should be used to dete/6ine
which 4/ou7s of ani6als constitute s7ecies and which constitute h<b/ids
1. ,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion on which *o4el2s a/4u6ent /elies=
>A? The techni@ues cu//entl< bein4 used to dete/6ine whethe/ a 7o7ulation of
ani6als is a h<b/id of othe/ s7ecies ha3e 7/o3en to be /eliable.
>B? The inte/national /e4ulations that 7/otect endan4e/ed s7ecies and subs7ecies
a/e bein4 enfo/ced successfull<.
>C? The 4/a< wolf has been successfull< b/ed in ca7ti3it<.
>D? All h<b/ids a/e the descendants of s7ecies that a/e cu//entl< e8tant.
>E? The co<ote and the /ed wolf a/e not /elated 4eneticall<.
1". 5/o6 an anal<sis of b/o0en 7otte/< and statua/<B a/chaeolo4ists ha3e esti6ated
that an ancient settle6ent in southweste/n A/abia was established a/ound 1$$$
B.C. Howe3e/B new e3idence su44ests that the settle6ent is conside/abl< olde/1
tests show that a 7iece of buildin4 ti6be/ /ecentl< unco3e/ed at the site is
substantiall< olde/ than the 7otte/< and statua/<.
d/awn f/o6 the new e3idence=
>A? The buildin4 ti6be/ bo/e 6a/0s su44estin4 that it had been sal3a4ed f/o6 an
ea/lie/ settle6ent.
>B? The 7ieces of 7otte/< and f/a46ents of statues that we/e anal<9ed co6e f/o6
se3e/al 7a/ts of the site.
>C? The tests used to dete/6ine the a4e of the 7otte/< and statua/< had been
de3ised 6o/e /ecentl< than those used to dete/6ine the a4e of the buildin4
ti6be/.
>D? The site has <ielded 6an< 6o/e sa67les of 7otte/< and statua/< than of
buildin4 ti6be/.
>E? The t<7e of 7otte/< found at the site is si6ila/ to a t<7e of 7otte/< associated
with ci3ili9ations that e8isted befo/e 1$$$ B.C.
1#. The boo0 1o /a4e the 6arth is so 7e/suasi3e that no one who /eads it can fail to
heed its en3i/on6entalist 6essa4e. Me6be/s of the Ea/th Association ha3e 4i3en
awa< B$$$ co7ies in the last 6onth. Thus the Ea/th Association can ;ustl< clai6
c/edit fo/ at least B$$$ 7eo7le in one 6onth con3e/ted to the en3i/on6entalist
cause.
>A? )o othe/ en3i/on6ental o/4ani9ation 4a3e awa< co7ies of 1o /a4e the 6arth
du/in4 the 6onth in which the Ea/th Association 4a3e awa< its B$$$ co7ies.
>B? The 7eo7le to who6 the Ea/th Association 4a3e co7ies of 1o /a4e the 6arth
would not ha3e been willin4 to 7a< to /ecei3e it f/o6 the Ea/th Association.
>C? The co7ies of 1o /a4e the 6arth 4i3en awa< b< 6e6be/s of the Ea/th
#&8 'SAT
Association we/e 7/inted on /ec<cled 7a7e/.
>D? )one of those who /ecei3ed 1o /a4e the 6arth f/o6 a 6e6be/ of the Ea/th
Association we/e al/ead< co66itted to the en3i/on6entalist cause when
the< /ecei3ed this boo0.
>E? E3e/< /eci7ient of 1o /a4e the 6arth will e6b/ace the en3i/on6ental 7/o4/a6
ad3ocated b< the Ea/th Association.
1!. S6o0e/s of 7i7es o/ ci4a/s /un a distinctl< lowe/ /is0 to thei/ health than do
ci4a/ette s6o0e/s. Howe3e/B whe/eas ci4a/ette s6o0e/s who @uit s6o0in4
alto4ethe/ sha/7l< /educe thei/ /is0 of s6o0in4A/elated health 7/oble6sB those
who 4i3e u7 ci4a/ettes and ta0e u7 7i7es o/ ci4a/s /e6ain in as 6uch dan4e/ as
befo/e.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB offe/s the best 7/os7ects fo/ an e87lanation of
wh< the two chan4es in s6o0in4 habits do not both /esult in /educed health /is0s=
>A? S6o0e/s of 7i7es o/ ci4a/s who @uit s6o0in4 the/eb< /educe thei/ /is0 of
s6o0in4A/elated health 7/oble6s.
>B? Ci4a/ette s6o0e/s who @uit s6o0in4 fo/ a ti6e and who then /esu6e
ci4a/ette s6o0in4 do not necessa/il< /educe thei/ /is0 of s6o0in4A/elated
health 7/oble6s.
>C? The 0inds of illnesses that s6o0e/s /un an inc/eased /is0 of cont/actin4
de3elo7 no ea/lie/ in ci4a/ette s6o0e/s than the< do in s6o0e/s of 7i7es o/
ci4a/.
>D? At an< 4i3en 7e/iod in thei/ li3esB 3i/tuall< all s6o0e/s s6o0e eithe/
ci4a/ettes e8clusi3el< o/ ci4a/s e8clusi3el< o/ 7i7es e8clusi3elE? Ieo7le who switch f/o6 ci4a/ette s6o0in4 to s6o0in4 7i7es o/ ci4a/s inhale
s6o0e in a wa< that those who ha3e ne3e/ s6o0ed ci4a/ettes do not.
Questions 1&-1'
I/oduction 6ana4e/1 The buildin4 6ate/ials that we 7/oduce 6eet indust/< safet<
codes but 7ose so6e safet< /is0. Since we ha3e /ecentl< de3elo7ed the technolo4< to
6a0e a safe/ 3e/sion of ou/ 7/oductB we should sto7 7/oducin4 ou/ cu//ent 7/oduct
and sell onl< the safe/ 3e/sion in o/de/ to 7/otect 7ublic safet<.
Sales 6ana4e/1 If we sto7 sellin4 ou/ cu//ent 7/oductB we will ha3e no 6one< to
de3elo7 and 7/o6ote the safe 7/oduct. ,e need to continue to sell the lessAsafe
7/oduct in o/de/ to be in a 7osition to 6a/0et the safe/ 7/oduct successfull<.
16. ,hich one of the followin4 7/inci7lesB if establishedB 6ost hel7s to ;ustif< the
7/oduction 6ana4e/2s conclusion=
>A? Co67anies should be /e@ui/ed to de3elo7 safe/ 7/oducts if such de3elo76ent
can be funded f/o6 sales of e8istin4 7/oducts.
>B? That a 7/oduct does not 6eet indust/< safet< codes should be ta0en as
GMAT . 'SAT C- #&&
sufficient indication that the 7/oduct 7oses so6e safet< /is0s.
>C? Co67anies should not sell a 7/oduct that 7oses safet< /is0s if the< a/e
technolo4icall< ca7able of 7/oducin4 a safe/ 3e/sion of that 7/oduct.
>D? I/oduct safet< codes should be /e3iewed whene3e/ an indust/< /e7laces one
3e/sion of a 7/oduct with a technolo4icall< 6o/e ad3anced 3e/sion of that
7/oduct.
>E? In o/de/ to 6a0e buildin4 6ate/ials safe/B co67anies should continuall<
/esea/ch new technolo4ies whethe/ o/ not the< a/e /e@ui/ed to do so in o/de/
to co67l< with safet< codes.
1%. The sales 6ana4e/ counte/s the 7/oduction 6ana4e/2s a/4u6ent b<
>A? 7ointin4 out that one 7a/t of the 7/oduction 6ana4e/2s 7/o7osal would ha3e
conse@uences that would 7/e3ent successful e8ecution of anothe/ 7a/t
>B? challen4in4 the 7/oduction 6ana4e/2s autho/it< to dictate co67an< 7olic<
>C? @uestionin4 the 7/oduct 6ana4e/2s assu67tion that a 7/oduct is necessa/il<
safe ;ust because it is safe/ than anothe/ 7/oduct
>D? 7/o7osin4 a chan4e in the standa/ds b< which 7/oduct safet< is ;ud4ed
>E? 7/esentin4 e3idence to show that the 7/oduction 6ana4e/ has o3e/esti6ated
the 7otential i67act of the new technolo4<
Questions 18-19
Each <ea/B an official esti6ate of the stoc0 of cod in the G/and Ban0s is announced.
This esti6ate is obtained b< a3e/a4in4 two se7a/ate esti6ates of how 6an< cod a/e
a3ailableB one based on the nu6be/ of cod cau4ht b< /esea/ch 3essels du/in4 a onceA
<ea/l< sa67lin4 of the a/ea and the othe/ on the a3e/a4e nu6be/ of tons of cod cau4ht
b< 3a/ious co66e/cial 3essels 7e/ unit of fishin4 effo/t e87ended the/e in the 7ast
<ea/Ka unit of fishin4 effo/t bein4 one 0ilo6ete/ of net set out in the wate/ fo/ one
hou/. In 7/e3ious decadesB the two esti6ates usuall< a4/eed closel<. Howe3e/B fo/ the
last decade the esti6ate based on co66e/cial tonna4e has been inc/easin4 6a/0edlA? 'ast <ea/2s official esti6ate was 7/obabl< not 6uch diffe/ent f/o6 the official
esti6ate ten <ea/s a4o.
>B? The nu6be/ of co66e/cial 3essels fishin4 fo/ cod in the G/and Ban0s has
inc/eased substantiall< o3e/ the 7ast decade.
>C? The sa67lin4Abased esti6ate is 6o/e accu/ate than the esti6ate based on
co66e/cial tonna4e in that the data on which it /elies is less li0el< to be
inaccu/ate.
>D? The onceA<ea/l< sa67lin4 b< /esea/ch 3essels should be used as the sole basis
fo/ a//i3in4 at the official esti6ate of the stoc0 of cod.
!$$ 'SAT
>E? Twent< <ea/s a4oB the o3e/all stoc0 of cod in the G/and Ban0s was officiall<
esti6ated to be 6uch la/4e/ than it is esti6ated to be toda<.
1&. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost hel7s to account fo/ the 4/owin4
disc/e7anc< between the esti6ate based on co66e/cial tonna4e and the /esea/chA
based esti6ate=
>A? 5ishin4 3essels often e8ceed thei/ fishin4 @uotas fo/ cod and the/efo/e often
unde//e7o/t the nu6be/ of tons of cod that the< catch.
>B? Mo/e su/3e< 3essels a/e now in3ol3ed in the <ea/l< sa67lin4 effo/t than we/e
in3ol3ed 1$ <ea/s a4o.
>C? I67/o3e6ents in technolo4< o3e/ the last 1$ <ea/s ha3e allowed co66e/cial
fishin4 3essels to locate and catch la/4e schools of cod 6o/e easil<.
>D? Su/3e< 3essels count onl< those cod cau4ht du/in4 a "$Ada< su/3e< 7e/iodB
whe/eas co66e/cial dishin4 3essels /e7o/t all cod cau4ht du/in4 the cou/se
of a <ea/.
>E? Because of 7ast o3e/fishin4 of codB fewe/ fishin4 3essels now catch the
6a8i6u6 tonna4e of cod each 3essel is allowed b< law to catch.
$. I/et9els can cause ca3ities. Inte/estin4l<B the lon4e/ that a 7/et9el /e6ains in
contact with the teeth when it is bein4 eatenB the 4/eate/ the li0elihood that a
ca3it< will /esult. ,hat is t/ue of 7/et9els in this /e4a/d is also t/ue of ca/a6els.
The/efo/eB since ca/a6els dissol3e 6o/e @uic0l< in the 6outh than 7/et9els doB
eatin4 a ca/a6el is less li0el< to /esult in a ca3it< than eatin4 a 7/et9el is.
The /easonin4 in the a/4u6ent is 3ulne/able to c/iticis6 on the 4/ounds that the
a/4u6ent
>A? t/eats a co//elation that holds within indi3idual cate4o/ies as the/eb< holdin4
ac/oss cate4o/ies as well
>B? /elies on the a6bi4uous use of a 0e< te/6
>C? 6a0es a 4ene/al clai6 based on 7a/ticula/ e8a67les that do not ade@uatel<
/e7/esent the /es7ecti3e classes that the< a/e each intended to /e7/esent
>D? 6ista0es the cause of a 7a/ticula/ 7heno6enon fo/ the effect of that
7heno6enon
>E? is based on 7/e6ises that cannot all be t/ue
Questions !1-!!
Ma/01 IlasticAfoa6 cu7sB which contain en3i/on6entall< ha/6ful
chlo/ofluo/oca/bonsB should no lon4e/ be usedG 7a7e/ cu7s a/e 7/efe/able. St</eneB a
ca/cino4enic b<A7/oductB is 4ene/ated in foa6 7/oductionB and foa6 cu7sB once usedB
7e/sist indefinitel< in the en3i/on6ent.
Tina1 :ou o3e/loo0 the en3i/on6ental effects of 7a7e/ cu7s. A stud< done ! <ea/s a4o
showed that 6a0in4 7a7e/ fo/ thei/ 7/oduction bu/ned 6o/e 7et/oleu6 than was used
fo/ foa6 cu7s and used 1 ti6es as 6uch stea6B "6 ti6es as 6uch elect/icit<B and
GMAT . 'SAT C- !$1
twice as 6uch coolin4 wate/. Because 7a7e/ cu7s wei4h 6o/eB thei/ t/ans7o/tation
ta0es 6o/e ene/4<. Ia7e/ 6ills 7/oduce wate/ 7ollutionB and when the cu7s deca< the<
7/oduce 6ethaneB a 4as that cont/ibutes to ha/6ful 4lobal wa/6in4. So the< a/e a
wo/se choice.
1. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB could Ma/0 cite to counte/ e3idence offe/ed
b< Tina=
>A? The use of ene/4< fo/ chain saws that cut down t/ees and fo/ t/uc0s that haul
lo4s is 7a/t of the en3i/on6ental cost of 6anufactu/in4 7a7e/.
>B? 5oa6 cu7s a/e so6ewhat 6o/e acce7table to consu6e/s than 7a7e/ cu7s
because of thei/ bette/ insulatin4 @ualities.
>C? The 7/oduction and t/ans7o/tation of 7et/oleu6 occasions se/ious
en3i/on6ental 7ollutionB but the ene/4< that /uns 7a7e/ 6ills now co6es
f/o6 bu/nin4 waste wood /athe/ than 7et/oleu6.
>D? The a6ount of st</ene esca7in4 into the en3i/on6ent o/ /e6ainin4 in foa6
cu7s afte/ thei/ 6anufactu/e is ne4li4ible.
>E? Ac/e fo/ ac/eB t/ee fa/6s fo/ the 7/oduction of wood fo/ 7a7e/ ha3e fewe/
beneficial effects on the en3i/on6ent than do natu/al fo/ests than /e6ain
uncut.
. To decide the issue between Ma/0 and TinaB it would fi/st be 6ost i67o/tant to
decide
>A? how soon each of the 0inds of ha/6 cited b< Ma/0 and Tina would be li0el<
to be at its 6a8i6u6 le3el
>B? whethe/ 6e6be/s of so6e societies useB on a3e/a4eB 6o/e dis7osable 4oods
than do 6e6be/s of othe/ societies
>C? whethe/ it is necessa/< to see0 a thi/d alte/nati3e that has none of the ne4ati3e
conse@uences cited with /es7ect to the two 7/oducts
>D? how 6uch of the chains of causation in3ol3ed in the 7/oductionB 6a/0etin4B
and dis7osal of the 7/oducts should be conside/ed in anal<9in4 thei/
en3i/on6ental i67act
>E? whethe/ 7a7e/ and foa6 cu7sB in thei/ 6ost 7o7ula/ si9esB hold the sa6e
@uantities of li@uid
". ,hen 7eo7le e87e/ience th/obbin4 in thei/ teeth o/ 4u6sB the< ha3e se/ious
dental 7/oble6sB and if a dental 7/oble6 is se/iousB it will be a 7/oble6 eithe/ of
tooth deca< o/ of 4u6 disease. The/efo/eB since th/obbin4 in the teeth o/ 4u6s is
a si4n of se/ious dental 7/oble6sB and neithe/ Sabina2s teeth no/ he/ 4u6s a/e
th/obbin4B Sabina can be suffe/in4 f/o6 neithe/ tooth deca< no/ 4u6 disease.
,hich one of the followin4 contains an e//o/ of /easonin4 6ost si6ila/ to that
6ade in the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? Ieo7le who d/in0 a lot of coffee a/e said to ha3e ;itte/< ne/3es. The/efo/eB
6edical students who d/in0 a lot of coffee should not beco6e neonatolo4ists
!$ 'SAT
o/ su/4eons since neithe/ neonatolo4< no/ su/4e/< should be 7/acticed b<
7eo7le with ;itte/< ne/3es.
>B? A le4all< 7/acticin4 7s<chiat/ist 6ust ha3e both a 6edical de4/ee and
7s<chiat/ic t/ainin4. ThusB since E66ett has not unde/4one 7s<chiat/ic
t/ainin4B if he is 7/acticin4 as a 7s<chiat/istB he is not doin4 so le4all<.
>C? So6eone with se3e/e nasal con4estion has a sinus infection o/ else is
suffe/in4 f/o6 an alle/4<. The/efo/eB if Ba/ton does not ha3e a sinus
infectionB Ba/ton 7/obabl< does not ha3e se3e/e nasal con4estion.
>D? If a 7e/son is inte/ested in eithe/ 7h<sics o/ che6ist/E? So6eone who is neithe/ an o7hthal6olo4ist no/ an o7to6et/ist lac0s
s7eciali9ed t/ainin4 fo/ dia4nosin4 defects of the e<e. The/efo/eB Mi6 6ust
ha3e been t/ained in o7hthal6olo4< o/ o7to6et/<B 4i3en that she accu/atel<
dia4nosed +ohn2s e<e defect.
#. A ce/tain ai/7o/t secu/it< scanne/ desi4ned to detect e87losi3es in lu44a4e will
ale/t the scanne/2s o7e/ato/ whene3e/ the 7iece of lu44a4e 7assin4 unde/ the
scanne/ contains an e87losi3e. The scanne/ will e//oneousl< ale/t the o7e/ato/ fo/
onl< one 7e/cent of the 7ieces of lu44a4e that contain no e87losi3es. Thus in
ninet<Anine out of a hund/ed ale/ts e87losi3es will actuall< be 7/esent.
>A? i4no/es the 7ossibilit< of the scanne/2s failin4 to si4nal an ale/t when the
lu44a4e does contain an e87losi3e
>B? d/aws a 4ene/al conclusion about /eliabilit< on the basis of a sa67le that is
li0el< to be biased
>C? i4no/es the 7ossibilit< of hu6an e//o/ on the 7a/t of the scanne/2s o7e/ato/
once the scanne/ has ale/ted hi6 o/ he/
>D? fails to ac0nowled4e the 7ossibilit< that the scanne/ will not be e@uall<
sensiti3e to all 0inds of e87losi3es
>E? substitutes one 4/ou7 fo/ a diffe/ent 4/ou7 in the state6ent of a 7e/centa4e
!. Dnless ne4otiations be4in soonB the ceaseAfi/e will be 3iolated b< one of the two
sides to the dis7ute. )e4otiations will be held onl< if othe/ count/ies ha3e
7/essu/ed the two sides to ne4otiateG an a4/ee6ent will e6e/4e onl< if othe/
count/ies continue such 7/essu/e th/ou4hout the ne4otiations. But no ne4otiations
will be held until inte/national t/oo7s enfo/cin4 the ceaseAfi/e ha3e de6onst/ated
thei/ abilit< to counte/ an< a44/ession f/o6 eithe/ sideB thus su77/essin4 a 6a;o/
incenti3e fo/ the two sides to /esu6e fi4htin4.
If the state6ents abo3e a/e t/ueB and if ne4otiations between the two sides do
be4in soonB at the ti6e those ne4otiations be4in each of the followin4 6ust also
GMAT . 'SAT C- !$"
be t/ue EHCEIT1
>A? The ceaseAfi/e has not been 3iolated b< eithe/ of the two sides.
>B? Inte/national t/oo7s enfo/cin4 the ceaseAfi/e ha3e de6onst/ated that the< can
counte/ a44/ession f/o6 eithe/ of the two sides.
>C? A 6a;o/ incenti3e fo/ the two sides to /esu6e hostilities has been su77/essed.
>D? (the/ count/ies ha3e e8e/ted 7/essu/e on the two sides to the dis7ute.
>E? The ne4otiations2 /eachin4 an a4/ee6ent de7ends in 7a/t on the actions of
othe/ count/ies.
6. If Blan0enshi7 Ente/7/ises has to switch su77lie/s in the 6iddle of a la/4e
7/oduction /unB the co67an< will not show a 7/ofit fo/ the <ea/. The/efo/eB if
Blan0enshi7 Ente/7/ises in fact tu/ns out to show no 7/ofit fo/ the <ea/B it will
also tu/n out to be t/ue that the co67an< had to switch su77lie/s du/in4 a la/4e
7/oduction /un.
The /easonin4 in the a/4u6ent is 6ost 3ulne/able to c/iticis6 on which one of the
followin4 4/ounds=
>A? The a/4u6ent is a ci/cula/ a/4u6ent 6ade u7 of an o7enin4 clai6 followed
b< a conclusion that 6e/el< 7a/a7h/ases that clai6.
>B? The a/4u6ent fails to establish that a condition unde/ which a 7heno6enon is
said to occu/ is the onl< condition unde/ which that 7heno6enon occu/s.
>C? The a/4u6ent in3ol3es an e@ui3ocationB in that the wo/d E7/ofitF is allowed
to shift its 6eanin4 du/in4 the cou/se of the a/4u6ent.
>D? The a/4u6ent e//oneousl< uses an e8ce7tionalB isolated case to su77o/t a
uni3e/sal conclusion.
>E? The a/4u6ent e87lains one e3ent as bein4 caused b< anothe/ e3entB e3en
thou4h both e3ents 6ust actuall< ha3e been caused b< so6e thi/dB
unidentified e3ent.
SECTI() I*
1. +a6es1 In 6< own houseB I do what I want. In bannin4 s6o0in4 on 7assen4e/
ai/lines du/in4 do6estic fli4htsB the 4o3e/n6ent has i4no/ed the ai/lines2 /i4ht to
set s6o0in4 7olicies on thei/ own 7/o7e/t<.
Eileen1 :ou house is fo/ <ou/ own use. Because a 7assen4e/ ai/line offe/s a
se/3ice to the 7ublicB the 7assen4e/s2 health 6ust co6e fi/st.
The basic ste7 in Eileen2s 6ethod of attac0in4 +a6es2 a/4u6ent is to
>A? d/aw a distinction
>B? offe/ a definition
>C? establish an analo4<
!$# 'SAT
>D? de/i3e a cont/adiction f/o6 it
>E? @uestion its 6oti3ation
. The co67an< that 7/oduces H:QB a co67ute/ s7/eadsheet 7/o4/a6B esti6ates
that 6illions of ille4all< /e7/oduced co7ies of H:Q a/e bein4 used. If le4all<
7u/chasedB this nu6be/ of co7ies would ha3e 4ene/ated 6illions of dolla/s in
sales fo/ the co67an<B <et des7ite a co67an<Awide effo/t to boost salesB the
co67an< has not ta0en a3ailable le4al 6easu/es to 7/osecute those who ha3e
co7ied the 7/o4/a6 ille4all<.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost hel7s to e87lain wh< the co67an< has
not ta0en a3ailable le4al 6easu/es=
>A? H:Q is 3e/< difficult to co7< ille4allB? The le4al 6easu/es that the co67an< that 7/oduces H:Q could ta0e a4ainst
those who ha3e co7ied its 7/oduct beca6e a3ailable se3e/al <ea/s befo/e
H:Q ca6e on the 6a/0et.
>C? Man< 7eo7le who 7u/chase a softwa/e 7/o4/a6 li0e H:Q a/e willin4 to
7u/chase that 7/o4/a6 onl< afte/ the< ha3e al/ead< used it.
>D? The nu6be/ of ille4all< /e7/oduced co7ies of H:Q cu//entl< in use e8ceeds
the nu6be/ of le4all< /e7/oduced co7ies cu//entl< in use.
>E? The co67an< that 7/oduces ABCB the s7/eadsheet 7/o4/a6 that is H:Q2s
6ain /i3al in the 6a/0et7laceB is well 0nown fo/ ta0in4 le4al action a4ainst
7eo7le who ha3e co7ied ABC ille4all<.
Questions 3-4
Mi61 So6e 7eo7le clai6 that the batte/<A7owe/ed elect/ic ca/ /e7/esents a 7otential
solution to the 7/oble6 of ai/ 7ollution. But the< fo/4et that it ta0es elect/icit< to
/echa/4e batte/ies and that 6ost of ou/ elect/icit< is 4ene/ated b< bu/nin4 7ollutin4
fossil fuels. Inc/easin4 the nu6be/ of elect/ic ca/s on the /oad would /e@ui/e buildin4
6o/e 4ene/atin4 facilities since cu//ent facilities a/e o7e/atin4 at 6a8i6u6 ca7acit<.
So e3en if all of the 4asolineA7owe/ed ca/s on the /oads toda< we/e /e7laced b<
elect/ic ca/sB it would at best be an e8chan4e of one sou/ce of fossilAfuel 7ollution fo/
anothe/.
". The 6ain 7oint 6ade in Mi62s a/4u6ent is that
>A? /e7lacin4 4asolineA7owe/ed ca/s with batte/<A7owe/ed elect/ic ca/s will
/e@ui/e buildin4 6o/e 4ene/atin4 facilities
>B? a si4nificant /eduction in ai/ 7ollution cannot be achie3ed unless 7eo7le d/i3e
less
>C? all fo/6s of auto6obile t/ans7o/tation a/e e@uall< ha/6ful to the en3i/on6ent
in te/6s of the ai/ 7ollution the< 7/oduce
>D? batte/<A7owe/ed elect/ic ca/s a/e not a 3iable solution to the ai/A7ollution
GMAT . 'SAT C- !$!
7/oble6
>E? 4asolineA7owe/ed ca/s will 7/obabl< /e6ain a co66on 6eans of
t/ans7o/tation fo/ the fo/eseeable futu/e
#. ,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion on which Mi62s a/4u6ent de7ends=
>A? -e7lacin4 4asolineA7owe/ed ca/s with batte/<A7owe/ed elect/ic ca/s will lead
to a net inc/ease in the total nu6be/ of ca/s on the /oad.
>B? GasolineA7owe/ed ca/s a/e cu//entl< not the 6ost si4nificant sou/ce of fossilA
fuel 7ollution.
>C? -e7lacin4 4asolineA7owe/ed ca/s with batte/<A7owe/ed elect/ic ca/s is
;ustified onl< if elect/ic ca/s 7/oduce less ai/ 7ollution.
>D? ,hile it is bein4 o7e/atedB a batte/<A7owe/ed elect/ic ca/ does not cause an<
si4nificant ai/ 7ollution.
>E? At least so6e of the 4ene/atin4 facilities built to 6eet the de6and fo/
elect/icit< fo/ batte/<A7owe/ed elect/ic ca/s would be of a t<7e that bu/ns
fossil fuel.
!. Ilaneta/< bodies diffe/ f/o6 one anothe/ in thei/ co67ositionB but 6ost of those
in the Sola/ S<ste6 ha3e solid su/faces. Dnless the co/e of such a 7laneta/< bod<
4ene/ates enou4h heat to cause 3olcanic actionB the su/face of the bod< will not
be /enewed fo/ 6illions of <ea/s. An< 7laneta/< bod< with a solid su/face whose
su/face is not /enewed fo/ 6illions of <ea/s beco6es hea3il< 7oc06a/0ed b<
6eteo/ite c/ate/sB ;ust li0e the Ea/th2s Moon. So6e old 7laneta/< bodies in the
Sola/ S<ste6B such as Eu/o7aB a 3e/< cold 6oon belon4in4 to +u7ite/B ha3e solid
ic< su/faces with 3e/< few 6eteo/ite c/ate/s.
If the clai6s abo3e a/e t/ueB which one of the followin4 6ustB on the basis of
the6B be t/ue=
>A? The Ea/th2s Moon does not ha3e an ic< su/face.
>B? If a 7laneta/< bod< does not ha3e a hea3il< 7oc06a/0ed su/faceB its co/e does
not 4ene/ate enou4h heat to cause 3olcanic action.
>C? So6e 7laneta/< bodies whose co/es 4ene/ate enou4h heat to cause 3olcanic
action do not ha3e solid ic< su/faces.
>D? So6e of +u7ite/2s 6oons a/e hea3il< 7oc06a/0ed b< 6eteo/ite c/ate/s.
>E? So6e 3e/< cold 7laneta/< bodies ha3e co/es that 4ene/ate enou4h heat to
cause 3olcanic action.
6. Iatient1 Iha/6acists 6aintain that docto/s should not be 7e/6itted to sell the
6edicine that the< 7/esc/ibe because docto/s would then be te67ted to 7/esc/ibe
unnecessa/< 6edicines in o/de/ to ea/n e8t/a inco6e. But 7ha/6acists ha3e a
financial inte/est in ha3in4 a 6ono7ol< on the sale of 7/esc/i7tion 6edicinesB so
thei/ ob;ection to the sale of 6edicines b< docto/s cannot be ta0en se/iousl<.
The 7atient2s a/4u6ent 7/oceeds b<
!$6 'SAT
>A? 7ointin4 out an unstated assu67tion on which the 7ha/6acists2 a/4u6ent
/elies and then /efutin4 it
>B? atte67tin4 to disc/edit a 7osition b< @uestionin4 the 6oti3es of the
7/o7onents of that 7osition
>C? unde/6inin4 the 7ha/6acists2 conclusion b< de6onst/atin4 that one of the
state6ents used to su77o/t the conclusion is false
>D? /e;ectin4 a @uestionable 7osition on the 4/ounds that the 4ene/al 7ublic does
not su77o/t that 7osition
>E? asse/tin4 that 7ha/6acists lac0 the a77/o7/iate 0nowled4e to ha3e info/6ed
o7inions on the sub;ect unde/ discussion
%. Mu//a<1 :ou clai6 Senato/ B/andon has acce7ted 4ifts f/o6 lobb<ists. :ou a/e
w/on4 to 6a0e this c/iticis6. That it is 6oti3ated b< 7e/sonal disli0e is shown b<
the fact that <ou delibe/atel< a3oid c/itici9in4 othe/ 7oliticians who ha3e done
what <ou accuse Senato/ B/andon of doin4.
+ane1 :ou a/e /i4ht that I disli0e Senato/ B/andonB but ;ust because I ha3e not
c/itici9ed the sa6e failin4 in othe/s doesn2t 6ean <ou can e8cuse the senato/2s
offense.
If Mu//a< and +ane a/e both since/e in what the< saA? Senato/ B/andon has acce7ted 4ifts f/o6 lobb<ists
>B? it is w/on4 fo/ 7oliticians to acce7t 4ifts f/o6 lobb<ists
>C? +ane2s c/iticis6 of Senato/ B/andon is 6oti3ated onl< b< 7e/sonal disli0e
>D? Senato/ B/andon should be c/itici9ed fo/ acce7tin4 4ifts f/o6 lobb<ists
>E? one o/ 6o/e 7oliticians ha3e acce7ted 4ifts f/o6 lobb<ists
Questions 8-9
(sca/1 E6e/4in4 info/6ation technolo4ies will soon 6a0e s7eed of info/6ation
7/ocessin4 the sin4le 6ost i67o/tant facto/ in the c/eation of indi3idualB co/7o/ateB
and national wealth. Conse@uentl<B the di3ision of the wo/ld into no/the/n count/iesK
in 4ene/al /ichKand southe/n count/iesKin 4ene/al 7oo/Kwill soon be obsolete.
InsteadB the/e si67l< will be fast count/ies and slow count/iesB and thus a count/<2s
econo6ic wellAbein4 will not be a function of its 4eo4/a7hical 7osition but ;ust a
6atte/ of its /elati3e success in inco/7o/atin4 those new technolo4ies.
S<l3ia1 But the 7oo/ count/ies of the south lac0 the econo6ic /esou/ces to ac@ui/e
those technolo4ies and will the/efo/e /e6ain 7oo/. The technolo4ies will thus onl<
widen the e8istin4 econo6ic 4a7 between no/th and south.
8. S<l3ia2s /easonin4 de7ends on the assu67tion that
>A? the 7/os7e/it< of the /ich count/ies of the no/th de7endsB at least in 7a/tB on
the natu/al /esou/ces of the 7oo/ count/ies of the south
GMAT . 'SAT C- !$%
>B? the e6e/4ence of new info/6ation technolo4ies will not /esult in a si4nificant
net inc/ease in the total a6ount of 4lobal wealth
>C? the/e a/e technolo4ies othe/ than info/6ation technolo4ies whose
de3elo76ent could hel7 na//ow the e8istin4 econo6ic 4a7 between no/th
and south
>D? at least so6e of the /ich count/ies of the no/th will be effecti3e in
inco/7o/atin4 new info/6ation technolo4ies into thei/ econo6ies
>E? the s7eed at which info/6ation 7/ocessin4 ta0e 7lace will continue to inc/ease
indefinitel<
&. The /easonin4 that (sca/ uses in su77o/tin4 his 7/ediction is 3ulne/able to
c/iticis6 on the 4/ound that it
>A? o3e/loo0s the 7ossibilit< that the abilit< of count/ies to ac@ui/e new
technolo4ies at so6e ti6e in the futu/e will de7end on facto/s othe/ than
those count/ies2 7/esent econo6ic status
>B? fails to establish that the di3ision of the wo/ld into /ich count/ies and 7oo/
count/ies is the sin4le 6ost i67o/tant 7/oble6 that will conf/ont the wo/ld
econo6< in the futu/e
>C? i4no/es the 7ossibilit< thatB in dete/6inin4 a count/<2s futu/e wealthB the
count/<2s inco/7o/ation of info/6ationA7/ocessin4 technolo4ies 6i4ht be
outwei4hed b< a co6bination of othe/ facto/s
>D? 7/o3ides no /eason to belie3e that faste/ info/6ation 7/ocessin4 will ha3e
onl< beneficial effects on count/ies that successfull< inco/7o/ate new
info/6ation technolo4ies into thei/ econo6ies
>E? 6a0es no distinction between those of the wo/ld2s /ich count/ies that a/e the
wealthiest and those that a/e less wealth<
1$. At the be4innin4 of each 6onthB co67anies /e7o/t to the fede/al 4o3e/n6ent thei/
net loss o/ 4ain in ;obs o3e/ the 7ast 6onth. These /e7o/ts a/e then consolidated
b< the 4o3e/n6ent and /e7o/ted as the total 4ain o/ loss fo/ the 7ast 6onth.
Des7ite accu/ate /e7o/tin4 b< co67anies and co//ect tall<in4 b< the 4o3e/n6entB
the nu6be/ of ;obs lost was si4nificantl< unde/esti6ated in the /ecent /ecession.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB cont/ibutes 6ost to a /esolution of the
a77a/ent disc/e7anc< desc/ibed=
>A? Mo/e ;obs a/e lost in a /ecession than in a 7e/iod of 4/owth.
>B? The e87enses of collectin4 and /e7o/tin4 e67lo<6ent data ha3e steadil<
inc/eased.
>C? Man< 7eo7le who lose thei/ ;obs sta/t u7 thei/ own businesses.
>D? In the /ecent /ecession a la/4e nu6be/ of failin4 co67anies ab/u7tl< ceased
all o7e/ations.
>E? The /ecent /ecession cont/ibuted to the 4/owin4 7/e7onde/ance of se/3ice ;obs
o3e/ 6anufactu/in4 ;obs.
!$8 'SAT
Questions 11-1!
Be3e/a4e co67an< /e7/esentati3e1 The 7lastic /in4s that hold si8A7ac0s of be3e/a4e
cans to4ethe/ 7ose a th/eat to wild ani6alsB which often beco6e entan4led in the
disca/ded /in4s and suffocate as a /esult. 5ollowin4 ou/ leadB all be3e/a4e co67anies
will soon use onl< those /in4s consistin4 of a new 7lastic that disinte4/ates afte/ onl<
th/ee da<s2 e87osu/e to sunli4ht. (nce we all co67lete the switcho3e/ f/o6 the old to
the new 7lastic /in4sB the/efo/eB the th/eat of suffocation that 7lastic /in4s 7ose to wild
ani6als will be eli6inated.
11. The a/4u6ent de7ends on which one of the followin4 assu67tions=
>A? )one of the new 7lastic /in4s can disinte4/ate afte/ onl< two da<s2 e87osu/e
to sunli4ht.
>B? The switcho3e/ to the new 7lastic /in4s can be co67leted without causin4
si4nificant financial ha/dshi7 to the be3e/a4e co67anies.
>C? ,ild ani6als will not beco6e entan4led in the new 7lastic /in4s befo/e the
/in4s ha3e had sufficient e87osu/e to sunli4ht to disinte4/ate.
>D? Dse of the old 7lastic /in4s 7oses no substantial th/eat to wild ani6als othe/
than that of suffocation.
>E? An< wild ani6al that beco6es entan4led in the old 7lastic /in4s will suffocate
as a /esult.
1. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< wea0ens the /e7/esentati3e2s
a/4u6ent=
>A? The switcho3e/ to the new 7lastic /in4s will ta0e at least two 6o/e <ea/s to
co67lete.
>B? Afte/ the be3e/a4e co67anies ha3e switched o3e/ to the new 7lastic /in4sB a
substantial nu6be/ of the old 7lastic /in4s will 7e/sist in 6ost a@uatic and
woodland en3i/on6ents.
>C? The new 7lastic /in4s a/e sli4htl< less e87ensi3e than the old /in4s.
>D? The new 7lastic /in4s /a/el< disinte4/ate du/in4 shi77in4 of be3e/a4e si8A
7ac0s because 6ost t/uc0s that t/ans7o/t canned be3e/a4es 7/otect thei/
ca/4o f/o6 sunli4ht.
>E? The new 7lastic /in4s disinte4/ate into substances that a/e ha/6ful to a@uatic
ani6als when in4ested in substantial @uantities b< the6.
1". Alcohol consu67tion has been clea/l< lin0ed to hi4h blood 7/essu/eB which
inc/eases the li0elihood of de3elo7in4 hea/t disease. :et in a stud< of the effects
of alcohol consu67tionB the incidence of hea/t disease was lowe/ a6on4
7a/tici7ants who d/an0 6ode/ate @uantities of alcohol e3e/< da< than it was
a6on4 7a/tici7ants identified as nond/in0e/s.
disc/e7anc< in the info/6ation abo3e=
GMAT . 'SAT C- !$&
>A? Because 6an< 7eo7le who do not d/in0 alcohol a/e conscious of thei/ health
habitsB the< a/e li0el< to en4a4e in /e4ula/ e8e/cise and to eat nut/itionall<
wellAbalanced 6eals.
>B? Man< of the 7a/tici7ants identifies as nond/in0e/s we/e 7eo7le who had been
hea3< d/in0e/s but had sto77ed d/in0in4 alcohol 7/io/ to 7a/tici7atin4 in the
stud<.
>C? So6e of the 7a/tici7ants who d/an0 6ode/ate @uantities of alcohol e3e/< da<
said that the< occasionall< d/an0 la/4e @uantities of alcohol.
>D? So6e of the 7a/tici7ants who d/an0 6ode/ate @uantities of alcohol e3e/< da<
had hi4h blood 7/essu/e.
>E? The two 4/ou7s of 7a/tici7ants we/e si6ila/ to each othe/ with /es7ect to the
7a/tici7ants2 a4eB se8B 4eo4/a7hical o/i4inB and econo6ic bac04/ound.
1#. So6e of the wo/ld2s 6ost beautiful cats a/e Ie/sian cats. Howe3e/B it 6ust be
ac0nowled4ed that all Ie/sian cats a/e 7o67ousB and 7o67ous cats a/e in3a/iabl<
i//itatin4.
If the state6ents abo3e a/e t/ueB each of the followin4 6ust also be t/ue on the
basis of the6 EHCEIT1
>A? So6e of the wo/ld2s 6ost beautiful cats a/e i//itatin4.
>B? So6e i//itatin4 cats a/e a6on4 the wo/ld2s 6ost beautiful cats.
>C? An< cat that is not i//itatin4 is not a Ie/sian cat.
>D? So6e 7o67ous cats a/e a6on4 the wo/ld2s 6ost beautiful cats.
>E? So6e i//itatin4 and beautiful cats a/e not Ie/sian cats.
1!. At 5lo/d<ce Dni3e/sit< an< student who wants to 7a/tici7ate in a ce/tain
a/chaeolo4ical di4 is eli4ible to do so but onl< if the student has ta0en at least one
a/chaeolo4< cou/se and has shown an inte/est in the field. Man< students who
ha3e shown an inte/est in a/chaeolo4< ne3e/ ta0e e3en one a/chaeolo4< cou/se.
The/efo/eB 6an< students who want to 7a/tici7ate in the di4 will be ineli4ible to
do so.
The flawed /easonin4 of which one of the followin4 a/4u6ents is 6ost si6ila/ to
that of the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? Theo/eticallB? 5o/ a ho/se that is well schooled to be ideal fo/ be4innin4 /ide/s that ho/se
6ust also be su/efooted and 4entle. Man< ho/ses that a/e su/efooted a/e not
4entle. The/efo/e 6an< wellAschooled ho/ses a/e not ideal fo/ be4innin4
/ide/s.
>C? If an autho/2s fi/st no3el has a /o6antic settin4 and a sus7enseful 7lotB it will
beco6e a bestAselle/. Since 6an< autho/s2 fi/st no3els ha3e neithe/B not 6an<
fi/st no3els beco6e bestAselle/s.
!1$ 'SAT
>D? An< auto6obile that is 6o/e than a few <ea/s old is e3entuall< su/e to need
/e7ai/s if it is not /e4ula/l< 6aintained. Man< auto6obiles a/e 6o/e than a
few <ea/s oldB but still do not need /e7ai/s. The/efo/eB 6an< auto6obiles a/e
/e4ula/l< 6aintained.
>E? An e87ensi3e new buildin4 will 7/o3e to be a 4ood in3est6ent onl< if it is
aestheticall< 7leasin4 o/ 7/o3ides lots of office s7ace. Howe3e/B since 6an<
e87ensi3e new buildin4s a/e not aestheticall< 7leasin4B few e87ensi3e new
buildin4s will 7/o3e to be 4ood in3est6ents.
16. 5/o6 the obse/3ation that each 6e6be/ of a 4/ou7 could 7ossess a cha/acte/isticB
it is fallacious to conclude i66ediatel< that it is 7ossible fo/ all the 4/ou72s
6e6be/s to 7ossess the cha/acte/istic. An e8a67le in which the fallac< is
ob3ious1 a/4uin4 that because each of the 7la<e/s ente/in4 a tennis tou/na6ent
has a 7ossibilit< of winnin4 itB the/e is the/efo/e a 7ossibilit< that all will win the
tou/na6ent.
,hich one of the followin4 co66its the fallac< desc/ibed abo3e=
>A? :ou can fool so6e of the 7eo7le all of the ti6e and all of the 7eo7le so6e of
the ti6eB but <ou cannot fool all of the 7eo7le all of the ti6e.
>B? Each of the candidates fo/ 6a<o/ a77ea/s at fi/st 4lance to 7ossess the
necessa/< @ualifications. It would the/efo/e be a 6ista0e to /ule out an< of
the6 without 6o/e ca/eful e8a6ination.
>C? Each of the 6an< no6inees could be a77ointed to an< one of the th/ee
o7enin4s on the co66ittee. The/efo/e it is 7ossible fo/ all of the no6inees to
be a77ointed to the o7enin4s on the co66ittee.
>D? If a fai/ coin is tossed fi3e ti6esB then on each toss the chance of heads bein4
the /esult is half. The/efo/e the chance of heads bein4 the /esult on all fi3e
tosses is also half.
>E? It is esti6ated that ten 6illion 7lanets ca7able of su77o/tin4 life e8ist in ou/
4ala8<. Thus to /ule out the 7ossibilit< of life on wo/lds othe/ than Ea/thB ten
6illion 7laneta/< e87lo/ations would be needed.
1%. -ecent /esea/ch shows that hesitationB shiftin4 7ostu/eB and failu/e to 6aintain
e<e contact a/e not /eliable indicato/s in disc/i6inatin4 between those who a/e
l<in4 and those who a/e tellin4 the t/uth. The /esea/ch indicates that beha3io/ that
cannot be cont/olled is a 6uch bette/ clueB at least when the lie is i67o/tant to the
lia/. Such beha3io/ includes the dilation of e<e 7u7ilsB which indicates e6otional
a/ousalB and s6all 6o3e6ents of facial 6usclesB which indicate dist/essB fea/ o/
an4e/.
,hich one of the followin4 7/o3ides the st/on4est /eason fo/ e8e/cisin4 caution
when /el<in4 on the Ebette/F clues 6entioned abo3e in o/de/ to disco3e/ whethe/
so6eone is l<in4=
>A? A 7e/son who is l<in4 6i4ht be awa/e that he o/ she is bein4 closel< obse/3ed
fo/ indications of l<in4.
GMAT . 'SAT C- !11
>B? So6eone who is tellin4 the t/uth 6i4ht ne3e/theless ha3e a 7ast histo/< of
l<in4.
>C? A 7/acticed lia/ 6i4ht ha3e achie3ed 4/eat cont/ol o3e/ bod< 7ostu/e and e<e
contact.
>D? A 7e/son tellin4 the t/uth 6i4ht be affected e6otionall< b< bein4 sus7ected of
l<in4 o/ b< so6e othe/ as7ect of the situation.
>E? So6eone who is l<in4 6i4ht e8hibit hesitation and shiftin4 7ostu/e as well as
dilated 7u7ils.
Questions 18-19
(/thodo8 6edicine is ineffecti3e at both ends of the s7ect/u6 of ail6ents. At the
6o/e t/i3ial endB o/thodo8 6edicine is la/4el< ineffecti3e in t/eatin4 achesB 7ains and
alle/4iesB andB at the othe/ e8t/e6eB it has <et to 7/oduce a cu/e fo/ se/iousB lifeA
th/eatenin4 diseases such as ad3anced cance/ and lu7us. Ieo7le tu/n to alte/nati3e
6edicine when o/thodo8 6edicine fails to hel7 the6 and when it 7/oduces side effects
that a/e unacce7table to the6. (ne of the /easons alte/nati3e 6edicines is f/ee of such
side effects is that it does not ha3e an< effects at all.
18. If the state6ents abo3e a/e t/ueB which one of the followin4 can be 7/o7e/l<
infe//ed f/o6 the6=
>A? I/actitione/s of alte/nati3e 6edicine a/e actin4 in bad faith.
>B? The/e a/e so6e 6edical conditions fo/ which no o/thodo8 o/ alte/nati3e
t/eat6ent is effecti3e.
>C? The/e a/e so6e t/i3ial illnesses that can be t/eated effecti3el< b< the 6ethods
of alte/nati3e 6edicine.
>D? The/e a/e no effecti3e 6edical t/eat6ents that a/e f/ee f/o6 unacce7table side
effects.
>E? (/thodo8 6edicine will e3entuall< 7/oduce a solution fo/ the diseases that a/e
cu//entl< incu/able.
1&. The cha/4e 6ade abo3e a4ainst alte/nati3e 6edicine is 6ost se/iousl< wea0ened
if it is t/ue that
>A? 7/edictions based on o/thodo8 6edicine ha3e so6eti6es failedB as when a
7atient has /eco3e/ed des7ite the ;ud46ent of docto/s that an illness is fatal
>B? alte/nati3e 6edicine /elies on conce7ts of the bod< and of the natu/e of
healin4 that diffe/ f/o6 those on which o/thodo8 6edicine is based
>C? alte/nati3e 6edicine 7/o3ides ho7e to those fo/ who6 o/thodo8 6edicine
offe/s no cu/e
>D? a 7atient2s belief in the 6edical t/eat6ent the 7atient is /ecei3in4 can /elease
the bod<2s own che6ical 7ain0ille/sB di6inish alle/4ic /eactionsB and
7/o6ote healin4
>E? 6an< t/eat6ents used fo/ a ti6e b< o/thodo8 6edicine ha3e late/ been found
!1 'SAT
to be totall< ineffecti3e
$. Hu6ans be4an to s7/ead ac/oss )o/th A6e/ican a/ound 1B$$$ <ea/s a4oB as the
cli6ate beca6e wa/6e/. Du/in4 the sa6e 7e/iod the la/4e 6a66als that we/e
once abundant in )o/th A6e/icaB such as the 6astodonB the wooll< 6a66othB
and the sabe/Atoothed ti4e/B beca6e e8tinct. ThusB cont/a/< to the 6<th that
hu6ans fo/6e/l< li3ed in ha/6on< with the /est of natu/eB it is clea/ that e3en
1B$$$ <ea/s a4o hu6an acti3it< was causin4 the e8tinction of ani6al s7ecies.
The a/4u6ent is 6ost 3ulne/able o the c/iticis6 that
>A? it ado7ts without @uestion a 3iew of the wo/ld in which hu6ans a/e seen as
not included in natu/e
>B? in callin4 the idea that hu6ans once li3ed in ha/6on< with natu/e a 6<th the
a/4u6ent 7/esu77oses what it atte67ts to 7/o3e
>C? fo/ ea/l< inhabitants of )o/th A6e/ica the dest/uction of 6astodonsB wooll<
6a66othsB and sabe/Atoothed ti4e/s 6i4ht ha3e had 3e/< diffe/ent
si4nificance than the e8tinction of 6a66al s7ecies does fo/ 6ode/n hu6ans
>D? the/e 6i4ht ha3e been 6an< othe/ s7ecies of ani6alsB besides 6astodonB
wooll< 6a66othsB and sabe/Atoothed ti4e/sB that beca6e e8tinct as the /esult
of the s7/ead of hu6ans ac/oss )o/th A6e/ican
>E? the e3idence it cites is consistent with the alte/nati3e h<7othesis that the la/4e
6a66als2 e8tinction was a di/ect /esult of the sa6e chan4e in cli6ate that
allowed hu6ans to s7/ead ac/oss )o/th A6e/ican
1. The town of G/eenfield /ecentl< instituted a substantial su77le6enta/< ta8 on all
householdsB whe/eb< each household is ta8ed in 7/o7o/tion to the 3olu6e of the
t/ash that it 7uts out fo/ t/ash collecto/s to 7ic0 u7B as 6easu/ed b< the nu6be/ of
standa/dAsi9ed 4a/ba4e ba4s 7ut out. In o/de/ to /educe the 3olu6e of the t/ash on
which thei/ ta8 bill is basedB G/eenfield households can deli3e/ thei/ /ec<clable
t/ash to a con3enientl< located local co66e/cial /ec<clin4 cente/B whe/e such
t/ash is acce7ted f/ee of cha/4e.
The su77le6enta/< ta8 7/o3ides so6e financial incenti3e to G/eenfield
households to do each of the followin4 EHCEIT
>A? so/t out /ec<clable t/ash tho/ou4hl< f/o6 thei/ othe/ t/ash
>B? du67 non/ec<clable t/ash ille4all< at 7a/0s and /oadsides
>C? co67/ess and nest ite6s of non/ec<clable t/ash befo/e 7uttin4 the6 out fo/
7ic0u7
>D? deli3e/ /ec<clable 6ate/ials to the /ec<clin4 cente/ instead of 7assin4 the6 on
to nei4hbo/s who want to /euse the6
>E? bu< 7/oducts without 7ac0a4in4 o/ with /ec<clable /athe/ than non/ec<clable
7ac0a4in4
. In a su/3e< of consu6e/s in an Easte/n Eu/o7ean nationB /es7ondents we/e as0ed
two @uestions about each of #$$ fa6ous ,este/n b/ands1 whethe/ o/ not the<
GMAT . 'SAT C- !1"
/eco4ni9ed the b/and na6e and whethe/ o/ not the< thou4ht the 7/oducts bea/in4
that na6e we/e of hi4h @ualit<. The /esults of the su/3e< we/e a /atin4 and
co//es7ondin4 /an0 o/de/ fo/ each b/and based on /eco4nitionB and a second
/atin4A7lusA/an0in4 based on a77/o3al. The b/ands /an0ed in the to7 % fo/
/eco4nition we/e those actuall< a3ailable in that nation. The a77/o3al /an0in4s of
these % b/ands often diffe/ed sha/7l< f/o6 thei/ /eco4nition /an0in4s. B<
cont/astB 6ost of the othe/ b/ands had /atin4sB and thus /an0in4sB that we/e
essentiall< the sa6e fo/ /eco4nition as fo/ a77/o3al.
,hich one of the followin4B if each is a 7/inci7le about consu6e/ su/3e<sB is
3iolated b< the su/3e< desc/ibed=
>A? )e3e/ as0 all /es7ondents a @uestion if it cannot /easonabl< be answe/ed b<
/es7ondents who 6a0e a 7a/ticula/ /es7onse to anothe/ @uestion in the sa6e
su/3e<.
>B? )e3e/ as0 a @uestion that is li0el< to 4ene/ate a la/4e 3a/iet< of /es7onses that
a/e difficult to 4/ou7 into a 6ana4eable nu6be/ of cate4o/ies.
>C? )e3e/ as0 all /es7ondents a @uestion that /es7ondents cannot answe/ without
4i3in4 u7 thei/ anon<6it<.
>D? It is bette/ to as0 the sa6e @uestion about ten diffe/ent 7/oducts than to as0
ten diffe/ent @uestions about a sin4le 7/oduct.
>E? It is best to as0 @uestions that a /es7ondent can answe/ without fea/ of ha3in4
4otten the answe/ w/on4.
". A ce/tain s7ecies of bi/d has two basic 3a/ietiesB c/ested and nonc/ested. The bi/dB
which 4ene/all< li3e in floc0s that contain onl< c/ested o/ onl< nonc/ested bi/dsB
tend to select 6ates of the sa6e 3a/iet< as the6sel3es. Howe3e/B if a bi/d that is
/aised in a floc0 in which all othe/ 6e6be/s a/e c/ested is late/ 6o3ed to a 6i8ed
floc0B then that bi/dKwhethe/ c/ested o/ nonc/estedKis li0el< to select a c/ested
6ate. This fact indicates that the bi/ds2 7/efe/ence fo/ c/ested o/ nonc/ested 6ates
is lea/ned /athe/ than 4eneticall< dete/6ined.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 7/o3ides the 6ost su77o/t fo/ the a/4u6ent=
>A? Bi/ds of othe/ s7ecies also tend to show 7/efe/ences fo/ 6ates that ha3e one
o/ anothe/ s7ecific 7h<sical featu/e.
>B? In 4ene/al the/e a/e few beha3io/al diffe/ences between the c/ested and
nonc/ested bi/ds of the s7ecies.
>C? Both the c/ested and nonc/ested bi/ds of the s7ecies tend to select 6ates that
a/e si6ila/ to the6sel3es in si9e and a4e.
>D? If a c/ested bi/d of the s7ecies is /aised in ca7ti3it< a7a/t f/o6 othe/ bi/ds and
is late/ 6o3ed to a 6i8ed floc0B that bi/d is li0el< to select a c/ested 6ate.
>E? If a bi/d of the s7ecies is /aised in a floc0 that contains both c/ested and
nonc/ested bi/dsB that bi/d shows no 7/efe/ence fo/ one 3a/iet< o/ the othe/
in its selection of a 6ate.
!1# 'SAT
#. Ilant s7ecies diffe/ in that /enewed 4/owth in s7/in4 can be t/i44e/ed b< da<
len4th o/ b< te67e/atu/e o/ else b< a co6bination of both. Da< len4th is the
sa6eB <ea/ afte/ <ea/B fo/ an< 4i3en date. The/efo/eB an< 7lant s7ecies that sta/ts
to 4/ow a4ain on widel< diffe/ent dates in diffe/ent <ea/s /esu6es 4/owth at least
in 7a/t in /es7onse to te67e/atu/e.
,hich one of the followin4 a/4u6ents is 6ost si6ila/ in its 7atte/n of /easonin4
to the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? In HandiaB 6edical assistant t/ainees 6ust eithe/ co67lete a fo/6al t/ainin4
cou/se o/ wo/0 fo/ one <ea/ unde/ the close su7e/3ision of a 7h<sician. Since
few 7h<sicians a/e willin4 to act as su7e/3iso/sB it 6ust be t/ue that 6ost
6edical assistant t/ainees in Handia ta0e the t/ainin4 cou/se.
>B? In the C/awfo/d a/eaB easte/l< winds 6ean /ain will co6e and weste/l< winds
6ean d/< weathe/ will co6eG winds f/o6 othe/ di/ections do not occu/.
The/efo/eB since it is cu//entl< /ainin4 in C/awfo/dB the/e 6ust be an easte/l<
wind blowin4 the/e now.
>C? So6e landfills cha/4e 4a/ba4e co67anies b< 3olu6e onl<B so6e cha/4e b<
wei4ht onl<B and all othe/s use a fo/6ula sensiti3e to both 3olu6e and
wei4ht. So if at a 7a/ticula/ landfill the cha/4es fo/ two 7a/ticula/ loads of
e@ual 3olu6e du67ed on the sa6e da< a/e diffe/entB wei4ht 6ust dete/6ineB
o/ hel7 dete/6ineB cha/4es at that landfill.
>D? De7endin4 on 3olu6e of businessB eithe/ one o/ two o/ th/ee sto/e detecti3es
a/e needed fo/ ade@uate 7/otection a4ainst sho7liftin4. The/efo/eB if on an<
7a/ticula/ da< sto/e 6ana4e6ent has decided that th/ee detecti3es will be
neededB it 6ust be because business that da< is e87ected to be hea3<.
>E? A call is 6o/e li0el< to be hea/d if it is loud /athe/ than softB if it is hi4hA
7itched /athe/ than lowA7itchedB and es7eciall< if it is both loud and hi4hA
7itched. The/efo/eB an<one whose call 4oes unhea/d in s7ite of bein4 at
6a8i6u6 loudness should t/< to /aise the 7itch of the call.
TEST 1!
SECTI() II
1. -ainfall in the d/ou4ht 7la4ued 6et/o7olitan a/ea was hea3ie/ than usual fo/ the
6onth of +une. )e3e/thelessB b< the fi/st of +ul< the cit<2s wate/ sho/ta4e was
6o/e se3e/e than e3e/B and officials 7/o7osed d/astic /est/ictions on the use of
wate/.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB hel7s to e87lain wh< the cit<2s wate/ sho/ta4e
was not alle3iated b< the fi/st of +ul<=
>A? Mode/ate /est/ictions on the indust/ial use of wate/ had 4one into effect in the
GMAT . 'SAT C- !1!
6et/o7olitan a/ea se3e/al 6onths ea/lie/.
>B? Because of the hea3ie/ /ainfallB 7eo7le wate/ed thei/ lawns 6uch less in +une
that the< usuall< do in the 6et/o7olitan a/ea du/in4 that 6onth.
>C? Ieo7le in the 6et/o7olitan a/ea who had 3olunta/il< /educed thei/ use of
wate/ in ea/lie/ 6onths when officials 3oice ala/6 used 4/eate/ than no/6al
a6ounts of wate/ when /ainfall see6ed 7lentiful in +une.
>D? Du/in4 the d/ou4ht 6ost /esidents of the 6et/o7olitan a/ea had been info/6ed
about wate/ conse/3ation 6ethods that would hel7 the6 to /educe thei/
wate/ consu67tion si4nificantl< with a 6ini6al /eduction in thei/ standa/d
of li3in4.
>E? The 7e/ ca7ita /ate of the use of wate/ in the 6et/o7olitan a/ea was sli4htl<
lowe/ in +une that in each of the th/ee 7/e3ious 6onths and si4nificantl<
lowe/ that in +une of the 7/e3ious <ea/.
. Mana4e/1 I ha3e ci/culated 7ostin4 fo/ the 7osition of Social Scientific
-esea/che/. A77licants 6ust ha3e eithe/ an ea/ned docto/ate and a t/ac0 /eco/d of
7ublished /esea/chB o/ else fi3e <ea/s2 wo/0 e87e/ience. The /ele3ant fields fo/
these /e@ui/e6ents a/e sociolo4A? +oanne Be/nstein has wo/0ed fo/ the de7a/t6ent of education as coo/dinato/
of /esea/ch fo/ the 7as ele3en <ea/s. She also se/3ed fo/ si8 <ea/s as di/ecto/
of the Sa3e the Child/en 5und. 5o/ which she was awa/ded an hono/a/<
docto/ate f/o6 the libe/al a/ts colle4e whe/e she ea/ned he/ bachelo/2s
de4/ee.
>B? Al3in +ohnson is a docto/al candidate at a local uni3e/sit< and is cu//entl<
wo/0in4 on disse/tation. I/io/ to unde/ta0in4 docto/al studiesB he wo/0ed as
a 7s<cholo4< /esea/ch fo/ se3en <ea/s.
>C? Edwa/d St. +ohn has wo/0ed as business consultant fo/ the 7ast ten <ea/sB
du/in4 which ti6e he has 7ublished si8 no3els. He holds an ea/ned docto/ate
f/o6 one of the nation2s fo/e6ost business schools.
>D? Michael -obe/ts has 7ublished two hi4hl< /e4a/ded boo0s on the 7/oble6s of
u/ban 7ublic schools and has a 6aste/2s de4/ee in s7ecial education. He
tau4ht s7ecial education classes fo/ two <ea/s and then fo/ fou/ <ea/s se/3ed
as a /esea/ch associate with the Ma<o/2s Tas0 5o/ce on Education.
>E? Alicia A/ias holds an ea/ned docto/ate in sociolo4< f/o6 a 7/esti4ious
uni3e/sit< and has 7ublished one boo0 and fifteen /esea/ch a/ticles in
sociolo4<.
". Dee/ 6ice no/6all< do not t/a3el fa/ f/o6 thei/ nestsB and dee/ 6ice that a/e
6o3ed 6o/e than half a 0ilo6ete/ f/o6 thei/ nests 4ene/all< ne3e/ find thei/ wa<
bac0. :et in one caseB when /esea/che/s ca67ed nea/ a dee/ 6ouse nest and
obse/3ed a <oun4 dee/ 6ouse fo/ se3e/al wee0s befo/e 6o3in4 it to an a/ea o3e/
!16 'SAT
two 0ilo6ete/s awa<B the dee/ 6ouse found its wa< bac0 to its nest nea/ thei/
ca67 in less than two da<s.
,hich one of the followin4sB if t/ueB 6ost hel7 to e87lain how the dee/ 6ouse
6i4ht ha3e found its wa< bac0 to its nest=
>A? The a/ea to which the dee/ 6ouse was 6o3ed was d/<e/ and 6o/e /oc0< than
the a/ea in which its nest was located.
>B? The /esea/che/s /eleased the dee/ 6ouse in a flat a/ea ac/oss which thei/
ca67fi/e s6o0e d/ifted.
>C? The/e we/e 3e/< few dee/ 6ice in the a/ea to which the dee/ 6ouse was
6o3ed.
>D? The /esea/che/s had 6o3ed the dee/ 6use in a s6all da/0 bo8B 0ee7in4 the
6ouse cal6 befo/e it was /eleased.
>E? Ani6als that 7/e< on dee/ 6ice we/e co66on in the a/ea to which the dee/
6ouse was 6o3ed.
#. The 4o3e/n6ent2s 7/o7osed 8 7e/cent cut in all subsidies to a/ts 4/ou7s will be
difficult fo/ those 4/ou7s to abso/b. As can be seenB howe3e/B f/o6 thei/ /es7onse
to last <ea/2s cutB it will not 7ut the6 out of e8istence. 'ast <ea/ the/e was also an
8 7e/cent cut and thou4h 7/i3ate fundA/aisin4 was 3e/< difficult fo/ the a/ts
4/ou7s in the cu//ent /ecessiona/< econo6A? /elies without wa//ant on the 7/obabilit< that the econo6< will i67/o3e
>B? does not /aise the issue of whethe/ the/e should be an< 4o3e/n6ent subsidies
to a/ts 4/ou7s at all
>C? e@uates the 6e/e su/3i3al of the a/ts 4/ou7s with thei/ flou/ishin4
>D? does not ta0e into account that the dolla/ a6ount of the 7/o7osed cut is lowe/
than the dolla/ a6ount of last <ea/2s cut
>E? o3e/loo0s the 7ossibilit< that the cu6ulati3e effect of the cuts will be 6o/e
that the a/ts 4/ou7s can withstand
!. The a3e/a4e lite/ate 7e/son toda< s7ends si4nificantl< less ti6e /eadin4 than the
a3e/a4e lite/ate 7e/son did !$ <ea/s a4oB <et 6an< 6o/e boo0s a/e sold 7e/ <ea/
now than we/e sold !$ <ea/s a4o.
Each of the followin4B if t/ueB hel7 /esol3e the a77a/ent disc/e7anc< abo3e
EHCEIT1
>A? The 7o7ulation of the lite/ate 7eo7le is si4nificantl< la/4e/ toda< that it was
!$ <ea/s a4o.
>B? Ieo7le who /ead boo0s !$ <ea/s a4o we/e 6o/e li0el< to /ead boo0s
bo//owed f/o6 lib/a/ies than a/e 7eo7le who /ead boo0s toda<.
>C? The a3e/a4e schola/ o/ othe/ 7e/son who uses boo0s 7/ofessionall< toda<
owns and consults 6an< 6o/e diffe/ent boo0s than did the a3e/a4e schola/
GMAT . 'SAT C- !1%
o/ si6ila/ 7/ofessional !$ <ea/s a4o.
>D? Ieo7le of !$ <ea/s a4o we/e 6o/e li0el< than 7eo7le a/e toda< to dis7la<
la/4e collections of boo0s as a si4n of education and 4ood taste.
>E? Boo0s sold now tend to be sho/te/ and easie/ to /ead that we/e boo0s sold !$
<ea/s a4o.
6. So6e scientists belie3e that the /elationshi7 between 6ice and hu6ans hasB o3e/
ti6eB di6inished the abilit< of 6ice to su/3i3e in natu/eB so that now the< 6ust
de7end u7on hu6an ci3ili9ation fo/ thei/ continued e8istence. This o7inionB
howe3e/B i4no/es si4nificant facts. Des7ite nu6e/ous 7/edato/s and hu6anit<2s
en6it<B 6ice ha3e dist/ibuted the6sel3es 6o/e widel< ac/oss the 7lanet than an<
othe/ 6a66al e8ce7t hu6ans. Mice /e7/oduce /a7idl< andB 6o/e i67o/tant to
thei/ su/3i3alB the< ha3e the abilit< to ada7t to an e8t/ao/dina/< /an4e of habitats.
Should the en3i/on6ent e3e/ beco6e too e8t/e6e to su77o/t hu6an lifeB
natu/alists 7/edict that 6ice would be able to ada7t and su/3i3e.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost su77o/t the natu/alists2
7/ediction=
>A? The si9e of the 6ouse 7o7ulation is li6ited b< the a3ailabilit< of food.
>B? Dnde/ o7ti6u6 conditionsB 6ice /e7/oduce e3e/< fou/ wee0sB with fi3e to
se3en 7u7s 7e/ litte/.
>C? 5ossil /e6ains 7/o3e that 6ice inhabited )o/th A6e/ica 7/io/ to the a//i3al of
hu6ans.
>D? Mice ha3e coloni9ed an island nea/ Anta/ctica which is too blea0 and ha/sh to
su77o/t hu6an life.
>E? A si4nificant 7e/centa4e of the wo/ld2s 6ouse 7o7ulation li3es in u/ban a/eas.
%. All 9eb/as ha3e st/i7esB and the 6ost wides7/ead subs7ecies has the bestAdefined
st/i7es. The st/i7es 6ust the/efo/e be of i67o/tance to the s7ecies. Since a6on4
these 4/assland 4/a9e/s the st/i7es can ha/dl< function as ca6oufla4eB the< 6ust
se/3e as so6e so/t of si4nal fo/ othe/ 9eb/as.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ts the conclusion
/e4a/din4 a si4nalin4 function=
>A? The subs7ecies of 9eb/as with the bestAdefined st/i7s is also cha/acte/i9ed b<
e8ce7tional si9e and 3i4o/.
>B? In ce/tain tall 4/asses 9eb/as can be ha/de/ to s7ot than 4/a9in4 ani6als with a
coat of unifo/6 colo/.
>C? A 3isual si4nal t/ans6itted a6on4 the 6e6be/s of a s7ecies can consist of a
te67o/a/< chan4e of colo/ 7e/ce7tible to othe/ 6e6be/s of the s7ecies.
>D? Qeb/as /eact 6uch faste/ to 6o3in4 sha7es that ha3e st/i7es than the< do to
6o3in4 sha7es that a/e othe/wise identical but lac0 st/i7es.
>E? Qeb/as ha3e a /iche/ /e7e/toi/e of 3ocal si4nals than do si6ila/ s7ecies such as
ho/ses.
!18 'SAT
8. So6e <ea/s a4oB an edito/ial defended Dnite States 4o3e/n6ent /est/ictions on
acade6ic f/eedo6B a/4uin4 that scientists who /ecei3e 7ublic fundin4 cannot
/i4htl< Edetach the6sel3es f/o6 the 4o3e/n6ent2s 7olicies on national secu/it<.F
:et the sa6e edito/ial c/itici9ed the So3iet 4o3e/n6ent fo/ not allowin4 scientists
to Edetach the6sel3es f/o6 7olitics.F If the/e is a si4nificant diffe/ence between
the 7/inci7les in3ol3ed in each caseB the edito/ial should ha3e e87lained what that
diffe/ence is.
The autho/ of the 7assa4e c/itici9es the edito/ial b<
>A? dis7utin4 ce/tain factual clai6s 6ade in the edito/ial
>B? 7ointin4 out an a77a/ent inconsistenc< in the edito/ial
>C? desc/ibin4 an alle4ed e8ce7tion to a 4ene/al clai6 6ade in the edito/ial
>D? /efutin4 an assu67tion on which the a/4u6ent of the edito/ial a77ea/s to ha3e
been based
>E? d/awin4 conclusions f/o6 the edito/ial diffe/ent f/o6 the conclusion d/awn
b< the w/ite/ of the edito/ial
&. Ih.D. 7/o4/a6s a/e 3aluable onl< if the< inculcate 4ood schola/shi7 and e87edite
the student2s full 7a/tici7ation in the field. HenceB docto/al disse/tations should
not be /e@ui/ed in the hu6anities. Dnde/ta0in4 a @ualit< boo0Alen4th disse/tation
de6ands an accu6ulation of 0nowled4e 3i/tuall< i67ossible fo/ those /elati3el<
new to thei/ disci7lines. The student conse@uentl< eithe/ see0s to co67ensate fo/
7oo/ @ualit< with @uantit< o/ ends u7 s7endin4 <ea/s 7/oducin4 a wo/0 of @ualit<.
Eithe/ waA? It 7/o3ides essential su77o/t fo/ the conclusion.
>B? It is an e8a67le illust/ati3e of a 4ene/al 7/inci7le conce/nin4 the 4oals of
Ih.D. 7/o4/a6s.
>C? It is what the a/4u6ent is atte67tin4 to establish.
>D? It 7/o3ides e3idence fo/ the assu67tion that /e@ui/e6ents fo/ de4/ees in the
hu6anities diffe/ f/o6 /e@ui/e6ents fo/ de4/ees in othe/ disci7lines.
>E? It confi/6s the obse/3ation that the /e@ui/e6ent fo/ a disse/tation can f/ust/ate
the 4oals of a docto/al 7/o4/a6.
1$. The 4o3e/n6ent of Ien4laiB an isolated islandB 7/o7osed eli6inatin4 outdoo/
ad3e/tin4 e8ce7t fo/ s6all si4ns of standa/d sha7e that identif< 7laces of business.
So6e island 6e/chants 7/otested that the law would /educe the o3e/all 3olu6e of
business in Ien4laiB 7ointin4 to a /e7o/t done b< the 4o3e/n6ent indicatin4 that in
e3e/< indust/< the Ien4lai businesses that used outdoo/ ad3e/tisin4 had a la/4e/
6a/0et sha/e than those that did not.
,hich one of the followin4 desc/ibes an e//o/ of /easonin4 in the 6e/chants2
GMAT . 'SAT C- !1&
a/4u6ent=
>A? 7/esu77osin4 that the/e a/e no 4ood /easons fo/ /est/ictin4 the use of outdoo/
ad3e/tisin4 in Ien4lai
>B? assu6in4 without 4i3in4 ;ustification that the outdoo/ ad3e/tisin4 inc/eased
6a/0et sha/e b< so6e 6eans othe/ than b< di3e/tin4 t/ade/ f/o6 co67etin4
businesses
>C? i4no/in4 the @uestion of whethe/ the 4o3e/n6ent2s su/3e< of the island could
be ob;ecti3e
>D? failin4 to establish whethe/ the 6a/0etAsha/e ad3anta4e en;o<ed b< businesses
e67lo<in4 outdoo/ ad3e/tisin4 was 7/ecisel< 7/o7o/tionate to the a6ount of
ad3e/tisin4
>E? dis/e4a/din4 the 7ossibilit< that the 4o3e/n6ent2s 7/o7osed /est/ictions a/e
unconstitutional
11. Dnless the< a/e used as st/ictl< te67o/a/< 6easu/esB /entAcont/ol o/dinances
>6unici7al /e4ulations 7lacin4 li6its on /ent inc/eases? ha3e se3e/al ne4ati3e
effects fo/ /ente/s. (ne of these is that the cont/ols will b/in4 about a sho/ta4e of
/ental units. This disad3anta4e fo/ /ente/s occu/s o3e/ the lon4 /unB but the
ad3anta4eKs6alle/ /ent inc/easesKoccu/s i66ediatel<. In 6an< 6unici7alitiesB
s7ecificall< in all those whe/e tenants of /entAcont/ol units ha3e a secu/e hold on
7olitical 7owe/ and can 4et /entAcont/ol o/dinances enacted o/ /e7ealedB it is
in3a/iabl< the desi/e fo/ sho/tAte/6 4ain that 4uides those tenants in the e8e/cise
of that 7owe/.
infe//ed f/o6 the6=
>A? It is i67ossible fo/ landlo/ds to /aise /ents when /ent cont/ols a/e in effect.
>B? In 6an< 6unici7alities /entAcont/ol o/dinances a/e /e7ealed as soon as
sho/ta4es of /ental unites a/ise.
>C? The onl< ne4ati3e effect of tent cont/ol fo/ /ente/s is that it b/in4s about a
sho/ta4e of /ental units.
>D? In 6an< 6unici7alities the/e is nowB o/ e3entuall< will beB a sho/ta4e of /ental
units.
>E? In the lon4 te/6B a sho/ta4e of /ental units will /aise /ents substantiall<.
Questions 1!-13
In 6an< lan4ua4es othe/ than En4lish the/e is a wo/d fo/ E6othe/2s b/othe/F which is
diffe/ent f/o6 the wo/d fo/ Efathe/2s b/othe/BF whe/eas En4lish uses the wo/d EuncleF
fo/ both. ThusB s7ea0e/s of these lan4ua4es e3idence a 6o/e finel< disc/i6inated
0inshi7 s<ste6 than En4lish s7ea0e/s do. The nu6be/ of basic wo/ds fo/ colo/s also
3a/ies widel< f/o6 lan4ua4e to lan4ua4e. The/efo/eB s7ea0e/s of lan4ua4es that ha3e
fewe/ basic wo/ds fo/ colo/s than En4lish has 6ust be 7e/ce7tuall< unable to
distin4uish as 6an< colo/s as s7ea0e/s of En4lish can distin4uish.
!$ 'SAT
1. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB unde/6ines the conclusion conce/nin4 wo/ds
fo/ colo/s=
>A? S7ea0e/s of En4lish a/e able to distin4uish between li4hte/ and da/0e/ shades
of the colo/ the< call EblueF fo/ which -ussian has two diffe/ent basic
wo/ds.
>B? Al6ost e3e/< lan4ua4e distin4uishes /ed f/o6 the othe/ colo/s.
>C? Mh6e/ uses a basic wo/d co//es7ondin4 to En4lish EblueF fo/ 6ost lea3esB
but uses its basic wo/d co//es7ondin4 to En4lish E4/eenF fo/ un/i7e bananas.
>D? The wo/d Eo/an4eF in En4lish has the sa6e o/i4in as the e@ui3alent wo/d in
S7anish.
>E? Most lan4ua4es do not ha3e a basic wo/d that distin4uishes 4/a< f/o6 othe/
colo/sB althou4h 4/a< is co66onl< found in natu/e.
1". The conclusion conce/nin4 wo/ds fo/ colo/s would be 7/o7e/l< d/aw if which one
of the followin4 we/e assu6ed=
>A? Most lan4ua4es ha3e distinct wo/ds fo/ Esiste/F and Eb/othe/.F
>B? Each lan4ua4e has a diffe/ent basic wo/d fo/ each senso/< @ualit< that its
s7ea0e/s can 7e/ce7tuall< distin4uish.
>C? E3e/< lan4ua4e 6a0es so6e cate4o/< distinctions that no othe/ lan4ua4e
6a0es.
>D? In an< lan4ua4e sho/tB f/e@uentl< used wo/ds e87/ess cate4o/ies that a/e
i67o/tant fo/ its s7ea0e/s to distin4uish 7e/ce7tuall< f/o6 each othe/.
>E? S7ea0e/ of lan4ua4es with /elati3el< few basic wo/ds fo/ colo/s li3e in
4eo4/a7hical /e4ions whe/e flo/a and fauna do not 3a/< 4/eatl< in colo/.
Questions 14-15
Qacha/<1 (ne would ha3e to be blind to the /ealit< of 6o/al obli4ation to den< that
7eo7le who belie3e a cou/se of action to be 6o/all< obli4ato/< fo/ the6 ha3e both the
/i4ht and the dut< to 7u/sue that actionB and that no one else has an< /i4ht to sto7 the6
f/o6 doin4 so.
C<nthia1 But i6a4ine an a/tist who feels 6o/all< obli4ed to do whate3e/ she can to
7/e3ent wo/0s of a/t f/o6 bein4 dest/o<ed conf/ontin4 a 6o/all< co66itted
anti7o/no4/a7h< de6onst/ato/ en4a4ed in dest/o<in4 a/two/0s he dee6s
7o/no4/a7hic. Acco/din4 to <ou/ 7/inci7le that a/tist hasB si6ultaneouslA? the conce7t of 6o/al obli4ation is incohe/ent
>B? the ideas of /i4ht and dut< should not be ta0en se/iousl< since doin4 so leads
to 6o/all< undesi/able conse@uences
>C? Qacha/<2s 7/inci7le is untenable on its own te/6s
GMAT . 'SAT C- !1
>D? because the te/6 E6o/alF obli4ation is unde/stood diffe/entl< b< diffe/ent
7eo7leB it is i67ossible to find a 7/inci7le conce/nin4 6o/al /i4hts and duties
that a77lies to e3e/<one
>D? Qacha/<2s 7/inci7le is based on an unde/standin4 of 6o/al obli4ation that is
too na//ow to enco67ass the 0ind of 6o/al obli4ation a/tists feel towa/d
wo/0s of a/t
1!. ,hich one of the followin4B if substituted fo/ the scena/io in3o0ed b< C<nthiaB
would 7/ese/3e the fo/ce of he/ a/4u6ent=
>A? a 6edical /esea/che/ who feels a 6o/al obli4ation not to clai6 sole c/edit fo/
wo/0 that was 7e/fo/6ed in 7a/t b< so6eone else conf/ontin4 anothe/
/esea/che/ who feels no such 6o/al obli4ation
>B? a 6anufactu/e/ who feels a 6o/al obli4ation to /ecall 7otentiall< dan4e/ous
7/oducts conf/ontin4 a consu6e/ ad3ocate who feels 6o/all< obli4ed to
e87ose 7/oduct defects
>C? an in3est6ent ban0e/ who belie3es that 4o3e/n6ents a/e 6o/all< obli4ed to
/e4ulate 6a;o/ indust/ies conf/ontin4 an in3est6ent ban0e/ who holds that
4o3e/n6ents ha3e a 6o/al obli4ation not to inte/fe/e with 6a/0et fo/ces
>D? an a/chitect who feels a6o/al obli4ation to desi4n onl< ene/4<Aefficient
buildin4s conf/ontin4B as a 7otential clientB a co/7o/ation that belie3es its
7/i6a/< 6o/al obli4ation is to 6a8i6i9e sha/eholde/ 7/ofits
>E? a health ins7ecto/ who feels 6o/all< obli4ed to enfo/ce /est/ictions on the
nu6be/ of cats a householde/ 6a< 0ee7 conf/ontin4 a householde/ whoB
feelin4 6o/all< obli4ed to 0ee7 e3e/< st/a< that co6es alon4B has o3e/ twice
that nu6be/ of cats
16. A count< ai/7o/tB desi4ned to se/3e the needs of 7/i3ate ai/c/aft owne/sB 7lanned
to co3e/ its o7e/atin4 e87enses in 7a/t b< cha/4in4 use/ fees to 7/i3ate ai/c/aft
usin4 the ai/7o/t. The ai/7o/t was unable to 7a< its o7e/atin4 e87enses because
the /e3enue f/o6 use/ fees was lowe/ that e87ected.
>A? Most of the count/<2s citi9ens li3e a con3enient distance f/o6 one o/ anothe/
ai/7o/t now offe/in4 co66e/cial ai/line se/3ices.
>B? I/i3ate ai/c/aft owne/s we/e unwillin4 to 7a< the use/ fees cha/4ed at the
ai/7o/t.
>C? The ai/7o/t2s const/uction was financed e8clusi3el< b< 7/i3ate funds.
>D? The ai/7o/t2s o7e/atin4 e87enses we/e 4/eate/ than the /e3enues /aised f/o6
sou/ces othe/ than the ai/7o/t use/ fees fo/ 7/i3ate 7lanes.
>E? The nu6be/ of owne/s of 7/i3ate ai/c/aft who use the count<2s ai/7o/t
facilities will not chan4e a77/eciabl< in the futu/e.
Questions 1'-18
! 'SAT
Consu6e/ acti3ist1 B< allowin4 6a;o/ ai/lines to abandonB as the< 7/o67tl< didB all
but thei/ 6ost 7/ofitable /outesB the 4o3e/n6ent2s decision to cease /e4ulation of the
ai/line indust/< has wo/0ed to the disad3anta4e of e3e/<one who lac0s access to la/4e
6et/o7olitan ai/7o/t.
Indust/< /e7/esentati3e1 (n the cont/a/<B whe/e 6a;o/ ai/lines 6o3ed outB /e4ional
ai/lines ha3e 6o3ed in andB as a conse@uenceB the/e a/e 6o/e fli4hts into and out of
6ost s6all ai/7o/ts now than befo/e the chan4e in /e4ulato/< 7olic<.
1%. The indust/< /e7/esentati3e2s a/4u6ent will not 7/o3ide an effecti3e answe/ to the
consu6e/ acti3ist2s clai6 unless which one of the followin4 is t/ue=
>A? )o s6all ai/7o/t has fewe/ fli4hts now than it did befo/e the chan4e in 7olic<
/e4a/din4 /e4ulation of the ai/line indust/<.
>B? ,hen 7e/6itted to do so b< chan4es in /e4ulato/< 7olicC? Iolicies that /esult in an inc/ease in the nu6be/ of fli4hts to which consu6e/s
ha3e eas< access do not 4ene/all< wo/0 to the disad3anta4e of consu6e/s.
>D? -e4ional ai/lines cha/4e less to fl< a 4i3en /oute now than the 6a;o/ ai/lines
cha/4ed when the< flew the sa6e /oute.
>E? An< 7olic< that leads to an inc/ease in the nu6be/ of co67etito/s in a 4i3en
field wo/0s to the lon4Ate/6 ad3anta4e of consu6e/s.
18. ,hich one of the followin4 is assu67tion on which the consu6e/ acti3ist2s
a/4u6ent de7ends=
>A? Befo/e the /ecent chan4e in /e4ulato/< 7olicB? ,hen an< si9able 4/ou7 of consu6e/s is se/iousl< disad3anta4ed b< a chan4e
in 4o3e/n6ent 7olicC? Go3e/n6ent /e4ulation of indust/< al6ost alwa<s wo/0s to the ad3anta4e of
consu6e/s.
>D? At the ti6e of the /e4ulato/< chan4eB the 6a;o/ ai/lines we/e 6aintainin4 thei/
less 7/ofitable /outes at least in 7a/t because of 4o3e/n6ent /e@ui/e6ents.
>E? -e4ional ai/lines lac0 the /esou/ces to 7/o3ide consu6e/s with se/3ice of the
sa6e @ualit< as that 7/o3ided b< the 6a;o/ ai/lines.
1&. A /e7o/t on the li0el< effects of cu//ent le3els of ai/ 7ollutions on fo/est 4/owth in
)o/th A6e/ica concluded thatB since nit/o4en is necessa/< nut/ient fo/ o7ti6al
7lant 4/owthB the nit/o4en de7osited on fo/est soil as /esult of ai/ 7ollution
7/obabl< benefits easte/n fo/ests. Howe3e/B Eu/o7ean soil scientists ha3e found
that in fo/ests satu/ated with sulfate and nit/ateB t/ess be4in to die when the
nit/o4en de7osited e8ceeds the a6ount of nit/o4en abso/bed b< the fo/est s<ste6.
Since this findin4 is li0el< to a77l< to fo/ests e3e/<whe/eB la/4e a/eas of easte/n
fo/ests of )o/th A6e/ica a/eB undoubtedlA? The i67lication of the /e7o/t cited is that the a6ount of nit/o4en /eachin4
easte/n fo/ests b< wa< of 7olluted ai/ is a77/o8i6atel< what those fo/ests
need fo/ o7ti6al 4/owth.
>B? If la/4e a/eas of easte/n fo/ests we/e inc/easin4l< satu/ated with sulfate and
nit/ateB the ca7acit< of those fo/est s<ste6s fo/ abso/bin4 nit/o4en would
also inc/ease.
>C? The t<7e of anal<sis used b< Eu/o7ean soil scientists does not necessa/il<
a77l< to easte/n fo/ests of )o/th A6e/ica.
>D? The easte/n fo/ests a/e the onl< fo/ests of )o/th A6e/ica cu//entl< affected
b< 7olluted ai/.
>E? Cont/a/< to the /e7o/t citedB the nit/o4en 7ollution now in the ai/ is 6o/e
li0el< to cause t/ees to die in easte/n fo/ests than to benefit the6.
$. -ail/oad s7o0es7e/son1 (f cou/se it is a difficult tas0 to 6aintain @ualit< of
se/3ice at the sa6e ti6e that the a6ount of subsid< the ta87a<e/s 4i3e the /ail/oad
netwo/0 is /educed. (3e/ /ecent <ea/sB howe3e/B the nu6be/ of 7assen4e/s has
inc/eased in s7ite of subsid< /eductions. This fact leads to the conclusion that ou/
@ualit< of se/3ice has been satisfacto/<.
The s7o0es7e/son2s a/4u6ent is based on which one of the followin4
assu67tions=
>A? Ta87a<e/s do not wish to ha3e thei/ ta8es /aised to subsidi9e the /ail/oads.
>B? So6e 7eo7le /efuse to t/a3el b< t/ain if the< a/e dissatisfied with the @ualit<
of se/3ice.
>C? The @ualit< of se/3ice on the t/ains 6ust ha3e i67/o3ed in s7ite of subsid<
/eductions.
>D? It is i67ossible to /educe subsidies to the /ail/oad netwo/0 without so6e
effect on the @ualit< of se/3ice.
>E? The inc/ease in the nu6be/ of 7assen4e/s will inc/ease /e3enue sufficientl< to
offset the subsid< /eductions.
1. In /es7onse to hi4h 6o/talit< in a/ea hos7italsB su/4e/< was /est/icted to
e6e/4enc< 7/ocedu/es du/in4 a fi3eAwee0 7e/iod. Mo/talit< in these hos7itals was
found to ha3e fallen b< nea/l< oneAthi/d du/in4 the 7e/iod. The nu6be/ of deaths
/ose a4ain when electi3e su/4e/< >su/4e/< that can be 7ost7oned? was /esu6ed. It
can be concluded thatB befo/e the fi3eAwee0 7e/iodB the /is0s of electi3e su/4e/<
had been incu//ed unnecessa/il< often in the a/ea.
abo3e=
>A? The conditions fo/ which electi3e su/4e/< was 7e/fo/6ed would in the lon4
/un ha3e been lifeAth/eatenin4B and su/4e/< fo/ the6 would ha3e beco6e
!# 'SAT
/is0ie/ with ti6e.
>B? The 7h<sicians 7lannin4 electi3e su/4e/< 7e/fo/6ed befo/e the fi3eAwee0
7e/iod had full< info/6ed the 7atients who would unde/4o it of the 7ossible
/is0s of the 7/ocedu/es.
>C? Befo/e the sus7ension of electi3e su/4e/D? Electi3e su/4e/< isB in 4ene/alB less /is0< than is e6e/4enc< su/4e/< because
the conditions /e@ui/in4 o/ indicatin4 su/4e/< a/e often less se3e/e.
>E? E3en if a su/4ical 7/ocedu/e is successfulB the 7atient can die of a hos7italA
cont/acted infection with a bacte/iu6 that is /esistant to antibiotic t/eat6ent.
. Galle/< owne/1 Because this 7aintin4 a77ea/s in no catalo4 of 3an Go4h2s wo/0B
we cannot 4ua/antee that he 7ainted it. But conside/ the sub;ect is one he 7ainted
oftenB and e87e/ts a4/ee that in his late/ 7aintin4s 3an Go4h in3a/iabl< used ;ust
such b/oad b/ushst/o0es and distincti3e co6binations of colo/s as we find he/e.
Inte/nal e3idenceB the/efo/eB 6a0es it 3i/tuall< ce/tain that this is a 7/e3iousl<
uncatalo4edB late 3an Go4hB and as suchB a ba/4ain at its 7/ice.
The /easonin4 used b< the 4alle/< owne/ is flawed because it
>A? i4no/es the fact that the/e can be 4ene/al a4/ee6ent that so6ethin4 is the case
without its bein4 the case
>B? ne4lects to cite e87e/t autho/it< to substantiate the clai6 about the sub;ect
6atte/ of the 7aintin4
>C? assu6es without sufficient wa//ant that the onl< /eason an<one would want to
ac@ui/e a 7aintin4 is to 6a0e a 7/ofit
>D? 7/o3ides no e3idence that the 7aintin4 is 6o/e li0el< to be an uncatalo4ed 3an
Go4h than to be a 7aintin4 b< so6eone else who 7ainted that 7a/ticula/
sub;ect in 3an Go4h2s st<le
>E? atte67ts to establish a 7a/ticula/ conclusion because doin4 so is in the
/easone/2s selfAinte/est /athe/ than because of an< 4enuine conce/n fo/ the
t/uth of the 6atte/
". Go3e/n6entAsubsidi9ed insu/ance a3ailable to ho6e owne/s 6a0es it feasible fo/
an<one to build a house on a section of coastline /e4ula/l< st/uc0 b< hu//icanes.
Each 6a;o/ sto/6 causes billions of dolla/s wo/th of da6a4e in such coastal
a/easB afte/ which owne/s who ha3e insu/ance a/e able to collect an a6ount of
6one< sufficient to /ecou7 a hi4h 7e/centa4e of thei/ losses.
The 7assa4e 7/o3ides the 6ost su77o/t fo/ an a/4u6ent a4ainst a 4o3e/n6ent bill
7/o7osin4
>A? that 7owe/ co67anies be /e@ui/ed to bu/< 7owe/ lines in a/eas of the coastline
/e4ula/l< st/uc0 b< hu//icanes
>B? an inc/ease in fundin4 of weathe/ se/3ice 7/o4/a6s that 7/o3ide a hu//icane
GMAT . 'SAT C- !!
watch and wa/nin4 s<ste6 fo/ coastal a/eas
>C? /enewal of fede/al fundin4 fo/ e6e/4enc< lifeAsu77o/t 7/o4/a6s in hu//icaneA
st/ic0en a/eas
>D? establish6ent of an a4enc< co66itted to 6ana4in4 coastal lands in
ecolo4icall< /es7onsible wa<s
>E? establish6ent of a contin4enc< fund 7/otectin4 owne/s of uninsu/ed houses in
the coastal a/eas f/o6 catast/o7hic losses due to the hu//icane da6a4e
#. Between 1&!1 and 1&6"B it was ille4al in the count/< of Ge/onia to 6anufactu/eB
sellB o/ t/ans7o/t an< alcoholic be3e/a4es. Des7ite this 7/ohibitionB howe3e/B the
death /ate f/o6 diseases /elated to e8cessi3e alcohol consu67tion was hi4he/
du/in4 the fi/st fi3e <ea/s of the 7e/iod than it was du/in4 the fi3e <ea/s 7/io/ to
1&!1. The/efo/eB the atte67t to 7/e3ent alcohol use 6e/el< 6a0e 7eo7le want and
use alcohol 6o/e than the< would ha3e if it had not been fo/bidden.
Each of the followin4B if t/ueB wea0ens the a/4u6ent EHCEIT1
>A? Death f/o6 an alcoholA/elated disease 4ene/all< does not occu/ until fi3e to
ten <ea/s afte/ the onset of e8cessi3e alcohol consu67tion.
>B? The diseases that can be caused b< e8cessi3e alcohol consu67tion can also be
caused b< othe/ 0inds of beha3io/ that inc/eased between 1&!1 and 1&6".
>C? The death /ate /esultin4 f/o6 alcoholA/elated diseases inc/eased ;ust as
sha/7l< du/in4 the ten <ea/s befo/e and the ten <ea/s afte/ the 7/ohibition of
alcohol as it did du/in4 the <ea/s of 7/ohibition.
>D? Man< who died of alcoholA/elated diseases between 1&!1 and 1&6" consu6ed
ille4all< i67o/ted alcoholic be3e/a4es 7/oduced b< the sa6e 6ethods as
those used within Ge/onia.
>E? Between 1&!1 and 1&6"B a6on4 the 7eo7le with 7/ee8istin4 alcoholA/elated
diseasesB the 7e/centa4e who obtained lifesa3in4 6edical attention declined
because of a social sti46a attached to e8cessi3e alcohol consu67tion.
!. A lette/ sub6itted to the edito/ of a national news6a4a9ine was w/itten and
si4ned b< a D/. Shi/le< Ma/tin whoB in the te8t of the lette/B 6entions bein4 a
7/ofesso/ at a 6a;o/ )o/th A6e/ican 6edical school. Mnowin4 that fewe/ than !
7e/cent of the 7/ofesso/s at such schools a/e wo6enB the edito/ /easons that the
chances a/e bette/ than 1& to 1 that the lette/ was w/itten b< a 6an.
,hich one of the followin4 in3ol3es flawed /easonin4 6ost li0e that used b< the
edito/=
>A? Since 1& out of $ ho6e co67ute/s a/e 7u/chased 7/i6a/il< fo/ use with
co67ute/ 4a6esB and the fi/st co67ute/ sold toda< was 7u/chased solel< fo/
wo/d 7/ocessin4B the ne8t 1& co67ute/s sold will al6ost ce/tainl< be used
7/i6a/il< fo/ co67ute/ 4a6es.
>B? 5ewe/ than 1 in $ of the 6anusc/i7ts sub6itted to A/4on Iublishin4 Co. a/e
acce7ted fo/ 7ublication. Since onl< 1! 6anusc/i7ts we/e sub6itted last
!6 'SAT
wee0B the/e is al6ost no chance that an< of the6 will be acce7ted fo/
7ublication.
>C? 5ewe/ that ! 7e/cent of last <ea/2s 4/aduatin4 class too0 'atin in seconda/<
school. Howa/d too0 'atin in seconda/< schoolB so if he had 4/aduated last
<ea/B it is li0el< that one o/ the othe/ 'atin schola/s would not ha3e
4/aduated.
>D? Mo/e that &! 7e/cent of the 7lanes built b< DBC last <ea/ 6et 4o3e/n6ent
standa/ds fo/ la/4e ai/line/s. Since s6all 7lanes account fo/ ;ust unde/ !
7e/cent of DBC2s out7ut last <ea/B it is al6ost ce/tain that all thei/ la/4e
7lanes 6et 4o3e/n6ent standa/ds.
>E? Since 6o/e than 1& out of e3e/< $ ani6als in the wildlife 7/ese/3e a/e
6a66als and fewe/ than 1 out of $ a/e bi/dsB the/e is a 4/eate/ than &!
7e/cent chance that the ani6al E6il< saw fl<in4 between two t/ees in the
wildlife /efu4e <este/da< 6o/nin4 was a 6a66al.
SECTI() I*
1. In a <ea/lon4 stud<B half of the 7a/tici7ants we/e 4i3en a si67le 0it to use at ho6e
fo/ 6easu/in4 the choleste/ol le3el of thei/ blood. The< /educed thei/ choleste/ol
le3els on a3e/a4e 1! 7e/cent 6o/e than did 7a/tici7ants without the 0it.
Ia/tici7ants we/e selected at /ando6 f/o6 a6on4 7eo7le with dan4e/ousl< hi4h
choleste/ol le3els.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost hel7s to e87lain the stud<2s findin4=
>A? The lowe/ a bloodAcholeste/ol le3el isB the less accu/ate a/e 6easu/e6ents
6ade b< the 0it.
>B? Ia/tici7ants with the 0it we/e 6o/e li0el< to a3oid foods that lowe/
choleste/ol le3el.
>C? Ia/tici7ants with the 0it used it 6o/e f/e@uentl< du/in4 the fi/st two 6onths of
the stud<.
>D? All the 7a/tici7ants in the stud< showed so6e lowe/in4 of choleste/ol le3elsB
the 6ost st/i0in4 dec/eases ha3in4 been achie3ed in the fi/st th/ee 6onths.
>E? Ia/tici7ants usin4 the 0it /e7o/ted that each /eadin4 /einfo/ced thei/ effo/ts to
/educe thei/ choleste/ol le3els.
. :ou should not 7/aise an act of a77a/ent 4ene/osit< unless <ou belie3e it is
actuall< 7e/fo/6ed out of selfless 6oti3esB and <ou should not conde6n an act of
a77a/ent selfishness unless <ou belie3e it is actuall< 7e/fo/6ed out of selfA
cente/ed 6oti3es.
,hich one of the followin4 ;ud46ents confo/6s to the 7/inci7le stated abo3e=
>A? Ca/oline /i4htl< bla6ed he/ cowo/0e/ Monica fo/ failin4 to assist he/ in doin4
GMAT . 'SAT C- !%
a ti6eAconsu6in4 7/o;ectB e3en thou4h she 0new that Monica had offe/ed to
hel7 in the 7/o;ect ea/lie/ but that he/ offe/ had been 3etoed b< thei/
su7e/3iso/.
>B? It was co//ect fo/ Sa/ah not to 7/aise Michael fo/ bein4 cha/itable when he
told he/ that he donates a tenth of his inco6e to cha/itC? En/i@ue ;ustifiabl< e8cused his f/iend ,illia6 fo/ failin4 to w/ite o/ 7hone
afte/ ,illia6 6o3ed out of town because he /eali9ed that ,illia6 ne3e/
6a0es an effo/t to 0ee7 in contact with an< of his f/iends.
>D? Daniel was /i4ht not to 7/aise Ma/4a/et fo/ offe/in4 to sha/e he/ house with a
3isitin4 5/ench fa6ilE? Albe/t co//ectl< c/itici9ed 'ouise fo/ ado7tin4 an abandoned do4 because he
belie3e thatB althou4h she felt so//< fo/ the do4B she did not ha3e sufficient
ti6e o/ s7ace to ca/e fo/ it ade@uatel<.
". The 4o3e/n6ent /ecentl< /eleased a stud< of d/in0in4 wate/B in which it was
/e7o/ted that consu6e/s who bou4ht bottled wate/ we/e in 6an< cases 4ettin4
wate/ that was less safe than what the< could obtain 6uch 6o/e chea7l< f/o6 the
7ublic wate/ su77l<. In s7ite of the eno/6ous 7ublicit< that the stud< /ecei3edB
sales of bottled wate/ ha3e continued to /ise.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB is 6ost hel7 in /esol3in4 the a77a/ent
7a/ado8=
>A? Bottled wate/ 6i4ht contain le3els of 7otentiall< ha/6ful conta6inants that
a/e not allowed in d/in0in4 wate/.
>B? Most consu6e/s who habituall< d/in0 the bottled wate/ discussed in the stud<
cannot diffe/entiate between the taste of thei/ usual b/and of bottled wate/
and that of wate/ f/o6 7ublic sou/ces.
>C? Inc/eased consu67tion of the fi3e bestAsellin4 b/ands of bottled wate/B which
the /e7o/t said we/e safe/ than both 7ublic wate/ and 6ost othe/ b/ands of
bottled wate/B accounted fo/ the inc/ease in sales.
>D? The /ate of inc/ease in the sales of bottled wate/ has slowed since the
7ublication of the 4o3e/n6ent stud<.
>E? Go3e/n6ent health wa/nin4s conce/nin4 food ha3e beco6e so f/e@uent that
consu6e/s ha3e be4un to doubt the safet< of 6an< e3e/<da< foods.
#. Man< econo6icall< useful /aw 6ate/ials a/e non/enewable and in li6ited su77l<
on Ea/th. The/efo/eB unless those 6ate/ials can be obtained so6ewhe/e othe/ than
Ea/thB 7eo7le will e3entuall< be unable to acco67lish what the< now acco67lish
usin4 those 6ate/ials.
!8 'SAT
>A? So6e econo6icall< useful /esou/ces a/e /enewable.
>B? It is e8t/e6el< difficult to 4et /aw 6ate/ials f/o6 oute/ s7ace.
>C? 5unctionall< e@ui3alent /enewable substitutes could be found fo/
non/enewable /esou/ces that a/e in li6ited su77l<.
>D? ,hat is acco67lished now usin4 non/enewable /esou/ces is so6eti6es not
wo/th acco67lishin4.
>E? It will be a few hund/ed <ea/s befo/e the Ea/th is de7leted of ce/tain
non/enewable /esou/ces that a/e in li6ited su77l<.
!. (nl< so6e st/ains of the tobacco 7lant a/e natu/all< /esistant to tobacco 6osaic
3i/usB ne3e/ beco6in4 diseased e3en when infected. ,hen /esistant st/ains we/e
e87e/i6entall< infected with the 3i/usB le3els of natu/all< occu//in4 salic<lic acid
in these 7lants inc/eased fi3efold1 no such inc/ease occu//ed in the non/esistant
7lants. In a second e87e/i6entB !$ non/esistant tobacco 7lants we/e e87osed to
tobacco 6osaic 3i/usB and ! of the6 we/e in;ected with salic<lic acid. )one of
these ! 7lants showed si4ns of infectionG howe3e/B the othe/ ! 7lants
succu6bed to the disease.
,hich one of the followin4 conclusions is 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ted b< the /esults
of the e87e/i6ents=
>A? Tobacco 7lants that ha3e beco6e diseased b< infection with tobacco 6osaic
3i/us can be cu/ed b< in;ectin4 the6 with salic<lic acid.
>B? I/oducin4 salic<lic acid is at least 7a/t of the 6echanis6 b< which so6e
tobacco 7lants natu/all< /esist the disease caused b< tobacco 6osaic 3i/us.
>C? Salic<lic acid is not 7/oduced in st/ains of tobacco 7lants that a/e not /esistant
to tobacco 6osaic 3i/us.
>D? It is 7ossible to test an uninfected tobacco 7lant fo/ /esistance to tobacco
6osaic 3i/us b< 6easu/in4 the le3el of salic<lic acid it contains.
>E? The 7/oduction of salic<lic acid in ce/tain st/ains of tobacco 7lants can be
inc/eased and thus the st/ains 6ade /esistant to tobacco 6osaic 3i/us.
Questions &-'
The nu6be/ of hos7ital e6e/4enc< /oo6 3isits b< he/oin use/s 4/ew 6o/e than !
7e/cent du/in4 the 1&8$s. Clea/lA? ,ides7/ead use of auto6atic wea7ons in the d/u4 t/ade du/in4 the 1&8$s
/aised the incidence of 7h<sical in;u/< to he/oin use/s.
>B? The int/oduction of a s6o0able t<7e of he/oin du/in4 the 1&8$s /e6o3ed the
need fo/ he/oin to be in;ected int/a3enousl< and thus /educed the use/2s /is0
of infection.
>C? Man< hos7ital e6e/4enc< /oo6s we/e ba/el< able to acco66odate the
GMAT . 'SAT C- !&
d/a6atic inc/ease in the nu6be/ of 6edical e6e/4encies /elated to d/u4
abuse du/in4 the 1&8$s.
>D? He/oin use inc/eased 6uch 6o/e than is /eflected in the /ate of he/oinAlin0ed
hos7ital e6e/4enc< /oo6 3isits.
>E? *i/al and bacte/ial infectionsB 6alnou/ish6entB and o3e/dose account fo/ 6ost
hos7ital e6e/4enc< /oo6 3isits lin0ed to he/oin.
%. The autho/2s conclusion is 7/o7e/l< d/awn if which one of the followin4 is
assu6ed=
>A? Those who see0 6edical ca/e because of he/oin use usuall< do so in the late/
sta4es of addiction.
>B? Man< he/oin use/s 3isit hos7ital e6e/4enc< /oo6s /e7eatedl<.
>C? The nu6be/ of 3isits to hos7ital e6e/4enc< /oo6s b< he/oin use/s is
7/o7o/tional to the incidence of he/oin usa4e.
>D? The 6ethods of usin4 he/oin ha3e chan4ed since 1&8$B and the new 6ethods
a/e less ha9a/dous.
>E? Dse/s of he/oin identif< the6sel3es as such when the< co6e to hos7ital
e6e/4enc< /oo6s.
8. The <ea/ 1&1%B 1&"%B 1&!6B 1&68B 1&%&B and 1&&$ a/e all notable fo/ the
occu//ence of both 7o7ula/ u7/isin4s and nea/A6a8i6u6 suns7ot acti3it<. Du/in4
hea3< suns7ot acti3it<B the/e is a sha/7 /ise in 7ositi3el< cha/4ed ions in the ai/
7eo7le b/eatheB and 7ositi3el< cha/4ed ions a/e 0nown to 6a0e 7eo7le an8ious
and i//itable. The/efo/eB it is li0el< that suns7ot acti3it< has actuall< been a facto/
in t/i44e/in4 7o7ula/ u7/isin4s.
,hich one of the followin4 e8hibits a 7atte/n of /easonin4 6ost si6ila/ to that in
the 7assa4e=
>A? The ancient G/ee0s so6eti6es atte67ted to 7/edict the outco6e of futu/e
e3ents b< watchin4 the fli4ht 7atte/ns of bi/ds. Since the e3ents the6sel3es
often 6atched the 7/edictionsB the bi/ds we/e 7/obabl< /es7ondin4 to so6e
facto/ that also influenced the e3ents.
>B? Ma/thaB Sidne<B and Hila/< a/e the cit<2s th/ee 6ost 7owe/ful 7oliticiansB and
all th/ee 4/aduated f/o6 -id4e3iew hi4h School. Althou4h -id4e3iew ne3e/
had a /e7utation fo/ e8cellenceB it 6ust ha3e been a 4ood school to ha3e
7/oduced th/ee such successful 4/aduates.
>C? Dnusuall< cold weathe/ last Dece6be/ coincided with a /ise in fuel 7/ices.
,hen it is coldB 7eo7le use 6o/e fuel to 0ee7 wa/6G and when 6o/e fuel is
usedB 7/ices /ise. The/efo/e if 7/ices a/e hi4h ne8t winte/B it will be the /esult
of cold weathe/.
>D? The thi/t< healthiest 7eo7le in a lon4Ate/6 6edical stud< tu/ned out to be the
sa6e thi/t< whose /e4ula/ diets included the 6ost 3e4etables. Since s7ecific
substances in 3e4etables a/e 0nown to hel7 the bod< fli4ht diseaseB
!"$ 'SAT
3e4etables should be 7a/t of e3e/<one2s diet.
>E? Ac6e2s 6ost 7/oducti3e 6ana4e/s a/e consistentl< those who occu7< the
co/ne/ officesB which ha3e 6o/e windows than othe/ offices at Ac6e. Since
7eo7le a/e 6o/e ale/t when the< a/e e87osed to abundant natu/al li4htB the
4/eate/ 7/oducti3it< of these 6ana4e/s is 7/obabl< at least in 7a/t a /esult of
thei/ wo/0in4 in the co/ne/ offices.
&. Since an<one who su77o/ts the new ta8 7lan has no chance of bein4 electedB and
an<one who t/ul< unde/stands econo6ics would not su77o/t the ta8 7lanB onl<
so6eone who t/ul< unde/stands econo6ics would ha3e an< chance of bein4
elected.
The /easonin4 in the a/4u6ent is flawed because the a/4u6ent i4no/es the
7ossibilit< that so6e 7eo7le who
>A? t/ul< unde/stand econo6ics do not su77o/t the ta8 7lan
>B? t/ul< unde/stand econo6ics ha3e no chance of bein4 elected
>C? do not su77o/t the ta8 7lan ha3e no chance of bein4 elected
>D? do not su77o/t the ta8 7lan do not t/ul< unde/stand econo6ics
>E? ha3e no chance of bein4 elected do not t/ul< unde/stand econo6ics
1$. Inte/3iewe/1 :ou ha3e shown that biofeedbac0B dieta/< chan4esB and ado7tion of
7/o7e/ slee7 habits all succeed in cu/in4 inso6nia. :ou 4o so fa/ as to clai6 thatB
with /i4o/ous adhe/ence to the 7/o7e/ t/eat6entB an< case of inso6nia is cu/able.
:et in fact so6e 7atients suffe/in4 f/o6 inso6nia do not /es7ond to t/eat6ent.
The/a7ist1 If 7atients do not /es7ond to t/eat6entB this ;ust shows that the< a/e not
/i4o/ous in adhe/in4 to thei/ t/eat6ent.
The the/a7ist2s /e7l< to the inte/3iewe/ is 6ost 3ulne/able to which one of the
followin4 c/iticis6s=
>A? It 7/ecludes the 7ossibilit< of disconfi/6in4 e3idence.
>B? It de7ends on the a6bi4uous use of the te/6 Et/eat6ent.F
>C? It fails to ac0nowled4e that the/e 6a< be diffe/ent causes fo/ diffe/ent cases
of inso6nia.
>D? It does not 7/o3ide statistical e3idence to bac0 u7 its clai6.
>E? It o3e/loo0s the 7ossibilit< that so6e cases of inso6nia 6i4ht i67/o3e
without an< t/eat6ent.
Questions 11-1!
Conse/3ati3e1 Socialists be4in thei/ a/4u6ents with an anal<sis of histo/<B f/o6 which
the< clai6 to de/i3e ce/tain t/ends leadin4 ine3itabl< to a socialist futu/e. But in the
da<AtoAda< 7/o4/ess of histo/< the/e a/e ne3e/ such disce/nible t/ends. (nl< in
/et/os7ect does ine3itabilit< a77ea/B fo/ histo/< occu/s th/ou4h accidentB contin4enc<B
and indi3idual st/u44le.
GMAT . 'SAT C- !"1
Socialist1 If we thou4ht the outco6e of histo/< we/e ine3itableB we would not wo/0 so
ha/d to t/ansfo/6 the institutions of ca7italist societ<. But to t/ansfo/6 the6 we 6ust
fi/st unde/stand the6B and we can onl< unde/stand the6 b< an anal<sis of thei/
histo/<. This is wh< histo/ical anal<sis is i67o/tant in socialist a/4u6ent.
11. In the dis7ute the issue between the socialist and the conse/3ati3es can 6ost
accu/atel< be desc/ibed as whethe/
>A? a socialist societ< is the ine3itable conse@uence of histo/ical t/ends that can
be identified b< an anal<sis of histo/<
>B? the institutions of ca7italist societ< stand in need of t/ansfo/6ation
>C? socialists2 a/4u6ents fo/ the ine3itabilit< of socialis6 a/e ;ustified
>D? it is 7ossible fo/ 7eo7le b< thei/ own effo/ts to affect the cou/se of histo/<
>E? socialists anal<9e histo/< in o/de/ to su77o/t the 3iew that socialis6 is
ine3itable
1. The socialist2s state6ents i67l< a conflict with the conse/3ati3e2s 3iew of histo/<
if the conse/3ati3e also holds that
>A? it would ha3e been i67ossible fo/ an<one to 7/edict a si4nificant 7e/iod
befo/ehand that the institutions of ca7italist societ< would ta0e the fo/6 that
the< actuall< too0
>B? the a77a/ent ine3itabilit< of histo/ical chan4e is dece7ti3eG all histo/ical
e3ents could ha3e occu//ed othe/wise than the< actuall< did
>C? in the 7astB /adical chan4es in social st/uctu/es ha3e 6ostl< /esulted in a
dete/io/ation of social conditions
>D? since socialis6 cannot a/ise b< accident o/ contin4encE? because histo/ical chan4es a/e 6ostl< accidentalB it is i67ossible fo/ 7eo7le to
di/ect thei/ effo/ts sensibl< towa/d achie3in4 la/4eAscale chan4es in social
conditions
1". EAddictionF has been defined as Ede7endence on and abuse of a 7s<choacti3e
substance.F De7endence and abuse do not alwa<s 4o hand in handB howe3e/. 5o/
e8a67leB cance/ 7atients can beco6e de7endent on 6o/7hine to /elie3e thei/ 7ainB
but this is not abusin4 the d/u4. Co//es7ondin4l<B a 7e/son can abuse a d/u4
without bein4 de7endent on it. The/efo/eB the definition of EaddictionF is
inco//ect.
The /ele3ance of the e8a67le of cance/ 7atients to the a/4u6ent de7ends on the
assu67tion that
>A? cance/ 7atients ne3e/ abuse 6o/7hine
>B? cance/ 7atients often beco6e de7endent on 6o/7hine
>C? cance/ 7atients who a/e de7endent on 6o/7hine a/e addicted to it
>D? cance/ 7atients who abuse a d/u4 a/e de7endent on it
!" 'SAT
>E? cance/ 7atients cannot de7end on 6o/7hine without abusin4 it
1#. The co66issione/ has announced that +ud4e MhalidB who was on the se3enA
6e6be/ 7anel a77ointed to /esol3e the A6lec labo/ dis7uteB will ha3e sole
/es7onsibilit< fo/ /esol3in4 the Si6don labo/ dis7ute. Since in its decision the
A6lec 7anel showed itself both /easonable and fai/B the two sides in the Si6don
dis7ute a/e undoubtedl< ;ustified in the confidence the< ha3e e87/essed in the
/easonableness and fai/ness of the a/bit/ato/ assi4ned to thei/ case.
,hich one of the followin4 contains flawed /easonin4 6ost 7a/allel to that
contained in the 7assa4e=
>A? -e7/esentin4 the school boa/dB Ma/cia Ba/thes 7/esented to the school2s
7/inci7al a list of /ecentl< elected school boa/d 6e6be/s. Since onl< an
elected 6e6be/ of the school boa/d can act as its /e7/esentati3e. Ms.
Ba/thes2s na6e undoubtedl< a77ea/s on that list.
>B? Alan CaldalfB who li0es bein4 a/ound <oun4 child/enB has decided to beco6e
a 7ediat/ician. Since the one cha/acte/istic co66on to all 4ood 7ediat/icians
is that the< li0e <oun4 child/enB M/. Caldalf will undoubtedl< be a 3e/< 4ood
7ediat/ician.
>C? +o/4e Dia9 is a teache/ at a 6usic school nationall< 0nown fo/ the e8cellence
of its conductin4 facult<. Since M/. Dia9 has /ecentl< been co66ended fo/
the e8cellence of his teachin4B he is undoubtedl< a 6e6be/ of the school2s
conductin4 facult<.
>D? Dla Bo/4B who has sold /eal estate fo/ A/cande -ealt< fo/ 6an< <ea/sB
undoubtedl< sold fewe/ houses last <ea/ that she had the <ea/ befo/e since
the nu6be/ of houses sold last <ea/ b< A/cande -ealt< is fa/ lowe/ than the
nu6be/ sold the 7/e3ious <ea/.
>E? The 6e6be/s of the local histo/ical societ< unani6ousl< su77o/t desi4natin4
the 5i/st )ational Ban0 buildin4 a histo/ical land6a/0. Since E3el<n Geo/4e
is a 6e6be/ of that societ<B she undoubtedl< fa3o/s acco/din4 land6a/0
status to the cit< hall as well.
1!. Ma4a9ine a/ticle1 The En3i/on6ental Co66issione/2s new 7/o7osals a/e called
E5/esh Thin0in4 on the En3i/on6entF and a nationwide debate on the6 has been
announced. ,ellB Ef/esh thin0in4F f/o6 such an unli0el< sou/ce as the
co66issione/ does dese/3e close/ ins7ection. Dnfo/tunatel< we disco3e/ed that
these 7/o7osals a/e 3i/tuall< identical to those issued th/ee 6onths a4o b< Tsa/@ue
IncB unde/ the headin4 Enew En3i/on6entalis6F >Tsa/@ue Inc.2s chief is a close
f/iend of the co66issione/?. Since Tsa/@ue Inc.2s 7ollutin4 has 6a/0ed it as an
en3i/on6ental ni4ht6a/eB in ou/ o7inion the Enationwide debateF can end he/e.
A flaw in the 6a4a9ine a/ticle2s /easonin4 is that it
>A? assu6es without an< ;ustification that since two te8ts a/e si6ila/ one of the6
6ust be influenced b< the othe/
>B? 4i3es a disto/ted 3e/sion of the co66issione/2s 7/o7osals and then attac0s
GMAT . 'SAT C- !""
this disto/ted 3e/sion
>C? dis6isses the 7/o7osals because of thei/ sou/ce /athe/ than because of thei/
substance
>D? uses e6oti3e lan4ua4e in labelin4 the 7/o7osals
>E? a77eals to the autho/it< of Tsa/@ue Inc.2s chief without 4i3in4 e3idence that
this 7e/son2s o7inion should ca//< s7ecial wei4ht
16. It is not /easonable to sea/ch out Eo/4anicF foodsKthose 4/own without the
a77lication of s<nthetic che6icalsKas the onl< natu/al foods. A 7lant will ta0e u7
the 6olecules it needs f/o6 the soil and tu/n the6 into the sa6e natu/al
co67oundsB whethe/ o/ not those 6olecules co6e f/o6 che6icals a77lied to the
soil. All co67ounds 6ade b< 7lants a/e 7a/t of natu/eB so all a/e e@uall< natu/al.
>A? /edefinin4 a te/6 in a wa< that is fa3o/able to the a/4u6ent
>B? 4i3in4 a /eason wh< a /eco66ended cou/se of action would be beneficial
>C? a77ealin4 to the autho/it< of scientific 6ethods
>D? showin4 that a necessa/< condition fo/ co//ectl< a77l<in4 the te/6 Eo/4anicF
is not satisfied
>E? /einte/7/etin4 e3idence 7/esented as su77o/tin4 the 7osition bein4 /e;ected
1%. (n co67letin4 both the cou/se in e87e/i6ental desi4n and the de3elo76ental
7s<cholo4< cou/seB An4ela will ha3e ea/ned a de4/ee in 7s<cholo4<. Since
e87e/i6ental desi4nB which 6ust be co67leted befo/e ta0in4 de3elo76ental
7s<cholo4A? The de3elo76ental 7s<cholo4< cou/se An4ela needs to ta0e /e@ui/es two
te/6s to co67lete.
>B? The cou/se in e87e/i6ental desi4n is an easie/ cou/se than the cou/se in
de3elo76ental 7s<cholo4<.
>C? The/e a/e no 7/e/e@uisites fo/ the cou/se in e87e/i6ental desi4n.
>D? An<one who ea/ns a de4/ee in 7s<cholo4< fo/6 the uni3e/sit< An4ela attends
will ha3e co67leted the cou/se in e87e/i6ental desi4n.
>E? (nce An4ela co67letes the de3elo76ental 7s<cholo4< cou/seB she will ha3e
ea/ned a de4/ee in 7s<cholo4<.
18. Acco/din4 to 4o3e/n6ent official in3ol3ed in o3e/seein4 ai/7lane safet< du/in4
the last <ea/B o3e/ %! 7e/cent of the 3oiceA/eco/de/ ta7es ta0en f/o6 s6all
ai/7lanes in3ol3ed in /elati3el< 6ino/ accidents /eco/d the whistlin4 of the 7ilot
du/in4 the fifteen 6inutes i66ediatel< 7/ecedin4 the accident. E3en such 6ino/
accidents 7ose so6e safet< /is0. The/efo/eB if 7assen4e/s hea/ the 7ilot sta/t to
whistle the< should ta0e safet< 7/ecautionsB whethe/ inst/ucted b< the 7ilot to do
!"# 'SAT
so o/ not.
>A? acce7ts the /eliabilit< of the cited statistics on the autho/it< of an unidentified
4o3e/n6ent official
>B? i4no/es the fact that in nea/l< one @ua/te/ of these accidents followin4 the
/eco66endation would not ha3e i67/o3ed 7assen4e/2 safet<
>C? does not indicate the c/ite/ia b< which an accident is classified as E/elati3el<
6ino/F
>D? 7/o3ides no info/6ation about the 7e/centa4e of all s6all ai/7lane fli4hts
du/in4 which the 7ilot whistles at so6e ti6e du/in4 that fli4ht
>E? fails to s7ecif< the 7e/centa4e of all s6all ai/7lane fli4hts that in3ol3e
/elati3el< 6ino/ accidents
1&. ,hen 7e/6its fo/ the discha/4e of che6icals into a wate/wa< a/e issuedB the< a/e
issued in te/6s of the nu6be/ of 7ounds of each che6ical that can be discha/4ed
into the wate/wa< 7e/ da<. These fi4u/esB calculated se7a/atel< fo/ each che6ical
fo/ which a 7e/6it is issuedB a/e based on an esti6ate of the effect of the dilution
of the che6ical b< the a6ount of wate/ flowin4 th/ou4h the wate/wa<. The
wate/wa< is the/efo/e 7/otected a4ainst bein4 ad3e/sel< affected b< che6icals
discha/4ed unde/ the 7e/6its.
>A? /elati3el< ha/6less che6icals do not inte/act with each othe/ in the wate/ to
fo/6 ha/6ful co67ounds
>B? the/e is a swift flow of wate/ in the wate/wa< that ensu/es /a7id dis7e/sion of
che6icals discha/4ed
>C? the/e a/e no che6icals fo/ which discha/4e into wate/wa<s is enti/el<
7/ohibited
>D? those who /ecei3e the 7e/6its do not alwa<s discha/4e the enti/e @uantit< of
che6icals that the 7e/6its allow
>E? the dan4e/ of che6ical 7ollution of wate/wa<s is to be e3aluated in te/6s of
hu6an health onl< and not in te/6s of the health of both hu6an bein4s and
wildlife
Questions !0-!1
Mon/oeB des7ite his 4ene/all< 7oo/ a77etiteB tho/ou4hl< en;o<ed the th/ee 6eals he ate
at the Ti7ATo7 -estau/antB butB unfo/tunatel<B afte/ each 6eal he beca6e ill. The fi/st
ti6e he ate an e8t/aAla/4e sausa4e 7i99a with a side o/de/ of hot 7e77e/G the second
ti6e he too0 full ad3anta4e of the allA<ouAcanAeat f/ied sh/i67 and hot 7e77e/s
s7ecialG and the thi/d ti6e he had two of Ti7ATo72s 4iant 6eatball sandwiches with hot
7e77e/s. Since the onl< food all th/ee 6eals had in co66on was the hot 7e77e/s.
Mon/oe concludes that it is solel< due to Ti7ATo72s hot 7e77e/s that he beca6e ill.
GMAT . 'SAT C- !"!
$. Mon/oe2s /easonin4 is 6ost 3ulne/able to which one of the followin4 c/iticis6s=
>A? He d/aws his conclusion on the basis of too few 6eals that we/e consu6ed at
Ti7ATo7 and that included hot 7e77e/s.
>B? He 7osits a causal /elationshi7 without asce/tainin4 that the 7/esu6ed cause
7/eceded the 7/esu6ed effect.
>C? He allows his desi/e to continue dinin4 at Ti7ATo7 to bias his conclusion.
>D? He fails to establish that e3e/<one who ate Ti7ATo72s hot 7e77e/s beca6e ill.
>E? He o3e/loo0s the fact that at all th/ee 6eals he consu6ed what wasB fo/ hi6B
an unusuall< la/4e @uantit< of food.
1. If both Mon/oe2s conclusion and the e3idence on which he bases it a/e co//ectB
the< would 7/o3ide the st/on4est su77o/t fo/ which one of the followin4=
>A? Mon/oe can eat an< of Ti7ATo72s dail< allA<ouAcanAeat s7ecials without
beco6in4 ill as lon4 as the s7ecial does not include the hot 7e77e/s.
>B? IfB at his thi/d 6eal at Ti7ATo7B Mon/oe had chosen to eat the ba0ed chic0en
with hot 7e77e/sB he would ha3e beco6e ill afte/ that 6eal.
>C? If the ne8t ti6e Mon/oe eats one of Ti7ATo72s e8t/aAla/4e sausa4e 7i99as he
does not ha3e a side o/de/ of hot 7e77e/sB he will not beco6e ill afte/ his
6eal.
>D? Befo/e eatin4 Ti7ATo72s f/ied sh/i67 with hot 7e77e/s s7ecialB Mon/oe had
eaten f/ied sh/i67 without suffe/in4 an< ill effects.
>E? The onl< 7lace Mon/oe has eaten hot 7e77e/s has been at Ti7ATo7.
. EThis co67an< will not be t/ainin4 an< 6o/e 7ilots in the fo/eseeable futu/eB
since we ha3e #$$ t/ained 7ilots on ou/ waitin4 list who a/e see0in4 e67lo<6ent.
The othe/ fi3e 6a;o/ co67anies each ha3e /ou4hl< the sa6e nu6be/ of t/ained
7ilots on thei/ waitin4 listsB and since the 7/o;ected /e@ui/e6ent of each co67an<
is fo/ not 6an< 6o/e than 1$$ additional 7ilotsB the/e will be no sho/ta4e of
7e/sonnel des7ite the cu//ent u7swin4 in the a3iation indust/<.F
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB casts the 6ost doubt on the accu/ac< of the
abo3e conclusion=
>A? Most of the t/ained 7ilots who a/e on awaitin4 list fo/ a ;ob a/e on the waitin4
lists of all the 6a;o/ co67anies.
>B? In the lon4 /unB 7ilot t/ainin4 will beco6e necessa/< to co67ensate fo/
o/dina/< att/ition.
>C? If no new 7ilots a/e t/ainedB the/e will be an a4e i6balance in the 7ilot wo/0
fo/ce.
>D? The @uoted 7e/sonnel 7/o;ections ta0e account of the cu//ent u7swin4 in the
a3iation indust/<.
>E? So6e of the othe/ 6a;o/ co67anies a/e still t/ainin4 7ilots but with no
7/esu67tion of subse@uent e67lo<6ent.
!"6 'SAT
". A ca/2s antitheft ala/6 tat sounds in the 6iddle of the ni4ht in a c/owded cit<
nei4hbo/hood 6a< sto7 an atte67ted ca/ theft. (n the othe/ handB the ala/6
6i4ht si4nal onl< a fault in the de3iceB o/ a /es7onse to so6e ha/6less contactB
such as a t/ee b/anch b/ushin4 the ca/. But whate3e/ the causeB the slee7 of 6an<
7eo7le in the nei4hbo/hood is distu/bed. (ut of conside/ation fo/ othe/sB 7eo7le
who ha3e these antitheft ala/6s on thei/ ca/s should deacti3ate the6 when the<
7a/0 in c/owded cit< nei4hbo/hoods at ni4ht.
,hich one of the followin4B if assu6ed b< the autho/ of the 7assa4eB would allow
he/ 7/o7e/l< to d/aw he/ conclusion that the owne/s of ala/6Ae@ui77ed ca/s
should deacti3ate the ala/6s when 7a/0in4 in c/owded cit< nei4hbo/hoods at
ni4ht=
>A? The incon3enience of false ala/6s is s6all 7/ice to 7a< fo/ the secu/it< of a
nei4hbo/hood.
>B? In 6ost cases when a ca/ ala/6 sounds at ni4htB it is a false ala/6.
>C? Allowin4 the /esidents of a c/owded cit< nei4hbo/hood to slee7 undistu/bed is
6o/e i67o/tant than 7/e3entin4 ca/ theft.
>D? Ieo7le who e@ui7 thei/ ca/s with antitheft ala/6s a/e 4ene/all< inconside/ate
of othe/s.
>E? The soundin4 of ca/ antitheft ala/6s du/in4 the da<ti6e does not distu/b the
/esidents of c/owded cit< nei4hbo/hoods.
Questions !4-!5
In Ie/uB ancient distu/bances in the da/0 su/face 6ate/ial of a dese/t show u7 as li4htA
colo/ed lines that a/e the width of a foot7ath and st/etch fo/ lon4 distances. (ne 4/ou7
of lines b/anchin4 out li0e /a<s f/o6 a sin4le 7oint c/osses o3e/ cu/3ed lines that fo/6
a 3e/< la/4e bi/d fi4u/e. Inte/7/etin4 the lines in the dese/t as landin4 st/i7s fo/
s7aceshi7At/a3elin4 aliensB an in3esti4ato/ a/4ues that the< could ha/dl< ha3e been
Inca /oadsB as0in4B E,hat use to the Inca would ha3e been closel< s7aced /oads that
/an 7a/allel= That inte/sected in a sunbu/st 7atte/n= That ca6e ab/u7tl< to an end in
the 6iddle of an uninhabited 7lain.F
#. The a/4u6entati3e st/ate4< of the in3esti4ato/ @uoted is to
>A? /e;ect out of hand di/ect counte/e3idence to the in3esti4ato/2s own
inte/7/etation
>B? int/oduce e3idence newl< disco3e/ed b< the in3esti4ato/ which disc/edits the
alte/nati3e inte/7/etation
>C? su77o/t one inte/7/etation b< callin4 into @uestion the 7lausibilit< of the
>D? challen4e the in3esti4ati3e 6ethods used b< those who de3elo7ed the
>E? show that the two co67etin4 inte/7/etations can be /econciled with one
anothe/
GMAT . 'SAT C- !"%
!. 5o/ so6eone who inte/7/ets the lines as /efe//in4 to ast/ono6ical 7heno6enaB
which one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost effecti3el< counte/s an ob;ection that the
c/ossin4 of the st/ai4htAline 7atte/n o3e/ the bi/d fi4u/e shows that the two 0inds
of line 7atte/n se/3ed un/elated 7u/7oses=
>A? In a/eas that we/e inhabited b< ancient nati3e )o/th A6e/ican 7eo7lesB
a//an4e6ents of stones ha3e been found that 6a0e 7laces whe/e sunli4ht
falls 7/ecisel< on the s7/in4 solsticeB an ast/ono6icall< dete/6ined date.
>B? The st/ai4ht lines a/e consistent with si4ht lines to 7oints on the ho/i9on
whe/e 7a/ticula/ ast/ono6ical e3ents could ha3e been obse/3ed at ce/tain
7lausible datesB and the fi4u/e could /e7/esent a constellation.
>C? The st/ai4htAline 7atte/n is 7a/t of a la/4e connected co67le8 of 7atte/ns of
st/ai4htAline /a<s connectin4 ce/tain 7oints with one anothe/.
>D? )ati3e Cent/al A6e/ican cultu/esB such as that of the Ma<aB left behind
elabo/ate ast/ono6ical calenda/s that we/e en4/a3ed on /oc0s.
>E? The/e is e3idence that the bi/d fi4u/e was 6ade well befo/e the st/ai4htAline
7atte/n.
TEST 16
SECTI() II
1. ,alte/1 Althou4h ci4a/ette s6o0in4 is le4alB it should be banned on all ai/line
fli4hts. Ci4a/ette s6o0in4 in the confines of an ai/c/aft e87oses nons6o0e/s to
ha/6ful secondhand s6o0e that the< cannot a3oid.
,hich one the followin4 7/inci7lesB if establishedB would ;ustif< the 7/o7osal 7ut
fo/th b< ,alte/=
>A? Ieo7le should be 7/ohibited f/o6 en4a4in4 in an othe/wise le4al acti3it< in
those situations in which that acti3it< would una3oidabl< e87ose othe/s to
ha/6.
>B? An acti3it< should be banned onl< if 6ost situations in which a 7e/son
en4a4ed in that acti3it< would ine3itabl< e87ose othe/s to ha/6.
>C? A le4al acti3it< that has the 7otential fo/ causin4 ha/6 to othe/s in ce/tain
situations should be 6odified in those situations to /ende/ it ha/6less.
>D? Ieo7le who /e4ula/l< en4a4e in an acti3it< that has the 7otential fo/ ha/6in4
othe/s when that acti3it< ta0es 7lace in ce/tain situations should be e8cluded
f/o6 those situations.
>E? If an acti3it< is le4al in so6e situations in which a 7e/son2s en4a4in4 in that
acti3it< could ha/6 othe/sB then that acti3it< should be le4al in all situations.
. Ih<sicist1 The clai6 that lowAte67e/atu/e nuclea/ fusion can be achie3ed enti/el<
!"8 'SAT
b< che6ical 6eans is based on che6ical e87e/i6ents in which the 6easu/e6ents
and calculations a/e inaccu/ate.
Che6ist1 But <ou/ challen4e is ineffectualB since <ou a/e si67l< ;ealous at the
thou4ht that che6ists 6i4ht ha3e sol3ed a 7/oble6 that 7h<sicists ha3e been
unable to sol3e.
,hich one of the followin4 is the st/on4est c/iticis6 of the che6ist2s /es7onse to
the 7h<sicist2s challen4e=
>A? It /estates a clai6 in diffe/ent wo/ds instead of offe/in4 e3idence fo/ this
clai6.
>B? It fails to establish that 7e/fect accu/ac< of 6easu/e6ents and calculations is
7ossible.
>C? It confuses two diffe/ent 6eanin4s of the wo/d Esol3e.F
>D? It is di/ected a4ainst the 7/o7onent of a clai6 /athe/ than a4ainst the clai6
itself.
>E? It /ests on a cont/adiction.
". A ce/tain st/ain of bacte/ia was found in the sto6achs of ulce/ 7atients. A 6edical
/esea/che/ with no histo/< of ulce/s inad3e/tentl< in4ested so6e of the bacte/ia
and within wee0s de3elo7ed an ulce/. The/efo/eB it is hi4hl< li0el< that the
bacte/ia st/ain induces ulce/s.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost su77o/ts the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? Ieo7le who ha3e the bacte/ia st/ain in thei/ sto6achs ha3e been found to
ha3e no 4/eate/ incidence of 0idne< disease that do 7eo7le who lac0 the
bacte/ia st/ain.
>B? The /esea/che/ did not de3elo7 an< othe/ se/ious health 7/oble6s within a
<ea/ afte/ in4estin4 the bacte/ia st/ain.
>C? The/e is no e3idence that the bacte/ia st/ain induces ulce/s in labo/ato/<
ani6als.
>D? The /esea/che/ is a /eco4ni9ed e87e/t in the t/eat6ent of diseases of the
sto6ach.
>E? A stud< of B$$$ 7eo7le who do not ha3e ulce/s found that none of these
7eo7le had the bacte/ia st/ain in thei/ sto6achs.
#. A /ecent stud< 6onito/ed the blood 7/essu/e of 7eo7le 7ettin4 do6estic ani6als
in the labo/ato/<. The blood 7/essu/e of so6e of these 7eo7le lowe/ed while
7ettin4 the ani6als. The/efo/eB fo/ an<one of the 7eo7le so affectedB ownin4 a 7et
would /esult in that 7e/son ha3in4 a lowe/ a3e/a4e blood 7/essu/e.
The flawed 7atte/n of /easonin4 in the a/4u6ent abo3e is 6ost si6ila/ to that in
>A? Because a sin4le dose of a d/u4 acts as a /e6ed< fo/ a 7a/ticula/ ail6entB a
health< 7e/son can wa/d off that ail6ent b< ta0in4 sin4le doses /e4ula/l<.
GMAT . 'SAT C- !"&
>B? Because bu<in4 an auto6obile is 3e/< e87ensi3eB 7eo7le should hold on to an
auto6obileB once bou4htB fo/ as lon4 as it can be 6aintained in /unnin4
condition.
>C? Since 7/unin4 house7lants is en;o<able fo/ so6e 7eo7leB those 7eo7le should
4et /id of house7lants that do not /e@ui/e f/e@uent 7/unin4.
>D? Since /idin4 in a boat fo/ a few 6inutes is /ela8in4 fo/ so6e 7eo7leB those
7eo7le would be 6o/e /ela8ed 4ene/all< if those 7eo7le owned boats.
>E? Since 4i3in4 a fence one coat of while 7aint 6a0es the fence whiteB 4i3in4 it
two coats of white 7aint would 6a0e it e3en white/.
!. (f the fi3e bill collecto/s at A7e8 Collection A4encA? M/. :oun4 is assi4ned the 6a;o/it< of the 6ost difficult cases at the a4enc<.
>B? The othe/ fou/ bill collecto/s at the a4enc< all conside/ M/. :oun4 to be a
3e/< ca7able bill collecto/.
>C? M/. :oun42s /ate of collections 7e/ <ea/ has /e6ained fai/l< stead< in the last
few <ea/s.
>D? Befo/e ;oinin4 the a4encE? )one of the bill collecto/s at the a4enc< has been on the a4enc<2s staff lon4e/
than M/. :oun4 has.
6. A 7/i6ate ;awbone found in )a6ibia in southe/n Af/ica has been identified b<
anth/o7olo4ists as that of an a7e that li3ed between 1$ 6illion and 1! 6illion
<ea/s a4o. -esea/che/s 4ene/all< a4/ee that such ancient 7/i6ates li3ed onl< in
dense fo/ests. Conse@uentlA? Mode/n a7es also tend to li3e onl< in hea3il< fo/ested te//ain.
>B? The a7e whose ;awbone was found li3ed in o/ nea/ the a/ea that is now
)a6ibia.
>C? The/e we/e no a7es li3in4 in the a/ea that is now )a6ibia 7/io/ to 1! 6illion
<ea/s a4o.
>D? The a7e whose ;awbone was found was ada7ted to a diet that was
si4nificantl< diffe/ent f/o6 that of an< 6ode6 a7e.
>E? The ancient 7/i6ates we/e nu6e/ous enou4h to ha3e caused se3e/e da6a4e to
the ecolo4< of the fo/ests in which the< li3ed.
!#$ 'SAT
%. ,o/0e/s 6a< co67lain about 6an< thin4s at wo/0B but st/ess is not hi4h on the
list. In factB in a /ecent su/3e< a 6a;o/it< 7laced bo/edo6 at the to7 of thei/ list of
co67laints. The assu67tion that ;obA/elated st/ess is the 6ost se/ious 7/oble6 fo/
wo/0e/s in the co/7o/ate wo/ld is thus si67l< not wa//anted.
>A? Those wo/0e/s who a/e /es7onsible fo/ the 7lannin4 and su7e/3ision of lon4A
te/6 7/o;ects a/e less li0el< to co67lain of eithe/ bo/edo6 o/ st/ess.
>B? ,o/0e/s who co67lain of bo/edo6 e8hibit 6o/e st/essA/elated s<67to6s
than do those who clai6 thei/ wo/0 is inte/estin4.
>C? ,o/0e/s /es7ondin4 to o7inion su/3e<s tend to e67hasi9e those e87e/iences
that ha3e ha77ened 6ost /ecentl<.
>D? ,o/0e/s who feel that thei/ sala/ies a/e co66ensu/ate with the a6ount of
wo/0 the< do a/e less li0el< to co67lain of bo/edo6.
>E? ,o/0e/s a/e less li0el< to co67lain about wo/0 if the< feel that thei/ ;obs a/e
secu/e.
8. ,ould it be /i4ht fo/ the 4o3e/n6ent to abandon effo/ts to dete/6ine at what
le3els to allow to8ic substances in ou/ food su77l<= (nl< if it can /easonabl< be
a/4ued that the onl< acce7table le3el of to8ic substances in food is 9e/o. Howe3e/B
3i/tuall< all foods contain 7e/fectl< natu/al substances that a/e to8ic but cause no
ha/6 because the< do not occu/ in food in to8ic concent/ations. 5u/the/6o/eB we
can ne3e/ be ce/tain of ha3in4 /educed the concent/ation of an< substance to 9e/oG
all we can e3e/ 0now is that it has been /educed to below the th/eshold of
detection of cu//ent anal<tical 6ethods.
The 6ain conclusion of the a/4u6ent is that
>A? the 4o3e/n6ent should continue t/<in4 to dete/6ine acce7table le3els fo/
to8ic substances in ou/ food su77l<
>B? the onl< acce7table le3el of to8ic substances in food is 9e/o
>C? natu/all< occu//in4 to8ic substances in food 7/esent little dan4e/ because the<
/a/el< occu/ in to8ic concent/ations
>D? the 4o3e/n6ent will ne3e/ be able to dete/6ine with ce/taint< that a food
contains no to8ic substances
>E? the 4o3e/n6ent needs to /efine its 6ethods of detectin4 to8ic substances in
ou/ food su77l<
&. (3e/ the 7ast twent<Afi3e <ea/s the int/oduction of labo/Asa3in4 technolo4ies has
4/eatl< /educed the a3e/a4e a6ount of ti6e a wo/0e/ needs to 7/oduce a 4i3en
out7utB 7otentiall< both /educin4 the nu6be/ of hou/s each wo/0e/ wo/0s each
wee0 and inc/easin4 wo/0e/s2 leisu/e ti6e co//es7ondin4l<. The a3e/a4e a6ount
of leisu/e ti6e 7e/ wo/0e/B howe3e/B has inc/eased at onl< half the /ate at which
the a3e/a4e hou/l< out7ut 7e/ wo/0e/ has 4/own.
If the state6ents abo3e a/e t/ueB which one of the followin4 is 6ost st/on4l<
GMAT . 'SAT C- !#1
su77o/ted b< the6=
>A? ,o/0e/s on a3e/a4e s7end 6o/e 6one< on leisu/e acti3ities toda< than the<
did twent<Afi3e <ea/s a4o.
>B? 'abo/Asa3in4 technolo4ies ha3e c/eated fewe/ ;obs than the< ha3e eli6inated.
>C? The 7e/centa4e of the 7o7ulation that is in the wo/0 fo/ce has 4/own o3e/ the
7ast twent<Afi3e <ea/s.
>D? The a3e/a4e hou/l< out7ut 7e/ wo/0e/ has not /isen as 6uch as had been
antici7ated when 6ode/n labo/Asa3in4 technolo4ies we/e fi/st int/oduced.
>E? Twent<Afi3e <ea/s a4o the a3e/a4e wee0l< out7ut 7e/ wo/0e/ was less than it
is toda<.
1$. Ten thousand <ea/s a4o 6an< co66unities in weste/n Asia sto77ed 7/ocu/in4
food b< huntin4 and 4athe/in4 and be4an instead to culti3ate food.
A/chaeolo4ical e3idence /e3eals that co67a/ed to thei/ hunte/A4athe/e/ fo/ebea/sB
the ea/l< a4/icultu/al 7eo7les ate a 7oo/l< balanced diet and had dietA/elated
health 7/oble6sB <et these 7eo7les ne3e/ /etu/ned to huntin4 and 4athe/in4.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost hel7s to e87lain wh< the a4/icultu/al
7eo7les of weste/n Asia ne3e/ /etu/ned to huntin4 and 4athe/in4=
>A? The 7lants and ani6als that the a4/icultu/al 7eo7les be4an to culti3ate
continued to e8ist in the wild.
>B? Both hunte/A4athe/e/s and a4/icultu/alists so6eti6es de7ended on sto/ed and
7/ese/3ed foods instead of f/esh foods.
>C? An inc/ease in 7o7ulation densit< at the ti6e /e@ui/ed a hi4he/ food
7/oduction /ate than huntin4 and 4athe/in4 could 7/o3ide.
>D? Thousands of <ea/s a4o si6ila/ shifts f/o6 huntin4 and 4athe/in4 to
a4/icultu/e occu//ed in 6an< othe/ 7a/ts of the wo/ld.
>E? The 7h<sical labo/ in3ol3ed in a4/icultu/e bu/ns 6o/e calo/ies than does that
needed fo/ huntin4 and 4athe/in4.
11. Should a +ou/nalist2s sto/< be4in with the set 7h/ase Ein a su/7/ise de3elo76entBF
as /outinel< ha77ens= ,ellB not if the su/7/ise was 6e/el< the ;ou/nalist2sB since
;ou/nalists should not int/ude the6sel3es into thei/ sto/iesB and not if the su/7/ise
was so6eone else2sB because if so6e 7e/son2s su/7/ise was wo/th 6entionin4 at
allB it should ha3e been s7ecificall< att/ibuted. The one 7ossibilit< /e6ainin4 is
that lots of 7eo7le we/e su/7/ised1 in that caseB howe3e/B the/e is no 7oint in
belabo/in4 the ob3ious.
,hich one of the followin4 6ost accu/atel< states the conclusion of the a/4u6ent
abo3e=
>A? +ou/nalists should /ese/3e use of the 7h/ase Ein a su/7/ise de3elo76entF fo/
6a;o/ de3elo76ents that a/e t/ul< une87ected.
>B? The 7h/ase Ein a su/7/ise de3elo76entF is a77/o7/iatel< used onl< whe/e
so6eone2s bein4 su/7/ised is itself inte/estin4.
!# 'SAT
>C? The 7hase Ein a su/7/ise de3elo76entF is used in th/ee distinct so/ts of
ci/cu6stances.
>D? +ou/nalists should 6a0e the 7oint that a de3elo76ent co6es as a su/7/ise
when su66in4 u7B not when int/oducin4 a sto/<.
>E? Int/oducin4 sto/ies with the 7h/ase Ein a su/7/ise de3elo76entF is not 4ood
;ou/nalistic 7/actice.
1. Indi3idual 7<//ole 6olecules /eadil< ;oin to4ethe/ into la/4e/ 6olecules called
7ol<7<//oles. If 7ol<7<//oles fo/6 f/o6 7<//ole in the 7/esence of 9eolitesB the<
do so b< attachin4 to the 9eolite eithe/ in lu67s on the oute/ su/face of the 9eolite
o/ in delicate chains within the 9eolite2s inne/ channels. ,hen 9eolite chan4es
colo/ f/o6 <ellow to blac0B it 6eans that on o/ in that 9eolite 7ol<7<//oles ha3e
fo/6ed f/o6 7<//ole. :ellow 9eolite f/ee of an< 7<//ole was sub6e/4ed in
dissol3ed 7<//ole. The 9eolite tu/ned blac0 e3en thou4h no 7ol<7<//oles fo/6ed
on its oute/ su/face.
the6 be t/ue=
>A? Iol<7<//oles had al/ead< fo/6ed on o/ in the 9eolite befo/e it was sub6e/4ed.
>B? 'u67s of 7ol<7<//ole attached to the 9eolite we/e /es7onsible fo/ its colo/
chan4e.
>C? At least so6e of the 7<//ole in which the 9eolite was sub6e/4ed fo/6ed
7ol<7<//ole chains.
>D? )one of the 7<//ole in which the 9eolite was sub6e/4ed attached itself to the
9eolite.
>E? 'ittleB if an<B of the 7<//ole in which the 9eolite was sub6e/4ed /eached the
9eolite2s inne/ channels.
Questions 13-14
Iedi4/eed do4sB includin4 those officiall< classified as wo/0in4 do4sB 6ust confo/6 to
standa/ds set b< o/4ani9ations that issue 7edi4/ees. Those standa/ds 4ene/all< s7ecif<
the 7h<sical a77ea/ance necessa/< fo/ a do4 to be /eco4ni9ed as belon4in4 to a b/eed
but sti7ulate nothin4 about othe/ 4enetic t/aitsB such as those that enable b/eeds
o/i4inall< de3elo7ed as wo/0in4 do4s to 7e/fo/6 the wo/0 fo/ which the< we/e
de3elo7ed. Since do4 b/eede/s t/< to 6aintain onl< those t/aits s7ecified b< 7edi4/ee
o/4ani9ationsB and t/aits that b/eede/s do not t/< to 6aintain /is0 bein4 lostB ce/tain
t/aits li0e he/din4 abilit< /is0 bein4 lost a6on4 7edi4/eed do4s. The/efo/eB 7edi4/ee
o/4ani9ations should set standa/ds /e@ui/in4 wo/0in4 abilit< in 7edi4/eed do4s
classified as wo/0in4 do4s.
1". ,hich one of the followin4 7/inci7lesB if 3alidB ;ustifies the a/4u6ent2s
conclusion that 7edi4/ee o/4ani9ations should set standa/ds fo/ wo/0in4 abilit< in
do4s=
>A? (/4ani9ations that set standa/ds fo/ 7/oducts o/ acti3ities should not set
GMAT . 'SAT C- !#"
standa/ds callin4 fo/ a 7a/ticula/ cha/acte/istic if such standa/ds inc/ease the
/is0 of so6e othe/ cha/acte/istic bein4 lost.
>B? An< standa/d cu//entl< in effect fo/ a 7/oduct o/ an acti3it< should be
/i4o/ousl< enfo/ced /e4a/dless of when the standa/d was fi/st set.
>C? (/4ani9ations that set standa/ds fo/ 7/oducts o/ acti3ities should be
/es7onsible fo/ seein4 to it that those 7/oducts o/ acti3ities confo/6 to all the
s7ecifications called fo/ b< those standa/ds.
>D? An< standa/d that is set fo/ a 7/oduct o/ an acti3it< should /eflect the uses to
which that 7/oduct o/ acti3it< will e3entuall< be 7ut.
>E? (/4ani9ations that set standa/ds fo/ 7/oducts o/ acti3ities should atte67t to
ensu/e that those 7/oducts o/ acti3ities can se/3e the 7u/7oses fo/ which the<
we/e o/i4inall< de3elo7ed.
1#. The 7h/ase Ece/tain t/aits li0e he/din4 abilit< /is0 bein4 lost a6on4 7edi4/eed
do4sF se/3es which one of the followin4 functions in the a/4u6ent=
>A? It is a clai6 on which the a/4u6ent de7ends but fo/ which no su77o/t is
4i3en.
>B? It is a subsidia/< conclusion used in su77o/t of the 6ain conclusion.
>C? It ac0nowled4es a 7ossible ob;ection to the 7/o7osal 7ut fo/th in the
a/4u6ent.
>D? It su66a/i9es the 7osition that the a/4u6ent as a whole is di/ected towa/d
disc/editin4.
>E? It 7/o3ides e3idence necessa/< to su77o/t a clai6 stated ea/lie/ in the
a/4u6ent.
1!. In /heu6atoid a/th/itisB the bod<2s i66une s<ste6 6isfunctions b< attac0in4
health< cells in the ;ointsB causin4 the /elease of a ho/6one that in tu/n causes
7ain and swellin4. This ho/6one is no/6all< acti3ated onl< in /eaction to in;u/<
o/ infection. A new a/th/itis 6edication will contain a 7/otein that inhibits the
functionin4 of the ho/6one that causes 7ain and swellin4 in the ;oints.
conclusions=
>A? Dnli0e as7i/in and othe/ 6edications that /educe 7ain and swellin4 and that
a/e cu//entl< a3ailableB the new 6edication would /e7ai/ e8istin4 cell
da6a4e that had been caused b< /heu6atoid a/th/itis.
>B? The benefits to /heu6atoid a/th/itis suffe/e/s of the new 6edication would
outwei4h the 6edications 7ossible ha/6ful side effect.
>C? A 7atient t/eated with the new 6edication fo/ /heu6atoid a/th/itis could
sustain a ;oint in;u/< without beco6in4 awa/e of it.
>D? The new 6edication could be ada7ted fo/ use a4ainst a 3a/iet< of i66une
s<ste6 diso/de/sB such as diabetes and lu7us.
>E? +oint diseases othe/ than /heu6atoid a/th/itis would not be affected b< the
!## 'SAT
new 6edication.
16. In thei/ nati3e habitB a6a/<llis 7lants 4o do/6ant when the soil in which the< a/e
4/owin4 d/ies out du/in4 the d/< season. The/efo/eB if a6a/<llis 7lants 0e7t as
house7lants a/e to th/i3eB wate/ should be withheld f/o6 the6 du/in4 7a/t of the
<ea/ so that the 7lants 4o do/6ant.
>A? Most 0inds of 7lants 4o do/6ant at so6e ti6e o/ othe/ du/in4 the <ea/.
>B? A6a/<llis a/e 6o/e difficult 0ee7 as house7lants than othe/ 0inds of 7lants
a/e.
>C? ,ate/ should be withheld f/o6 a6a/<llis 7lants 0e7t as house7lants du/in4
the e8act ti6e of <ea/ that co//es7onds to the d/< season in thei/ nati3e
habitat.
>D? An< a6a/<llis 7lant that fails to th/i3e is li0el< to ha3e been do/6ant fo/ too
sho/t a ti6e.
>E? Goin4 do/6ant benefits a6a/<llis 7lants in thei/ nati3e habitat in so6e wa<
othe/ than si67l< 7/e3entin4 death du/in4 o3e/l< d/< 7e/iods.
1%. Most 7eo7le belie3e that <awnin4 is 6ost 7owe/full< t/i44e/ed b< seein4
so6eone else <awn. This belief about <awnin4 is wides7/ead not onl< toda<B but
also has been co66on7lace in 6an< 7a/ts of the wo/ld in the 7astB if we a/e to
belie3e histo/ians of 7o7ula/ cultu/e. ThusB seein4 so6eone else <awn 6ust be
the 6ost i//esistible cause of <awnin4.
The a/4u6ent is 6ost 3ulne/able to which one of the followin4 c/iticis6s=
>A? It atte67ts to su77o/t its conclusion solel< b< /estatin4 that conclusion in
othe/ wo/ds.
>B? It cites the e3idence of histo/ians of 7o7ula/ cultu/e in di/ect su77o/t of a
clai6 that lies outside thei/ a/ea of e87e/tise.
>C? It 6a0es a swee7in4 4ene/ali9ation about <awnin4 based on e3idence d/awn
f/o6 a li6ited nu6be/ of at<7ical cases.
>D? It su77o/ts its conclusion b< a77ealin4 solel< to o7inion in a 6atte/ that is
la/4el< factual.
>E? It ta0es fo/ 4/anted that <awns ha3e no cause othe/ than the one it cites.
18. E3e/<one who is a 4ou/6et coo0 en;o<s a wide 3a/iet< foods and s7ices. Since no
one who en;o<s a wide 3a/iet< of foods and s7ices 7/efe/s bland foods to all he/
foodsB it follows that an<one who 7/efe/s bland foods to all othe/ foods is not a
4ou/6et coo0.
The 7atte/n of /easonin4 dis7la<ed in the a/4u6ent abo3e is 6ost si6ila/ to that
dis7la<ed in which one of the followin4=
>A? All of the 7aintin4s in the Huan4 Collection will be 7ut u7 fo/ auction ne8t
wee0. Since the 7aintin4s to be auctioned ne8t wee0 a/e b< a wide 3a/iet< of
GMAT . 'SAT C- !#!
a/tistsB it follows that the 7aintin4s in the Huan4 Collection a/e b< a wide
3a/iet< of a/tists.
>B? All of the 7aintin4s in the Huan4 Collection a/e abst/act. Since no abst/act
7aintin4 will be included in ne8t wee02s a/t auctionB nothin4 to be included
in ne8t wee02s a/t auction is a 7aintin4 in the Huan4 Collection.
>C? All of the 7aintin4s in the Huan4 Collection a/e su7e/b wo/0s of a/t. Since
none of the 7aintin4s in the Huan4 Collection is b< -ouTB it stands to /eason
that no 7aintin4 b< -ouT is a su7e/b wo/0 of a/t.
>D? E3e/< 7osti67/essionist 7aintin4 f/o6 the Huan4 Collection will be
auctioned off ne8t wee0. )o 7o7 a/t 7aintin4s f/o6 the Huan4 Collection
will be auctioned off ne8t wee0. Hence none of the 7o7 a/t 7aintin4s to be
auctioned off ne8t wee0 will be f/o6 the Huan4 Collection.
>E? E3e/< 7aintin4 f/o6 the Huan4 Collection that is to be auctioned off ne8t
wee0 is a 6a;o/ wo/0 of a/t. )o 7/ice can ade@uatel< /eflect the t/ue 3alue of
a 6a;o/ wo/0 of a/t. Hence the 7/ices that will be 7aid at ne8t wee02s auction
will not ade@uatel< /eflect the t/ue 3alue of the 7aintin4s sold.
1&. ,ithout info/6ation that could onl< ha3e co6e f/o6 so6eone 7/esent at the
sec/et 6eetin4 between the finance 6iniste/ and the leade/ of the o77osition
7a/t<B the news7a7e/ sto/< that fo/ced the finance 6iniste/ to /esi4n could not
ha3e been w/itten. )o one witnessed the 6eetin4B howe3e/B e8ce7t the 6iniste/2s
aide. It is clea/B the/efo/eB that the finance 6iniste/ was ulti6atel< b/ou4ht downB
not b< an< of his 7owe/ful 7olitical ene6iesB but b< his own t/usted aide.
The a/4u6ent co66its which one of the followin4 e//o/s of /easonin4=
>A? d/awin4 a conclusion on the basis of e3idence that 7/o3ides e@uall< st/on4
su77o/t fo/ a co67etin4 conclusion
>B? assu6in4 without wa//ant that if one thin4 cannot occu/ without anothe/
thin42s al/ead< ha3in4 occu//edB then the ea/lie/ thin4 cannot occu/ without
b/in4in4 about the late/ thin4
>C? confusin4 e3idence that a 4i3en outco6e on one occasion was b/ou4ht about
in a ce/tain wa< with e3idence that the sa6e outco6e on a diffe/ent occasion
was b/ou4ht about in that wa<
>D? basin4 its conclusion on e3idence that is al6ost enti/el< i//ele3ant to the 7oint
at issue
>E? t/eatin4 e3idence that a 4i3en action cont/ibuted to b/in4in4 about a ce/tain
effect as thou4h that e3idence established that the 4i3en action b< itself was
sufficient to b/in4 about that effect
$. S. -. E3ans1 A few c/itics ha3e dis6issed 6< 7oe6s as not bein4 7oe6s and ha3e
dis6issed 6e as not bein4 a 7oet. But one 7/inci7le of c/iticis6 has it that onl<
t/ue 7oets can /eco4ni9e 7oetic c/eati3it< o/ function as c/itics of 7oet/<Kand
that the onl< t/ue 7oets a/e those whose wo/0 con3e<s 4enuine 7oetic c/eati3it<.
But I ha3e /ead the wo/0 of these c/iticsG none of it de6onst/ated 7oetic
!#6 'SAT
c/eati3it<. These c/itics2 ;ud46ents should be /e;ectedB since these c/itics a/e not
t/ue 7oets.
The a/4u6ent abo3e is 3ulne/able to c/iticis6 on the 4/ounds that it
>A? 7/esu77oses what it sets out to concludeB since the 7/inci7le /e@ui/es that onl<
t/ue 7oets can dete/6ine whethe/ the c/itics2 wo/0 de6onst/ates 7oetic
c/eati3it<
>B? uses the distinction between 7oets and c/itics as thou4h e3e/<one fell into one
cate4o/< o/ the othe/
>C? 4i3es no ;ustification fo/ the i67licit clai6 that the standin4 of a 7oet can be
;ud4ed inde7endentl< of his o/ he/ 7oet/<
>D? 6a0es an un;ustifiable distinctionB since it is 7ossible that so6e c/itics a/e
also 7oets
>E? ine3itabl< leads to the conclusion that 7oets can ne3e/ lea/n to i67/o3e thei/
7oet/<B since no 7oet is in a 7osition to c/itici9e his o/ he/ own wo/0
1. Clai61 Count/< H2s 4o3e/n6ent lowe/ed ta/iff ba//ie/s because doin4 so se/3ed
the inte/ests of 7owe/ful fo/ei4n co67anies.
I/inci7le1 In o/de/ fo/ a chan4e to be e87lained b< the ad3anta4e so6e 7e/son o/
4/ou7 4ained f/o6 itB it 6ust be shown how the inte/ests of the 7e/son o/ 4/ou7
7la<ed a /ole in b/in4in4 about the chan4e.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB can 6ost lo4icall< se/3e as a 7/e6ise fo/ an
a/4u6ent that uses the 7/inci7le to counte/ the clai6=
>A? 5o/ei4n co67anies did benefit when Count/< H lowe/ed ta/iff ba//ie/sB but
consu6e/s in Count/< H benefited ;ust as 6uch.
>B? In the 7e/iod since ta/iff ba//ie/s we/e lowe/edB 7/ice co67etition a6on4
i67o/te/s has se3e/el< li6ited i67o/te/s2 7/ofits f/o6 sellin4 fo/ei4n
co67anies2 7/oducts in Count/< H.
>C? It was i67ossible to 7/edict how Count/< H2s econo6ic /efo/6sB which
included lowe/in4 ta/iff ba//ie/sB would affect the econo6< in the sho/t te/6.
>D? Man< of the fo/ei4n co67anies that benefited f/o6 Count/< H2s lowe/in4
ta/iff ba//ie/s co67ete fie/cel< a6on4 the6sel3es both in Count/< H and in
othe/ 6a/0ets.
>E? Althou4h fo/ei4n co67anies benefited when Count/< H lowe/ed ta/iff
ba//ie/sB the/e is no othe/ e3idence that these fo/ei4n co67anies induced the
chan4e.
. A scientist 6ade th/ee obse/3ations1 >1? in the wo/ld2s te67e/ate 9onesB food is
6o/e 7lentiful in the ocean than it is in f/esh wate/G >? 6i4/ato/< fish in
te67e/ate 9ones 4ene/all< 6atu/e in the ocean and s7awn in f/esh wate/G and >"?
6i4/ato/< fish need 6uch nou/ish6ent as the< 6atu/e but little o/ none du/in4 the
7a/t of thei/ li3es when the< s7awn. (n the basis of those obse/3ationsB the
scientist fo/6ulated the h<7othesis that food a3ailabilit< is a dete/6inin4 facto/ in
GMAT . 'SAT C- !#%
the 6i4/ation of 6i4/ato/< fish. Subse@uentl< the scientist lea/ned that in the
t/o7ics 6i4/ato/< fish 4ene/all< 6atu/e in f/esh wate/ and s7awn in the ocean.
,hich one of the followin4 would it be 6ost hel7ful to 0now in o/de/ to ;ud4e
whethe/ what the scientist subse@uentl< lea/ned calls into @uestion the
h<7othesis=
>A? whethe/ in the wo/ld2s te67e/ate 9onesB the te67e/atu/es of bodies of f/esh
wate/ tend to be lowe/ than those of the /e4ions of the oceans into which
the< flow
>B? whethe/ the t<7es of foods that 6i4/ato/< fish eat while the< inhabit the ocean
a/e si6ila/ to those that the< eat while the< inhabit bodies of f/esh wate/
>C? whethe/ an< s7ecies of fish with 7o7ulations in te67e/ate 9ones also ha3e
7o7ulations that li3e in the t/o7ics
>D? whethe/ the/e a/e 6o/e s7ecies of 6i4/ato/< fish in the t/o7ics than the/e a/e
in te67e/ate 9ones
>E? whethe/ in the t/o7ics food is less 7lentiful in the ocean than in f/esh wate/
". )o co67ute/ will e3e/ be able to do e3e/<thin4 that so6e hu6an 6inds can doB
fo/ the/e a/e so6e 7/oble6s that cannot be sol3ed b< followin4 an< set of
6echanicall< a77licable /ules. :et co67ute/s can onl< sol3e 7/oble6s b<
followin4 so6e set of 6echanicall< a77licable /ules.
>A? At least one 7/oble6 sol3able b< followin4 so6e set of 6echanicall<
a77licable /ules is not sol3able b< an< hu6an 6ind.
>B? At least one 7/oble6 not sol3able b< followin4 an< set of 6echanicall<
a77licable /ules is sol3able b< at least one hu6an 6ind.
>C? At least one 7/oble6 sol3able b< followin4 so6e set of 6echanicall<
a77licable /ules is sol3able b< e3e/< hu6an 6ind.
>D? E3e/< 7/oble6 that is sol3able b< followin4 6o/e than one set of
6echanicall< a77licable /ules is sol3able b< al6ost e3e/< hu6an 6ind.
>E? E3e/< 7/oble6 that is sol3able b< followin4 at least one set of 6echanicall<
a77licable /ules is sol3able b< at least one hu6an 6ind.
#. Ieo7le we/e as0ed in a su/3e< how old the< felt. The< /e7liedB al6ost
unani6ousl< des7ite a 4/eat di3e/sit< of a4esB with a nu6be/ that was %! 7e/cent
of thei/ /eal a4e. The/e isB howe3e/B a 7/oble6 in unde/standin4 this so/t of
/es7onse. 5o/ e8a67leB su77ose it 6eant that a #8A<ea/Aold 6an was clai6in4 to
feel as he felt at "6. But at a4e "6 he would ha3e said he felt li0e a 6an of %B and
at % he would ha3e said he felt ;ust o3e/ $B and so on into childhood. And
su/elA? 7/o;ectin4 f/o6 /es7onses collected at one ti6e f/o6 6an< indi3iduals of
widel< diffe/ent a4es to h<7othetical ea/lie/ /es7onses of a sin4le indi3idual
!#8 'SAT
at so6e of those a4es
>B? /einte/7/etin4 what ce/tain 7eo7le actuall< said in the li4ht of what wouldB in
the ci/cu6stancesB ha3e been the 6ost /easonable thin4 fo/ the6 to sa<
>C? @ualif<in4 an o3e/l< swee7in4 4ene/ali9ation in li4ht of a sin4le well chosen
counte/e8a67le
>D? de/i3in4 a cont/adiction f/o6 a 7ai/ of state6ents in o/de/ to 7/o3e that at
least one of those state6ents is false
>E? anal<9in4 an une87ected unani6it< a6on4 /es7ondents as e3idenceB not of a
4/eat unifo/6it< of o7inion a6on4 those /es7ondentsB but of thei/ successful
6ani7ulation b< thei/ @uestione/s
SECTI() III
Questions 1-!
Those who su77o/t the continued /eadin4 and 7e/fo/6ance of Sha0es7ea/e2s 7la<s
6aintain that in En4land a77/eciation fo/ his wo/0 has alwa<s e8tended be<ond
educated elites and that e3e/ since Sha0es7ea/e2s own ti6e his 7la<s ha3e alwa<s been
0nown and lo3ed b< co67a/ati3el< uneducated 7eo7le. S0e7ticis6 about this clai6 is
bo/ne out b< e8a6inin4 ea/l< ei4hteenAcentu/< editions of the 7la<s. These boo0sB
with thei/ fine 7a7e/ and 4ood bindin4sB 6ust ha3e been fa/ be<ond the /each of
7eo7le of o/dina/< 6eans.
1. The 6ain 7oint of the a/4u6ent is to
>A? su44est that 0nowled4e of Sha0es7ea/e2s 7la< is a suitable c/ite/ion fo/
distin4uishin4 the educated elite f/o6 othe/ 6e6be/s of En4lish societ<
>B? 7/o3ide e3idence that at so6e ti6e in the 7ast a77/eciation fo/ Sha0es7ea/e2s
7la< was confined to educated elites
>C? 7/o3e that ea/l< ei4hteenthAcentu/< a77/eciation fo/ Sha0es7ea/e2s wo/0s
/ested on as7ects of the wo/0s that a/e less a77/eciated toda<
>D? de6onst/ate that since Sha0es7ea/e2s ti6e the 7eo7le who ha3e 0nown and
lo3ed his wo/0 ha3e all been 6e6be/s of educated elites
>E? confi/6 the s0e7ticis6 of the educated elite conce/nin4 the wo/th of
Sha0es7ea/e2s 7la<s
. ,hich one of the followin4 desc/ibes a /easonin4 e//o/ in the a/4u6ent=
>A? The a/4u6ent uses the 7o7ula/it< of Sha0es7ea/e2s 7la<s as a 6easu/e of thei/
lite/a/< @ualit<.
>B? The a/4u6ent bases an aesthetic conclusion about Sha0es7ea/e2s 7la<s on
7u/el< econo6ic e3idence.
>C? The a/4u6ent anach/onisticall< uses the standa/ds of the twentieth centu/< to
GMAT . 'SAT C- !#&
;ud4e e3ents that occu//ed in the ea/l< ei4hteenth centu/<.
>D? The a/4u6ent ;ud4es the lite/a/< @ualit< of a boo02s te8t on the basis of the
@ualit< of the 3olu6e in which the te8t is 7/inted.
>E? The a/4u6ent does not allow fo/ the 7ossibilit< that 7eo7le 6i4ht 0now
Sha0es7ea/e2s 7la<s without ha3in4 /ead the6.
". (/4ani9ation 7/esident1 The statione/< and en3elo7es used in all of the 6ailin4s
f/o6 ou/ national head@ua/te/s a/e 6ade f/o6 /ec<cled 7a7e/B and we ne3e/ 7ut
an<thin4 but lette/s in the en3elo7es. ,hen the en3elo7es ha3e windowsB these
windows a/e also 6ade f/o6 /ec<cled 6ate/ial. The/efo/e the en3elo7esB and thus
these 6ailin4sB a/e co67letel< /ec<clable.
,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion on which the o/4ani9ation
7/esident2s a/4u6ent de7ends=
>A? All the 7a7e/ used b< the o/4ani9ation fo/ 7u/7oses othe/ than 6ailin4s is
/ec<cled.
>B? The 6ailin4s f/o6 the o/4ani9ation2s national head@ua/te/s alwa<s use
en3elo7es that ha3e windows.
>C? The en3elo7e windows 6ade f/o6 /ec<cled 6ate/ial a/e /ec<clable.
>D? The en3elo7es and statione/< used in the o/4ani9ation2s 6ailin4s a/e alwa<s
/ec<cled.
>E? The o/4ani9ation sends 6ailin4s onl< f/o6 its national head@ua/te/s.
Questions 4-5
The f/e@uentl< e87/essed 3iew that w/itten constitutions a/e inhe/entl< 6o/e libe/al
than unw/itten ones is false. )o w/itten constitution is 6o/e than a 7a7e/ with wo/ds
on it until those wo/ds a/e both inte/7/eted and a77lied. I/o7e/l< unde/stoodB thenB a
constitution is the su6 of those 7/ocedu/es th/ou4h which the 7owe/ of the state is
le4iti6atel< e8e/cised and li6ited. The/efo/eB e3en a w/itten constitution beco6es a
libe/al constitution onl< when it is inte/7/eted and a77lied in a libe/al wa<.
#. The 6ain 7oint of the a/4u6ent abo3e is that
>A? w/itten constitutions a/e no 6o/e inhe/entl< libe/al than a/e unw/itten
constitutions
>B? the idea of a w/itten constitutionB 7/o7e/l< unde/stoodB is inhe/entl< selfA
cont/adicto/<
>C? unw/itten constitutions a/e less sub;ect to 6isinte/7/etation than a/e
constitutions that ha3e been w/itten down
>D? libe/al constitutions a/e e8t/e6el< difficult to 7/ese/3e
>E? the/e a/e c/ite/ia fo/ e3aluatin4 the inte/7/etation and a77lication of a
constitution
!. If the state6ents in the a/4u6ent a/e all t/ueB which one of the followin4 6ust
!!$ 'SAT
also be t/ue on the basis of the6=
>A? A ca/eful anal<sis of the w/itten te8t of a constitution can show that the
constitution is not a libe/al one.
>B? It is i67ossible to dete/6ine that a w/itten constitution is libe/al 6e/el<
th/ou4h ca/eful anal<sis of the w/itten te8t.
>C? The/e a/e no ad3anta4es to ha3in4 a w/itten /athe/ than an unw/itten
constitution.
>D? Constitutions that a/e not w/itten a/e 6o/e li0el< to be libe/al than a/e
constitutions that a/e w/itten.
>E? A constitution is a libe/al constitution if it is 7ossible to inte/7/et it in a libe/al
wa<.
6. As fa/ as we 0nowB Ea/th is the onl< 7lanet on which life has e3ol3edB and all
0nown life fo/6s a/e ca/bonAbased. The/efo/eB althou4h the/e 6i4ht e8ist
nonca/bonAbased life on 7lanets 3e/< unli0e Ea/thB ou/ scientific esti6ates of the
7/obabilit< of e8t/ate//est/ial life should be 4ene/ated f/o6 esti6ates of the
nu6be/ of 7lanets li0e Ea/th and the li0elihood of ca/bonAbased life on those
7lanets.
,hich one of the followin4 4ene/al 7/inci7les 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ts the
/eco66endation=
>A? The/e is no 4ood /eason to thin0 that unobse/3ed 7heno6ena closel<
/ese6ble those that ha3e been obse/3ed.
>B? A scientific theo/< that e87lains a b/oad /an4e of 7heno6ena is 7/efe/able to a
co67etin4 theo/< that e87lains onl< so6e of those 7heno6ena.
>C? It is 7/efe/able fo/ scientists to /est/ict thei/ studies to 7heno6ena that a/e
obse/3able and fo/e4o 6a0in4 esti6ates about unobse/3able thin4s.
>D? A scientific theo/< that e87lains obse/3ed 7heno6ena on the basis of a few
7/inci7les that a/e inde7endent of each othe/ is 7/efe/able to a theo/< that
e87lains those sa6e 7heno6ena on the basis of 6an< inde7endent
7/inci7les.
>E? Esti6ations of 7/obabilit< that a/e 6o/e closel< tied to what is 0nown a/e
7/efe/able to those that a/e less closel< tied to what is 0nown.
%. Iolitician1 Dnless ou/ nation /edist/ibutes wealthB we will be unable to alle3iate
econo6ic in;ustice and ou/ cu//ent s<ste6 will lead ine3itabl< to intole/able
econo6ic ine@uities. If the ine@uities beco6e intole/ableB those who suffe/ f/o6
the in;ustice will /eso/t to 3iolence to coe/ce social /efo/6. It is ou/ nation2s
/es7onsibilit< to do whate3e/ is necessa/< to alle3iate conditions that would
othe/wise 4i3e /ise to 3iolent atte67ts at social /efo/6.
The state6ents abo3e lo4icall< co66it the 7olitician to which one of the
>A? The need fo/ 7olitical /efo/6 ne3e/ ;ustifies a /eso/t to 3iolent /e6edies.
GMAT . 'SAT C- !!1
>B? It is ou/ nation2s /es7onsibilit< to /edist/ibute wealth.
>C? Ioliticians 6ust base decisions on 7olitical e87edienc< /athe/ than on abst/act
6o/al 7/inci7les.
>D? Econo6ic in;ustice need not be /e6edied unless it leads to intole/able social
conditions.
>E? All that is /e@ui/ed to c/eate conditions of econo6ic ;ustice is the
/edist/ibution of wealth.
8. Delta 4/een 4/ound beetles so6eti6es /e6ain 6otionless fo/ hou/s at a st/etchB
althou4h the< a/e 6o/e acti3e in wet <ea/s than in d/< <ea/s. In 1&8& an obse/3e/
s7otted ten delta 4/een 4/ound beetles in nine hou/sG in 1&8! the sa6e obse/3e/ at
the sa6e location had counted "8 in about two hou/s. This diffe/ence 7/obabl<
does not /eflect a d/o7 in the 7o7ulation of these /a/e beetles o3e/ this 7e/iodB
howe3e/B because 1&8! was a wet <ea/ and 1&8& was /elati3el< d/<.
abo3e=
>A? Because of thei/ e8cellent ca6oufla4eB delta 4/een 4/ound beetles a/e al6ost
i67ossible to see if the< a/e not 6o3in4.
>B? The onl< habitat of delta 4/een 4/ound beetles is a/ound 7ools fo/6ed b< the
collection of winte/ /ains in lowAl<in4 a/eas.
>C? Della 4/een 4/ound beetles 6o3e about 3e/< little to 4et foodG 6ost of thei/
6o3in4 f/o6 one 7lace to anothe/ is /elated to thei/ /e7/oducti3e beha3io/.
>D? Della 4/een 4/ound beetles a/e so /a/e thatB althou4h the fi/st s7eci6en was
found in 18%8B a second was not found until 1&%#.
>E? )o 7/edato/ /elies on the delta 4/een 4/ound beetle fo/ a 6a;o/ 7o/tion of its
food su77l<.
&. Ch/onic fati4ue s<nd/o6eB a condition that afflicts thousands of 7eo7leB is
in3a/iabl< associated with lowe/AthanAno/6al concent/ations of 6a4nesiu6 in the
blood. 5u/the/B 6alabso/7tion of 6a4nesiu6 f/o6 the di4esti3e t/act to the blood
is also often associated with so6e t<7es of fati4ue. These facts in the6sel3es
de6onst/ate that t/eat6ents that /aise the concent/ation of 6a4nesiu6 in the
blood would 7/o3ide an effecti3e cu/e fo/ the fati4ue in3ol3ed in the s<nd/o6e.
>A? It fails to establish that lowe/AthanAno/6al concent/ations of 6a4nesiu6 in
the blood a/e in3a/iabl< due to 6alabso/7tion of 6a4nesiu6.
>B? It offe/s no e3idence that fati4ue itself does not induce lowe/ed
concent/ations of 6a4nesiu6 in the blood.
>C? It i4no/es the 7ossibilit< that e3en in 7eo7le who a/e not afflicted with
ch/onic fati4ue s<nd/o6eB concent/ation of 6a4nesiu6 in the blood
fluctuates.
>D? It ne4lects to state the e8act concent/ation of 6a4nesiu6 in the blood which
!! 'SAT
is conside/ed the no/6al concent/ation.
>E? It does not s7ecif< what 6ethods would be 6ost effecti3e in /aisin4 the
concent/ation of 6a4nesiu6 in the blood.
Questions 10-11
Consu6e/ ad3ocate1 The to<Alabelin4 law should /e@ui/e 6anufactu/e/s to 7/o3ide
e87licit safet< labels on to<s to indicate what ha9a/ds the to<s 7ose. The onl< labels
cu//entl< /e@ui/ed b< law a/e labels indicatin4 the a4e /an4e fo/ which a to< is
intended. 5o/ instanceB a Eth/ee and u7F label is /e@ui/ed on to<s that 7ose a cho0in4
ha9a/d fo/ child/en unde/ th/ee <ea/s of a4e. Althou4h the cu//ent to<Alabelin4 law has
indeed /educed the incidence of in;u/ies to child/en f/o6 to<sB 7a/ents could 7/e3ent
such in;u/ies al6ost enti/el< if to< labels 7/o3ided e87licit safet< info/6ation.
1$. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost st/en4thens the consu6e/ ad3ocate2s
a/4u6ent=
>A? Ce/tain t<7es of to<s ha3e ne3e/ been associated with in;u/< to child/en.
>B? Most 7a/ents belie3e that the cu//ent labels a/e /eco66endations /e4a/din4
le3el of co4niti3e s0ill.
>C? The 6a;o/it< of child/en in;u/ed b< to<s a/e unde/ th/ee <ea/s of a4e.
>D? Man< 7a/ents do not 7a< attention to 6anufactu/e/s2 labels when the< select
to<s fo/ thei/ child/en.
>E? Cho0in4 is the 6ost se/ious ha9a/d 7/esented to child/en b< to<s.
11. The state6ent that the law should /e@ui/e e87licit safet< labels on to<s se/3es
which one of the followin4 functions in the consu6e/ ad3ocate2s a/4u6ent=
>A? It is a 4ene/al 7/inci7le su77o/tin4 the conclusion of the a/4u6ent.
>B? It is a 7/o7osed co67/o6ise between two conflictin4 4oals.
>C? It is the conclusion of the a/4u6ent.
>D? It is e3idence that 6ust be /efuted in o/de/ to establish the conclusion of the
a/4u6ent.
>E? It is a 7a/ticula/ instance of the 4ene/al 7osition unde/ discussion.
1. I/o7onents of o/4anic fa/6in4 clai6 that usin4 che6ical fe/tili9e/s and 7esticide
in fa/6in4 is ha/6ful to local wildlife. To 7/oduce the sa6e a6ount of foodB
howe3e/B 6o/e land 6ust be unde/ culti3ation when o/4anic fa/6in4 techni@ues
a/e used than when che6icals a/e used. The/efo/eB o/4anic fa/6in4 lea3es less
land a3ailable as habitat fo/ local wildlife.
,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion on which the autho/2s a/4u6ent
de7ends=
>A? Che6ical fe/tili9e/s and 7esticides 7ose no health th/eat to wildlife.
>B? ,ildlife li3in4 nea/ fa/6s whe/e che6icals a/e used will not in4est an< food
o/ wate/ containin4 those che6icals.
GMAT . 'SAT C- !!"
>C? The onl< disad3anta4e to usin4 che6icals in fa/6in4 is thei/ 7otential effect
on wildlife.
>D? The sa6e c/o7s a/e 4/own on o/4anic fa/6s as on fa/6s whe/e che6icals a/e
used.
>E? 'and culti3ated b< o/4anic fa/6in4 6ethods no lon4e/ constitutes a habitat
fo/ wildlife.
1". -e7tiles a/e ai/Ab/eathin4 3e/teb/ates with co67letel< ossified s0eletonsG so
alli4ato/s 6ust be ai/Ab/eathin4 3e/teb/ates with co67letel< ossified s0eletons.
In te/6s of its lo4ical featu/esB the a/4u6ent abo3e 6ost /ese6bles which one of
the followin4=
>A? G/een 7lants ta0e in ca/bon dio8ide and /elease o8<4en bac0 into the ai/G so it
follows that 4/ass ta0es in ca/bon dio8ide and /eleases o8<4en into the ai/.
>B? So6e /ed butte/flies a/e 7oisonous to bi/ds that 7/e< on the6G so this
7a/ticula/ /ed butte/fl< is 7oisonous to bi/ds that 7/e< on it.
>C? Mnowled4e about the e67i/ical wo/ld can be 4ained f/o6 boo0sG so *i/4inia
,oolf2s boo0 % -oo, of 7ne*s 7wn 6ust 7/o3ide 0nowled4e about the
e67i/ical wo/ld.
>D? Die/d/e has seen e3e/< fil6 di/ected b< -aine/ ,e/ne/ 5assbinde/G so Die/d/e
6ust ha3e seen %li (ear 6ats the /oulB a fil6 di/ected b< 5assbinde/.
>E? S0ie/s /un a hi4h /is0 of bone f/actu/eG so it is li0el< that 'indse<B who has
been an a3id s0ie/ fo/ 6an< <ea/sB has suffe/ed a b/o0en bone at so6e 7oint.
1#. Althou4h inflated 4o3e/n6ent s7endin4 fo/ wea7ons /esea/ch encou/a4es waste
at wea7ons /esea/ch labo/ato/iesB wea7ons 7/oduction 7lants 6ust be 3iewed as
e@uall< wasteful of ta87a<e/ dolla/s. Afte/ allB b< the 4o3e/n6ent2s own
ad6issionB the wea7ons 7lant it 7lans to /eo7en will 3iolate at least 6&
en3i/on6entalB healthB and safet< laws. The 4o3e/n6ent has decided to /eo7en
the 7lant and e8e67t it f/o6 co67lianceB e3en thou4h the wea7ons to be
7/oduced the/e could be 7/oduced at the sa6e cost at a safe/ facilit<.
The /easonin4 in the a/4u6ent is 6ost 3ulne/able to c/iticis6 on which one of the
followin4 4/ounds=
>A? It offe/s no e3idence that the Esafe/F alte/nati3e 7/oduction site actuall<
co67lies with an< of the laws 6entioned.
>B? It concedes a 7oint /e4a/din4 wea7ons /esea/ch labo/ato/ies that unde/6ines
its conclusion about wea7ons 7/oduction 7lants.
>C? It /elies on e3idence that does not di/ectl< add/ess the issue of wasteful
s7endin4.
>D? It confuses necessa/< e87enditu/es fo/ /esea/ch with wasteful s7endin4 on
wea7ons.
>E? It fails to establish that /esea/ch labo/ato/ies and wea7ons 7/oduction 7lants
a/e si6ila/ enou4h to be 6eanin4full< co67a/ed.
!!# 'SAT
Questions 15-1&
D/. Godf/e<1 )ow that hi4h school students a/e allowed to wo/0 6o/e than 1! hou/s
7e/ wee0 at 7a/tAti6e ;obsB those who actuall< do so show less inte/est in school and
4et lowe/ 4/ades than those who do not wo/0 as 6an< hou/s at 7a/tAti6e ;obs.
(b3iousl<B wo/0in4 lon4 hou/s at 7a/tAti6e ;obs du/in4 the school <ea/ cont/ibutes to
the acade6ic 7/oble6s that 6an< of ou/ hi4h school students e87e/ience.
D/. )ash1 That2s not so. Man< of ou/ hi4h school students set out to ea/n as 6uch
6one< as the< can si67l< to co67ensate fo/ thei/ lac0 of acade6ic success.
1!. D/. )ash /es7onds to D/. Godf/e<2s a/4u6ent b< doin4 which one of the
followin4=
>A? atte67tin4 to down7la< the se/iousness of the 7/oble6s facin4 acade6icall<
t/oubled hi4h school students
>B? offe/in4 an alte/nati3e inte/7/etation of the e3idence cited b< D/. Godf/e<
>C? @uestionin4 the accu/ac< of the e3idence on which D/. Godf/e< bases his
conclusion
>D? 7/o7osin4 that the schools a/e not at fault fo/ the acade6ic 7/oble6s facin4
6an< hi4h school students
>E? /aisin4 the 7ossibilit< that the/e is no /elationshi7 between acade6ic 7/oble6s
a6on4 hi4h school students and 7a/tAti6e e67lo<6ent
16. The answe/ to which one of the followin4 would be the 6ost hel7ful in
dete/6inin4 whethe/ the conclusion that D/. Godf/e< d/aws could be lo4icall<
defended a4ainst D/. )ash2s counte/a/4u6ent=
>A? whethe/ 7eo7le who ha3e had acade6ic 7/oble6s in hi4h school a/e
ulti6atel< less successful in thei/ ca/ee/s than 7eo7le who ha3e not had such
7/oble6s
>B? whethe/ students a/e allowed to s7end 6o/e than 1! hou/s 7e/ wee0 at schoolA
s7onso/ed nonacade6ic e8t/acu//icula/ acti3ities such as tea6 s7o/ts o/
clubs
>C? whethe/ the students who wo/0 6o/e than 1! hou/s 7e/ wee0 and ha3e
acade6ic 7/oble6s had such 7/oble6s befo/e the< be4an to wo/0 that 6an<
hou/s
>D? whethe/ e67lo<e/s and hi4h school students t<7icall< obe< all the laws that
/e4ulate the conditions unde/ which <oun4 7eo7le 6a< le4all< be e67lo<ed
>E? whethe/ hi4h school students who ha3e afte/Aschool ;obs continue to wo/0 at
those ;obs afte/ 4/aduatin4 f/o6 hi4h school
1%. H1 Medical /esea/ch on ani6als should not be /educed in /es7onse to a conce/n
fo/ ani6alsB because /esults of such /esea/ch se/3e to a3e/t hu6an suffe/in4. In
such /esea/ch a t/adeAoff between hu6an and ani6al welfa/e is alwa<s ine3itableB
but we should 4i3e 4/eate/ wei4ht to hu6an welfa/e.
GMAT . 'SAT C- !!!
:1 ,ith technolo4< that is cu//entl< a3ailableB 6uch of the /esea/ch 7/esentl<
7e/fo/6ed on ani6als could instead be done with co67ute/ 6odelin4 o/ hu6an
sub;ects without causin4 an< suffe/in4.
The /elationshi7 of :2s /es7onse to H2s a/4u6ent is that :2s /es7onse
>A? cont/adicts a 7/e6ise on which H2s a/4u6ent /elies
>B? disa4/ees with H about the wei4ht to be 4i3en to ani6al suffe/in4 as o77osed
to hu6an suffe/in4
>C? 7/esents a lo4ical conse@uence of the 7/e6ises of H2s a/4u6ent
>D? st/en4thens H2s a/4u6ent b< 7/esentin4 e3idence not 6entioned b< H2s
a/4u6ent
>E? su77lies a 7/e6ise to H2s a/4u6ent that was not e87licitl< stated
18. In e87e/i6ents in which ce/tain 0inds of bacte/ia we/e 7laced in a 4ene/ous
su77l< of nut/ientsB the 7o7ulations of bacte/ia 4/ew /a7idl<B and 4enetic
6utations occu//ed at /ando6 in the 7o7ulations. These e87e/i6ents show that all
4enetic 6utation is /ando6.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB enables the conclusion to be 7/o7e/l< d/awn=
>A? Eithe/ all 4enetic 6utations a/e /ando6 o/ none a/e /ando6.
>B? The bacte/ia tested in the e87e/i6ents we/e of e8t/e6el< co66on fo/6s.
>C? If all 4enetic 6utations in bacte/ia a/e /ando6B then all 4enetic 6utations in
e3e/< othe/ life fo/6 a/e /ando6 also.
>D? The 0ind of en3i/on6ent in which 4enetic 6utation ta0es 7lace has no effect
on the wa< 4enetic 6utation occu/s.
>E? The nut/ients used we/e the sa6e as those that nou/ish the bacte/ia in natu/e.
1&. Tho6as1 The club 7/esident had no /i4ht to disallow +eff/e<2s 3ote. Club /ules sa<
that onl< 6e6be/s in 4ood standin4 6a< 3ote. :ou23e ad6itted that club /ules
also sa< that all 6e6be/s whose dues a/e full< 7aid a/e 6e6be/s in 4ood
standin4. And sinceB as the /eco/ds indicateB +eff/e< has alwa<s 7aid his dues on
ti6eB clea/l< the 7/esident acted in 3iolation of club /ules.
Althea1 B< that /easonin4 6< twoA<ea/Aold niece can le4all< 3ote in ne8t 6onth2s
national election since she is a citi9en of this count/A? fails to ta0e into account the distinction between so6ethin4 not bein4
7/ohibited and its bein4 autho/i9ed
>B? offe/s e3idence that casts doubt on the cha/acte/ of the club 7/esident and
the/eb< i4no/es the @uestion of 3otin4 eli4ibilit<
>C? w/on4l< assu6es that if a state6ent is not actuall< denied b< so6eoneB that
state6ent 6ust be /e4a/ded as t/ue
>D? does not s7ecif< the issue with /es7ect to which the dis7uted 3ote was cast
!!6 'SAT
>E? o3e/loo0s the 7ossibilit< that Althea is not an autho/it< on the club2s /ules
$. Calo/ies consu6ed in e8cess of those with which the bod< needs to be 7/o3ided
to 6aintain its wei4ht a/e no/6all< sto/ed as fat and the bod< 4ains wei4ht.
Alcoholic be3e/a4es a/e laden with calo/ies. Howe3e/B those 7eo7le who
/e4ula/l< d/in0 two o/ th/ee alcoholic be3e/a4es a da< and the/eb< e8ceed the
calo/ic inta0e necessa/< to 6aintain thei/ wei4ht do not in 4ene/al 4ain wei4ht.
disc/e7anc<=
>A? So6e 7eo7le who /e4ula/l< d/in0 two o/ th/ee alcoholic be3e/a4es a da<
a3oid e8ceedin4 the calo/ic inta0e necessa/< to 6aintain thei/ wei4ht b<
dec/easin4 calo/ic inta0e f/o6 othe/ sou/ces.
>B? E8cess calo/ies consu6ed b< 7eo7le who /e4ula/l< d/in0 two o/ th/ee
alcoholic be3e/a4es a da< tend to be dissi7ated as heat.
>C? So6e 7eo7le who do not d/in0 alcoholic be3e/a4es but who eat hi4hAcalo/ie
foods do not 4ain wei4ht.
>D? Man< 7eo7le who /e4ula/l< d/in0 6o/e than th/ee alcoholic be3e/a4es a da<
do not 4ain wei4ht.
>E? So6e 7eo7le who ta0e in fewe/ calo/ies than a/e no/6all< necessa/< to
6aintain thei/ wei4ht do not lose wei4ht.
1. ,hen a 7e/son with te67o/al lobe e7ile7s< is ha3in4 an e7ile7tic sei9u/eB 7a/t of
the b/ain2s te67o/al lobe 7/oduces abno/6al elect/ical i67ulsesB which can oftenB
but not alwa<sB be detected th/ou4h a test called an elect/oence7halo4/a6 >EEG?.
The/efo/eB althou4h a 7ositi3e EEG /eadin4Kthat isB e3idence of abno/6al
elect/ical i67ulsesKdu/in4 an a77a/ent sei9u/e is a /easonabl< /eliable indicato/
of te67o/al lobe e7ile7sA? a 7ositi3e /eadin4 is ;ust as /eliable an indicato/ of the absence of te67o/al
lobe e7ile7s<
>B? a 7ositi3e /eadin4 can also indicate the 7/esence of othe/ fo/6s of e7ile7s<
>C? a 7ositi3e /eadin4 is 6o/e f/e@uentl< an e//oneous /eadin4 than is a ne4ati3e
one
>D? a ne4ati3e /eadin4 does not 6ean that te67o/al lobe e7ile7s< can be /uled out
>E? a ne4ati3e /eadin4 is ;ust as /eliable an indicato/ of the 7/esence of te67o/al
lobe e7ile7s<
. In Sheldon 6ost bic<clists a4ed 18 and o3e/ ha3e li4hts on thei/ bic<clesB
whe/eas 6ost bic<clists unde/ the a4e of 18 do not. It follows that in Sheldon
6ost bic<clists who ha3e li4hts on thei/ bic<cles a/e at least 18 <ean old.
,hich one of the followin4 e8hibits a 7atte/n of flawed /easonin4 6ost si6ila/ to
GMAT . 'SAT C- !!%
>A? Most of the 7eo7le in Sheldon bu< 4asoline on Monda<s onl<. But al6ost
e3e/<one in Sheldon bu<s 4/oce/ies on Tuesda<s onl<. It follows that fewe/
than half of the 7eo7le in Sheldon bu< 4asoline on the sa6e da< on which
the< bu< 4/oce/ies.
>B? The Sheldon 'ib/a/< lent 6o/e boo0s du/in4 the wee0 afte/ it be4an lendin4
3ideos than it had in the enti/e 7/ecedin4 6onth. It follows that the
a3ailabilit< of 3ideos was /es7onsible fo/ the inc/ease in the nu6be/ of
boo0s lent.
>C? Most of the /esidents of Sheldon who 3oted in the last election a/e on the
Conse/3ati3e 7a/t<2s 6ailin4 listB whe/eas 6ost of Sheldon2s /esidents who
did not 3ote a/e not on the list. It follows that 6ost of the /esidents of
Sheldon on the Conse/3ati3e 7a/t<2s 6ailin4 list 3oted in the last election.
>D? In the count/< whe/e Sheldon is locatedB e3e/< town that has two o/ 6o/e fi/e
t/uc0s has a town 7oolB whe/eas 6ost towns that ha3e fewe/ than two fi/e
t/uc0s do not ha3e a town 7ool. It follows that SheldonB which has a town
7oolB 6ust ha3e at least two fi/e t/uc0s.
>E? In Sheldon e3e/<one o3e/ the a4e of 6$ who 0nits also sewsB but not e3e/<one
o3e/ the a4e of 6$ who sews also 0nits. It follows that a6on4 7eo7le o3e/
the a4e of 6$ in Sheldon the/e a/e 6o/e who sew than the/e a/e who 0nit.
". AsbestosB an al6ost indest/uctible 6ine/al once installed as buildin4 insulationB
7oses no health /is0 unless the asbestos is distu/bed and asbestos fibe/s a/e
/eleased into the en3i/on6ent. Since /e6o3in4 asbestos f/o6 buildin4s distu/bs
itB the/eb< /eleasin4 asbestos fibe/sB the 4o3e/n6ent should not /e@ui/e /e6o3al
of all asbestos insulation.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost st/en4thens the a/4u6ent=
>A? Asbestos 7oses fa/ less /is0 to health than does s6o0in4B d/u4 and alcohol
abuseB i67/o7e/ diet o/ lac0 of e8e/cise.
>B? Asbestos can 7ost a health th/eat to wo/0e/s who /e6o3e it without wea/in4
/e@ui/ed 7/otecti3e 4ea/.
>C? So6e 0inds of asbestosB when distu/bedB 7ose 4/eate/ health /is0s than do
othe/ 0inds.
>D? Asbestos is ine3itabl< distu/bed b< buildin4 /eno3ations o/ buildin4
de6olition.
>E? Much of the ti6eB /e6o3ed asbestos is bu/ied in landfills and fo/4otten with
no 4ua/antee that it will not be distu/bed a4ain.
Question !4-!5
,hen 3olcanic la3a solidifiesB it beco6es unifo/6l< 6a4neti9ed in the di/ection in
which the Ea/th2s 6a4netic field 7oints. The/e a/e si4nificant diffe/ences in the
di/ection of 6a4neti9ation a6on4 solidified la3a flows f/o6 diffe/ent 3olcanoes that
e/u7ted at diffe/ent ti6es o3e/ the 7ast se3e/al 6illion <ea/s. The/efo/eB it 6ust be that
!!8 'SAT
the di/ection of the Ea/th2s 6a4netic field has chan4ed o3e/ ti6e. Since la3a flows
diffe/in4 b< thousands of <ea/s in a4e often ha3e 3e/< si6ila/ di/ections of
6a4neti9ationB the chan4e in the di/ection of the Ea/th2s 6a4netic field 6ust ta0e
7lace 3e/< 4/aduall< o3e/ hund/eds of thousands of <ea/s.
#. The a/4u6ent that the di/ection of the Ea/th2s 6a4netic field has chan4ed o3e/
ti6e /e@ui/es the assu67tion that
>A? onl< la3a can be used to 6easu/e the di/ection of the Ea/th2s 6a4netic field as
it e8isted in the distant 7ast
>B? a sin4le 3olcano can 7/oduce la3a of diffe/in4 consistencies du/in4 diffe/ent
e/u7tions
>C? not all solidified la3a has chan4ed the di/ection of its 6a4neti9ation
un7/edictabl<
>D? the/e a/e fewe/ 3olcanic e/u7tions now than the/e we/e 6illions of <ea/s a4o
>E? as la3a flows down the side of a 3olcanoB it 7ic0s u7 6a4neti9ed /oc0s
!. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< unde/6ines the conclusion
that the chan4e in the di/ection of the Ea/th2s 6a4netic field ha77ened 3e/<
slowl<=
>A? The chan4es in the di/ection of the Ea/th2s 6a4netic field a/e dete/6ined b<
the chaotic 6o3e6ent of i/onAcontainin4 li@uids in the Ea/th2s oute/ co/e.
>B? The/e has not been a chan4e in the di/ection of the Ea/th2s 6a4netic field
since scientists ha3e be4un 6easu/in4 the di/ection of 6a4neti9ation of la3a
flows.
>C? The di/ection of the Ea/th2s 6a4netic field has unde/4one a co67lete /e3e/sal
se3e/al ti6es o3e/ the 7ast few 6illion <ea/s.
>D? A la3a flow has been found in which the di/ection of 6a4neti9ation in the
cente/ of the flow diffe/s si4nificantl< f/o6 that on the su/faceB e3en thou4h
the flow too0 onl< two wee0s to solidit< co67letel<.
>E? Since the /ate at which 6olten la3a solidifies de7ends on the te67e/atu/e and
altitude of the en3i/on6entB so6e la3a flows f/o6 3olcanoes in ce/tain a/eas
will ta0e <ea/s to solidit< co67letel<.
6. ,hen the 6anufactu/e/s in a 4i3en count/< a/e slowe/ to ado7t new technolo4ies
than thei/ fo/ei4n co67etito/s a/eB thei/ 7/oduction costs will fall 6o/e slowl<
than thei/ fo/ei4n co67etito/s2 costs will. But if 6anufactu/e/s2 7/oduction costs
fall less /a7idl< than thei/ fo/ei4n co67etito/s2 costs doB those 6anufactu/e/s will
be unable to lowe/ thei/ 7/ices as /a7idl< as thei/ fo/ei4n co67etito/s canG and
when a count/<2s 6anufactu/e/s cannot lowe/ thei/A7/ices as /a7idl< as thei/
fo/ei4n co67etito/s canB that count/< 4ets s@uee9ed out of the 4lobal 6a/0et.
If the state6ents abo3e a/e t/ueB which one of the followin4 6ust also be t/ue on
the basis of the6=
>A? If the 6anufactu/e/s in one count/< /aise thei/ 7/icesB it is because the< ha3e
GMAT . 'SAT C- !!&
s@uee9ed thei/ fo/ei4n co67etito/s out of the 4lobal 6a/0et.
>B? If 6anufactu/e/s in one count/< ha3e been s@uee9ed out of the 4lobal 6a/0etB
this shows that thei/ fo/ei4n co67etito/s ha3e ado7ted new technolo4ies
6o/e /a7idl< than the< ha3e.
>C? If a count/<2s fo/ei4n co67etito/s can lowe/ thei/ 7/oduction costs 6o/e
/a7idl< than the count/<2s own 6anufactu/e/s canB then thei/ fo/ei4n
co67etito/s 6ust ha3e ado7ted new 6anufactu/in4 techni@ues.
>D? If a count/<2s 6anufactu/e/s ado7t new technolo4ies at the sa6e /ate as thei/
fo/ei4n co67etito/sB neithe/ 4/ou7 will be able to s@uee9e the othe/ out of
the 4lobal 6a/0et.
>E? If a count/<2s 6anufactu/e/s can lowe/ thei/ 7/ices as /a7idl< as thei/ fo/ei4n
co67etito/s canB this shows that the< ado7t new technolo4< at least as fast as
thei/ fo/ei4n co67etito/s do.
TEST 1%
SECTI() III
1. It is difficult to 0ee7 dee7 wounds f/ee of bacte/ia. E3en st/on4 antibiotics fail to
0ill the bacte/ia that li3e in such wounds. Howe3e/B 6an< 7h<sicians ha3e
succeeded in eli6inatin4 bacte/ia f/o6 dee7 wounds b< 7ac0in4 the wound with
a sweet substance li0e su4a/.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost hel7s to e87lain wh< t/eatin4 dee7
wounds with su4a/ as desc/ibed abo3e is successful=
>A? Bacte/ia that li3e in dee7 wounds th/i3e in a 6oist en3i/on6entB and su4a/
has a deh<d/atin4 effect.
>B? Su4a/ that is nea/l< 7u/e is /eadil< a3ailable fo/ use in 6edical t/eat6ents.
>C? Man< 0inds of bacte/ia can use su4a/ as a nut/ient and will /e7/oduce /a7idl<
when su4a/ is a3ailable to the6.
>D? So6e foods that contain su4a/ can wea0en the effects of ce/tain antibiotics.
>E? St/on4 antibiotics we/e de3elo7ed onl< /ecentl<B but the use of su4a/ as a
t/eat6ent fo/ wounds dates bac0 to ancient ti6es.
. Ieo7le who a/e /edR4/een colo/Ablind cannot distin4uish between 4/een and
b/ownB Ge/ald cannot distin4uish between 4/een and b/own. The/efo/e Ge/ald is
/edR4/een colo/Ablind.
,hich one of the followin4 6ost closel< 7a/allels the /easonin4 in the a/4u6ent
7/esented in the 7assa4e=
>A? Ieo7le who a/e fai/As0inned suffe/ f/o6 sunbu/n. ,illia6 is fai/As0inned.
The/efo/e ,illia6 suffe/s f/o6 sunbu/n.
!6$ 'SAT
>B? Ieo7le who a/e suffe/in4 f/o6 sinusitis lose thei/ sense of s6ell. Ma/< has
lost he/ sense of s6ell. The/efo/e Ma/< is suffe/in4 f/o6 sinusitis.
>C? Ieo7le who ha3e suffe/ed f/o6 ;aundice cannot beco6e blood dono/sB +ean is
a blood dono/. The/efo/e +ean has not suffe/ed f/o6 ;aundice.
>D? Ieo7le who a/e colo/Ablind cannot beco6e ai/line 7ilots. A/thu/ is colo/A
blind. The/efo/e A/thu/ cannot beco6e an ai/line 7ilot.
>E? Ieo7le who a/e diabetic cannot eat la/4e a6ounts of su4a/. 5/eda is diabetic.
The/efo/e 5/eda is on a s7ecial diet.
". Ea/l< in this centu/<B Alf/ed ,e4ene/ de3elo7ed the conce7t of continental d/ift.
His ideas we/e /e;ected 3ehe6entl< because he 7ostulated no identifiable fo/ce
st/on4 enou4h to 6a0e the continents 6o3e. ,e ha3e co6e to acce7t ,e4ene/2s
theo/<B not because we ha3e 7in7ointed such a fo/ceB but because new
inst/u6ents ha3e finall< allowed continental 6o3e6ent to be confi/6ed b<
obse/3ation.
The 7assa4e best illust/ates which one of the followin4 state6ents about science=
>A? The ai6 of science is to define the 6anifold of natu/e within the te/6s of a
sin4le ha/6onious theo/<.
>B? In a acce7tin4 a 6athe6atical desc/i7tion of natu/eB science has beco6e fa/
6o/e accu/ate at identif<in4 unde/l<in4 fo/ces.
>C? The 7a/ado8 of science is that e3e/< i67/o3e6ent in its 6easu/in4
inst/u6ents see6s to 6a0e ade@uate theo/ies ha/de/ to wo/0 out.
>D? ScienceB e67lo<in4 statistics and the laws of 7/obabilitE? ,hen the e3ents a theo/< 7ostulates a/e detectedB the theo/< is acce7ted e3en
without an e87lanation of how those e3ents a/e b/ou4ht about.
#. The theo/< of 6ilita/< dete//ence was based on a si67le 7s<cholo4ical t/uthB that
fea/ of /etaliation 6a0es a wouldAbe a44/esso/ nation hesitate befo/e attac0in4
and is often sufficient to dete/ it alto4ethe/ f/o6 attac0in4. Clea/l<B then to
6aintain 6ilita/< dete//enceB a nation would ha3e to belie3ed to ha3e /etaliato/<
7owe/ so 4/eat that a 7otential a44/esso/ nation would ha3e /eason to thin0 that it
could not defend itself a4ainst such /etaliation.
infe//ed=
>A? A wouldAbe a44/esso/ nation can be dete//ed f/o6 attac0in4 onl< if it has
ce/tain 0nowled4e that it would be dest/o<ed in /etaliation b< the count/< it
attac0s.
>B? A nation will not attac0 anothe/ nation if it belie3es that its own /etaliato/<
7owe/ su/7asses that of the othe/ nation.
>C? (ne nation2s failin4 to attac0 anothe/ establishes that the nation that fails to
attac0 belie3es that it could not withstand a /etaliato/< attac0 f/o6 the othe/
GMAT . 'SAT C- !61
nation.
>D? It is in the inte/ests of a nation that see0s dete//ence and has unsu/7assed
6ilita/< 7owe/ to let 7otential a44/esso/s a4ainst it beco6e awa/e of its
7owe/ of /etaliato/< attac0.
>E? Maintainin4 6a8i6u6 dete//ence f/o6 a44/ession b< othe/ nations /e@ui/es
that a nation 6aintain a /etaliato/< fo/ce 4/eate/ than that of an< othe/ nation.
!. To the edito/1
In 1&6$B an ast/ono6e/ 7/o7osed a 6athe6atical 6odel fo/ dete/6inin4 whethe/
e8t/ate//est/ial life e8ists. It was based on the assu67tions that life as we 0now it
could e8ist onl< on a 7lanet and that 6an< sta/s a/eB li0e ou/ SunB o/bited b<
7lanetsB (n the basis that the/e a/e nine 7lanets in ou/ sola/ s<ste6 and one of
the6 has life as we 0now itB the ast/ono6e/ 7/edicted that the/e a/e as 6an< as
one 6illion e8t/ate//est/ial ci3ili9ations ac/oss all sola/ s<ste6s. :et ast/ono6e/s
to date ha3e not detected e3en one 7lanet outside ou/ sola/ s<ste6. This indicates
that the ast/ono6e/2s 6odel is w/on4B and life as we 0now it e8ists onl< on the
7lant Ea/th.
Cla< Molt9
,hich one of the followin4B if acce7ted b< Cla< Molt9B would /e@ui/e hi6 to
/econside/ his conclusion=
>A? 5o/6s of life othe/ than life as we 0now it e8ist on othe/ 7lanets.
>B? The/e a/e 6an< sta/s that a/e not o/bited b< 7lanets.
>C? Detectin4 7lanets outside ou/ sola/ s<ste6 /e@ui/es 6o/e so7histicated
inst/u6ents than a/e cu//entl< a3ailable.
>D? The soundness of the conclusion /eached b< a77l<in4 a 6athe6atical 6odel
de7ends on the soundness of the assu67tions on which the 6odel is based.
>E? Due to shee/ distances and e87anses of s7ace in3ol3edB an< e8t/ate//est/ial
ci3ili9ation would ha3e 4/eat difficult< co66unicatin4 with ou/s.
6. If Ma8 we/e 4uilt<B he would not as0 the 7olice to in3esti4ate. The/efo/eB his
as0in4 the 7olice to in3esti4ate shows that he is not 4uilt<.
The lo4ical st/uctu/e of the a/4u6ent abo3e is 6ost si6ila/ to which one of the
followin4=
>A? If 'ucille we/e in the ne8t /oo6B I would not be able to see he/. The/efo/eB the
fact that I can see he/ shows that she is not in the ne8t /oo6.
>B? If Sa6 we/e /ichB he would not s7end his 3acation in Alas0a. The/efo/eB his
s7endin4 his 3acation in the Baha6as shows that he is /ich.
>C? If +oe we/e o3e/ #$ he would not want to lea/n to s0i. The/efo/eB the fact that
he does not want to lea/n to s0i shows that he is o3e/ #$.
>D? If Ma/0 we/e a 4ood coo0B he would not 7ut cinna6on in the chili. The/efo/eB
the fact that he is not a 4ood coo0 shows that he 7ut cinna6on in the chili.
!6 'SAT
>E? If Sall< we/e sociableB she would not a3oid he/ f/iends. The/efo/eB the fact
that she is sociable shows that she does not a3oid he/ f/iends.
%. A 7o7ulation of 4a6e duc0s at a weste/n la0e contains !! 6ales to e3e/< #!
fe6alesB while a 7o7ulation of 4a6e duc0s at an easte/n la0e contains 6! 6ales
fo/ e3e/< "! fe6ales. A6on4 those duc0s that ha3e not <et b/ed the/e a/e onl<
sli4htl< 6o/e 6ales than fe6alesB but a6on4 olde/ duc0s the nu6be/ of 6ales
4/eatl< e8ceeds the nu6be/ of fe6ales. Because the/e a/e a77/eciabl< 6o/e 6ales
a6on4 adult duc0s than a6on4 <oun4 duc0sB we can infe/ that the 4/eate/ the
dis7a/it< in o3e/all se8 /atiosB the 4/eate/ the 7e/centa4e of olde/ 6ale duc0s in
the 7o7ulation.
>A? The 7o7ulation of 4a6e duc0 at the weste/n la0e contains a lowe/ 7e/centa4e
of adult 6ales than the 7o7ulation at the easte/n la0e contains.
>B? The 7o7ulation of 4a6e duc0 at the easte/n la0e contains a hi4he/ 7e/centa4e
of nonadult 4a6e duc0s than the 7o7ulation at the weste/n la0e contains.
>C? The total nu6be/ of 6ale 4a6e duc0s is hi4he/ in the easte/n la0e2s
7o7ulation than in the weste/n la0e 7o7ulation.
>D? The nu6be/ of nonadult duc0s hatched in a b/eedin4 season is hi4he/ in the
easte/n la0e2s 7o7ulation than in the weste/n la0e2s 7o7ulation.
>E? Adult fe6ale 4a6e duc0s outnu6be/ nonadult fe6ale 4a6e duc0s in the
easte/n la0e2s 7o7ulation.
8. The co66on 7/ocedu/e fo/ dete/6inin4 whethe/ a food additi3e should be
banned f/o6 use is to co67a/e its healthA/elated benefits with its 7otential /is0s.
:ellow D<e )o. !B an additi3e used to colo/ le6on sodaB 6i4ht cause alle/4ic
/eactions in a few consu6e/s. 5o/ 6ost consu6e/s of le6on sodaB howe3e/B the
colo/in4 enhances thei/ en;o<6ent of the be3e/a4e. This 7a/ticula/ additi3e
should not be bannedB the/efo/eB because its benefits 4/eatl< outwei4h its /is0s.
A flaw in the a/4u6ent is that the autho/
>A? i67lies that the d<e entail no healthA/elated /is0s
>B? t/eats en;o<6ent of a be3e/a4e as a healthA/elated benefit
>C? i4no/es the 7ossibilit< that so6e food additi3es a/e ha/6ful to 6ost 7eo7le
>D? bases the a/4u6ent on an un7/o3en clai6 /e4a/din4 a dan4e/ in usin4 :ellow
D<e )o. !
>E? 7/esu6es that 6ost consu6e/s heed the wa/nin4 labels on be3e/a4e
containe/s
&. 5ines le3ied a4ainst those /es7onsible fo/ ce/tain en3i/on6entall< da6a4in4
accidents a/e now so hi4h that it costs a co67an< /es7onsible fo/ such an accident
6o/e to 7a< the fine than it would ha3e cost to ado7t 6easu/es that would ha3e
7/e3ented the accident. The/efo/eB since businesses 3alue thei/ 7/ofitsB those that
6i4ht ha3e such accidents will now install ade@uate en3i/on6ental safe4ua/ds.
GMAT . 'SAT C- !6"
>A? Businesses 4ene/all< 4/eatl< unde/esti6ate the /is0 of futu/e accidents.
>B? Businesses a/e as conce/ned with lon4Ate/6 as the< a/e with sho/tAte/6
st/ate4ies fo/ 6a8i6i9in4 7/ofits.
>C? Businesses 4ene/all< do the en3i/on6entall< E/i4htF thin4 onl< if doin4 so
6a0es 4ood business sense.
>D? Businesses t/eat fines that a/e le3ied a4ainst the6 as an o/dina/< business
e87ense.
>E? Businesses a/e lea/nin4 to e87loit the 7ublic2s en3i/on6ental awa/eness in
7/o6otin4 the6sel3es.
1$. E3en in a de6oc/ac<B it is necessa/< to /est/ict the disse6ination of ad3anced
technolo4ical 0nowled4e that is of co66e/cial o/ nationalAsecu/it< 3alue.
Disse6ination to ce/tain count/iesB those that a/e o/ will be co67etito/s o/
ene6iesB should be selecti3el< 7/ohibited. The/e 6ustB howe3e/B be f/ee e8chan4e
of scientific info/6ation.
In o/de/ to act in acco/dance with the 7osition abo3eB it would be necessa/< to be
able to /el< on each of the followin4 EHCEIT1
>A? It is 7ossible to distin4uish with confidenceB des7ite an< chan4es in the
inte/national en3i/on6entB f/iendl< o/ nonco67etiti3e f/o6 hostile o/
co67etiti3e nations.
>B? In a de6oc/acC? In 6ost fields of scienceB basic scientific /esea/ch is fu/the/ ad3anced in
count/ies that a/e de6oc/acies than in count/ies that a/e not de6oc/acies.
>D? In each field of scienceB it is 7ossible to distin4uish scientific info/6ation
f/o6 ad3anced technolo4ical 0nowled4e that is of co66e/cial o/ nationalA
secu/it< 3alue.
>E? In cases whe/e a co67an< that use ad3anced technolo4< is a 6ultinational
o/4ani9ationB it is 7ossible to 0ee7 info/6ation about the technolo4< f/o6
bein4 7assed ac/oss desi4nated national bounda/ies.
11. ,ate/ 3a7o/ e3a7o/ated f/o6 the ocean contains a 4/eate/ 7/o7o/tion of o8<4enA
16 and a s6alle/ 7/o7o/tion of the hea3ie/ o8<4enA18 than does seawate/.
)o/6all<B this 7heno6enon has no effect on the o3e/all co67osition of the oceanB
because e3a7o/ated seawate/ /etu/ns to the ocean th/ou4h 7/eci7itation. Du/in4 an
ice a4eB howe3e/B a la/4e a6ount of 7/eci7itation falls on ice ca7sB whe/e it is
t/a77ed as ice.
,hich one of the followin4 conclusions about a t<7ical ice a4e is 6ost st/on4l<
su77o/ted b< the state6ents abo3e=
>A? The 7/o7o/tions of o8<4enA16 and o8<4enA18 a/e the sa6e in 3a7o/ f/o6
!6# 'SAT
seawate/ as in the seawate/ itself.
>B? The concent/ation of o8<4enA18 in seawate/ is inc/eased.
>C? -ain and snow contain /elati3el< 6o/e o8<4enA16 than the< do in inte/4lacial
7e/iods.
>D? Du/in4 the ice a4eB 6o/e of the Ea/th2s 7/eci7itation falls o3e/ land than falls
o3e/ the ocean.
>E? The co67osition of seawate/ chan4es 6o/e slowl< than it does in inte/4lacial
7e/iods.
1. So6e of the 6ost 7/os7e/ous nations in the wo/ld ha3e e87e/ienced a 7/onounced
d/o7 in national sa3in4s /atesKthe 7e/centa4e of afte/Ata8 inco6e an a3e/a4e
household sa3es. This t/end will undoubtedl< continue if the a3e/a4e a4e of these
nations2 7o7ulations continues to /iseB since olde/ 7eo7le ha3e fewe/ /easons to
sa3e than do <oun4e/ 7eo7le.
,hich one of the followin4 indicates an e//o/ in the /easonin4 leadin4 to the
7/ediction abo3e=
>A? It fail to s7ecif< the 6an< /easons <oun4e/ 7eo7le ha3e fo/ sa3in4 6oneB? It assu6es that a ne4ati3e sa3in4s /ateKthe /esult of the a3e/a4e household2s
s7endin4 all of its afte/Ata8 inco6e as well as so6e of its e8istin4 sa3in4sK
cannot e3e/ co6e about in an< nation.
>C? It fails to cite statistics showin4 that the a3e/a4e a4e of the 7o7ulation of
ce/tain nations is /isin4.
>D? It onl< ta0es into account the co67a/ati3e nu6be/ of /easons olde/ and
<oun4e/ 7eo7leB /es7ecti3elE? It uses afte/Ata8 inco6e as the base fo/ co67utin4 the national sa3in4s /ate
without establishin4 b< a/4u6ent that afte/Ata8 inco6e is a 6o/e a77/o7/iate
base than befo/eAta8 inco6e.
1". The te/6 E7it bullF does not desi4nate a b/eed of do4B as do the te/6s EGe/6an
she7he/dF and E7oodle.F It is li0e the te/6s ESeein4AE<e do4F and E7olice do4BF
which desi4nate do4s acco/din4 to what the< do. If <ou ta0e two Ge/6an
she7he/ds and 7lace the6 side b< sideB <ou cannot tell b< a77ea/ance alone which
is the 7olice do4 and which is the Seein4AE<e do4.
,hich one of the followin4 is the 6ain 7oint of the 7assa4e=
>A? Ge/6an she7he/ds can be 7it bulls.
>B? Iit bulls can be distin4uished f/o6 othe/ 0inds of do4s b< a77ea/ance alone.
>C? A do4 is a 7it bull because of what it doesB not because of its b/eed.
>D? Ge/6an she7he/ds can function both as 7olice do4s and as Seein4AE<e do4s.
>E? So6e b/eeds of do4s cannot be distin4uished f/o6 othe/ b/eeds of do4s b<
GMAT . 'SAT C- !6!
a77ea/ance alone.
1#. Histo/icall<B 6oneta/< s<ste6s ha3e de3elo7ed onl< in 7o7ulation cente/s with
6a/0et7laces. Th/ou4h the fou/th centu/< B.C. Meso7ota6ian cities en4a4ed in
t/adeB but had ne3e/ had 6a/0et7laces. B< that 7e/iodB howe3e/B G/ee0 cities all
had 6a/0et7lacesB o/ a4o/ae. The G/ee0 cities2 a4o/ae we/e cent/all< located and
4oods we/e t/aded the/e eithe/ fo/ 6one< o/ fo/ co66odities.
If all of the state6ents in the 7assa4e a/e t/ueB then which one of the followin4
6ust also be t/ue=
>A? In the fou/th centu/< B.C. G/ee0 cities we/e the onl< 7o7ulation cente/s with
6oneta/< s<ste6s.
>B? The de3elo76ent of 6oneta/< s<ste6s has histo/icall< led to the de3elo76ent
of 6a/0et7laces.
>C? In the fou/th centu/< B.C. the G/ee0s and the Meso7ota6ians t/aded with
each othe/.
>D? Afte/ the fou/th centu/< B.C. Meso7ota6ian cities had 6a/0et7laces and
6oneta/< s<ste6s.
>E? The Meso7ota6ian cities of the fou/th centu/< B.C. did not ha3e 6oneta/<
s<ste6s.
Questions 15-1&
Co67ute/ o7e/atin4 s<ste6 softwa/e has beco6e inc/easin4l< standa/di9ed. But when
a la/4e business with 6ulti7leB lin0ed co67ute/ s<ste6s uses identical o7e/atin4
s<ste6 softwa/e on all of its co67ute/sB a co67ute/ 3andal who 4ains access to one
co67ute/ auto6aticall< has access to the data on all the co67ute/s. Dsin4 a 7/o4/a6
0nown as a E3i/usBF the 3andal can then dest/o< 6uch of the data on all the
co67ute/s. If such a business int/oduced 6ino/ 3a/iations into its o7e/atin4 s<ste6
softwa/eB unautho/i9ed access to all the co67ute/s at the sa6e ti6e could be 3i/tuall<
eli6inated. 5u/the/6o/e 3a/iations in o7e/atin4 s<ste6 softwa/e can be c/eated
without an< lose of co67ute/ co67atibilit< to the business. The/efo/eB it is ad3isable
fo/ businesses to i67le6ent such 3a/iations.
1!. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB su77o/ts the conclusion in the 7assa4e=
>A? Standa/di9ation of co67ute/ o7e/atin4 s<ste6 softwa/e has inc/eased
co67ute/ co67atibilit< a6on4 diffe/ent businesses.
>B? Co//ectin4 an< da6a4e /esultin4 f/o6 an in3asion b< a co67ute/ 3i/us
7/o4/a6 is 6o/e e87ensi3e than 7/e3entin4 the da6a4e.
>C? It is not costl< fo/ a business to 6aintain inco67atible co67ute/ o7e/atin4
s<ste6s.
>D? The/e a/e othe/ 0inds of dest/ucti3e co67ute/ 7/o4/a6s that do not de7end on
inte/co67ute/ lin0s.
>E? )ot all businesses need to sha/e date a6on4 thei/ inte/nal co67ute/ s<ste6s.
!66 'SAT
16. ,hich one of the followin4 can be infe//ed f/o6 the 7assa4e=
>A? If a business does not int/oduce 3a/iet< into its co67ute/ o7e/atin4 s<ste6sB it
will lose data on its co67ute/s because of da6a4e f/o6 3i/us 7/o4/a6s.
>B? If a co67ute/ 3i/us 7/o4/a6 is int/oduced into a business co67ute/B all of the
data on that co67ute/ will be dest/o<ed.
>C? If a business int/oduces 3a/iet< into its lin0ed co67ute/ o7e/atin4 s<ste6sB it
will ha3e inc/eased o3e/all 7/otection fo/ its s<ste6sB but will not ha3e
7/otected e3e/< co67ute/ f/o6 3i/al in3asion.
>D? If a business does not ha3e 6ulti7leB lin0ed co67ute/ s<ste6sB its co67ute/s
cannot be 7/otected f/o6 co67ute/ 3i/uses.
>E? If 6ino/ 3a/iations a/e c/eated in co67ute/ o7e/atin4 s<ste6 softwa/eB it will
be easie/ to access the data on the co67ute/s that use that softwa/e.
1%. It is the 6a/0 of a su7e/io/ conducto/ that he o/ she has the autho/it< to insistB
e3en with a to7 o/chest/aB that /ehea/sal wo/0 6ust be intensified. This autho/it<
cannot si67l< be clai6edB the conducto/ 6ust ea/n it b< winnin4 the o/chest/a2s
/es7ect fo/ the a/tistic inte/7/etations he o/ she is cu//entl< 7u/suin4.
In ta0in4 the 7osition outlinedB the autho/ 7/esu77oses which one of the
followin4=
>A? Su7e/io/ conducto/s de3ise diffe/ent inte/7/etations of co67osition fo/ each
o/chest/a with which the< 7e/fo/6 it.
>B? Su7e/io/ conducto/s a/e 7e/fectionists who a/e ne3e/ satisfied with an<
7e/fo/6ance e3en b< a to7 o/chest/a.
>C? To7 o/chest/as a/e alwa<s /ead< to 7ut in additional wo/0 on /ehea/sals if the
conducto/ conside/s additional /ehea/sin4 necessa/<.
>D? To7 o/chest/as can a77/eciate the 6e/its of an inte/7/etation e3en befo/e the<
ha3e b/ou4ht it to full /eali9ation.
>E? E3en to7 o/chest/as a/e not alwa<s led b< su7e/io/ conducto/s.
18. In the Dnited States 7/o3en oil /ese/3esKthe a6ount of oil conside/ed e8t/actable
f/o6 0nown fieldsKa/e at the sa6e le3el as the< we/e ten <ea/s a4o. :et o3e/ this
sa6e 7e/iod no new oil fields of an< conse@uence ha3e been disco3e/edB and the
annual consu67tion of do6esticall< 7/oduced oil has inc/eased.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB best /econciles the disc/e7anc< desc/ibed
abo3e=
>A? (3e/ the 7ast decade the annual consu67tion of i67o/ted oil has inc/eased
6o/e /a7idl< than that of do6estic oil in the Dnited States.
>B? Conse/3ation 6easu/es ha3e lowe/ed the /ate of 4/owth of do6estic oil
consu67tion f/o6 what it was a decade a4o.
>C? (il e87lo/ation in the Dnited States has slowed due to inc/eased conce/n o3e/
the en3i/on6ental i67act of such e87lo/ation.
GMAT . 'SAT C- !6%
>D? The 7/ice of do6esticall< 7/oduced oil has fallen substantiall< o3e/ the 7ast
decade.
>E? Due to technolo4ical ad3ances o3e/ the last decadeB 6uch oil 7/e3iousl<
conside/ed une8t/actable is now conside/ed e8t/actable.
1&. T/ain se/3ice suffe/s when a /ail/oad co6bines co66ute/ and f/ei4ht se/3ice. B<
di3idin4 its attention between its f/ei4ht and co66ute/ custo6e/sB a /ail/oad
se/3es neithe/ 7a/ticula/l< well. The/efo/eB if a /ail/oad is 4oin4 to be a successful
businessB then it 6ust concent/ate e8clusi3el< on one of these two 6a/0ets.
5o/ the a/4u6ent to be lo4icall< co//ectB it 6ust 6a0e which one of the followin4
assu67tions=
>A? Co66ute/ and f/ei4ht se/3ice ha3e little in co66on with each othe/.
>B? The fi/st 7/io/it< of a /ail/oad is to be a successful business.
>C? Dnless a /ail/oad se/3es its custo6e/s wellB it will not be a successful
business.
>D? If a /ail/oad concent/ates on co66ute/ se/3iceB it will be a successful
business.
>E? -ail/oad co66ute/s /a/el< want f/ei4ht se/3ice as well.
$. Most 7eo7le in the Dnited States 3iew neithe/ bi4 no/ s6all business as
7a/ticula/l< efficient o/ d<na6ic and /e4a/d both as 7/o3idin4 consu6e/s with
fai/l< 7/iced 4oods and se/3ices. Howe3e/B 6ost 7eo7le consistentl< 7e/cei3e
s6all business as a fo/ce fo/ 4ood in societA? Most 7eo7le in the Dnited States 4i3e little thou4ht to the 3alue of business to
societ<.
>B? If bi4 business we/e 6o/e efficientB it would be 7e/cei3ed 6o/e fa3o/abl< b<
the 7ublic 4ene/all<.
>C? If s6all business we/e /e4a/ded as bein4 6o/e d<na6icB itB tooB would /ecei3e
st/on4l< fa3o/able /atin4s onl< in ti6es of 4ene/al 7/os7e/it<.
>D? E3en if 7eo7le did not /e4a/d bi4 business as 7/o3idin4 consu6e/s with 3alue
fo/ thei/ 6oneE? Man< 7eo7le in the Dnited States /e4a/d the social /es7onsibilit< of bi4
business as e8tendin4 be<ond 7/o3idin4 consu6e/s with fai/l< 7/iced 4oods
and se/3ices.
1. The ene/4< an ani6al 6ust e87end to 6o3e u7hill is 7/o7o/tional to its bod<
wei4htB whe/eas the ani6al2s ene/4< out7ut a3ailable to 7e/fo/6 this tas0 is
7/o7o/tional to its su/face a/ea. This is the /eason that s6all ani6alsB li0e s@ui//elB
!68 'SAT
can /un u7 a t/ee t/un0 al6ost as fast as the< can 6o3e on le3el 4/oundB whe/eas
la/4e ani6als tend to slow down when the< a/e 6o3in4 u7hill.
,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion on which the e87lanation abo3e
de7ends=
>A? The a6ount of ene/4< needed to 6o3e u7hill is no 4/eate/ fo/ la/4e ani6als
that it is fo/ s6all ani6als.
>B? S6all ani6als can 6o3e 6o/e /a7idl< than la/4e ani6als can.
>C? The /atio of su/face a/ea to bod< wei4ht is s6alle/ in la/4e ani6als than it is
in s6all ani6als.
>D? The/e is little 3a/iation in the /atio of ene/4< out7ut to bod< wei4ht a6on4
ani6als.
>E? The a6ount of ene/4< needed to /un at a 4i3en s7eed is 7/o7o/tional to the
su/face a/ea of the /unnin4 ani6al.
. The 1&8$2s ha3e been cha/acte/i9ed as a 7e/iod of selfish indi3idualis6 that
th/eatens the cohesion of societ<. But this cha/acte/i9ation is t/ue of an< ti6e.
Th/ou4hout histo/< all hu6an actions ha3e been 6oti3ated b< selfishness. ,hen
the dee7e/ i67lications a/e conside/edB e3en the si67lest EunselfishF acts 7/o3e
to be instances of selfish conce/n fo/ the hu6an s7ecies.
,hich one of the followin4 is a flaw in the a/4u6ent=
>A? The clai6 that selfishness has been 7/esent th/ou4hout histo/< is not actuall<
/ele3ant to the a/4u6ent.
>B? )o statistical e3idence is 7/o3ided to show that hu6ans act selfishl< 6o/e
often than act unselfishl<.
>C? The a/4u6ent assu6es that selfishness is uni@ue to the 7/esent a4e.
>D? The a/4u6ent 6entions onl< hu6ans and does not conside/ the beha3io/ of
othe/ s7ecies.
>E? The a/4u6ent /elies on two diffe/ent uses of the te/6 selfish.
". A 6edical ;ou/nal used a @uestionnai/e su/3e< to dete/6ine whethe/ a 7a/ticula/
chan4e in its fo/6at would inc/ease its /eade/shi7. Si8t<Atwo 7e/cent of those
who /etu/ned the @uestionnai/e su77o/ted that chan4e. (n the basis of this
outco6eB the decision was 6ade to int/oduce the new fo/6at.
,hich one of the followin4B if it we/e dete/6ined to be t/ueB would 7/o3ide the
best e3idence that the ;ou/nal2s decision will ha3e the desi/ed effect=
>A? (f the /eade/s who /ecei3ed @uestionnai/esB &$ 7e/cent /etu/ned the6.
>B? (the/ ;ou/nals ha3e based fo/6at chan4es on su/3e< /esults.
>C? The 7e/centa4e of su/3e<ed /eade/s who li0e the fo/6at chan4e was al6ost
the sa6e as the 7e/centa4e of the enti/e 7otential /eade/shi7 who would li0e
fo/6at chan4e.
>D? It was dete/6ined that the new fo/6at would be less costl< than the old
GMAT . 'SAT C- !6&
fo/6at.
>E? )inet< 7e/cent of the /eade/s who we/e dissatisfied with the old fo/6at and
onl< !$ 7e/cent of the /eade/s who li0e the old fo/6at /etu/ned thei/
@uestionnai/es.
Questions !4-!5
Shanna1 (wne/s of an< wo/0 of a/tB si67l< b< 3i/tue of owne/shi7B ethicall< ha3e the
/i4ht to dest/o< that a/two/0 if the< find 6o/all< o/ aestheticall< distastefulB o/ if
ca/in4 fo/ it beco6es incon3enient.
+o/4e1 (wne/shi7 of uni@ue a/two/0sB unli0e owne/shi7 of othe/ 0inds of ob;ectsB
ca//ies the 6o/al /i4ht to 7ossess but not to dest/o<. A uni@ue wo/0 of a/t with
aesthetic o/ histo/ical 3alue belon4s to 7oste/it< and so 6ust be 7/ese/3edB whate3e/
the 7e/sonal wishes of its le4al owne/.
#. ,hich one of the followin4 7/inci7lesB if acce7tedB would cont/ibute 6ost to
Shanna2s defense of he/ 7osition a4ainst that of +o/4e=
>A? T/ul< 4/eat wo/0s of a/t a/e ne3e/ 6o/all< o/ aestheticall< distasteful to an<
se/ious student of the histo/< of a/t.
>B? The /i4ht of futu/e 4ene/ations to ha3e thei/ a/tistic he/ita4e 7/ese/3ed is of
4/eate/ i67o/tance than the /i4hts of an< 7/esentl< li3in4 indi3idual.
>C? It would be i67/udent to allow the 7/esent stoc0 of a/two/0s to be dest/o<ed
without so6e 4ua/antee that the a/tists of the futu/e will 7/oduce wo/0s as
4/eat as those 7/oduced in the 7ast.
>D? The/e a/e ce/tain entities o3e/ which no one would be ethicall< ;ustified in
clai6in4 absolute /i4hts to owne/shi7.
>E? The autono6< of indi3iduals to do what the< wish with what is thei/s 6ust
not be co67/o6isedB in the absence of a th/eat to an<one2s health o/ safet<.
!. (n the basis of thei/ state6entsB Shanna and +o/4e a/e co66itted to disa4/eein4
about the t/uth of which one of the followin4 state6ents=
>A? An<one who owns a 7o/t/ait 7/esentin4 his o/ he/ fathe/ in an unflatte/in4
li4ht would fo/ that /eason alone be ethicall< ;ustified in dest/o<in4 it.
>B? Ieo7le who own aestheticall< 3aluable wo/0s of a/t ha3e no 6o/al obli4ation
to 6a0e the6 a3ailable fo/ 7ublic 3iewin4.
>C? *aluable 7aintin4s b< wellA0nown a/tists a/e seldo6 intentionall< da6a4ed o/
dest/o<ed b< thei/ owne/s.
>D? If a 7iece of scul7tu/e is not uni@ueB its owne/ has no ethical obli4ation to
7/ese/3e it if doin4 so 7/o3es bu/denso6e.
>E? It is le4all< 7e/6issible fo/ a uni@ue and histo/icall< 3aluable 6u/al to be
dest/o<ed b< its owne/ if he o/ she ti/es of it.
SECTI() I*
!%$ 'SAT
1. -adioacti3e waste f/o6 nuclea/ 7owe/ 7lants has been te67o/a/il< sto/ed onAsiteB
but this is not a satisfacto/< 0ind of 7lace fo/ lon4A/an4e sto/a4e. Since no
suitable 7lan of safe 7e/6anent sto/a4e of such waste f/o6 the nation2s e8istin4
and 7lanned nuclea/ 7lants has been de3isedB so6e 7eo7le 7/o7ose that we should
sto7 t/<in4 to de3elo7 such a 7lan and instead should shut down all 7/esent
nuclea/ 7lants and build no new nuclea/ 7lants.
The 7/o7osal 6entioned abo3e falls sho/t of offe/in4 a co67lete solution to the
7/oble6 it add/esses because
>A? it would 7/e3ent the de3elo76ent of safe technolo4ies fo/ the 7/oducin4
elect/ic 7owe/
>B? it does not distin4uish between nuclea/ 7lants that ha3eB and 7lants that do not
ha3eB a /e7utation fo/ o7e/atin4 safel<
>C? it does not 7/o3ide fo/ the 7e/6anent sto/a4e of al/ead< e8istin4 waste
>D? the 4ene/ation of elect/ic 7owe/ f/o6 fossil fuels is /elati3el< safe
>E? the /is0s of unsafe dis7osal of waste f/o6 nuclea/ 7owe/ 7lants lie in the
futu/eB but the benefits f/o6 such 7lants a/e in the 7/esent
. (nl< 1B$$$ to B$$$ s7ecies of f/uit flies e8ist wo/ldwide. )owhe/e in the wo/ld
a/e f/uit flies 6o/e ta8ono6icall< di3e/se than in the Hawaiian islandsB which
host so6e !$$ s7eciesB A subset of f/uit flies called the 7ictu/eAwin4ed
d/oso7hilids is /e7/esented in Hawaii b< 1$6 s7ecies. All of the f/uit fl< s7ecies
now 7/esent in the Hawaiian a/chi7ela4o a/e thou4ht to be the descendants of the
sa6e one o/ two ancest/al fe6ales.
>A? All of the 7ictu/eAwin4ed d/oso7hilids in Hawaii a/e belie3ed to be the
descendants of the sa6e one o/ two ancest/al fe6ale f/uit flies.
>B? Iictu/eAwin4ed d/oso7hilids a/e found onl< in the Hawaiian Islands.
>C? All of the 1B$$$ to B$$$ s7ecies of f/uit flies wo/ldwide a/e belie3ed to be the
descendants of one o/ two fe6ales.
>D? If !$$ new s7ecies of f/uit flies we/e disco3e/edB then Hawaiian f/uit flies
would no lon4e/ be the 6ost ta8ono6icall< di3e/se 7o7ulation.
>E? So6e f/uit flies o/i4inated in Hawaii and s7/ead f/o6 the/e to othe/ 7a/ts of
the wo/ld.
". In 186$ Ba3a/ian @ua//< wo/0e/s disco3e/ed the i67/ession of a feathe/ in a
li6estone slab datin4 to the Meso9oic e/a. It had 7/e3iousl< been assu6ed that
bi/ds de3elo7ed onl< afte/ the close of the Meso9oic e/a and afte/ the
disa77ea/ance of 7te/osau/sB a s7ecies cha/acte/istic of that e/a. But the/e in
li6estone la< the i67/int of a full< ae/od<na6icB th/eeAinchAlon4 feathe/. ThisB
GMAT . 'SAT C- !%1
the/efo/eB 6ust ha3e been the ea/liest bi/dKce/tainl< the ea/liest found to the
date.
>A? The c/eatu/e to which the feathe/ belon4ed was a descendant of the
7te/osau/s.
>B? Bi/ds with such feathe/s we/e 7/eceded b< s7ecies of bi/ds with lessA
de3elo7ed feathe/s.
>C? In the Meso9oic e/aB no c/eatu/es othe/ than bi/ds had such feathe/s.
>D? The feathe/ belon4ed to a Meso9oic c/eatu/e that was neithe/ a 7te/osau/ no/
a bi/dB but inte/6ediate between the6.
>E? The ea/liest bi/d flew in an aw0wa/d 6anne/.
#. State /esea/che/s ha3e found that since the oil 7/ice inc/eases of the 1&%$sB the/e
has been a decline in ho6e ene/4< consu67tion. The< concluded that al6ost all
of the decline has been achie3ed th/ou4h /educed standa/ds of li3in4 and chan4es
in the wa< 7eo7le s7end thei/ ti6e.
Each of the followin4B if t/ueB would su77o/t the conclusion abo3e EHCEIT1
>A? Sales of 7o/table heate/s /ose as fa6ilies concent/ated thei/ winte/ acti3ities
in a li6ited nu6be/ of /oo6s.
>B? Du/in4 the winte/ 6onthsB 6o/e 7eo7le f/e@uented 7ublic 7laces such as
lib/a/ies and co66unit< cente/s andB on the a3e/a4eB s7ent conside/abl<
lon4e/ 7e/iods in the6 than the< had 7/e3iousl<.
>C? Mo/e than "& 7e/cent of households we/e able to dec/ease ene/4< costs
substantiall< b< ha3in4 /elati3el< ine87ensi3e wo/0 done to i67/o3e the
efficienc< of thei/ e8istin4 heatin4 s<ste6s.
>D? At least !& 7e/cent of households 6aintained a lowe/ indoo/ te67e/atu/e than
the< had been accusto6ed to 6aintain on 3e/< cold da<s.
>E? Me6be/s of at least 6$ 7e/cent of households showe/ed fo/ sho/te/ 7e/iods of
ti6e than the< had 7/e3iousl<.
!. Senato/ St/on4wood /e7o/ted thatB cont/a/< to a stud< cited b< the ad6inist/ationB
a tho/ou4h stud< b< his own 7a/t< concluded that a /eduction in the ca7ital 4ains
ta8 would lead to an inc/ease in the fede/al deficit. EHoo/a< fo/ co66on senseBF
he said. EE3e/<one 0nows that when <ou cut ta8es <ou lose /e3enue.F He
concluded that the ad6inist/ation2s 7lan fo/ /educin4 the ca7ital 4ains ta8 was
now deadB because he could not i6a4ine an< senato/ 3otin4 to inc/ease the
deficit.
,hich one of the followin4 accu/atel< desc/ibes so6ethin4 Senato/ St/on4wood
does in ad3ancin4 his a/4u6ent=
>A? He i67lies that inc/easin4 the ca7ital 4ains ta8 would dec/ease the fede/al
deficit.
>B? He assu6es senato/s will belie3e his 7a/t<2s /e7o/t instead of the
!% 'SAT
ad6inist/ation2s.
>C? He /eso/ts to na6eAcallin4 b< e87/essl< statin4 that his o77onents lac0
co66on sense.
>D? He assu6es that senato/s will /a/el< 3ote fo/ un7o7ula/ le4islation.
>E? He assu6es that a stud< co66issioned b< his 7a/t< 6ust be 6o/e ob;ecti3e
than one co66issioned b< the ad6inist/ation.
6. The 6ost successful econo6ies ha3e beenB and will continue to beB those that
t/ain as 6an< 7eo7le as 7ossible in the hu6an s0ills /e@ui/ed to /esea/chB to
de3elo7B and to a77l< new technolo4<. +a7an is a 6odel fo/ this so/t of t/ainin4
effo/t. Eu/o7e as a whole is in a wea0e/ 7osition1 the/e is a sho/ta4e of s0illed
labo/ t/ained to use the new technolo4ies and the/e a/e not enou4h scientists able
to de3elo7 and a77l< the technolo4<. Howe3e/B e3en in +a7an the/e is a sho/ta4e
of technicall< @ualified 7eo7leB andB li0e 6ost Eu/o7ean count/iesB +a7an has fa/
too 6an< wo/0e/s @ualified to 7e/fo/6 onl< 6enial tas0s.
>A? The/e is a 4/eate/ wo/ldwide sho/ta4e of /esea/ch scientists than the/e is of
en4inee/s.
>B? +a7an is not the best count/< a4ainst which to 6easu/e a count/<2s econo6ic
success.
>C? +a7an2s successful econo6< de7ends u7on an unco66onl< na//ow base of
hi4hl< s0illed labo/.
>D? To be econo6icall< 6o/e successfulB Eu/o7e needs to t/ain 6o/e 7eo7le in
the new technolo4ies.
>E? Eu/o7ean count/ies ha3e econo6ies that a/e 6o/e successful than those of
6ost othe/ count/ies.
%. ,hen Co/te9 a//i3ed in Me8ico in A.D. 1!1&B he obse/3ed the inhabitants 7la<in4
a ce/e6onial 4a6e with a /ubbe/ ball. The 7/eAColu6bian inhabitants of Me8ico
be4an to use /ubbe/ a/ound A.D. 1$$$. Thus we can be su/e that the 4a6e 6ust
ha3e o/i4inated so6eti6e between a77/o8i6atel< A.D. 1$$$ and Co/te9 a//i3al.
The conclusion /eached abo3e de7ends on which one of the followin4
assu67tions=
>A? The 7/eAColu6bian inhabitants of Me8ico 7la<ed 4a6es on all ce/e6onial
occasions.
>B? The 6a0in4 of /ubbe/ balls was one of the ea/liest uses of /ubbe/ b< the
inhabitants of Me8ico.
>C? The ce/e6onial 4a6e /efe//ed to was 7o7ula/ th/ou4hout Me8ico.
>D? The 4a6e had been 7la<ed since its ince7tion with a /ubbe/ ball.
>E? The datin4 of the fi/st use of /ubbe/ in Me8ico was due to Co/te9.
8. The Ba<s3ille Cha6be/ of Co66e/ce /ecentl< 6et to discuss a 7/o7osal to
GMAT . 'SAT C- !%"
beautif< the Ba<s3ille a/ea2s f/eewa<s b< /elocatin4 7owe/ linesB addin4
landsca7in4 and /e6o3in4 billboa/ds. At the 6eetin4 Ma/< Si66sB who was
/e7/esentin4 an outdoo/ ad3e/tisin4 co67an<B decla/edB EBillboa/ds a/e the basis
of ou/ business. If the< a/e to/n downB ou/ abilit< to ea/n a li3in4 will be se3e/el<
da6a4ed.F EI don2t a4/eeBF said +ac0 +o/danB a local 6e/chantB EThe basis of ou/
business is an att/acti3e co66unit<. Ieo7le who 6i4ht sho7 in Ba<s3ille don2t
want to see u4l< billboa/ds on thei/ wa< into town. Billboa/ds a/e hu/tin4 ou/
abilit< to ea/n a li3in4.F
+ac0 +o/dan a /e6a/0s su44est that he is 6isinte/7/etin4 which one of the
followin4 wo/ds used b< Ma/< Si66s=
>A? billboa/ds
>B? basis
>C? ou/
>D? abilit<
>E? da6a4ed
&. So6e 7eo7le a/e Monta4ues and so6e 7eo7le a/e Ca7ulets.
)o Monta4ue can be c/ossed in lo3e.
All Ca7ulets can be c/ossed in lo3e.
The/efo/eB Ca7ulets a/e not Monta4ues.
An<one who is not a Monta4ue is inte67e/ate.
Assu6e that all of the state6ents in the 7assa4e a/e t/ue. If it is also t/ue that no
Monta4ue is inte67e/ateB then which one of the followin4 6ust be t/ue=
>A? The onl< 7eo7le who can be c/ossed in li3e a/e inte67e/ate Ca7ulets.
>B? An<one who is not a Ca7ulet is a Monta4ues.
>C? All inte67e/ate 7eo7le can be c/ossed in lo3e.
>D? All inte67e/ate 7eo7le a/e Ca7ulets.
>E? All Ca7ulets a/e inte67e/ate.
1$. The fo/6ation of hu//icanes that th/eaten the Dnite States 6ainland is t/i44e/ed
b< hi4h at6os7he/ic winds off the weste/n coast Af/ica. ,hen abundant /ain falls
in subASaha/an Af/icaB hu//icanes afte/wa/d hit the Dnited States 6ainland with
7a/ticula/ f/e@uenc<. The/efo/eB the abundant /ains 6ust so6ehow 7/o6ote the
abilit< of the winds to fo/6 hu//icanes.
,hich one of the followin4 a/4u6ents contains a flaw that is 6ost si6ila/ to one
>A? Ieo7le who e8e/cise 3i4o/ousl< tend to slee7 well. The/efo/eB 7eo7le who
e8e/cise 3i4o/ousl< tend to be health<.
>B? Ca/s d/i3e faste/ on lon4 cit< bloc0s than on sho/t cit< bloc0s. 'on4 bloc0s
a/e thus 6o/e dan4e/ous fo/ 7edest/ians than sho/t bloc0s.
>C? Man< 7eo7le who late/ beco6e successful ent/e7/eneu/s 7la<ed co67etiti3e
!%# 'SAT
s7o/ts in colle4e. The/efo/eB 7la<in4 co67etiti3e s7o/ts 6ust enhance a
7e/son2s ent/e7/eneu/ abilit<.
>D? The blosso6s of the chico/< 7lant close u7 in full sun. The/efo/e the chico/<
7lant2s blosso6s 6ust o7en u7 in the da/0.
>E? E3ents in Easte/n Eu/o7e can affect the 7olitical 6ood in Cent/al A6e/ica.
The/efo/e libe/ali9ation in Easte/n Eu/o7e will lead to libe/ali9ation in
Cent/al A6e/ica.
11. It is e3en 6o/e i67o/tant that we c/itici9e de6oc/acies that ha3e co66itted
hu6an /i4hts 3iolations than that we c/itici9e dictato/shi7s that ha3e co66itted
6o/e 3iolent hu6an /i4hts offenses. Hu6an /i4hts 3iolations a/e alwa<s
ine8cusableB but those co66itted b< 4o3e/n6ents that /e7/esent the will of the
7eo7le a/e e3en 6o/e /e7/ehensible than those co66itted b< dictato/s. 5u/the/B
ou/ c/iticis6 is 6o/e li0el< to ha3e an effect on the fo/6e/ than on the late/.
,hich one of the followin4 is a 7/o7e/ infe/ence f/o6 the 7assa4e=
>A? All 4o3e/n6ents co66it sa6e ine8cusable and /e7/ehensible acts.
>B? So6e hu6an /i4hts 3iolations a/e 6o/e /e7/ehensible than othe/B 6o/e 3iolent
hu6an /i4hts 3iolations.
>C? C/iticis6 of hu6an /i4hts 3iolations is ce/tain to ha3e no effect on a
dictato/shi7.
>D? Hu6an /i4hts 3iolations a/e 6o/e li0el< to occu/ in de6oc/acies than in
dictato/shi7.
>E? Those who do /e7/esent the will of the 7eo7le a/e less li0el< to be 6o3ed b<
c/iticis6 than a/e those who 6e/el< clai6 to /e7/esent the will of the 7eo7le.
1. A /ecent stud< found that sno/in4B thou4h not co66on in eithe/ 4/ou7B is 6o/e
co66on a6on4 s6o0e/s than a6on4 nons6o0e/s. (n the basis of this e3idenceB
the autho/ h<7othesi9ed that s6o0in4 b< itself can induce sno/in4.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB casts the 6ost doubt on the autho/2s
h<7othesis=
>A? St/ess induces both sno/in4 and s6o0in4 in ce/tain indi3iduals.
>B? (besit< induces 6an< indi3iduals to s6o0e.
>C? Most sno/e/s do not s6o0e.
>D? Most s6o0e/s do not sno/e.
>E? Both s6o0in4 and sno/in4 cause th/oat 7/oble6s.
Questions 13-14
The 7/ess /e7o/ts on 7olitical ca67ai4ns these da<s as if the< we/e chess 4a6es. (ne
candidate2s ca67ai4n ad3iso/ 6a0es a 6o3eG the othe/ candidate2s ad3iso/ 6a0es a
counte/6o3e. The 7/ess then /e7o/ts on the ca67ai4n ad3iso/s and not on the
candidates. The lose/s in the chess 4a6e a/e the 3ote/s. The< a/e de7/i3ed of the
info/6ation the< need to 6a0e info/6ed decisions because the 7/ess is i4no/in4
GMAT . 'SAT C- !%!
substanti3e 7olic< issues and /e7o/tin4 onl< on the 7/ocess of the ca67ai4n. It is clea/
that the ca67ai4n ad3iso/s should sta< out of the li6eli4ht and let the 7/ess /e7o/t on
the 6ost /e3ealin4 7ositions on substanti3e issues the candidates ha3e ta0en.
1". ,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion u7on which the a/4u6ent in the
7assa4e de7ends=
>A? Chess is the 6ost a77/o7/iate analo4< to /e7o/tin4 on 7olitical ca67ai4n.
>B? The candidates in the election a/e ta0in4 7ositions on substanti3e 7olic<
issues.
>C? How the 7/ess /e7o/ts 7olitics dete/6ines the substanti3e issues in the
ca67ai4n.
>D? The 3ote/s a/e not 7a<in4 enou4h attention to the election to be able to 6a0e
info/6ed decisions.
>E? The/e is no diffe/ence between /e7o/tin4 on the 7olitical 7/ocess and
/e7o/tin4 on substanti3e issues.
1#. ,hich one of the followin4 can be infe//ed f/o6 the 7assa4e=
>A? The candidates 7/efe/ that the 7/ess /e7o/t on substanti3e 7olic< issues.
>B? The 7/ess en;o<s bein4 in the li6eli4ht du/in4 7olitical ca67ai4ns.
>C? The candidates belie3e 7olitical ca67ai4nin4 is analo4ous to a chess 4a6e.
>D? The /e7o/te/s find it easie/ to /e7o/t on the 7/ocesses and 7e/sonalities of a
ca67ai4n than on substanti3e 7olic< issues.
>E? -e7o/tin4 on the ca67ai4n ad3iso/s is not 7/o3idin4 all of the info/6ation the
3ote/s need in o/de/ to 6a0e info/6ed decisions.
1!. Studies of b/ain late/ali9ation in ani6als ha3e 7u/7o/ted to show thatB whe/eas
6ost hu6an bein4s a/e /i4htAhandedB about half of an< 4i3en 4/ou7 of ani6als
will be EleftAhandedF >i.e. showin4 a 7/efe/ence fo/ thei/ left li6bs? and half will
be E/i4htAhanded.F This findin4 is sus7ectB howe3e/G it has lon4 been noted that
do4s will al6ost alwa<s Esha0e handsF with the /i4ht 7aw.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB is the st/on4est defense a4ainst the
counte/e8a67le of do4s that Esha0e handsF=
>A? Do4s a/e obse/3ed to sc/atch the6sel3es with the left le4 as well as with the
/i4ht le4.
>B? Ieo7le who obse/3e do4 Esha0in4 handsF a/e obse/3in4 a beha3io/ that do4s
7e/fo/6 onl< with a f/ont 7aw.
>C? 'eftAhanded 7eo7le so6eti6es feel incon3enienced o/ e3en sti46ati9ed in a
E/i4htAhanded wo/ldBF but do4s face no analo4ous difficulties.
>D? Do4s that ha3e lost a li6b a/e able to co67ensate fo/ the lossB /e4a/dless of
whethe/ the li6b was lost f/o6 the /i4ht o/ left side.
>E? In lea/nin4 to 7e/fo/6 t/ic0sB do4s a/e influenced b< the beha3io/ of thei/
t/aine/s.
!%6 'SAT
16. I/ofesso/1 If both 7a/ents ha3e t<7e ( blood then thei/ child/en can onl< ha3e
t<7e ( blood. This is a 4enetic law.
Student1 But that2s not t/ueG 6< fathe/ has t<7e B blood and I ha3e t<7e ( blood.
The student has 6ost li0el< 6isinte/7/eted the 7/ofesso/2s /e6a/0 to i67l< that
>A? onl< 7eo7le with t<7e ( blood can ha3e child/en with t<7e ( blood
>B? 7eo7le with t<7e ( blood cannot ha3e child/en with t<7e B blood
>C? 7eo7le with t<7e B blood in3a/iabl< ha3e child/en with t<7e ( blood
>D? what is t/ue of one child in the fa6il< 6ust also be t/ue of all child/en that
fa6il<
>E? if both 7a/ents ha3e t<7e B bloodB then thei/ child will ha3e t<7e B blood
1%. A /ecent su/3e< of b/and 7/efe/ences showed that -ABa/ Beans a/e conside/ed the
best of all b/ands a6on4 all a4e 4/ou7sB leadin4 both Te8as T Beans and Aunt
Sall<2s Beans b< a wide 6a/4in. Howe3e/B the national sales fi4u/es show that
Te8as T and Aunt Sall<2s each sold 6an< 6o/e cans of beans last <ea/ than did -A
Ba/.
Each of the followin4 wouldB b< itselfB hel7 to /esol3e the a77a/ent 7a/ado8
desc/ibed in the 7assa4e EHCEIT1
>A? Te8as T Beans and Aunt Sall<2s Beans a/e each 6uch less e87ensi3e than -A
Ba/ Beans.
>B? So6e of the su/3e<ed a4e 4/ou7s showed 6o/e of a 7/efe/ence fo/ -ABa/
Beans than did othe/s.
>C? The su/3e< was ca//ied out onl< in the s6all 4eo4/a7hic a/ea whe/e -ABa/
dist/ibutes its beansB not nationwide.
>D? Most food sto/es /efuse to ca//< -ABa/ Beans because the 6anufactu/e/
de6ands that -ABa/ Beans be ca//ied e8clusi3el<.
>E? -ABa/ Beans we/e onl< int/oduced to the 6a/0et th/ee 6onths 7/io/ to the
calculation of sales fi4u/esB while Te8as T Beans and Aunt Sall<2s Beans had
been a3ailable fo/ <ea/s.
18. Se3e/al cos6etics fi/6s a/e co66itted to the acti3e de3elo76entB 3alidationB and
ado7tion of new 7/oductAsafet< tests that use cultu/es of hu6an cells. The< a/4ue
that the new tests se/3e to /educe the need fo/ tests on li3e ani6als.
The state6ents abo3e 6ost st/on4l< su77o/t which one of the followin4
conclusions=
>A? The 7/essu/e on cos6etics fi/6s to cease conductin4 e87e/i6ents that use
li3e ani6als was initiated b< 4/ou7s of social acti3ists.
>B? Consu6e/s a/e no 6o/e li0el< to bu< 7/oducts whose safet< was tested on
cultu/es of hu6an cells than the< to bu< 7/oducts whose safet< was tested on
ani6als.
>C? 5inancial consultants fo/ the cos6etics fi/6s belie3e that usin4 hu6an cell
GMAT . 'SAT C- !%%
cultu/es /athe/ than li3e ani6als to test 7/oduct safet< will cost the fi/6 less
in actual 7/oductAde3elo76ent costs.
>D? -esea/che/s in the cos6etics fi/6s belie3e that fewe/ tests of 7/oducts will be
needed if cell cultu/es /athe/ than li3e ani6als a/e used.
>E? Mana4e/s of the cos6etics fi/6s belie3e that it is bette/ fo/ thei/ fi/6s not to
7e/fo/6 tests on li3e ani6als if the/e is an acce7table alte/nati3e wa< of
dete/6inin4 7/oduct safet<.
Questions 19-!0
Can an< /esea/ch be found to 3alidate the contention that those who s7end ti6e
7luc0in4 out thei/ 4/a< hai/s ha3e 6o/e ne4ati3e attitudes towa/d the elde/l< than
those who sh/u4 thei/ shoulde/s about thei/ 4/a< hai/s= Dnless a 7e/son2s
7s<cho7atholo4< leads hi6 o/ he/ to o3e/4ene/ali9eB the/e is no necessa/< connection.
Ce/tainl< it is /easonable to li0e the elde/l< <et disli0e the idea of i67ai/ed e<esi4ht
and hea/in4. 5u/the/6o/eB holdin4 ne4ati3e attitudes towa/d olde/ 7eo7le 6e/el<
because the< a/e old is i66o/alB acco/din4 to nea/l< uni3e/sall< acce7ted ethical
standa/ds. But the/e is nothin4 i66o/al about disli0in4 so6e conco6itants of the
a4in4 7/ocess.
1&. ,hich one of the followin4 best e87/esses the 6ain 7oint of the 7assa4e=
>A? It cannot be assu6ed that 7eo7le who disli0e so6e of the 7h<sical
conco6itants of 4/owin4 old necessa/il< ha3e ne4ati3e feelin4s towa/d the
elde/l<.
>B? To disli0e so6e of the 7h<sical conco6itants of 4/owin4 old is /easonableB
while to disli0e the elde/l< is i66o/al.
>C? Since no one li0es the 7h<sical conco6itants of 4/owin4 oldB it is w/on4 to
disli0e the elde/l< 6e/el< because of thei/ 7h<sical cha/acte/istics.
>D? Bein4 elde/l< is fineB but the 7/ocess of beco6in4 elde/l< is notB and 7eo7le
need to unde/stand this distinction between the two.
>E? To disli0e the elde/l< is i66o/alB and to do so ;ust because one disli0es so6e
of the 7h<sical conco6itants of 4/owin4 old is un/easonable.
$. In o/de/ to ad3ance he/ 7oint of 3iewB the autho/ does all of the followin4
EHCEIT1
>A? dis6iss an asse/tion as unfounded
>B? a77eal to /eason
>C? a77eal to a 4ene/al 7/inci7le
>D? disc/edit a co66on ste/eot<7e about the elde/l<
>E? 6a0e a distinction about attitudes
1. A societ< in which the/e a/e 6an< c/i6esB such as thefts and 6u/de/sB should not
be called Elawless.F That is an abuse of the 6eanin4 of wo/ds. As a suffi8B EAlessF
6eans EwithoutBF so ElawlessF 6eans Ewithout laws.F Howe3e/B a societ< that has
!%8 'SAT
no laws has no c/i6esB because no laws can be b/o0en. A lawless societ< wouldB
the/efo/eB be a c/i6eless societ<. So what so6e ha3e te/6ed a lawless societ<
should actuall< be called Ec/i6eful.F
If the state6ents in the 7assa4e a/e t/ueB which one of the followin4 6ust also be
t/ue=
>A? A societ< that has laws has c/i6es.
>B? A societ< that has no c/i6es has no laws.
>C? A societ< that has 6an< laws has 6an< c/i6es.
>D? A societ< that has so6e c/i6es has so6e laws.
>E? A societ< that has 6an< c/i6es has 6an< laws.
. A fou/teenA<ea/ stud< of finches on the Gala7a4os islands concluded that the/e is
a definite /elationshi7 between cli6ate and the 7o7ulation si9e of finch s7ecies
that th/i3e at 3a/ious ti6es. Du/in4 d/ou4htsB 6o/e 6e6be/s of la/4e finch
s7ecies su/3i3e because thei/ bills a/e la/4e enou4h to c/ac0 la/4eB ha/d seedsB
4i3in4 the6 a food su77l< una3ailable to s6alle/ bi/ds. In /ain< <ea/sB fewe/
6e6be/s of the la/4e finch s7ecies su/3i3e because the additional 6oistu/e
foste/s the 4/owth of 7lants that 7/oduce s6all seeds. The la/4e/ finch 3a/ieties
ha3e to consu6e eno/6ous nu6be/s of s6all seeds to 6eet thei/ ene/4< de6andsB
and so6e ;ust cannot eat the6 fast enou4h.
,hich one of the followin4 6ust be assu6ed in o/de/ to ;ustif< the conclusion
that cli6atic 3a/iations cause a 6a;o/ diffe/ence in su/3i3al /ates of s6all and
la/4e finches=
>A? Du/in4 d/ou4ht conditionsB the weathe/ 7/o6otes the 4/owth of 7lants that
7/oduce s6allB ha/d seeds.
>B? A len4th< 7e/iod of /ain< weathe/ /esults in fewe/ la/4eB ha/d seeds bein4
7/oduced.
>C? In /ain< 7e/iodsB the s6all finches 4athe/ enou4h food to 4/ow 6uch la/4e/
and hea3ie/B but thei/ ulti6ate si9e is li6ited b< thei/ inabilit< to eat s6all
seeds fast.
>D? The Gala7a4os cli6ate du/in4 this fou/teen <ea/ 7e/iod had about as 6uch
d/< weathe/ as it had wet weathe/.
>E? S6all seeds do not ha3e to be c/ac0ed o7en in o/de/ to be di4ested b< an< of
the finch 3a/ieties.
". M/. Blatt1 E87e/t consultants a/e sou4ht afte/ b< 6ana4e6ent because the< hel7
e8ecuti3es 6a0e bette/ decisions. That is wh< the< a/e wo/th the substantial fees
the< cha/4e.
Ms. 5/in41 )onsense. E87e/t consultants a/e hi/ed in o/de/ to enable e8ecuti3es to
a3oid /es7onsibilit<. The 6o/e the e87e/ts costB the 6o/e the< can be bla6ed
when thin4s 4o w/on4.
,hich one of the followin4B if it occu//edB would be the st/on4est e3idence
GMAT . 'SAT C- !%&
fa3o/in4 Ms. 5/in42s 7osition o3e/ M/. Blatt2s 7osition=
>A? A co67an< that is t/<in4 to decide whethe/ to 6o3e its 6anufactu/in4 7lant
hi/es an e87ensi3e e87e/t to conduct a costRbenefit anal<sis.
>B? Two co67etin4 co67anies faced with 3e/< si6ila/ 7/oble6s ado7t diffe/ent
solutions.
>C? A successful fi/6 of e87e/t consultants see0s to inc/ease its 3olu6e of
business b< /educin4 its feesB but its 3olu6e of business d/o7s.
>D? An e87e/t consultant builds u7 a successful business b< cha/4in4 clients a
substantial 7e/centa4e of the a6ount an inde7endent assesso/ ;ud4es that the
consultant sa3ed the co67an<.
>E? A co67an< follows a consultant2s ad3ice to o7en two new sto/esB but both
sto/es a/e onl< 6a/4inall< 7/ofitable at fi/st.
#. Althou4h all conte67o/a/< ad3e/tisin4 t/ies to 7e/suadeB onl< a s6all 7o/tion of
conte67o/a/< ad3e/tisin4 can be conside/ed 6o/all< /e7/ehensible. It
ne3e/theless follows that so6e atte67ts at 7e/suasion can be /e4a/ded as 6o/all<
/e7/ehensible.
,hich one of the followin4B in its lo4ical featu/esB 6ost closel< 7a/allels the
/easonin4 used in 7assa4e=
>A? )one of the che6icals used fo/ cleanin4 the Sistine Cha7el will affect the
o/i4inal d<es. HenceB the colo/s used b< Michelan4elo will be full< /esto/ed.
>B? )ot all o7e/ational t/ac0in4 studies a/e conducted to illust/ate e8act co/7o/ate
/etu/ns on in3est6ent. HenceB so6e of these studies a/e not /eliable.
>C? A 4ood 6ana4e/ alwa<s 6a0es i67o/tant decisions on the basis of ade@uate
dataB althou4h of cou/se so6e 6ana4e/s fail to do this. It follows that so6e
6ana4e/s a/e not 4ood 6ana4e/s.
>D? The/e is a di/ect co//elation between the nu6be/ of ti6es <ou /e7eat
so6ethin4 and the de4/ee to which <ou /etain it. The/efo/eB /e7etition is
alwa<s a c/itical facto/ in /e6e6be/in4.
>E? So6e sho/t 7oe6s a/e the6aticall< 7lu/alisticB since so6e sonnets a/e
cha/acte/i9ed b< such 7lu/alis6B and all sonnets a/e sho/t 7oe6s.
TEST 18
SECTI() II
1. An office buildin4 at State Dni3e/sit< contains a conc/ete stai/wa<B the ca/7et on
which has beco6e wo/n and f/a<ed. Des7ite nu6e/ous wa/nin4s b< the
(ccu7ational Safet< and Health Ad6inist/ationB the uni3e/sit< has not /e7laced a
bu/nedAout li4ht in the stai/wa<. 5/edB a studentB /ecentl< cau4ht his heel in the
!8$ 'SAT
to/n ca/7etB t/i77edB and fell down the stai/wa<. He was hos7itali9ed fo/ a se3e/e
concussion and othe/ in;u/ies. Afte/ his /elease f/o6 the hos7italB he /e@ui/ed
6uch 6o/e 6edical attention and 6edication and had to withd/aw f/o6 the
uni3e/sit< fo/ a se6este/. He b/in4s suit a4ainst the uni3e/sit<.
,hich one of the followin4 is the best line of causal anal<sis fo/ 5/ed2s atto/ne<
to 7u/sue in the 7e/sonal in;u/< case=
>A? The conc/ete ste7sB because the< we/e ha/dB wo/sened 5/ed2s in;u/ies.
>B? The uni3e/sit< is /es7onsible fo/ the condition of the ca/7et.
>C? The bu/nedAout li4ht constitutes ne4li4ence.
>D? The distance 5/ed fell wo/sened his in;u/ies.
>E? The (ccu7ational Safet< and Health Ad6inist/ation has no ;u/isdiction o3e/
the uni3e/sit<.
. -esea/ch shows that e8e/cise has a beneficial effect on health. Afte/ 6uch testin4
with 6an< diffe/ent t<7es of 7e/sonsB it has been shown thatB in 6ost casesB
e8e/cise definitel< hel7s to 7/e3ent illnesses caused b< 3i/uses. The co66on cold
is caused b< a 3i/us. The/efo/eCCCCCC
,hich one of the followin4 is the best co67letion of the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? e8e/cise alone will not 7/e3ent the co66on cold
>B? e8e/cise is no 6o/e effecti3e than antibiotics in 7/e3entin4 the co66on cold
>C? e8e/cise is 7/obabl< not effecti3e in 7/e3entin4 colds caused b< bacte/ia
>D? e8e/cise hel7s the bod< to dest/o< in3adin4 3i/uses
>E? e8e/cise 6a< hel7 to 7/e3ent the co66on cold
". +ust a few <ea/s a4o sal6on could not su/3i3e in the o8<4enAsta/3ed and 7olluted
Tha6es. )o/ could 6an< othe/ s7ecies. But nowB afte/ <ea/s of dete/6ined effo/tB
the sal6on ha3e /etu/nedB and that is a su/e si4n that the /i3e/ is 7ollutionAf/ee.
Each of the followin4 indicates a 7ossible flaw in the /easonin4 in the 7assa4e
abo3e EHCEIT1
>A? The sal6on that ha3e /etu/ned 6a< be of a st/ain that is unaffected b< the
7ollutants.
>B? The 7ollution 6a< ha3e been /educed to a le3el at which the sal6on can
su/3i3e.
>C? (8<4en sta/3ation is often a conse@uence of 7ollutionB and this 6a< ha3e
0illed the sal6on.
>D? The sal6on 6a< ha3e been 0illed b< one 7a/ticula/ 7ollutantB which has now
been /e6o3ed while othe/s /e6ain.
>E? The/e 6a< still be 7ollutionB but its natu/e 6a< ha3e chan4ed to a fo/6 that
sal6on can tole/ate.
#. The state2s licensin4 7/ocedu/es fo/ da<Aca/e 7/o3ide/s a/e inade@uate. I used to
GMAT . 'SAT C- !81
lea3e 6< son with a wonde/ful wo6an who 0e7t a 4/ou7 of nei4hbo/hood
child/enB but she @uit /athe/ than 7ut u7 with the licensin4 7a7e/wo/0. And a
f/iend of 6ine tells 6e that he cannot /eco66end the da<Aca/e cente/ that he
usesB e3en thou4h it is licensedB because the ca/e 7/o3ide/s a/e not inte/ested in
doin4 an<thin4 be<ond 6eetin4 the 6ini6u6 /e@ui/e6ents of health and safet<.
The autho/ of the 7assa4e a/4ues b<
>A? 7/o3idin4 e8a67les to su77o/t two o77osin4 7ositions
>B? basin4 a conclusion on s7ecific cases
>C? dis7utin4 e3idence cited b< those with an o77osin4 7oint of 3iew
>D? 7/edictin4 7e/sonal e87e/ience f/o6 a 4ene/al 7/inci7le
>E? usin4 a 4ene/ali9ation based on obse/3ation to unde/6ine a theo/etical
7/inci7le
!. All !$ of the cit<2s De6oc/atic wa/d leade/s we/e 7olled about the nu6be/ of
/e4iste/ed -e7ublicans who beca6e /e4iste/ed De6oc/ats du/in4 the <ea/. 5/o6
the /e7o/ts of the $ leade/s who /e7lied to the @uestionnai/eB we 0now that
alto4ethe/ the< /ecei3ed a total of !$$ fo/6e/ -e7ublicans into the De6oc/atic
7a/t< within the <ea/. I/o;ectin4 f/o6 this sa67leB we conclude that at least 6B$$$
-e7ublicans beca6e De6oc/ats du/in4 the <ea/.
,hich one of the followin4 state6entsB if t/ueB 6ost clea/l< unde/6ines the
conclusion=
>A? Se3e/al <ea/s a4oB !B$$$ 6e6be/s of the -e7ublican 7a/t< /e4iste/ed as
De6oc/ats.
>B? The 6o/e than &$ 7e/cent of wa/d leade/s not /e7l<in4 had no fo/6e/
-e7ublicans /e4iste/in4 as De6oc/ats.
>C? Because the< we/e too busD? A nu6be/ of the newl< /e4iste/ed De6oc/ats /etu/ned to the -e7ublican 7a/t<
at a late/ date.
>E? Si6ila/ fi4u/es can be 7/oduced f/o6 7ast <ea/s fo/ /e4ist/ation chan4es f/o6
the De6oc/atic 7a/t< to the -e7ublican 7a/t<.
6. A lin4uist /ecentl< a/4ued that all hu6an lan4ua4es 6ust ha3e a co66on o/i4in
because so6e conce7ts a/e uni3e/salG that isB the< a77ea/ in all lan4ua4es. 5o/
e8a67leB all lan4ua4es a/e ca7able of desc/ibin4 li4htness and da/0ness.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost se/iousl< wea0en the a/4u6ent=
>A? The Bu/6ese lan4ua4e does not contain basic nouns li0e auto,obile and
air0lane.
>B? )o one lin4uist could 7ossibl< s7ea0 all 0nown lan4ua4es.
>C? All s7ea0e/sB /e4a/dless of thei/ lan4ua4esB a/e conf/onted with si6ila/ sti6uli
li0e li4htness and da/0ness.
!8 'SAT
>D? The si6ila/it< between hu6an lan4ua4e and dol7hin lan4ua4e has not been
att/ibuted to a co66on o/i4in.
>E? So6e lan4ua4es include conce7ts of which s7ea0e/s of othe/ lan4ua4es a/e
not e3en awa/e.
%. All 7s<chiat/ists a/e docto/s. (nl< 7s<chiat/ists we/e in3ited to the confe/ence.
All who we/e in3ited to the confe/ence sta<ed at the Heffo/d Hotel. The/efo/eB
onl< 7s<chiat/ists sta<ed at the Heffo/d Hotel.
,hich one of the followin4 state6entsB if added as a 7/e6ise to the a/4u6entB
would 6a0e the conclusion 3alid=
>A? (nl< those who we/e in3ited to the confe/ence sta<ed at the Heffo/d Hotel.
>B? All who we/e in3ited to the confe/ence we/e 7s<chiat/ists.
>C? All 7s<chiat/ists we/e in3ited to the confe/ence.
>D? )o one who was in3ited to the confe/ence failed to sta< at the Heffo/d Hotel.
>E? (nl< docto/s sta<ed at the Heffo/d Hotel.
Questions 8-9
A thin4 is EnauseousF if it 6a0es one sic0 to the sto6achG the unfo/tunate 3icti6 of
this 6alaise is Enauseated.F The co66on 6isuse of EnauseousF can be illust/ated with
the followin4 sentence1 E,hen he sits too lon4B tu/ns his head too ab/u7tl<B o/ wal0s
an< distanceB he 4ets di99<B loses balanceB and beco6es nauseous.F He doesn2t
beco6e nauseous unless he tu/ns othe/ 7eo7le2s sto6achsG he beco6es nauseated. A
7e/son who is nauseated is no 6o/e nauseous than a 7e/son who has been 7oisoned is
7oisonous.
8. Based on the 7assa4e abo3eB which 7h/ase does )(T 7/o3ide a lo4ical
co67letion to the followin4 sentence=
A 7e/son who is nauseated is no 6o/e nauseous than a 7e/son who has
beenCCCCCC
>A? 6u/de/ed is 6u/de/ous
>B? co//u7ted is co//u7tible
>C? awed is aweso6e
>D? i//itated is i//itatin4
>E? sca/ed is sca/<
&. The autho/2s a77/oach in the 7assa4e includes all of the followin4 EHCEIT1
>A? e87lainin4 how a wo/d is 6isused
>B? d/awin4 an analo4<
>C? 7/o3idin4 an e8a67le
>D? /el<in4 on a wo/d2s a6bi4uous 6eanin4
>E? definin4 0e< te/6s
GMAT . 'SAT C- !8"
1$. The/a7fo/ e8a67leB s7o/tsB ente/tain6entB and
alcohol?B co6fo/t is the /e6o3al of i//itants. Both 7leasu/e and co6fo/t a/e
st/ate4ies of e@uilib/iu6 fo/ the cent/al ne/3ous s<ste6.
It can be concluded f/o6 the state6ents abo3e that the e8ile of a de3iant 6e6be/
of a 4/ou7 can be
>A? the/a7eutic fo/ the /est of the 4/ou7
>B? i//itatin4 fo/ the /est of the 4/ou7
>C? 7leasu/able fo/ the /est of the 4/ou7
>D? co6fo/tin4 fo/ the /est of the 4/ou7
>E? counte/ i//itatin4 fo/ the /est of the 4/ou7
11. The situation has 4otten wo/se. Dnless Eli9abeth 4oes I 6ust 4o. But she will not
4o if I sta<. So we will both ha3e to 4o.
,hat is the flaw in the /easonin4 abo3e=
>A? The fi/st clai6B that the situation has 4otten wo/seB is i//ele3ant.
>B? A 7ossible cou/se of action is o3e/loo0ed.
>C? It is assu6ed that sta<in4 is the sa6e as not 4oin4.
>D? The conclusion /efe/s to a 7ossibilit< that is not e87licitl< /efe//ed to in an<
of the 7/e6ises.
>E? Insufficient info/6ation is 4i3en about the ci/cu6stances.
1. Student H1 I26 wo//ied about failin4 the cou/se.
Student :1 Don2t wo//<. As the 7/ofesso/ saidB an< student who fails to sub6it a
te/6 7a7e/ will fail the cou/se. So ;ust 6a0e su/e that <ou sub6it a te/6 7a7e/B
and <ou will not fail the cou/se.
,hich one of the followin4 e8hibits the sa6e lo4ical flaw as that e8hibited in
student :2s /e6a/0=
>A? An< /estau/ant that se/3es 7aella without saff/on is not authentic. So if the
/estau/ant se/3es 7aella with tu/6e/ic instead of saff/onB it is authentic.
>B? An< nati3e fishe/s who ea/n thei/ li3in4s b< fishin4 the local /i3e/s and la0es
a/e wo/th hi/in4 as 4uides. So a 7e/son who is a nati3e fishe/ is wo/th hi/in4
as a 4uide.
>C? An<one who can consistentl< bowl o3e/ $$ 7oints 7e/ 4a6e should beco6e
a 7/ofessional bowle/. If <ou can consistentl< bowl o3e/ $$ 7oints 7e/
4a6eB <ou should beco6e a 7/ofessional bowle/.
>D? An< en4inee/ who cannot sol3e the e@uation in a /easonable a6ount of ti6e
will not 4et a license. So if <ou a/e an en4inee/ who can sol3e the e@uation
in a /easonable a6ount of ti6eB <ou will 4et a license.
>E? An< coo0 who is in a hot 0itchen will lea3e the 0itchen. If <ou a/e a coo0 in a
!8# 'SAT
0itchen that is hotB <ou will be fo/ced to lea3e the 0itchen.
1". T/ade 7/otection is bad 7olic<. Ta0e the case of the 6ic/oco67ute/ indust/<. The
Dnited States 4o3e/n6ent atte67ted to /esto/e the co67ute/ chi7 6a/0et to
Dnited States 6anufactu/e/sB who had ceased 7/oduction in the face of an
abundant su77l< of chea7 chi7s f/o6 fo/ei4n 6anufactu/e/s. Dnde/ t/ade
7/otectionB it was e87ected thatB as 4o3e/n6entAi67osed @uotas and e8cise ta8es
fo/ced the 7/ice of fo/ei4n chi7s to /iseB Dnited States 6anufactu/es would /eente/
the 6a/0et. The< didB but at onl< sli4htl< lowe/ 7/ices than the nowAhi4h 7/ices of
fo/ei4n fi/6s. The lesson has been si67le1 t/ade 7/otection 6eans that Dnited
States 6anufactu/es 4ain while Dnited States consu6e/s lose.
,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion on which the autho/2s a/4u6ent
/elies=
>A? It is un/easonable to e87ect that 4o3e/n6entAi67osed @uotas and e8cise ta8es
will /educe 7/ices fo/ Dnited States consu6e/s.
>B? Dnited States 6anufactu/e/s of co67ute/ chi7s a/e 6o/e conce/ned with hi4h
7/ofits that a/e fo/ei4n 6anufactu/e/s.
>C? The Dnited States 4o3e/n6ent2s 7/i6a/< 7u/7ose in t/ade 7/otection is to
/esto/e 6a/0ets and 7/ofits to Dnited States 6anufactu/e/s.
>D? ,ith /es7ect to t/ade 7/otectionB the 6ic/oco67ute/ indust/< is /e7/esentati3e
of Dnited States indust/< in 4ene/al.
>E? The @ualit< of the chi7s 7/oduced b< Dnited States 6anufactu/e/s is bette/
than the @ualit< of the chi7s 7/oduced b< fo/ei4n 6anufactu/e/s.
Questions 14-15
Dntil nowB this 7aintin4 was belie3ed to be a self 7o/t/ait of the a/tistB but it 7/obabl<
is not. T/ueB the hea3< 4old chain wo/n b< the 4entle6an in the 7ictu/e is si6ila/ to
one 7/esented to the a/tist b< the Nueen of En4land afte/ he had 7ainted he/ 7o/t/ait.
But the swo/d han4in4 at the 4entle6an2s hi7 su44ests that he was a 0ni4htB a /an0
hi4he/ than an< the a/tist e3e/ attained.
1#. The a/4u6ent abo3e de7ends on assu6in4 that the selfA7o/t/ait would
>A? include ob;ects that a/e i67o/tant to the a/tist
>B? not e8a44e/ate the /an0 achie3ed b< the a/tist
>C? be si6ila/ to 7o/t/aits of othe/s who6 the a/tist had 7ainted
>D? be 3e/ifiable onl< th/ou4h the e8a6ination of ob;ects in the 7aintin4
>E? not 7o/t/a< the a/tist en4a4ed in the acti3it< of 7aintin4
1!. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost st/en4then the autho/2s
a/4u6ent=
>A? Histo/ians cannot dete/6ine whethe/ the a/tist was e3e/ 0ni4hted.
>B? The a/tist 7ainted onl< one selfA7o/t/ait in his enti/e life.
GMAT . 'SAT C- !8!
>C? Se3e/al 4entle6en of the a/tist2s da< wo/e hea3< 4old chains li0e the one in
the 7aintin4.
>D? The 4entle6an in the 7aintin4 /ese6bles 7o/t/aits of the a/tist 7ainted b<
othe/ a/tists.
>E? The a/tist was the onl< 4entle6an of his da< who /ecei3ed a hea3< 4old chain
f/o6 the Nueen of En4land.
16. Colle4es boast about the 4/eat si9es of thei/ lib/a/ies. The< @uote fi4u/es in the
hund/eds of thousands of 3olu6esB but how 6an< boo0s can a student /ead in
fou/ <ea/sKa thousand= ,hat 4oodB thenB a/e all the /est=
,hich one of the followin4 state6ents 6ost accu/atel< e87/esses the autho/2s
6ain 7oint=
>A? Colle4e lib/a/ians do not ha3e an<thin4 about which the< can boast.
>B? )o student can /ead 6o/e than a thousand boo0s in fou/ <ea/s.
>C? It is sill< to boast about a lib/a/<2s si9eB /e4a/dless of whethe/ the lib/a/< is
la/4e o/ s6all.
>D? Dnused boo0s a/e a waste of ta87a<e/s2 6one<.
>E? Colle4e lib/a/ies a/e unnecessa/il< la/4e.
1%. Eli1 Acco/din4 to 6an< scientists the wides7/ead 7/oduction and use of
chlo/ofluo/oca/bons >C5Cs?Ke.4.B to 7/o3ide coolant fo/ ai/ conditione/sK
ine3itabl< leads to thei/ esca7e into the at6os7he/e whe/e the< dest/o< the 3ital
o9one la<e/. In 6< o7inionB the continued use of C5Cs b< hu6ans is li0e a
ha/6ful habitB whichB if unchec0edB could ha3e disast/ous effects on the use/B
na6el< selfAdest/uction. The ob3ious and necessa/< cu/eB the/efo/eB is a co67lete
ban on C5C 7/oduction and use.
Ma/01 The cu/e <ou 7/o7ose would 0illB not sa3eB the use/. A ban on C5C
7/oduction and use would cause the dest/uction of the ai/ conditionin4 indust/<.
The sou/ce of Ma/0B and Eli2s dis7ute is thei/ lac0 of a4/ee6ent on which one of
the followin4 te/6s=
>A? cu/e
>B? use/
>C? ban
>D? 7/oduction
>E? dest/uction
18. If the/e is a dec/ease in the nu6be/ of ho6eless fa6iliesB then eithe/ the nu6be/
of a3ailable ;obs has inc/eased o/ else the cost of /entin4 o/ 7u/chasin4 housin4
has dec/eased. If the cost of /entin4 o/ 7u/chasin4 housin4 has dec/easedB then the
su77l< of housin4 6ust be 4/eate/ than the de6and.
Assu6e that the/e is a dec/ease in the nu6be/ of ho6eless fa6ilies. Acco/din4 to
the 7assa4eB which one of the followin4 state6ents CA))(T be t/ue=
!86 'SAT
>A? The nu6be/ of ;obs has been dec/easin4.
>B? The cost of /entin4 o/ 7u/chasin4 housin4 has been dec/easin4B and housin4
su77l< e8ceeds de6and.
>C? The nu6be/ of ;obs has been inc/easin4B and the cost of /entin4 o/ 7u/chasin4
housin4 has been stable.
>D? The nu6be/ of ;obs has been dec/easin4B the cost of /entin4 o/ 7u/chasin4
housin4 has been dec/easin4B and housin4 de6and e8ceeds su77l<.
>E? The nu6be/ of ;obs has been inc/easin4B the cost of /entin4 o/ 7u/chasin4
housin4 has been inc/easin4B and housin4 su77l< e8ceeds de6and.
1&. E3e/<one 0new that if the tea62s sta/ 7la<e/ we/e too badl< in;u/ed to 7la< in
Satu/da<2s 4a6eB the tea6 would lose. Since the tea6 wonB the sta/ 7la<e/ 6ust
ha3e 7la<ed.
,hich one of the followin4 is 6ost si6ila/ in lo4ic to the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? -ed s7ots on the feet a/e a s<67to6 of a disease called bo/osis. This 7atient
has 4/een s7ots on his feetG the/efo/eB he does not ha3e bo/osis.
>B? If the f/ost co6es lateB the fa/6e/ has a 4ood c/o7. Because the f/ost was lateB
the fa/6e/ 6ust ha3e a 4ood c/o7.
>C? The inst/ucto/ in a cou/se /uled that if a student /ecei3ed an A on eithe/ the
te/6 7a7e/ o/ the final e8a6B then the student would /ecei3e an A fo/ the
cou/se. Anne /ecei3ed an A on the te/6 7a7e/ and a C on the final e8a6.
The/efo/eB Anne /ecei3ed an A fo/ the cou/se.
>D? Ieo7le in d/i3in4 school /eali9ed that if Iete had anothe/ auto accidentB he
would be e87elled f/o6 the d/i3in4 school. Iete was not e87elled f/o6 the
d/i3in4 school. The/efo/eB he 6ust not ha3e had anothe/ auto accident.
>E? If Swenson 7a<s a L1$$ fineB he will not be e87elled f/o6 the count/< club.
Because Swenson has not been e87elledB he 6ust ha3e 7aid the fine.
$. An e8a6ination of co//u7tion 7/o3ides the basis fo/ /e;ectin4 the 3iew that an
e8act science of societ< can e3e/ be const/ucted. As with all othe/ social
7heno6ena that in3ol3e delibe/ate sec/ec<B it is int/insicall< i67ossible to
6easu/e co//u7tionB and this is not 6e/el< due to the fact that social science has
not <et /eached its 4oalB achie3able to be su/eB of de3elo7in4 ade@uate
@uantif<in4 techni@ues. If 7eo7le we/e /ead< to answe/ @uestion about thei/
e6be99le6ents and b/ibesB it would 6ean that these 7/actices had ac@ui/ed the
cha/acte/ of le4iti6ateB ta8able acti3ities and had ceased to be co//u7t. In othe/
wo/dsB co//u7tion 6ust disa77ea/ if it is to be 6easu/able.
,hich one of the followin4 6ost accu/atel< states a hidden assu67tion that the
autho/ 6ust 6a0e in o/de/ to ad3ance the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? So6e 7eo7le belie3e that an e8act science of societ< can be const/ucted.
>B? The 7/i6a/< 7u/7ose of an e8act science to @uantif< and 6easu/e 7heno6ena.
>C? An int/insic cha/acte/istic of social 7heno6ena that in3ol3e delibe/ate sec/ec<
GMAT . 'SAT C- !8%
is that the< cannot be 6easu/ed.
>D? An e8act science of social 7heno6ena that in3ol3e delibe/ate sec/ec< cannot
be const/ucted.
>E? An e8act science can be const/ucted onl< when the 7heno6ena it studies can
be 6easu/ed.
Questions !1-!!
This count/< does not need an< 6o/e /est/ictions on 7ollution. In factB we should
abolish those that a/e cu//entl< on the boo0s. In s7ite of 3a/ious /est/ictionsB 7ollution
le3els ha3e actuall< inc/eased o3e/ the 7ast #$ <ea/s. Most i67o/tantl<B d/a6atic
statistics show thatB as 7ollution le3els ha3e inc/eased o3e/ this 7e/iodB the 4ene/al
health of the 7o7ulation has i67/o3ed /athe/ than dete/io/ated.
1. ,hich one of the followin4 asse/tionsB if t/ueB 7/o3ides the 6ost effecti3e
challen4e to the autho/2s conclusion=
>A? The 4ene/al health of this count/<2s 7o7ulation has i67/o3ed o3e/ the 7ast #$
<ea/s 7/i6a/il< because of new ad3ances in 6edicine and nut/itionB not
because of 7ollution.
>B? The/e a/e se3e/al count/ies in the wo/ld in which the/e ha3e been no
/est/ictions on 7ollution o3e/ the 7ast #$ <ea/sB and 7ollution le3els ha3e
actuall< inc/eased.
>C? Si6ila/ statistics show thatB in se3e/al count/iesB the 4ene/al health of the
7o7ulation has i67/o3ed o3e/ the 7ast #$ <ea/sB while 7ollution le3els ha3e
actuall< dec/eased.
>D? Iollution le3els would ha3e inc/eased e3en 6o/e than the< ha3e and the
4ene/al health of the 7o7ulation would not ha3e i67/o3ed as 6uch as it has
without the /est/ictions that ha3e been on the boo0s.
>E? In the 7e/iod 7/io/ to the 7ast #$ <ea/sB 7ollution /est/ictions we/e none8istent
in this count/< and the 4ene/al health of the 7o7ulation i67/o3ed at a fa/
slowe/ /ate than it did du/in4 the 7ast #$ <ea/s.
. The autho/ concludes that the/e should be no /est/ictions on 7ollution 7a/tl<
because
>A? the< a/e no lon4e/ needed to i67/o3e the 4ene/al health of the 7o7ulation
>B? the< /educe the 7ositi3e effect that 7ollution has on the 4ene/al health of the
7o7ulation
>C? statistics show that as 7ollution /est/ictions ha3e inc/eased so ha3e 7ollution
le3els
>D? 7ollution has not <et /eached le3els that a/e det/i6ental to the health of the
4ene/al 7o7ulation
>E? the< a/e ineffecti3e in lowe/in4 7ollution le3els
". In 6et/o7olitan a/easB al6ost 6$ 7e/cent of all fi/es a/e set b< child/enB while in
!88 'SAT
/u/al a/eas about #$ 7e/cent a/e. A 7s<cholo4ical su/3e< disco3e/ed that all
child/en who 7la< with fi/e belie3e that the/e will be no conse@uences if thei/
7a/ents catch the6 doin4 it.
,hich one of the followin4 infe/ences can be 6ost /eliabl< d/awn f/o6 the
7assa4e abo3e=
>A? Most child/en who belie3e the/e will no conse@uences if the< a/e disco3e/ed
7la<in4 with fi/e do 7la< with fi/e.
>B? Ia/ents who disco3e/ thei/ child/en 7la<in4 with fi/e will 7/e3ent those
child/en f/o6 7la<in4 with fi/e in the futu/e.
>C? If 7a/ents ha3e successfull< instilled in thei/ child/en the belief that the/e will
be conse@uences if the< a/e cau4ht 7la<in4 with fi/eB these child/en ha3e not
been a6on4 those 7la<in4 with fi/e.
>D? Child/en who 7la< with fi/e attach no sense of /i4ht o/ w/on4 to this action.
>E? Most child/en who do not 7la< with fi/e belie3e the/e will be conse@uences if
thei/ 7a/ents disco3e/ the6 7la<in4 with fi/e.
#. So6ewhe/eB so6ehowB what was once a 7e/fectl< 4ood /ule b< which to li3e was
twisted into the false and siniste/ idea that EMone< is the /oot of all e3il.F To the
cont/a/A? uses e8a67les that do not /efute the 4ene/ali9ation that all e3il is /ooted in
6one<
>B? uses ina77/o7/iate e8a67les to de6onst/ate the 7/o7e/ use of 6one<
>C? i4no/es so6e of the e3il thin4s that 6one< can bu<
>D? fails to ac0nowled4e that foodB clothesB health ca/eB and shelte/ can
so6eti6es lead to e3il
>E? fails to /eco4ni9e that 6one< can be used fo/ a lot of othe/ 4ood thin4s
besides sustenance
!. In a /ecent e87e/i6entB a hi4h school En4lish teache/ inte/s7e/sed /ealB co66onl<
used 7/o3e/bs with se3e/al nonsensical 7/o3e/bialAsoundin4 state6ents that he
had 6ade u7. He then as0ed his students to e3aluate all of the state6ents on the
list. In 4ene/alB the students found the bo4us 7/o3e/bs and the /eal 7/o3e/bs to be
e@uall< full of wisdo6 and 6eanin4. The teache/ concluded that 7/o3e/bs attain
thei/ status as 7/o3e/bs 6o/e th/ou4h f/e@uent usa4e than th/ou4h thei/ inhe/ent
wisdo6.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost effecti3el< challen4e the
teache/2s conclusion=
>A? So6e 7/o3e/bs a/e used 6o/e f/e@uentl< than othe/s.
>B? The/e we/e 6o/e /eal 7/o3e/bs than bo4us 7/o3e/bs in the list of state6ents.
GMAT . 'SAT C- !8&
>C? The/e a/e st<listic diffe/ences between 7/o3e/bial and 7/o3e/bialAsoundin4
state6ents.
>D? So6e students 3iew a state6ent in one wa< and othe/ students 3iew the sa6e
state6ent in a 3e/< diffe/ent wa<.
>E? The students selected as e3aluato/s we/e too ine87e/ienced to ;ud4e the
wisdo6 of the state6ents.
6. It is co66onl< acce7ted that we should be conce/ned about ou/ own 7h<sical
health. The desi/e to ta0e /es7onsibilit< fo/ all as7ects of ou/ 7h<sical conditionB
howe3e/B 7/oduces a nu6be/ of ne4ati3e conse@uences. B< focusin4 e8clusi3el<
on ou/ 7h<sical healthB we tend to i4no/e out 6ental health. The/efo/eB althou4h
we can de/i3e 7h<sical benefits f/o6 ou/ 7/eoccu7ation with 7h<sical healthB we
often do so at the e87ense of ou/ 6ental health.
The autho/ establishes he/ 7osition in the 7assa4e b< doin4 which one of the
followin4=
>A? She defends he/ 7osition and then e8tends it into a second a/ea.
>B? She /e3eals a cont/adiction in a 7osition co66onl< held to be co//ect.
>C? She su77o/ts a co66onl< held 7oint of 3iew b< 7/o3idin4 additional
e3idence.
>D? She fi/st states he/ 7osition and then @ualifies it with a nu6be/ of
concessions.
>E? She a/4ues that a 7o7ula/ 7osition can lead to 7/oble6s if ta0en to an e8t/e6e.
SECTI() I*
1. The /ecent inc/eases in health insu/ance 7/e6iu6s a/e unnecessa/< and e8cessi3e.
,hile the inflation /ate is and has been stable at ! 7e/cent fo/ the 7ast fi3e <ea/sB
du/in4 the sa6e 7e/iod the a3e/a4e cost of health insu/ance has inc/eased
annuall< b< 1$ to $ 7e/cent. -ecent studies show that the 7o7ulation is healthie/
now than e3e/ befo/eB and thus indicate that the insu/ance co67anies2 clai6s of
hi4he/ healthAca/e costs a/e unfounded and 6e/el< /eflect the @uest fo/ hi4he/
7/ofits.
,hich one of the followin4 state6entsB if t/ueB unde/6ines the conclusion in the
7assa4e=
>A? The incidence of lun4 cance/ a6on4 6en who s6o0e has dec/eased in /ecent
<ea/s.
>B? I67/o3e6ents in health ha3e occu//ed because of a d/a6atic inc/ease in the
use of e87ensi3e 6edical e@ui76entB testsB and d/u4s.
>C? Inc/eased health insu/ance 7/e6iu6s will fo/ce so6e 7eo7le to d/o7 thei/
6edical co3e/a4eB thus ad3e/sel< affectin4 thei/ futu/e health.
!&$ 'SAT
>D? Health insu/ance cu//entl< co3e/s fewe/ health 7/oble6s than it did in the
7ast.
>E? Thou4h the/e a/e fewe/ health insu/ance co67anies toda<B thei/ ea/nin4s a/e
hi4he/ than the< ha3e e3e/ been.
. In the o7en oceanB a sha/0 will catch al6ost an< s6all fish it decides to attac0.
The best chance a s6all fish hasB once it is s7otted b< a hun4/< sha/0B it that the
sha/0 will 7/o67tl< find so6ethin4 else to attac0. The/efo/eB one of the benefits
4ained b< s6all fish that swi6 in la/4e 4/ou7s 0nown as schools is a /educed
chance of bein4 attac0ed b< a sha/0.
,hich one of the followin4 state6ents is an assu67tion on which the autho/2s
a/4u6ent de7ends=
>A? Sha/0s li3e 7/i6a/il< on a diet of s6all fish.
>B? Sha/0s do not eat an enti/e school of fish at one ti6e.
>C? The shee/ nu6be/ of fish in a school 7/e3ents sha/0s f/o6 attac0in4.
>D? Sha/0s a/e the 6ain dan4e/ to s6all fish in the o7en ocean.
>E? S6all fish a/e able to sense when the< a/e bein4 s7otted b< sha/0s.
Questions 3-4
Iublicl< owned /esou/ces will alwa<s be abused. Ta0e the e8a67le of cattle 4/a9in4.
,he/e the indi3idual has f/ee access to 7ublicl< owned /an4elandB he o/ she alwa<s
has an incenti3e to 4/a9e 6o/e and 6o/e cattle /e4a/dless of the conse@uencesB
because the benefits a/e ca7tu/ed b< the indi3idual 4/a9e/ while the costs of /educed
/an4e @ualit< a/e bo/ne b< all ta87a<e/s. I/i3ate landowne/s a/e less li0el< to abuse
thei/ own landB howe3e/B because the< 6ust 7a< the enti/e cost.
". ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost tend to wea0en the autho/2s
a/4u6ent fo/ the conclusion that 7ublicl< owned /esou/ces will alwa<s be
abused=
>A? Man< 7eo7le who 7/i3atel< own /esou/ces abuse the6 in s7ite of the 7e/sonal
conse@uences.
>B? So6e 7ublicl< owned /esou/ces a/e so e8tensi3e that it would ta0e
wides7/ead abuse befo/e thei/ @ualit< is affected.
>C? So6e indi3iduals ha3e no choice but to /el< on 7ublic /esou/ces in the 7u/suit
o/ thei/ li3elihood.
>D? Ieo7le do not want to lose access to 7ublic /esou/cesB <et the< /eali9e that
the< will if those /esou/ces a/e /uined th/ou4h abuse.
>E? -esou/ces a/e alwa<s de3alued when e3e/<one has access to the6 because
the< a/e no lon4e/ a /a/e co66odit< in hi4h de6and.
#. ,hich one of the followin4 could be best su77o/ted b< the sa6e t<7e of
/easonin4 as that e8hibited in the 7assa4e=
GMAT . 'SAT C- !&1
>A? The su77l< of be3e/a4es at the annual office 7icnic will last lon4e/ if 7eo7le
7a< fo/ the6 on a 7e/Abe3e/a4e basis /athe/ than e3e/<one in the office bein4
cha/4ed a flat fee.
>B? A 6ath teache/ 7/o3ides his students with afte/Aschool tuto/in4 on se3e/al
da<s because no sin4le da< is 4ood fo/ e3e/<one.
>C? A tennis club sta/ts cha/4in4 flat annual 6e6be/shi7 fees instead of 7a<AasA
<ouA7la< cou/t fees in o/de/ to ensu/e a /e4ula/ club inco6e.
>D? A social se/3ice a4enc< 3a/ies its cha/4es fo/ se/3ices because so6e 7eo7le
a/e able to 7a< 6o/e than othe/s.
>E? A tobacco ta8 is instituted in o/de/ to fund i67/o3e6ents in 7ublic education.
!. The cit< is 3i4o/ousl< enfo/cin4 the o/dinance a4ainst allowin4 indi3iduals to
slee7 in the bus de7ot. The 6a<o/ a/4ues that such 3i4o/ous enfo/ce6ent is fai/B
e3enhandedB and ad6iniste/ed in the best t/aditions of e@ual t/eat6ent fo/ all.
E)o one can slee7 in the bus de7otBF the 6a<o/ has saidB Ewhethe/ <ou2/e
ho6eless o/ the chief e8ecuti3e of a 6a;o/ co/7o/ation.F This b/in4s to 6ind a
/e6a/0 once 6ade b< a 7olitical co66entato/. EThe lawB in its 6a;estic e@ualit<B
fo/bids the /ich as well as the 7oo/ to slee7 unde/ b/id4esB to be4 in the st/eetsB
and to steal b/ead.F It2s ti6e fo/ the 6a<o/ to co6e to his senses.
The 7assa4e as a whole is st/uctu/ed to lead which one of the followin4
conclusions=
>A? Ieo7le should not be t/eated e@uall< with /es7ect to enfo/cin4 the o/dinance
3i4o/ousl<.
>B? E3e/<one should be t/eated e@uall< with /es7ect to enfo/cin4 the o/dinance
3i4o/ousl<.
>C? The 3i4o/ous enfo/ce6ent of the o/dinance does not @ualif< as e@ual
t/eat6ent fo/ all.
>D? The law holds 7oo/ 7eo7le to st/icte/ standa/ds than it does /ich 7eo7le.
>E? In a t/ul< e@ual le4al s<ste6B no one would slee7 in bus de7ots.
6. Althou4h 7h<sicians a/e alle4ed to hide thei/ collea4ues2 6edical inco67etenceB
toda< that 7/actice could be 7/ofessional suicide. Because so 6an< 6edical
ad3ances a/e wellA0nown b< all docto/sB obscu/in4 so6eone2s inco67etent
7/ocedu/e is al6ost i67ossible when a clai6ant choose to 7u/sue a case. ThusB in
6al7/actice suitsB 7h<sicians /is0 thei/ own /e7utations if the< testif< falsel< to
7/otect thei/ f/iends.
,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion su77o/tin4 the conclusion in the
7assa4e=
>A? Ih<sicians2 7/ofessional success de7ends u7on thei/ 4ood /e7utations.
>B? Inco67etent 7h<sicians should be e87osed befo/e the< co66it 6al7/actice.
>C? 5alse testi6on< is 6o/all< w/on4 /e4a/dless of one2s 7/ofession.
>D? Ih<sicians should do e3e/<thin4 7ossible to 7/otect the6sel3es f/o6
!& 'SAT
6al7/actice clai6s.
>E? Ti6es ha3e chan4ed and 7h<sicians toda< 6ust 0ee7 u7 on all 6edical
ad3ances.
Questions '-8
The econo6< is in a dis6al stateB uni3e/sities a/e suffe/in4 f/o6 cutbac0sB and 6an<
students 6ust tu/n to an< sou/ce of funds a3ailable if the< a/e to 6a0e ends 6eet.
5aced with this situationB the uni3e/sit< has te/6inated the e67lo<6ent of so6e of its
6o/e 7/oducti3e de7a/t6ental wo/0e/s. ,h<= Dni3e/sit< /e4ulations 7/ohibit a
student2s /ecei3in4 financial aid and then wo/0in4 fo/ an au8ilia/< inco6e that
e8ceeds a s7ecified li6it. E67lo<ees whose inco6es had /eached that li6it we/e
te/6inated. )owB the uni3e/sit< 6ust find othe/ e67lo<ees. Dnfo/tunatel<B thou4hB the
uni3e/sit<2s choice of students to fill the 7ositions will not be based u7on thei/
abilities to 7e/fo/6B o/ e3en u7on thei/ financial needB but u7on how 6uch 6one<
the< ha3e 6ade.
%. It 6a< be concluded f/o6 info/6ation in the 7assa4e that the uni3e/sit<
>A? has fi/ed so6e studentAe67lo<ees and is loo0in4 fo/ othe/ studentAe67lo<ees
to /e7lace the6
>B? has lost so6e fullAti6e e67lo<ees and will /e7lace the6 with 7a/tAti6e
studentAe67lo<ees
>C? is loo0in4 fo/ new e67lo<ees to /e7lace so6e who ha3e @uit
>D? antici7ates losin4 so6e e67lo<ees and has al/ead< be4un to see0
/e7lace6ents
>E? antici7ates 7a<in4 new e67lo<ees lowe/ wa4es than the fo/6e/ e67lo<ees
/ecei3ed
8. ,hich one of the followin4 is the best state6ent o/ the 7/i6a/< 7oint of the
7assa4e=
>A? Good studentAe67lo<ees should be able to obtain financial aid andB at the
sa6e ti6eB ea/n au8ilia/< inco6es without li6its.
>B? In the face of a declinin4 econo6C? Dni3e/sit< de7a/t6ents 6ust adhe/e to the uni3e/sit<2s /e4ulations.
>D? Decisions about student e67lo<6ent should be based enti/el< u7on each
student2s financial need.
>E? Due to the 7/oble6s c/eated b< a dis6al econo6<B so6e studentAwo/0e/s
ha3e lost thei/ ;obs.
Questions 9-10
An< 7e/son who d/o7s out of hi4h school will be une67lo<ed unless he o/ she finds a
lowA7a<in4 ;ob o/ has /elati3e with 4ood business connections.
GMAT . 'SAT C- !&"
&. ,hich one of the followin4 conclusions CA))(T be 3alidl< d/awn f/o6 the
state6ent abo3e=
>A? An< 7e/son who d/o7s out of hi4h school will be une67lo<edB ha3e a lowA
7a<in4 ;obB o/ ha3e /elati3es with 4ood business connections.
>B? An< hi4h school d/o7out who has neithe/ a lowA7a<in4 ;ob no/ /elati3es with
4ood business connections will be une67lo<ed.
>C? An< e67lo<ed 7e/son who has neithe/ a lowA7a<in4 ;ob no/ /elati3es with
4ood business connections is not a hi4h school d/o7out.
>D? An< hi4h school d/o7out who has a ;ob that is not lowA7a<in4 6ust ha3e
/elati3es with 4ood business connections.
>E? An< 7e/son who has /elati3es with 4ood business connections and who is not
a hi4h school d/o7out 6ust be e67lo<ed at a ;ob that is not lowA7a<in4.
1$. Assu6e that To6 is e67lo<ed and does not ha3e a lowA7a<in4 ;ob. ,hich one of
the followin4 state6entsB when added to this assu67tionB cont/adicts the o/i4inal
state6ent 6ade in the state6ent abo3e=
>A? To6 is a hi4h school d/o7out.
>B? To6 does not ha3e /elati3es with 4ood business connections.
>C? To6 is a hi4h school d/o7out and does not ha3e an< /elati3es.
>D? To6 is co67leted hi4h school and has /elati3es with 4ood business
connections.
>E? To6 has /elati3es with 4ood business connections.
11. A 6an who su/3i3ed a /ecent t/ain w/ec0 in which se3e/al li3es we/e lost was
as0ed whethe/ he was now af/aid of ta0in4 the t/ain. He /easonedB EI23e /ead that
the li0elihood of a t/ain w/ec0 is about one in e3e/< 1$$B$$$ ti6es a t/ain lea3es a
station. So I2ll sta/t fea/in4 fo/ 6< safet< afte/ the t/ains ha3e lo44ed anothe/
&!B$$$ o/ so t/i7s.F
The sou/ce of the 6an2s e//oneous /easonin4 is his
>A? 6isunde/standin4 of Eli0elihoodF in /elation to t/ain w/ec0s
>B? assu67tion that all t/ain w/ec0s a/e ali0e
>C? belief that his beha3io/ can 7/e3ent t/ain w/ec0s
>D? failu/e to /eco4ni9e that the/e 6a< be fewe/ futu/e t/ain t/i7s as a /esult of the
/ecent w/ec0
>E? assu67tion that 7e/sonal fea/ and the occu//ence of t/ain w/ec0s a/e un/elated
Questions 1!-13
Ch/is1 Mu/de/e/s should be sentenced to life in 7/isonB not sub;ected to the death
7enalt<. A life sentence is enou4h to dete/ an< con3icted 6u/de/e/ f/o6 0illin4 a4ain.
Mo/eo3e/B e3en the wo/st offende/s 6a< subse@uentl< unde/4o a 6i/aculous
/ehabilitationKa 7ossibilit< that is eli6inated b< the death 7enalt<. The Bi/d Man of
!&# 'SAT
Alcat/a9B a noto/ious con3icted 6u/de/e/B is a case in 7oint. He /aised cana/ies while
in 7/ison and ulti6atel< beca6e an ac0nowled4ed autho/it< on the sub;ect.
Dana1 But the Bi/d Man of Alcat/a9 0illed anothe/ in6ate while in 7/ison. ,hat
would <ou do to dete/ hi6 f/o6 co66ittin4 <et anothe/ 6u/de/Kta0e awa< his bi/ds=
1. Each of the followin4 can be infe//ed f/o6 Ch/is2s a/4u6ent EHCEIT1
>A? All con3icted 6u/de/e/s will be dete//ed f/o6 0illin4 a4ain if 4i3en life
sentences.
>B? An< con3icted 6u/de/e/ could unde/4o a 6i/aculous /ehabilitation.
>C? The Bi/d Man of Alcat/a9 is an e8a67le of 6i/aculous /ehabilitation.
>D? The th/eat of life i67/ison6ent is ade@uate to dete/ 7otential 6u/de/e/s.
>E? Beco6in4 an ac0nowled4ed autho/it< on cana/ies is e3idence of one 7e/son2s
/ehabilitation.
1". Dana 6ost se/iousl< wea0ens Ch/is2s a/4u6ent b< doin4 which one of the
followin4=
>A? 6a0in4 a 7e/sonal attac0 on the Bi/d Man of Alcat/a9
>B? 4i3in4 a counte/e8a67le to the 7/inci7le offe/ed b< Ch/is that life
i67/ison6ent is f/o6 0illin4 a4ain
>C? showin4 that it is unli0el< that an< con3icted 6u/de/e/ could unde/4o a
si4nificant /ehabilitation
>D? su44estin4 that Ch/is2s a/4u6ent is based on an at<7ical case
>E? de6onst/atin4 that it is i67ossible to 7/e3ent a con3icted 6u/de/e/ f/o6
co66ittin4 anothe/ 6u/de/ while in 7/ison
1#. Co66on 7atte/ns of fallacious /easonin4 a/e ende6ic to e3e/<da< life and once
ado7ted cannot be co//ected. Ioo/ /easonin4 s0ills waste 7ublic and 7/i3ate
6one<B 6a0e 7eo7le less efficient and 7/oducti3eB and di6inish ou/ national
ca7acit< to co67ete ab/oad. But within the 7ast few <ea/sB a Ethin0in4 s0illsF
6o3e6ent has a/isen. The teachin4 of /easonin4 s0ills is 7a/t of this la/4e/
6o3e6ent to 6a0e students thin0 6o/e c/iticall<. Inc/easin4l<B as 7a/t of the
teachin4 of decisionA6a0in4B colle4e students a/e successfull< lea/nin4 to a3oid
co66on 7atte/ns of fallacious /easonin4 that the< habituall< co66itB andB in the
7/ocessB to ac@ui/e sound /easonin4 s0ills.
,hich one of the followin4 identifies the 6ost se/ious lo4ical flaw that this
7assa4e contains=
>A? The 7assa4e fails to establish a connection between the teachin4 of decisionA
6a0in4 and the teachin4 of /easonin4 s0ills.
>B? The 7assa4e cont/adicts itself b< both affi/6in4 and den<in4 that 7atte/ns of
fallacious /easonin4 can be co//ected.
>C? The 7assa4e uses ci/cula/ /easonin4 b< fi/st statin4 that 7atte/ns of fallacious
/easonin4 di6inish ou/ ca7acit< fo/ co67etition and then asse/tin4 that lac0
GMAT . 'SAT C- !&!
of co67etition leads to a lessenin4 of s0ills.
>D? The 7assa4e 6a0es an unwa//anted infe/ence f/o6 i67/o3in4 thin0in4 s0ills
to teachin4 /easonin4 s0ills.
>E? The 7assa4e fails to lin0 the teachin4 of decisionA6a0in4 to the la/4e/
6o3e6ent to 6a0e students thin0 6o/e c/iticall<.
Questions 15-1&
(u/ societ< o3e/esti6ates the cont/ibutions of science to the @uest fo/ 0nowled4e.
Inde7endent of whethe/ 4/eat st/ides ha3e been 6ade in the abilit< to 7/edict natu/al
e3entsB 0nowled4e at an< dee7e/ le3elB 0nowled4e of thin4s we cannot e87e/ience
di/ectl<B is as illuso/< as e3e/. Such 0nowled4e is illuso/< because inco67atible
theo/ies 6a< alwa<s be 7ostulated to e87lain obse/3ations. How can we E0nowF
which one is co//ect= 5u/the/ obse/3ations 6a< na//ow the 7ossibilitiesB but the/e a/e
alwa<s alte/nati3esB at least in 7/inci7le. ,ho is to sa< that toda<2s theo/ies will fa/e
an< bette/ than those whichB thou4h once acce7tedB we/e /e7laced b< wholl< diffe/ent
conce7tions of natu/e= It is the hei4ht of 4ullibilit< o/ 7/esu67tion to in3est s7ecial
c/edence in the cu//ent scientific fashion.
1!. ,hich one of the followin4 best e87/esses the autho/2s conclusion in the
7assa4e=
>A? Science is conside/abl< less 3aluable than othe/ a77/oaches to 7/oducin4
0nowled4e.
>B? Chan4es in and diffe/ences a6on4 scientific theo/ies do not /esult in 4enuine
7/o4/ess.
>C? Scientists should de3elo7 6o/e accu/ate a77/oaches to /eco/din4 and
e87lainin4 obse/3ations about natu/e.
>D? The abilit< of science to 7/oduce 0nowled4e is o3e//ated.
>E? Cu//entl< acce7ted scientific theo/iesB howe3e/ well acce7tedB a/e 7/obabl<
selfAcont/adicto/<.
16. ,hich one of the followin4 clai6s is cent/al to the autho/2s a/4u6ent=
>A? Alte/nati3e e87lanations a/e 7ossible fo/ an< set of obse/3ations about natu/e.
>B? Science has 6ade substantial 7/o4/ess in the abilit< to 7/edict natu/al e3ents.
>C? Science has de3elo7ed so 6an< theo/ies that it is i67ossible to 0now which
ones to belie3e.
>D? It is i67o/tant that scientists distin4uish between 7/ediction and e87lanation.
>E? The ;ud46ent of scientists as to which theo/ies to acce7t is sus7ectB as the<
tend to follow the latest scientific fashion.
1%. The /ecent d/a6atic inc/ease in co66ute/ ai/line c/ashes is caused in la/4e 7a/t
b< 7ilot ine87e/ience. As a 6a;o/ 4/owth indust/<B the co66ute/ ai/lines ha3e
/ecentl< had a 4/eat inc/ease in the de6and fo/ e87e/ienced 7ilots. It is
i67ossible to define and assess 7ilot e87e/ienceB howe3e/. 5o/ e8a67leB so6eone
!&6 'SAT
with 1$$$ hou/s of fli4ht e87e/ience as an inst/ucto/ in A/i9onaB whe/e the
weathe/ is 4oodB cannot be co67a/ed to so6eone with 1$$$ hou/s2 e87e/ience as
a ni4ht ca/4o 7ilot in the sto/6< no/theaste/n Dnited States.
The autho/2s conclusion that the d/a6atic inc/ease in co66ute/ ai/line c/ashes is
caused b< 7ilot ine87e/ience is 6ost wea0ened b< the fact that the autho/ has
>A? a/4ued that it is i67ossible to 6easu/e E7ilot e87e/ienceF
>B? used an e8a67le that does not /elate lo4icall< to the 7oint bein4 illust/ated
>C? 7/o3ided onl< a 7a/tial e87lanation fo/ the inc/ease in co66ute/ ai/line
c/ashes
>D? 6ade an unfai/ co67a/ison between e87e/ience as a fli4ht inst/ucto/ and
e87e/ience as a ni4ht ca/4o 7ilot
>E? not s7ecified how 6uch of the /ecent inc/ease in co66ute/ ai/line c/ashes is
due to 7ilot ine87e/ience
18. B/and H laund/< dete/4ent sells fo/ L.$$ a bo8. B/and : sells fo/ L#.$$ a bo8.
The/efo/eB <ou will sa3e 6one< if <ou use B/and H laund/< dete/4ent instead of
B/and :.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6a0e the conclusion in the 7assa4e a
lo4ical conclusion=
>A? It ta0es onl< one cu7 of B/and H to do the wo/0 of one and oneAhalf cu7s of
B/and :.
>B? A bo8 of B/and H contains the sa6e a6ount of laund/< dete/4ent as a bo8 of
B/and :.
>C? A bo8 of B/and H will clean ;ust as 6an< loads of laund/< as a bo8 of B/and
:.
>D? Mo/e than twice as 6an< 7eo7le use B/and H as use B/and :.
>E? B/and H and B/and : no/6all< sell fo/ L".$$ a bo8B but B/and H is on sale
and B/and : has been 6a/0ed u7.
1&. In a /ecent ad3e/tise6entB a 6a;o/ ce/eal co67an< contended that the bette/
educated 7eo7le a/eB the 6o/e li0el< it is that as child/en the< /e4ula/l< ate
oat6eal. As e3idenceB the co67an< cited a national /ando6 su/3e< of colle4e
4/aduates in which fou/Afifths of all those su/3e<ed /e7o/ted ha3in4 eaten oat6eal
at least once a wee0 when the< we/e <oun4.
,hich one of the followin4 is an additional 7iece of info/6ation that would
su77o/t the ce/eal co67an<2s conclusion=
>A? 5ou/Afifths of all cu//ent colle4e 4/aduates eat oat6eal /e4ula/l<.
>B? 5ewe/ than fou/Afifths of those without a colle4e de4/ee ate oat6eal /e4ula/l<
when the< we/e child/en.
>C? A6on4 7eo7le who ha3e additional education be<ond colle4eB fou/Afifths ate
oat6eal /e4ula/l< when the< we/e child/en.
GMAT . 'SAT C- !&%
>D? Mo/e than fou/Afifths of the 7o7ulation at la/4eKcolle4e 4/aduates and
non4/aduates co6binedKate oat6eal /e4ula/l< when the< we/e child/en.
>E? Those colle4e 4/aduates who did not eat oat6eal /e4ula/l< when the< we/e
child/en did eat oat6eal on an occasional basis.
$. (f the ten 7/ofessional tennis 7la<e/s who a/e 4ene/all< conside/ed the 4/eatest of
all ti6eB si8 had no b/othe/s o/ siste/s. Howe3e/B onl< a s6all 7o/tion of the
4ene/al 7o7ulation is 6ade u7 of such Eonl< child/en.F Clea/l<B if <ou a/e a
7/ofessional tennis 7la<e/B <ou ha3e a bette/ chance of bein4 conside/ed a6on4
the 4/eatest if <ou a/e an onl< child.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB would unde/6ine the a/4u6ent in the
7assa4e=
>A? So6e 4/eat tennis 7la<e/s ne3e/ 7la< 7/ofessionall<.
>B? Asc/ibin4 E4/eatnessF to tennis 7la<e/s is necessa/il< sub;ecti3e.
>C? A6on4 all 7/ofessional tennis 7la<e/sB se3en out of ten ha3e no b/othe/s o/
siste/s.
>D? An onl< child tends to be bette/ at indi3idual s7o/ts than at tea6 s7o/ts.
>E? Ia/ents who ha3e onl< one child ha3e 6o/e ti6e to in3est in the child2s tennis
ca/ee/ than do othe/ 7a/ents.
1. The ,est does not esca7e the effects of its /elationshi7 with the nonA,este/n
wo/ld. E3en as an indi3idual fails to de3elo7 full< without constant inte/action
with an e@ualB a t/adition of thou4ht loses 3italit< and lac0s the ca7acit< fo/
/i4o/ous selfAc/iticis6 without the 7/obin4 7/esence of an authentic Eothe/.F In
the absence of constant and c/itical dialo4ue with othe/ t/aditionsB ,este/n
thou4ht /e6ains 7a/ochialB co66on7laceB and na//ow.
,hich one of the followin4 techni@ues of a/4u6ent does the autho/ use in the
7assa4e=
>A? identif<in4 a 7oint of si6ila/it< between two diffe/ent states of affai/s
>B? /econcilin4 two o77osed sets of ci/cu6stances with each othe/
>C? identif<in4 a conclusion that has no su77o/tin4 a/4u6ent
>D? de/i3in4 a conclusion f/o6 a set of conflictin4 assu67tions
>E? ta0in4 ad3anta4e of inconsistencies in the definition of a c/itical te/6
. Geo/4e1 The econo6ics tau4ht in colle4e is 3e/< confusin4Kand that2s because
it2s all w/on4.
Ha/old1 If it2s all w/on4B wh< is colle4e econo6ics still fo/ceAfed to students=
Geo/4e1 It2s 3e/< difficult to lea/n so6ethin4 that2s all w/on4B and ifB b< chanceB
so6eone does waste all that ti6e and lea/n itB he o/ she will be inclined to defend
it fe/ociousl< and 7ass it on to othe/s.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost di/ectl< challen4e Geo/4e2s
/easonin4=
!&8 'SAT
>A? Man< colle4e 4/aduates who ha3e ta0en econo6ics 4o on to successful
ca/ee/s in a 3a/iet< of othe/ fields.
>B? Colle4e students who 6a;o/ in econo6ics tend to ea/n hi4he/ 4/ades in
econo6ics than in thei/ othe/ sub;ects.
>C? E-i4htF and Ew/on4F a/e /elati3e te/6s in the field of econo6ics.
>D? Man< econo6ics 7/ofesso/s a4/ee with ;ou/nal a/ticles that st/on4l< c/itici9e
colle4e econo6ics.
>E? Inte/3iews fi3e <ea/s afte/ 4/aduation show that econo6ics 6a;o/s a/e ;ust as
li0el< to sa< that thei/ colle4e e87e/ience was en;o<able as a/e those who did
not 6a;o/ in econo6ics.
". The e8istentialists a/e /i4ht about one thin41 we a/e aloneB /adicall< alone. The
7/oof is ob3ious. Su77ose <ou we/e bo/n with a 7h<siolo4< that 7e/6itted <ou to
7e/cei3e onl< ne4ati3e i6a4esB that isB <ou saw blac0 whe/e e3e/<one else saw
white and white whe/e e3e/<one else saw blac0. )e3e/thelessB <ou would lea/n to
call what <ou saw as blac0 b< the na6e EwhiteF because this is what <ou would
be tau4htB and the/e would be no wa< that <ou could disco3e/ <ou/ e//o/.
,hich one of the followin4 can be 3alidl< infe//ed f/o6 the state6ents in the
a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? So6e 7eo7le a/e bo/n with /e3e/sed 7e/ce7tions of blac0 and whiteB and the<
cannot disco3e/ this.
>B? Ieo7le with /e3e/sed 7e/ce7tions of blac0 and white would not choose thei/
wo/ds an< diffe/entl< f/o6 an<one else.
>C? E8istentialis6 is a sound 7hiloso7hD? The e8istentialists clai6 that so6e 7eo7le a/e bo/n with /e3e/sed 7e/ce7tions
of blac0 and white.
>E? The e8istentialists clai6 that 7eo7le 6ean diffe/ent thin4s when the< use the
wo/ds Eblac0F and Ewhite.F
#. (d<sseus answe/ed well when the 7/iests showed hi6 a 7ictu/e of those who had
hono/ed the 4ods and then esca7ed shi7w/ec0B and as0ed hi6 whethe/ he did not
now ac0nowled4e the 7owe/ of the 4odsKE:esBF he as0edB Ebut whe/e a/e those
7ictu/ed who we/e d/owned afte/ thei/ 7/a<e/s=F And such is the wa< of all
su7e/stitionsG whe/ein hu6ansB ha3in4 a deli4ht in such 3anitiesB 6a/0 the e3ents
whe/e the< a/e fulfilledB but whe/e the< failB thou4h this ha77ens 6uch oftene/B
ne4lect and 7ass the6 b<.
,hich one of the followin4 contains the e//o/ of /easonin4 desc/ibed b< the
autho/ in the 7assa4e=
>A? I ha3e disco3e/ed that 5/ida< the 1"th /eall< is a da< of 6isfo/tune. +ust this
7ast 5/idaB? Althou4h )a7oleon and Ale8ande/ the G/eat we/e sho/tB Ab/aha6 'incoln
GMAT . 'SAT C- !&&
and Cha/les de Gaulle we/e tall. So sho/t 7eo7le see0 leade/shi7 in o/de/ to
o3e/co6e feelin4s of infe/io/it<.
>C? E3e/< se6este/ fo/ the 7ast 1! <ea/sB an a3e/a4e of 1$ 7e/cent of Ms. Elliot2s
histo/< students ha3e d/o77ed he/ cou/se befo/e the e8a6. SoB it see6s li0el<
that we can e87ect 1$ 7e/cent to d/o7 out this <ea/.
>D? )o /eliable obse/3e/ has e3e/ actuall< seen a <eti. The st/on4est e3idence
see6s to be so6e sus7icious t/ac0s. So I thin0 this sea/ch fo/ a <eti is
7/obabl< a wildA4oose chase.
>E? I cannot t/ust 6< luc0< shi/t an< lon4e/. I wo/e it to the 4a6e toda< and ou/
tea6 lost.
!. A wellA0nown fo/6e/ @ua/te/bac0 is 7/obabl< 3e/< ade7t at anal<9in4 the /elati3e
st/en4ths of football tea6s. Howe3e/B effo/ts b< tele3ision ad3e/tise/s to su44est
that the @ua/te/bac0 is an e87e/t on 7ant<hose o/ 7o7co/n 7o77e/s should a/ouse
s0e7ticis6 a6on4 3iewe/s. The sa6e /es7onse should /esult when a 7o7ula/
tele3ision acto/B who is f/e@uentl< cast in the /ole of a docto/B a77ea/s in a
co66e/cial to endo/se a b/and of decaffeinated coffee. His 3iews on tele3ision
actin4 would dese/3e attention since he has had conside/able e87e/ience in that
fieldB but 3iewe/s ha3e e3e/< /i4ht to doubt his autho/it< in coffee ad3e/tise6ents.
,hich one of the followin4 is a 7/esu77osition essential to the /easonin4 in the
7assa4e abo3e=
>A? The st/en4th of autho/itati3e e3idence as le4iti6ate 7/oof is closel< /elated to
the autho/it<2s de4/ee of e87e/tness in the a/ea in @uestion.
>B? I/actical e87e/ience counts fo/ 6o/e than acade6ic t/ainin4 in assessin4 the
co67etence of autho/ities.
>C? The onl< 0ind of e3idence bein4 used in 6an< tele3ision co66e/cials is
a77eal to autho/it<.
>D? The 3iewin4 audience is not sufficientl< ca7able of e3aluatin4 autho/itati3e
a77eals in ad3e/tise6ents.
>E? Tele3ision 3iewe/s will so6ehow 6entall< t/ansfe/ the c/edibilit< of
celeb/ities in one a/ea of e87e/tise to anothe/ /e7/esented b< the 7/oduct
bein4 ad3e/tised.
6. +ud4in4 b< the bo8 office /ecei7tsB fil6 audiences ha3e had a su/feit of
s7ectacula/ s7ecial effects and a/e 6o/e inte/ested in 4ood d/a6a co6ed<B o/
en4a4in4 action than in seein4 <et anothe/ s7aceshi7 e87lode. 5il6 7/oduce/s a/e
4ettin4 the 6essa4eB so in the co6in4 <ea/ e87ectCCCCCC
,hich one of the followin4 best concludes the autho/ s state6ent=
>A? 6o/e science fiction in an effo/t to inc/ease bo8 office /ecei7ts
>B? fewe/ s7aceshi7s e87lodin4B but no chan4e in the a6ount of the othe/
s7ectacula/ s7ecial effects used in science fiction
>C? the 7endulu6 to swin4 awa< f/o6 science fictionB 7/o3idin4 science fiction
6$$ 'SAT
fil6s continue to use s7ectacula/ s7ecial effects
>D? 6o/e s7ectacula/ effects alon4 with inc/easin4 le3els of difficult stunt wo/0
>E? 6o/e fil6s co6binin4 4ood d/a6a with s7ectacula/ s7ecial effects
TEST 1&
SECTI() II
1. The cit<2s cente/ fo/ disease cont/ol /e7o/ts that the /abies e7ide6ic is 6o/e
se/ious now than it was two <ea/s a4o1 two <ea/s a4o less than ! 7e/cent of the
local /accoon 7o7ulation was infectedB whe/eas toda< the infection has s7/ead to
6o/e than !$ 7e/cent of the /accoon 7o7ulation. Howe3e/B the news7a7e/ /e7o/ts
that whe/eas two <ea/s a4o " cases of /abid /accoons we/e confi/6ed du/in4 a
1A6onth 7e/iodB in the 7ast 1 6onths onl< 18 cases of /abid /accoons we/e
confi/6ed.
disc/e7anc< between the two /e7o/ts=
>A? The nu6be/ of cases of /abies in wild ani6als othe/ than /accoons has
inc/eased in the 7ast 1 6onths.
>B? A si4nificant 7/o7o/tion of the /accoon 7o7ulation succu6bed to /abies in the
<ea/ befo/e last.
>C? The s<67to6s of diste67e/B anothe/ disease to which /accoons a/e
susce7tibleB a/e 3i/tuall< identical to those of /abies.
>D? Since the outb/ea0 of the e7ide6icB /accoonsB which a/e no/6all< noctu/nalB
ha3e inc/easin4l< been seen du/in4 da<li4ht hou/s.
>E? The nu6be/ of confi/6ed cases of /abid /accoons in nei4hbo/in4 cities has
also dec/eased o3e/ the 7ast <ea/.
. -ecentl<B /e3iewe/s of 7atent a77lications decided a4ainst 4/antin4 a 7atent to a
uni3e/sit< fo/ a 4eneticall< en4inee/ed 6ouse de3elo7ed fo/ labo/ato/< use in
stud<in4 cance/. The /e3iewe/s a/4ued that the 6ouse was a new 3a/iet< of
ani6al and that /ules 4o3e/nin4 the 4/antin4 of 7atents s7ecificall< disallow
7atents fo/ new ani6al 3a/ieties.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost wea0ens the 7atent /e3iewe/s2
a/4u6ent=
>A? The /est/ictions the 7atent /e3iewe/s cited 7e/tain onl< to do6esticated fa/6
ani6als.
>B? The uni3e/sit<2s a77lication fo/ a 7atent fo/ the 4eneticall< en4inee/ed 6ouse
was the fi/st such 7atent a77lication 6ade b< the uni3e/sit<.
>C? The 7atent /e3iewe/s had /eached the sa6e decision on all 7/e3ious 7atent
GMAT . 'SAT C- 6$1
/e@uests fo/ new ani6al 3a/ieties.
>D? The 7atent /e3iewe/s had in the 7ast a77/o3ed 7atents fo/ 4eneticall<
en4inee/ed 7lant 3a/ieties.
>E? The 7atent /e3iewe/s had 7/e3iousl< decided a4ainst 4/antin4 7atents fo/ new
ani6al 3a/ieties that we/e de3elo7ed th/ou4h con3entional b/eedin4
7/o4/a6s /athe/ than th/ou4h 4enetic en4inee/in4.
Questions 3-4
Althou4h wate/ in dee7 a@uife/s does not contain diseaseAcausin4 bacte/iaB when
7ublic wate/ su77lies a/e d/awn f/o6 dee7 a@uife/sB chlo/ine is often added to the
wate/ as a disinfectant because conta6ination can occu/ as a /esult of flaws in 7i7es o/
sto/a4e tan0s. (f !$ 6unici7alities that all 7u67ed wate/ f/o6 the sa6e dee7 a@uife/
"$ chlo/inated thei/ wate/ and $ did not. The wate/ in all of the 6unici7alities 6et
the /e4ional 4o3e/n6ent2s standa/ds fo/ cleanlinessB <et the wate/ su77lied b< the $
6unici7alities that did not chlo/inated had less bacte/ial conta6ination than the wate/
su77lied b< the 6unici7alities that added chlo/ine.
". ,hich one of the followin4 can 7/o7e/l< be concluded f/o6 the info/6ation
4i3en abo3e=
>A? A 6unici7alit<2s initial decision whethe/ o/ not to use chlo/ine is based on the
a6ount of bacte/ial conta6ination in the wate/ sou/ce.
>B? ,ate/ in dee7 a@uife/s does not contain an< bacte/ia of an< 0ind.
>C? ,he/e accessibleB dee7 a@uife/s a/e the best choice as a sou/ce fo/ a
6unici7al wate/ su77l<.
>D? The /e4ional 4o3e/n6ent2s standa/ds allow so6e bacte/ia in 6unici7al wate/
su77lies.
>E? Chlo/ine is the least effecti3e disinfectin4 a4ent.
#. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost hel7s e87lain the diffe/ence in bacte/ial
conta6ination in the two 4/ou7s of 6unici7alities=
>A? Chlo/ine is conside/ed b< so6e e87e/ts to be dan4e/ous to hu6an healthB
e3en in the s6all concent/ations used in 6unici7al wate/ su77lies.
>B? ,hen 6unici7alities decide not to chlo/inate thei/ wate/ su77liesB it is usuall<
because thei/ citi9ens ha3e 3oiced ob;ections to the taste and s6ell of
chlo/ine.
>C? The 6unici7alities that did not add chlo/ine to thei/ wate/ su77lies also did
not add an< of the othe/ a3ailable wate/ disinfectants which a/e 6o/e
e87ensi3e than chlo/ine.
>D? (the/ a4ents co66onl< added to 7ublic wate/ su77lies such as fluo/ide and
sodiu6 h<d/o8ide we/e not used b< an< of the !$ 6unici7alities.
>E? Munici7alities that do not chlo/inate thei/ wate/ su77lies a/e sub;ect to st/icte/
/e4ulation b< the /e4ional 4o3e/n6ent in /e4a/d to 7i7es and wate/ tan0s
6$ 'SAT
than a/e 6unici7alities that use chlo/ine.
!. The 7o7ulation of son4bi/ds th/ou4hout En4land has dec/eased in /ecent <ea/s.
Man< 7eo7le e87lain this dec/ease as the /esult of an inc/ease du/in4 the sa6e
7e/iod in the 7o7ulation of 6a47iesB which eat the e44s and chic0s of son4bi/ds.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB a/4ues 6ost st/on4l< a4ainst the e87lanation
/e7o/ted in the 7assa4e=
>A? (fficial /eco/ds of the 7o7ulation of bi/ds in En4land ha3e been 0e7t fo/ onl<
the 7ast "$ <ea/s.
>B? The nu6be/ of e44s laid <ea/l< b< a fe6ale son4bi/d 3a/ies widel< acco/din4
to the son4bi/d2s s7ecies.
>C? Althou4h the o3e/all 7o7ulation of 6a47ies has inc/easedB in 6ost a/eas of
En4land in which the son4bi/d 7o7ulation has dec/eased the nu6be/ of
6a47ies has /e6ained stable.
>D? The 7o7ulation of 6a47ies has inc/eased because fa/6e/s no lon4e/ shoot o/
t/a7 6a47ies to an< 4/eat e8tentB thou4h fa/6e/s still conside/ 6a47ies to be
7ests.
>E? Althou4h 6a47ies eat the e44s and chic0s of son4bi/dsB 6a47ies2 diets consist
of a wide 3a/iet< of othe/ foods as well.
6. The int/oduction of s<6bols fo/ nu6be/s is an e3ent lost in 7/ehisto/<B but the
ea/liest 0nown nu6be/ s<6bolsB in the fo/6 of si67le 4/oo3es and sc/atches on
bones and stones date bac0 $B$$$ <ea/s o/ 6o/e. )e3e/thelessB since it was not
until !B!$$ <ea/s a4o that s<ste6atic 6ethods fo/ w/itin4 nu6e/als we/e in3entedB
it was onl< then that an< so/t of co67utation beca6e 7ossible.
,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion on which the a/4u6ent /elies=
>A? G/oo3es and sc/atches found on bones and stones we/e all 6ade b< 7eo7leB
and none /esulted f/o6 natu/al 7/ocesses.
>B? So6e 0inds of su/faces u7on which nu6e/ic s<6bols could ha3e been 6ade
in the 7e/iod befo/e !B!$$ <ea/s a4o we/e not used fo/ that 7u/7ose.
>C? G/oo3es and sc/atches insc/ibed on bones and stones do not date bac0 to the
ti6e of the ea/liest 7eo7le.
>D? Co67utation of an< so/t /e@ui/ed a s<ste6atic 6ethod fo/ w/itin4 nu6e/als.
>E? S<ste6atic 6ethods fo/ w/itin4 nu6e/als we/e in3ented onl< because the
need fo/ co67utation a/ose.
%. Iolitician1 )ow that we a/e finall< cleanin4 u7 the indust/ial 7ollution in the ba<B
we 6ust sta/t 6a0in4 the ba< 6o/e accessible to the 7ublic fo/ /ec/eational
7u/7oses.
-e7o/te/1 But if we inc/ease 7ublic access to the ba<B it will soon beco6e 7olluted
a4ain.
Iolitician1 )ot t/ue. The 7ublic did not ha3e access to the ba<B and it 4ot 7olluted.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 6$"
The/efo/eB if and when the 7ublic is 4i3en access to the baA? If the/e had been a full 6oon last ni4htB the tide would be hi4he/ than usual
toda<. Since the tide is no hi4he/ than usualB the/e 6ust not ha3e been a full
6oon last ni4ht.
>B? The detecti3e said that whoe3e/ stole the 6one< would be s7endin4 it
cons7icuousl< b< now. +ones is s7endin4 6one< cons7icuouslC? ,hen 7/isone/s con3icted of es7eciall< 3iolent c/i6es we/e 0e7t in solita/<
confine6entB 3iolence in the 7/isons inc/eased. The/efo/eB 3iolence in the
7/isons will not inc/ease if such 7/isone/s a/e allowed to 6i8 with fellow
7/isone/s.
>D? To 4et a d/i3e/2s licenseB one 6ust 7ass a w/itten test. S6ith 7assed the
w/itten testB so she 6ust ha3e 4otten a d/i3e/2s license.
>E? In o/de/ to li0e abst/act a/tB <ou ha3e to unde/stand it. The/efo/eB in o/de/ to
unde/stand abst/act a/tB <ou ha3e to li0e it.
8. Because lea/ned 7atte/ns of beha3io/B such as the association of a 4/een li4ht with
E4oF o/ the e87ectation that switches will fli7 u7 fo/ EonBF beco6e dee7l<
in4/ainedB desi4ne/s should 6a0e allowances fo/ that factB in o/de/ not to 7/oduce
6achines that a/e inefficient o/ dan4e/ous.
In which one of the followin4 situations is the 7/inci7le e87/essed 6ost clea/l<
3iolated=
>A? Manufactu/e/s ha3e /efused to chan4e the standa/d o/de/ of lette/s on the
t<7ew/ite/ 0e<boa/d e3en thou4h so6e 7eo7le who ha3e ne3e/ lea/ned to
t<7e find this a//an4e6ent of lette/s bewilde/in4.
>B? Go3e/n6ent /e4ulations /e@ui/e that c/ucial inst/u6ents in ai/7lane coc07its
be 7laced in e8actl< the sa6e a//a< in all co66e/cial ai/c/aft.
>C? Auto6obile 6anufactu/e/s 4ene/all< desi4n fo/ all of thei/ auto6obiles a
s@ua/e o/ oblon4 i4nition 0e< and a /ound o/ o3al lu44a4e co67a/t6ent 0e<.
>D? The onl< t/affic si4ns that a/e t/ian4ula/ in sha7e a/e E<ieldF si4ns.
>E? (n so6e ta7e /eco/de/s the Esta/tF button is /ed and the Esto7F button is
<ellow.
&. 5/o6 1&%" to 1&8& total ene/4< use in this count/< inc/eased less than 1$ 7e/cent.
Howe3e/B the use of elect/ical ene/4< in this count/< du/in4 this sa6e 7e/iod 4/ew
b< 6o/e than !$ 7e/cent as did the 4/oss national 7/oductKthe total 3alue of all
4oods and se/3ices 7/oduced in the nation.
If the state6ents abo3e a/e t/ueB then which one of the followin4 6ust also be
t/ue=
6$# 'SAT
>A? Most of the ene/4< used in this count/< in 1&8& was elect/ical ene/4<.
>B? 5/o6 1&%" to 1&8& the/e was a decline in the use of ene/4< othe/ than
elect/ical ene/4< in this count/<.
>C? 5/o6 1&%" to 1&8& the/e was an inc/ease in the 7/o7o/tion of ene/4< use in
this count/< that consisted of elect/ical ene/4< use.
>D? In 1&8& elect/ical ene/4< constituted a la/4e/ 7/o7o/tion of the ene/4< used to
7/oduce the 4/oss national 7/oduct than did an< othe/ fo/6 of ene/4<.
>E? In 1&%" the elect/ical ene/4< that was 7/oduced constituted a s6alle/
7/o7o/tion of the 4/oss national 7/oduct than did all othe/ fo/6s of ene/4<
co6bined.
1$. A funda6ental illusion in /obotics is the belief that i67/o3e6ents in /obots will
libe/ate hu6anit< f/o6 Eha9a/dous and de6eanin4 wo/0.F En4inee/s a/e
desi4nin4 onl< those t<7es of /obots that can be 7/o7e/l< 6aintained with the
least e87ensi3eB least s0illed hu6an labo/ 7ossible. The/efo/eB /obots will not
eli6inate de6eanin4 wo/0Konl< substitute one t<7e of de6eanin4 wo/0 fo/
anothe/.
The /easonin4 in the a/4u6ent is 6ost 3ulne/able to the c/iticis6 that it
>A? i4no/es the conside/ation that in a co67etiti3e business en3i/on6ent so6e
;obs 6i4ht be eli6inated if /obots a/e not used in the 6anufactu/in4 7/ocess
>B? assu6es what it sets out to 7/o3eB that /obots c/eate de6eanin4 wo/0
>C? does not s7ecif< whethe/ o/ not the en4inee/s who desi4n /obots conside/
thei/ wo/0 de6eanin4
>D? atte67ts to su77o/t its conclusion b< an a77eal to the e6otion of fea/B which
is often e87e/ienced b< 7eo7le faced with the 7/os7ect of losin4 thei/ ;obs to
/obots
>E? fails to add/ess the 7ossibilit< that the a6ount of de6eanin4 wo/0 eli6inated
b< /obots 6i4ht be si4nificantl< 4/eate/ than the a6ount the< c/eate
11. If the needle on an indust/ial sewin4 6achine beco6es badl< wo/nB the a/ticle
bein4 sewn can be /uined. In t/aditional a77a/el facto/iesB the 7eo7le who o7e/ate
the sewin4 6achines 6onito/ the needles and /e7lace those that be4in to wea/
out. Indust/ial sewin4 o7e/ations a/e beco6in4 inc/easin4l< auto6atedB howe3e/B
and it would be inefficient fo/ a facto/< to hi/e 7eo7le fo/ the sole 7u/7ose of
6onito/in4 needles. The/efo/e a so7histicated new acoustic de3ice that detects
wea/ in sewin4 6achine needles is e87ected to beco6e standa/d e@ui76ent in the
auto6ated a77a/el facto/ies of the futu/e.
,hich one of the followin4 is 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ted b< the info/6ation abo3e=
>A? In auto6ated a77a/el facto/iesB ite6s will be /uined b< fault< needles less
f/e@uentl< than ha77ens in t/aditional a77a/el facto/ies.
>B? In the auto6ated a77a/el facto/ies of the futu/eB each e67lo<ee will 7e/fo/6
onl< one t<7e of tas0.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 6$!
>C? T/aditional a77a/el facto/ies do not use an< auto6ated e@ui76ent.
>D? The needles of indust/ial sewin4 6achines wea/ out at un7/edictable /ates.
>E? As sewin4 6achine needles beco6e wo/nB the noise the< 6a0e beco6es
inc/easin4l< loud.
Questions 1!-13
Ale8ande/1 The che6ical waste du67 outside ou/ town should be cleaned u7
i66ediatel<. Ad6ittedl<B it will be 3e/< costl< to con3e/t that site into woodlandB but
we ha3e a 7/essin4 obli4ation to /ed/ess the ha/6 we ha3e done to local fo/ests and
wildlife.
Te/esa1 But ou/ town2s fi/st 7/io/it< is the health of its 7eo7le. So e3en if 7uttin4 the
du67 the/e was en3i/on6entall< disast/ousB we should not s7end ou/ /esou/ces on
co//ectin4 it unless it 7/esents a si4nificant health to 7eo7le. If it doesB then we onl<
need to /e6o3e that ha9a/d.
1. Te/esa2s state6ent 6ost closel< confo/6s to which one of the followin4
7/inci7les=
>A? En3i/on6ental dest/uction should be /ed/essed onl< if it is in the econo6ic
inte/est of the co66unit< to do so.
>B? -esou/ces should be allocated onl< to satisf< 4oals that ha3e the hi4hest
7/io/it<.
>C? )o e87ense should be s7a/ed in 7/otectin4 the co66unit<2s health.
>D? En3i/on6ental ha9a/ds that 7ose sli4ht health /is0s to 7eo7le should be
/ectified if the technolo4< is a3ailable to do so.
>E? It is the co66unit< as a whole that should e3aluate the i67o/tance of
eli6inatin4 3a/ious 7e/cei3ed th/eats to 7ublic health.
1". ,hich one of the followin4 is the 7oint at issue between Ale8ande/ and Te/esa=
>A? whethe/ the 6aintenance of a che6ical waste du67 inflicts si4nificant
da6a4e on fo/ests and wildlife
>B? whethe/ it is e8t/e6el< costl< to clean u7 a che6ical waste du67 in o/de/ to
/e7lace it b< a woodland
>C? whethe/ the 7ublic should be consulted in dete/6inin4 the 7ublic health /is0
7osed b< a che6ical waste du67
>D? whethe/ the town has an obli4ation to /ed/ess da6a4e to local fo/ests and
wildlife if that da6a4e 7oses no si4nificant health ha9a/d to 7eo7le
>E? whethe/ dest/o<in4 fo/ests and wildlife in o/de/ to establish a che6ical waste
du67 a6ounts to an en3i/on6ental disaste/
1#. In 1&8$B Count/< A had a 7e/ ca7ita 4/oss do6estic 7/oduct >GDI? that was
L!B$$$ hi4he/ than that of the Eu/o7ean Econo6ic Co66unit<. B< 1&&$B the
diffe/enceB when ad;usted fo/ inflationB had inc/eased to L6B$$$. Since a /isin4 7e/
6$6 'SAT
ca7ita GDI indicates a /isin4 a3e/a4e standa/d of li3in4B the a3e/a4e standa/d of
li3in4 in Count/< A 6ust ha3e /isen between 1&8$ and 1&&$.
>A? Between 1&8$ and 1&&$B Count/< A and the Eu/o7ean Econo6ic Co66unit<
e87e/ienced the sa6e 7e/centa4e inc/ease in 7o7ulation.
>B? Between 1&8$ and 1&&$ the a3e/a4e standa/d of li3in4 in the Eu/o7ean
Econo6ic Co66unit< fell.
>C? So6e 6e6be/ count/ies of the Eu/o7ean Econo6ic Co66unit< hadB du/in4
the 1&8$sB a hi4he/ a3e/a4e standa/d of li3in4 than Count/< A.
>D? The 7e/ ca7ita GDI of the Eu/o7ean Econo6ic Co66unit< was not lowe/ b<
6o/e that L1B$$$ in 1&&$ than it had been in 1&8$.
>E? In 1&&$B no 6e6be/ count/< of the Eu/o7ean Econo6ic Co66unit< had a 7e/
ca7ita GDI hi4he/ than that of Count/< A.
1!. Munici7al officials o/i4inall< esti6ated that it would be si8 6onths befo/e
6unici7al /oad c/ews could co67lete /e7a3in4 a st/etch of /oad. The officials
7/esu6ed that 7/i3ate cont/acto/s could not finish an< soone/. Howe3e/B when the
;ob was assi4ned to a 7/i3ate cont/acto/B it was co67leted in ;ust 8 da<s.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB does 6ost to /esol3e the disc/e7anc< between
the ti6e esti6ated fo/ co67letion of the /e7a3in4 ;ob and the actual ti6e ta0en b<
the 7/i3ate cont/acto/=
>A? -oad /e7a3in4 wo/0 can onl< be done in the su66e/ 6onths of +uneB +ul<
and Au4ust.
>B? The labo/ union cont/act fo/ /oad c/ews e67lo<ed b< both 6unici7al a4encies
and 7/i3ate cont/acto/s sti7ulates that e67lo<ees can wo/0 onl< ei4ht hou/s a
daC? Man< /oadAc/ew wo/0e/s fo/ 7/i3ate cont/acto/s ha3e 7/e3iousl< wo/0ed fo/
6unici7al /oad c/ews and 3ice 3e/sa.
>D? I/i3ate cont/acto/s t<7icall< assi4n ! wo/0e/s to each /oadA/e7a3in4 ;ob site
whe/eas the nu6be/ assi4ned to 6unici7al /oad c/ews is usuall< "$.
>E? Munici7al a4encies 6ust conduct a len4th< biddin4 7/ocess to 7/ocu/e
su77lies afte/ /e7a3in4 wo/0 is o/de/ed and befo/e the< can actuall< sta/t
wo/0B whe/eas 7/i3ate cont/acto/s can obtain su77lies /eadil< as needed.
16. -esea/che/s in South Aust/alia esti6ate chan4es in sha/0 7o7ulations inhabitin4
local wate/s b< 6onito/in4 what is te/6ed the Ecatch 7e/ unit effo/tF >CIDE?.
The CIDE fo/ an< s7ecies of sha/0 is the nu6be/ of those sha/0s that co66e/cial
sha/0Afishin4 boats catch 7e/ hou/ fo/ each 0ilo6ete/ of 4ill net set out in the
wate/. Since 1&%" the CIDE fo/ a 7a/ticula/ s7ecies of sha/0 has /e6ained fai/l<
constant. The/efo/eB the 7o7ulation of that s7ecies in the wate/s a/ound South
Aust/alia 6ust be at a77/o8i6atel< its 1&%" le3el.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 6$%
>A? The wate/s a/ound South Aust/alia a/e the onl< a/ea in the wo/ld whe/e that
7a/ticula/ s7ecies of sha/0 is found.
>B? The sha/0s that a/e the 6ost 7/ofitable to catch a/e those that tend to /e6ain
in the sa6e a/ea of ocean <ea/ afte/ <ea/ and not 6i4/ate fa/ f/o6 whe/e
the< we/e bo/n.
>C? A si4nificant th/eat to sha/0 7o7ulationsB in addition to co66e/cial sha/0
fishin4B is Eincidental 6o/talit<F that /esults f/o6 catchin4 sha/0s in nets
intended fo/ othe/ fish.
>D? Most of the @uotas desi4ned to 7/otect sha/0 7o7ulations li6it the tonna4e of
sha/0s that can be ta0en and not the nu6be/ of indi3idual sha/0s.
>E? Since 1&8$ co66e/cial sha/0Afishin4 boats ha3e used so7histicated elect/onic
e@ui76ent that enables the6 to locate sha/0s with 4/eate/ accu/ac<.
Questions 1'-18
,inston1 The Iublic T/ans7o/tation Autho/it< >ITA? cannot fulfill its 6andate to
o7e/ate without a bud4et deficit unless it eli6inates se/3ice du/in4 lateAni4ht 7e/iods
of low /ide/shi7. Since the fa/es collected du/in4 these 7e/iods a/e less than the cost of
7/o3idin4 the se/3iceB these cuts would /educe the deficit and should be 6ade. T/ansit
law 7/ohibits unautho/i9ed fa/e inc/easesB and fa/eAinc/ease autho/i9ation would ta0e
two <ea/s.
Iin41 Such se/3ice cuts 6i4ht cost the ITA 6o/e in lost fa/es than the< would sa3e in
costsB fo/ the ITA would lose those /ide/s who lea3e ho6e du/in4 the da< but 6ust
/etu/n late at ni4ht. Thus the ITA would lose two fa/es while /eali9in4 cost sa3in4s fo/
onl< one le4 of such t/i7s.
1%. The /elationshi7 of Iin42s /es7onse to ,inston2s a/4u6ent is that Iin42s /es7onse
>A? ca/efull< /edefines a te/6 used in ,inston2s a/4u6ent
>B? @uestions ,inston2s 7/o7osal b< /aisin4 conside/ations not add/essed b<
,inston
>C? su77lies a 7/e6ise that could ha3e been used as 7a/t of the su77o/t fo/
,inston2s a/4u6ent
>D? int/oduces detailed statistical e3idence that is 6o/e 7e/suasi3e than that
offe/ed b< ,inston
>E? 7/o7oses a solution to the ITA2s dile66a b< cont/adictin4 ,inston2s
conclusion
18. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ts Iin42s conclusion=
>A? (3e/ " 7e/cent of the /ound t/i7s 6ade b< ITA /ide/s a/e eithe/ initiated o/
else co67leted du/in4 lateAni4ht 7e/iods.
>B? -eliable su/3e< /esults show that o3e/ #" 7e/cent of the ITA2s /ide/s o77ose
an< cut in ITA se/3ices.
>C? The last ti6e the ITA 7etitioned fo/ a 1! 7e/cent fa/e inc/easeB the 7etition
6$8 'SAT
was denied.
>D? The ITA2s bud4et deficit is #$ 7e/cent la/4e/ this <ea/ than it was last <ea/.
>E? The ITA2s bus d/i3e/s /ecentl< won a new cont/act that 4ua/antees the6 a
si4nificant cash bonus each ti6e the< wo/0 the lateAni4ht shifts.
1&. The *oluntee/ fo/ 'ite/ac< I/o4/a6 would benefit if Dolo/es ta0es *icto/s 7lace
as di/ecto/B since Dolo/es is fa/ 6o/e s0illful than *icto/ is at secu/in4 the 0ind of
financial su77o/t the 7/o4/a6 needs and Dolo/es does not ha3e *icto/2s
7/o7ensit< fo/ alienatin4 7/o4/a62s 6ost dedicated 3oluntee/s.
The 7atte/n of /easonin4 in the a/4u6ent abo3e is 6ost closel< 7a/alleled in
>A? It would be 6o/e con3enient fo/ Do6ini@ue to ta0e a bus to school than to
ta0e the subwaB? +oshua2s inte/est would be bette/ se/3ed b< ta0in4 the bus to 4et to his
7a/ent2s house /athe/ than b< ta0in4 an ai/7laneB since his 7/i6a/< conce/n is
to t/a3el as chea7l< as 7ossible and ta0in4 the bus is less e87ensi3e than
4oin4 b< ai/7lane.
>C? Belinda will 4et to the conce/t 6o/e @uic0l< b< subwa< than b< ta8i since the
conce/t ta0es 7lace on a 5/ida< e3enin4 and on 5/ida< e3enin4s t/affic nea/
the conce/t hall is e8ce7tionall< hea3<.
>D? Anita would benefit financiall< b< ta0in4 the t/ain to wo/0 /athe/ than d/i3in4
he/ ca/B since when she d/i3es she has to 7a< 7a/0in4 fees and the dail< fee
fo/ 7a/0in4 a ca/ is hi4he/ than a /oundAt/i7 t/ain tic0et.
>E? It would be to 5/ed2s ad3anta4e to e8chan4e his bus tic0ets fo/ t/ain tic0ets
since he needs to a//i3e at his 6eetin4 befo/e an< of the othe/ 7a/tici7ants
and if he 4oes b< bus at least one of the othe/ 7a/tici7ants will a//i3e fi/st.
$. Students f/o6 outside the 7/o3ince of Ma/0landB who in an< 4i3en acade6ic <ea/
7a< twice as 6uch tuition each as do students f/o6 Ma/0landB had t/aditionall<
accounted fo/ at least twoAthi/ds of the en/oll6ent at Cent/al Ma/0land Colle4e.
(3e/ the 7ast 1$ <ea/s acade6ic standa/ds at the colle4e ha3e /isen and the
7/o7o/tion of students who a/e not Ma/0lande/s has d/o77ed to a/ound #$
7e/cent.
,hich one of the followin4 can be 7/o7e/l< infe//ed f/o6 the state6ents abo3e=
>A? If it had not been fo/ the hi4h tuition 7aid b< students f/o6 outside Ma/0landB
the colle4e could not ha3e i67/o3ed its acade6ic standa/ds o3e/ the 7ast 1$
<ea/s.
>B? If acade6ic standa/ds had not /isen o3e/ the 7ast 1$ <ea/sB students who a/e
not Ma/0lande/s would still account fo/ at least twoAthi/ds of the colle4e2s
en/oll6ent.
>C? (3e/ the 7ast 1$ <ea/ the nu6be/ of students f/o6 Ma/0land inc/eased and
GMAT . 'SAT C- 6$&
the nu6be/ of students f/o6 outside Ma/0land dec/eased.
>D? (3e/ the 7ast 1$ <ea/s acade6ic standa/ds at Cent/al Ma/0land Colle4e ha3e
/isen b< 6o/e than acade6ic standa/ds at an< othe/ colle4e in Ma/0land.
>E? If the colle4e2s 7e/ ca7ita /e3enue f/o6 tuition has /e6ained the sa6eB tuition
fees ha3e inc/eased o3e/ the 7ast 1$ <ea/s.
1. Se3e/al <ea/s a4oB as a 6easu/e to /educe the 7o7ulation of 4<7s< 6othsB which
de7end on oa0 lea3es fo/ foodB ento6olo4ists int/oduced into 6an< oa0 fo/ests a
s7ecies of fun4us that is 7oisonous to 4<7s< 6oth cate/7illa/s. Since then the
7o7ulation of both cate/7illa/s and adult 6oths has si4nificantl< declined in those
a/eas. Ento6olo4ists ha3e concluded that the decline is att/ibutable to the
7/esence of the 7oisonous fun4us.
b< the ento6olo4ists=
>A? A st/ain of 4<7s< 6oth whose cate/7illa/s a/e unaffected b< the fun4us has
inc/eased its sha/e of the total 4<7s< 6oth 7o7ulation.
>B? The fun4us that was int/oduced to cont/ol the 4<7s< 6oth 7o7ulation is
7oisonous to few insect s7ecies othe/ than the 4<7s< 6oth.
>C? An inc/ease in nu6be/ of both 4<7s< 6oth cate/7illa/s and 4<7s< 6oth adults
followed a d/o7 in the nu6be/ of so6e of the s7ecies that 7/e< on the 6oths.
>D? In the 7ast se3e/al <ea/sB ai/ 7ollution and acid /ain ha3e been /es7onsible fo/
a substantial decline in oa0 t/ee 7o7ulations.
>E? The cu//ent decline in the 4<7s< 6oth 7o7ulation in fo/ests whe/e the fun4us
was int/oduced is no 4/eate/ than a decline that occu//ed concu//entl< in
othe/ fo/ests.
. Di/ecto/ of 7e/sonnel1 Ms. Tou/s has fo/6all< /e@uested a sala/< ad;ust6ent on
the 4/ounds that she was denied 6e/it /aises to which she was entitled. Since such
4/ounds 7/o3ide a 7ossible basis fo/ ad;ust6entsB an official /es7onse is /e@ui/ed.
Ms. Tou/s 7/esents co67ellin4 e3idence that he/ ;ob 7e/fo/6ance has been both
e8cellent in itself and 6a/0edl< su7e/io/ to that of othe/s in he/ de7a/t6ent who
we/e awa/ded 6e/it /aises. He/ co67laint that she was t/eated unfai/l< thus
a77ea/s ;ustified. )e3e/thelessB he/ /e@uest should be denied. To /aise Ms. Tou/s2s
sala/< because of he/ co67laint would ;eo7a/di9e the inte4/it< of the fi/62s 6e/itA
based /ewa/d s<ste6 b< sendin4 the 6essa4e that e67lo<ees can 4et thei/ sala/ies
/aised if the< ;ust co67lain enou4h.
The 7e/sonnel di/ecto/2s /easonin4 is 6ost 3ulne/able to c/iticis6 on the 4/ounds
that it
>A? fails to conside/ the 7ossibilit< that Ms. Tau/us2s co67laint could be handled
on an unofficial basis
>B? atte67ts to unde/6ine the 7e/suasi3eness of Ms. Tau/us2s e3idence b<
cha/acte/i9in4 it as E6e/e co67lainin4F
61$ 'SAT
>C? sideste7s the issue of whethe/ su7e/io/ ;ob 7e/fo/6ance is a suitable basis fo/
awa/din4 sala/< inc/eases
>D? i4no/es the 7ossibilit< that so6e of the 7eo7le who did /ecei3e 6e/it
inc/eases we/e not entitled to the6
>E? o3e/loo0s the i67lications fo/ the inte4/it< of the fi/62s 6e/itAbased /ewa/d
s<ste6 of den<in4 Ms. Tou/s2s /e@uest
". S1 Ieo7le who a/e old enou4h to fi4ht fo/ thei/ count/< a/e old enou4h to 3ote fo/
the 7eo7le who 6a0e decisions about wa/ and 7eace. This 4o3e/n6ent clea/l<
/e4a/ds 1% <ea/ olds as old enou4h to fi4htB so it should ac0nowled4e thei/ /i4ht
to 3ote.
T1 :ou/ a/4u6ent is a 4ood one onl< to the e8tent that fi4htin4 and 3otin4 a/e the
sa6e 0ind of acti3it<. 5i4htin4 well /e@ui/es st/en4thB 6uscula/ coo/dinationB and
in a 6ode/n a/6<B instant and auto6atic /es7onse to o/de/s. Ie/fo/6ed
/es7onsiblA? citin4 e3idence o3e/loo0ed b< S that would ha3e su77o/ted S2s conclusion
>B? callin4 into @uestion S2s unde/standin4 of the conce7t of /i4hts
>C? showin4 that S has i4no/ed the distinction between ha3in4 a /i4ht to do
so6ethin4 and ha3in4 an obli4ation to do that thin4
>D? challen4in4 the t/uth of a clai6 on which S2s conclusion is based
>E? a/4uin4 fo/ a conclusion o77osite to the one d/awn b< S
#. The /ole of the D7landian su7/e6e cou/t is to 7/otect all hu6an /i4hts a4ainst
abuses of 4o3e/n6ent 7owe/. Since the constitution of D7landia is not e87licit
about all hu6an /i4htsB the su7/e6e cou/t 6ust so6eti6es /eso/t to 7/inci7les
outside the e87licit 7/o3isions of the constitution in ;ustif<in4 its decisions.
Howe3e/B hu6an /i4hts will be sub;ect to the whi6 of whoe3e/ holds ;udicial
7owe/ unless the su7/e6e cou/t is bound to adhe/e to a sin4le ob;ecti3e standa/dB
na6el<B the constitution. The/efo/eB nothin4 but the e87licit 7/o3isions of the
constitution can be used to ;ustif< the cou/t2s decisions. Since these conclusions
a/e inconsistent with each othe/B it cannot be t/ue that the /ole of the D7landian
su7/e6e cou/t is to 7/otect all hu6an /i4hts a4ainst abuses of 4o3e/n6ent 7owe/.
The /easonin4 that leads to the conclusion that the fi/st sentence in the 7assa4e is
false is flawed because the a/4u6ent
>A? i4no/es data that offe/ /easonable su77o/t fo/ a 4ene/al clai6 and focuses on a
sin4le e8a67le that a/4ues a4ainst that clai6
>B? see0s to defend a 3iew on the 4/ounds that the 3iew is widel< held and the
decisions based on that 3iew a/e often acce7ted as co//ect
>C? /e;ects a clai6 as false on the 4/ounds that those who 6a0e that clai6 could
7/ofit if that clai6 is acce7ted b< othe/s
GMAT . 'SAT C- 611
>D? 6a0e/s an unwa//anted assu67tion that what is t/ue of each 6e6be/ of a
4/ou7 ta0en se7a/atel< is also t/ue of the 4/ou7 as a whole
>E? concludes that a 7a/ticula/ 7/e6ise is false when it is e@uall< 7ossible fo/ that
7/e6ise to be t/ue and so6e othe/ 7/e6ise false
SECTI() III
1. The 7ainted s7ide/ s7ins webs that a/e 6uch stic0ie/ than the webs s7un b< the
othe/ s7ecies of s7ide/s that sha/e the sa6e habitat. Stic0le/ webs a/e 6o/e
efficient at t/a77in4 insects that fl< into the6. S7ide/s 7/e< on insects b< t/a77in4
the6 in thei/ webs the/efo/e. It can be concluded that the 7ainted s7ide/ is a 6o/e
successful 7/edato/ than its co67etito/s.
>A? )ot all of the s7ecies of insects li3in4 in the 7ainted s7ide/2s habitat a/e
fl<in4 insects.
>B? Butte/flies and 6oths which can shed scales a/e es7eciall< unli0el< to be
t/a77ed b< s7ide/ webs that a/e not 3e/< stic0<.
>C? Althou4h the 7ainted s7ide/2s 3eno6 does not 0ill insects @uic0lD? Stic0ie/ webs /eflect 6o/e li4ht and so a/e 6o/e 3isible to insects than a/e
lessAstic0< webs.
>E? The webs s7un b< the 7ainted s7ide/ a/e no la/4e/ than the webs s7un b< the
othe/ s7ecies of s7ide/s in the sa6e habitat.
. Des7ite the best effo/ts of ast/ono6e/sB no one has <et succeeded in e8chan4in4
6essa4es with intelli4ent life on othe/ 7lanets o/ in othe/ sola/ s<ste6s. In factB
no one has e3en 6ana4ed to 7/o3e that an< 0ind of e8t/ate//est/ial life e8ists.
ThusB the/e is clea/l< no intelli4ent life an<whe/e but on Ea/th.
The a/4u6ent2s /easonin4 is flawed because the a/4u6ent
>A? fails to conside/ that the/e 6i4ht be e8t/ate//est/ial fo/6s of intelli4ence that
a/e not li3in4 bein4s
>B? confuses an absence of e3idence fo/ a h<7othesis with the e8istence of
e3idence a4ainst the h<7othesis
>C? inte/7/ets a disa4/ee6ent o3e/ a scientific theo/< as a dis7/oof of that theo/<
>D? 6a0es an infe/ence that /elies on the 3a4ueness of the te/6 ElifeF
>E? /elies on a wea0 analo4< /athe/ than on e3idence to d/aw a conclusion
Questions 3-4
Ba/t1 A 6athe6atical 7/oble6 that defied solution fo/ hund/eds of <ea/s has finall<
61 'SAT
<ielded to a su7e/co67ute/. The 7/ocess b< which the su7e/co67ute/ de/i3ed the
/esult is so co67le8B howe3e/B that no one can full< co67/ehend it. Conse@uentl<B the
/esult is unacce7table.
Anne1 In scientific /esea/ch if the /esults of a test can be /e7licated in othe/ testsB the
/esults a/e acce7table e3en thou4h the wa< the< we/e de/i3ed 6i4ht not be full<
unde/stood. The/efo/eB if a 6athe6atical /esult de/i3ed b< a su7e/co67ute/ can be
/e7/oduced b< othe/ su7e/co67ute/s followin4 the sa6e 7/ocedu/eB it is acce7table.
". Ba/t2s a/4u6ent /e@ui/es which one of the followin4 assu67tions=
>A? The 6athe6atical /esult in @uestion is unacce7table because it was de/i3ed
with the use of a su7e/co67ute/.
>B? 5o/ the 6athe6atical /esult in @uestion to be acce7tableB the/e 6ust be
so6eone who can full< co67/ehend the 7/ocess b< which it was de/i3ed.
>C? To be acce7tableB the 6athe6atical /esult in @uestion 6ust be /e7/oduced on
anothe/ su7e/co67ute/.
>D? Ma0in4 the 6athe6atical /esult in @uestion less co67le8 would 4ua/antee its
acce7tabilit<.
>E? The su7e/co67ute/ cannot de/i3e an acce7table solution to the 6athe6atical
7/oble6 in @uestion.
#. The e8chan4e between Ba/t and Anne 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ts the 3iew that the<
disa4/ee as to
>A? whethe/ a scientific /esult that has not been /e7licated can 7/o7e/l< be
acce7ted
>B? whethe/ the /esult that a su7e/co67ute/ de/i3es fo/ a 6athe6atical 7/oble6
6ust be /e7licated on anothe/ su7e/co67ute/ befo/e it can be acce7ted
>C? the c/ite/ion to be used fo/ acce7tin4 a 6athe6atical /esult de/i3ed b< a
su7e/co67ute/
>D? the le3el of co67le8it< of the 7/ocess to which Ba/t /efe/s in his state6ents
>E? the /elati3e co67le8it< of 6athe6atical 7/oble6s as co67a/ed to scientific
7/oble6s
!. It is co66onl< held a6on4 6a/0etin4 e87e/ts that in a none87andin4 6a/0et a
co67an<2s best st/ate4< is to 4o afte/ a bi44e/ sha/e of the 6a/0et and that the
best wa< to do this is to /un co67a/ati3e ad3e/tise6ents that e67hasi9e
wea0nesses in the 7/oducts of /i3als. In the sta4nant 6a/0et fo/ food oilB so<beanA
oil and 7al6Aoil 7/oduce/s did wa4e a twoA<ea/ battle with co67a/ati3e
ad3e/tise6ents about the delete/ious effect on health of each othe/2s 7/oducts.
These ca67ai4nsB howe3e/B had little effect on /es7ecti3e 6a/0et sha/esG /athe/B
the< sto77ed 6an< 7eo7le f/o6 bu<in4 an< edible oils at all.
The state6ents abo3e 6ost st/on4l< su77o/t the conclusion that co67a/ati3e
ad3e/tise6ents
GMAT . 'SAT C- 61"
>A? inc/ease a co67an<2s 6a/0et sha/e in all cases in which that co67an<2s
7/oducts a/e clea/l< su7e/io/ to the 7/oducts of /i3als
>B? should not be used in a 6a/0et that is e87andin4 o/ li0el< to e87and
>C? should unde/ no ci/cu6stances be used as a /etaliato/< 6easu/e
>D? ca//< the /is0 of causin4 a cont/action of the 6a/0et at which the< a/e ai6ed
>E? <ield no lon4Ate/6 4ains unless consu6e/s can easil< 3e/if< the clai6s 6ade
6. -ecent une87ectedl< hea3< /ainfalls in the 6et/o7olitan a/ea ha3e filled the
/ese/3oi/s and st/ea6sG wate/ /ationin4B the/efo/eB will not be necessa/< this
su66e/.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost unde/6ines the autho/2s 7/ediction=
>A? ,ate/ /ationin4 was i67osed in the cit< in th/ee of the last fi3e <ea/s.
>B? A s6all 7a/t of the cit<2s wate/ su77l< is obtained f/o6 dee7 unde/4/ound
wate/ s<ste6s that a/e not /eached b< /ainwate/.
>C? The wate/ co67an<2s ca7acit< to 7u67 wate/ to custo6e/s has not 0e7t u7
with the inc/eased de6and c/eated b< 7o7ulation 4/owth in the 6et/o7olitan
a/ea.
>D? The lon4A/an4e weathe/ fo/ecast 7/edicts lowe/AthanAa3e/a4e te67e/atu/es fo/
this su66e/.
>E? In 6ost <ea/s the cit< /ecei3es less total 7/eci7itation in the su66e/ than it
/ecei3es in an< othe/ season.
%. +ohn1 In 8$ 7e/cent of ca/ accidents the d/i3e/ at fault was within fi3e 6iles of
ho6eB so 7eo7le e3identl< d/i3e less safel< nea/ ho6e than the< do on lon4 t/i7s.
+ud<1 But 7eo7le do 8$ 7e/cent of thei/ d/i3in4 within fi3e 6iles of ho6e.
How is +ud<2s /es7onse /elated to +ohn2s a/4u6ent=
>A? It shows that the e3idence that +ohn 7/esents b< itself is not enou4h to 7/o3e
his clai6.
>B? It /estates the e3idence that +ohn 7/esents in diffe/ent te/6s.
>C? It 4i3es additional e3idence that is needed b< +ohn to su77o/t his conclusion.
>D? It calls into @uestion +ohn2s assu67tion that whene3e/ 7eo7le d/i3e 6o/e than
fi3e 6iles f/o6 ho6e the< a/e 4oin4 on a lon4 t/i7.
>E? It su44ests that +ohn2s conclusion is 6e/el< a /estate6ent of his a/4u6ent2s
7/e6ise.
8. -easonable 7eo7le ada7t the6sel3es to the wo/ld1 un/easonable 7eo7le 7e/sist in
t/<in4 to ada7t the wo/ld to the6sel3es. The/efo/eB all 7/o4/ess de7ends on
un/easonable 7eo7le.
If all of the state6ents in the 7assa4e abo3e a/e t/ueB which one of the followin4
state6ents 6ust also be t/ue=
>A? -easonable 7eo7le and un/easonable 7eo7le a/e inco67atible.
61# 'SAT
>B? If the/e a/e onl< /easonable 7eo7le the/e cannot be 7/o4/ess.
>C? If the/e a/e un/easonable 7eo7le the/e will be 7/o4/ess.
>D? So6e un/easonable 7eo7le a/e unable to b/in4 about 7/o4/ess.
>E? Dn/easonable 7eo7le a/e 6o/e 7e/sistent than /easonable 7eo7le.
&. Theate/ c/itic1 The theate/ is in a dis6al state. Audiences a/e s7a/se and /e3enue
is down. ,ithout the audience and the /e3enueB the talented and c/eati3e 7eo7le
who a/e the lifeblood of the theate/ a/e abandonin4 it. )o wonde/ standa/ds a/e
dete/io/atin4.
I/oduce/1 It2s not t/ue that the theate/ is in decline. Don2t <ou /eali9e that <ou/
co66ents constitute a selfAfulfillin4 7/o7hec<= B< 7ublishin4 these o7inionsB <ou
<ou/self a/e discou/a4in4 new audiences f/o6 e6e/4in4 and new talent f/o6
;oinin4 the theate/.
,hich one of the followin4 is a @uestionable techni@ue e67lo<ed b< the 7/oduce/
in /es7ondin4 to the c/itic=
>A? focusin4 on the effects of the c/itic2s e3aluation /athe/ than on its content
>B? accusin4 the c/itic of /el<in4 solel< on o7inion unsu77o/ted b< factual
e3idence
>C? challen4in4 the 6oti3es behind the c/itic2s /e6a/0s /athe/ than the /e6a/0s
the6sel3es
>D? /el<in4 on e67hasis /athe/ than on a/4u6ent
>E? in3o0in4 autho/it< in o/de/ to inti6idate the c/itic
1$. Michelan4elo2s si8teenthAcentu/< Sistine Cha7el 7aintin4s a/e cu//entl< bein4
/esto/ed. A 4oal of the /esto/e/s is to unco3e/ Michelan4elo2s o/i4inal wo/0B and
so additions 6ade to Michelan4elo2s 7aintin4s b< late/ a/tists a/e bein4 /e6o3ed.
Howe3e/B the /esto/e/s ha3e decided to 6a0e one e8ce7tion1 to lea3e intact
additions that we/e 7ainted b< da *olte//a.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost hel7s to /econcile the /esto/e/s2 decision
with the 4oal stated in the 7assa4e=
>A? The /esto/e/s belie3e that da *olte//a st/i77ed awa< all 7/e3ious la<e/s of
7aint befo/e he 7ainted his own additions to the Sistine Cha7el.
>B? Because da *olte//a used a t<7e of 7i46ent that is es7eciall< sensiti3e to
li4htB the additions to the Sistine Cha7el that ad *olte//a 7ainted ha3e
/elati3el< 6uted colo/s.
>C? Da *olte//a2s additions we/e 7ainted in a st<le that was si6ila/ to the st<le
used b< Michelan4elo.
>D? Michelan4elo is fa6ous 7/i6a/il< fo/ his scul7tu/es and onl< seconda/il< fo/
his 7aintin4sB whe/eas da *olte//a is 0nown e8clusi3el< fo/ his 7aintin4s.
>E? Da *olte//a2s wo/0 is conside/ed b< ce/tain a/t histo/ians to be ;ust as
3aluable as the wo/0 of additions to Michelan4elo2s wo/0.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 61!
11. A cont/o3e/sial 7/o4/a6 /ewa/ds 7/ison in6ates who beha3e 7a/ticula/l< well in
7/ison b< 4i3in4 the6 the chance to /ecei3e f/ee cos6etic 7lastic su/4e/<
7e/fo/6ed b< 6edical students. The 7/o4/a6 is ob3iousl< 6o/all< @uestionableB
both in its assu67tions about what in6ates 6i4ht want and in its use of the 7/ison
7o7ulation to t/ain futu/e su/4eons. Iuttin4 these 6o/al issues asideB howe3e/B the
su/4e/< clea/l< has a 7owe/ful /ehabilitati3e effect as is shown b< the fact thatB
a6on4 /eci7ients of the su/4e/A? allows 6o/al issues to be a conside/ation in 7/esentin4 e3idence about
6atte/s of fact
>B? dis6isses 6o/al conside/ations on the 4/ounds that onl< 6atte/s of fact a/e
/ele3ant
>C? labels the 7/o4/a6 as Econt/o3e/sialF instead of discussin4 the issues that 4i3e
/ise to cont/o3e/s<
>D? asse/ts that the /ehabilitation of c/i6inals is not a 6o/al issue
>E? /elies on e3idence d/awn f/o6 a sa67le that the/e is /eason to belie3e is
un/e7/esentati3e
1. The /etina scanne/B a 6achine that scans the web of tin< blood 3essels in the
/etinaB sto/es info/6ation about the 7atte/n fo/6ed b< the blood 3essels. This
info/6ation allows it to /eco4ni9e an< 7atte/n it has 7/e3iousl< scanned. )o two
e<es ha3e identical 7atte/ns of blood 3essels in the /etina. A /etina scanne/ can
the/efo/e be used successfull< to dete/6ine fo/ an< 7e/son whethe/ it has e3e/
scanned a /etina of that 7e/son befo/e.
The /easonin4 in the a/4u6ent de7ends u7on assu6in4 that
>A? diseases of the hu6an e<e do not alte/ the 7atte/n of blood 3essels in the
/etina in wa<s that would 6a0e the 7atte/n un/eco4ni9able to the /etina
scanne/
>B? no 7e/son has a diffe/ent 7atte/n of blood 3essels in the /etina of the left e<e
than in the /etina of the /i4ht e<e
>C? the/e a/e enou4h /etina scanne/s to sto/e info/6ation about e3e/< 7e/son2s
/etinas
>D? the nu6be/ of blood 3essels in the hu6an /etina is in3a/iant althou4h the
7atte/ns the< fo/6 diffe/ f/o6 7e/son to 7e/son
>E? the/e is no 7e/son whose /etinas ha3e been scanned b< two o/ 6o/e diffe/ent
/etina scanne/s
1". The/e a/e ;ust two wa<s a 6oon could ha3e been fo/6ed f/o6 the 7lanet a/ound
which it t/a3els1 eithe/ 7a/t of the 7lanet2s oute/ shell s7un off into o/bit a/ound
the 7lanet o/ else a la/4e ob;ectB such as a co6et o/ 6eteo/oid st/uc0 the 7lanet so
3iolentl< that it dislod4ed a 6ass of 6ate/ial f/o6 inside the 7lanet. Ea/th2s 6oon
616 'SAT
consists 7/i6a/il< of 6ate/ials diffe/ent f/o6 those of the Ea/th2s oute/ shell.
If the state6ents abo3e a/e t/ueB which one of the followin4B if also t/ueB would
6ost hel7 to ;ustif< d/awin4 the conclusion that Ea/th2s 6oon was not fo/6ed
f/o6 a 7iece of the Ea/th=
>A? The 6oons of so6e 7lanets in Ea/th2s sola/ s<ste6 we/e not fo/6ed 7/i6a/il<
f/o6 the 7lanets2 oute/ shells.
>B? Ea/th2s 6oon consists 7/i6a/il< of ele6ents that diffe/ f/o6 those inside the
Ea/th.
>C? Ea/th2s 4/a3it< cannot ha3e t/a77ed a 6eteo/oid and 7ulled it into o/bit as the
Moon.
>D? The c/ate/s on the su/face of Ea/th2s 6oon show that it has been st/uc0 b<
6an< thousands of la/4e 6eteo/oids.
>E? Co6ets and la/4e 6eteo/oids no/6all< 6o3e at 3e/< hi4h s7eeds.
1#. Caffeine can 0ill o/ inhibit the 4/owth of the la/3ae of se3e/al s7ecies of insects.
(ne /ecent e87e/i6ent showed that tobacco ho/nwo/6 la/3ae die when the<
in4est a 7/e7a/ation that consists in 7a/t of finel< 7owde/ed tea lea3es which
contain caffeine. This /esult is e3idence fo/ the h<7othesis that the 7/esence of
nonAne4li4ible @uantities of caffeine in 3a/ious 7a/ts of 6an< di3e/se s7ecies of
7lants is not accidental but e3ol3ed as a defense fo/ those 7lants.
>A? caffeineA7/oducin4 7lants a/e an i67o/tant /aw 6ate/ial in the 6anufactu/e of
co66e/cial insecticides
>B? caffeine is sto/ed in lea3es and othe/ 7a/ts of caffeineA7/oducin4 7lants in
concent/ations /ou4hl< e@ual to the caffeine concent/ation of the 7/e7a/ation
fed to the tobacco ho/nwo/6 la/3ae
>C? caffeineA7/oducin4 7lants 4/ow whe/e3e/ insect la/3ae 7ose a 6a;o/ th/eat to
indi4enous 7lants o/ once 7osed a 6a;o/ th/eat to the ancesto/s of those
7lants
>D? the tobacco 7lant is a6on4 the 7lant s7ecies that 7/oduce caffeine fo/ thei/
own defense
>E? caffeineA7/oducin4 7lants o/ thei/ ancesto/s ha3e at so6e ti6e been sub;ect to
bein4 fed u7on b< c/eatu/es sensiti3e to caffeine
1!. The onl< 7lants in the 4a/den we/e tuli7sB but the< we/e tall tuli7s. So the onl<
7lants in the 4a/den we/e tall 7lants.
,hich one of the followin4 e8hibits fault< /easonin4 6ost si6ila/ to the fault<
>A? The onl< do4s in the show we/e 7oodles and the< we/e all blac0 7oodles. So
all the do4s in the show we/e blac0.
>B? All the buildin4s on the bloc0 we/e tall. The onl< buildin4s on the bloc0 we/e
office buildin4s and /esidential towe/s. So all the office buildin4s on the
GMAT . 'SAT C- 61%
bloc0 we/e tall buildin4s.
>C? All the 7/i6ates in the 9oo we/e 4o/illas. The onl< 4o/illas in the 9oo we/e
s6all 4o/illas. Thus the onl< 7/i6ates in the 9oo we/e s6all 7/i6ates.
>D? The onl< f/uit in the 0itchen was 7ea/s but the 7ea/s we/e not /i7e. Thus none
of the f/uit in the 0itchen was /i7e.
>E? All the 4/and 7ianos he/e a/e la/4e. All the 4/and 7ianos he/e a/e hea3<. Thus
e3e/<thin4 la/4e is hea3<.
16. Scientific /esea/ch will be 7/o7e/l< channeled whene3e/ those who decide which
/esea/ch to fund 4i3e due wei4ht to the scientific 6e/its of all 7/o7osed /esea/ch.
But when 4o3e/n6ent a4encies cont/ol these fundin4 decisionsB 7olitical
conside/ations 7la< a 6a;o/ /ole in dete/6inin4 which /esea/ch will be fundedB
and whene3e/ 7olitical conside/ations 7la< such a /oleB the ine3itable /esult is that
scientific /esea/ch is not 7/o7e/l< channeled.
,hich one of the followin4 can be 7/o7e/l< infe//ed f/o6 the state6ents abo3e=
>A? The/e is no 7/o7e/ /ole fo/ 7olitical conside/ations to 7la< in dete/6inin4 who
will decide which scientific /esea/ch to fund.
>B? It is ine3itable that conside/ations of scientific 6e/it will be ne4lected in
decisions /e4a/din4 the fundin4 of scientific /esea/ch.
>C? Gi3in4 7olitical conside/ations a 6a;o/ /ole in dete/6inin4 which scientific
/esea/ch to fund is inco67atible with 4i3in4 7/o7e/ wei4ht to the scientific
6e/its of 7/o7osed /esea/ch.
>D? ,hen scientific /esea/ch is not 7/o7e/l< channeledB 4o3e/n6ents tend to ste7
in and ta0e cont/ol of the 7/ocess of choosin4 which /esea/ch to fund.
>E? If a 4o3e/n6ent does not cont/ol in3est6ent in basic scientific /esea/chB
7olitical conside/ation will ine3itabl< be ne4lected in decidin4 which
/esea/ch to fund.
1%. A new silencin4 de3ice fo/ do6estic a77liances o7e/ates b< 7/oducin4 sound
wa3es that cancel out the sound wa3es 7/oduced b< the a77liance. The de3iceB
unli0e con3entional silence/sB acti3el< eli6inates the noise the a77liance 6a0esB
and fo/ that /eason 3acuu6 cleane/s desi4ned to inco/7o/ate the new de3ice will
o7e/ate with 6uch lowe/ elect/icit< consu67tion than con3entional 3acuu6
cleane/s.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost hel7s to e87lain wh< the new silencin4
de3ice will 6a0e lowe/ elect/icit< consu67tion 7ossible=
>A? Desi4ne/s of 3acuu6 cleane/ 6oto/s t<7icall< ha3e to co67/o6ise the
6oto/s2 efficienc< in o/de/ to /educe noise 7/oduction.
>B? The de3ice /uns on elect/icit< d/awn f/o6 the a77liance2s 6ain 7owe/ su77l<.
>C? Con3entional 3acuu6 cleane/s often use s7innin4 b/ushes to loosen di/t in
addition to usin4 suction to /e6o3e di/t.
>D? Go3e/n6ental standa/ds fo/ such do6estic a77liances as 3acuu6 cleane/s
618 'SAT
allow hi4he/ elect/icit< consu67tion when 3acuu6 cleane/s a/e @uiete/.
>E? The need to inco/7o/ate silence/s in con3entional 3acuu6 cleane/s 6a0es
the6 hea3ie/ and less 6obile than the< 6i4ht othe/wise be.
18. Because dinosau/s we/e /e7tilesB scientists once assu6ed thatB li0e all /e7tiles
ali3e toda<B dinosau/s we/e coldAblooded. The /ecent disco3e/< of dinosau/ fossils
in the no/the/n a/cticB howe3e/B has led a nu6be/ of /esea/che/s to conclude that
at least so6e dinosau/s 6i4ht ha3e been wa/6Ablooded. These /esea/che/s 7oint
out that onl< wa/6Ablooded ani6als could ha3e withstood the f/i4id te67e/atu/es
that a/e cha/acte/istic of a/ctic winte/sB whe/eas coldAblooded ani6als would ha3e
f/o9en to death in the e8t/e6e cold.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB wea0ens the /esea/che/s2 a/4u6ent=
>A? Toda<2s /e7tiles a/e 4ene/all< confined to /e4ions of te67e/ate o/ e3en
t/o7ical cli6ates.
>B? The fossils show the a/ctic dinosau/s to ha3e been substantiall< s6alle/ than
othe/ 0nown s7ecies of dinosau/s.
>C? The a/ctic dinosau/ fossils we/e found alon4side fossils of 7lants 0nown fo/
thei/ abilit< to withstand e8t/e6el< cold te67e/atu/es.
>D? The nu6be/ of fossils found to4ethe/ indicates he/ds of dinosau/s so la/4e
that the< would need to 6i4/ate to find a continual food su77l<.
>E? E87e/ts on 7/ehisto/ic cli6atic conditions belie3e that winte/ te67e/atu/es in
the 7/ehisto/ic no/the/n a/ctic we/e not si4nificantl< diffe/ent f/o6 what the<
a/e toda<.
Questions 19-!0
Ma/ia1 Callin4 an< state totalita/ian is 6isleadin41 it i67lies total state cont/ol of all
as7ects of life. The /eal wo/ld contains no 7olitical entit< e8e/cisin4 lite/all< total
cont/ol o3e/ e3en one such as7ect. This is because an< s<ste6 of cont/ol is inefficientB
andB the/efo/eB its de4/ee of cont/ol is 7a/tial.
+a6es1 A oneA7a/t< state that has t/ied to e8e/cise cont/ol o3e/ 6ost as7ects of a
societ< and that hasB b/oadl< s7ea0in4B 6ana4ed to do so is totalita/ian. Such a
s<ste62s 7/actical inefficiencies do not li6it the a7tness of the te/6B which does not
desc/ibe a state2s actual de4/ee of cont/ol as 6uch as it desc/ibes the natu/e of a
state2s a6bitions.
1&. ,hich one of the followin4 6ost accu/atel< e87/esses Ma/ia2s 6ain conclusion=
>A? )o state can be called totalita/ian without in3itin4 a 6ista0en belief.
>B? To be totalita/ian a state 6ust totall< cont/ol societ<.
>C? The de4/ee of cont/ol e8e/cised b< a state is necessa/il< 7a/tial.
>D? )o e8istin4 state cu//entl< has e3en one as7ect of societ< unde/ total cont/ol.
>E? S<ste6s of cont/ol a/e ine3itabl< inefficient.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 61&
$. +a6es /es7onds to Ma/ia2s a/4u6ent b<
>A? 7ointin4 out a lo4ical inconsistenc< between two state6ents she 6a0es in
su77o/t of he/ a/4u6ent
>B? offe/in4 an alte/nati3e e87lanation fo/ 7olitical conditions she 6entions
>C? /e;ectin4 so6e of the e3idence she 7/esents without challen4in4 what she
infe/s f/o6 it
>D? dis7utin4 the conditions unde/ which a 0e< te/6 of he/ a/4u6ent can be
a77/o7/iatel< a77lied
>E? de6onst/atin4 that he/ own 7/e6ises lead to a conclusion diffe/ent f/o6 he/s
1. The si6ila/it< between ichth<osau/s and fish is an e8a67le of con3e/4enceB a
7/ocess b< which diffe/ent classes of o/4anis6s ada7t to the sa6e en3i/on6ent b<
inde7endentl< de3elo7in4 one o/ 6o/e si6ila/ e8te/nal bod< featu/es.
Ichth<osau/s we/e 6a/ine /e7tiles and thus do not belon4 to the sa6e class of
o/4anis6s as fish. Howe3e/B ichth<osau/s ada7ted to thei/ 6a/ine en3i/on6ent b<
con3e/4in4 on e8te/nal bod< featu/es si6ila/ to those of fish. Most st/i0in4lA? The 6e6be/s of a sin4le class of o/4anis6s that inhabit the sa6e
en3i/on6ent 6ust be identical in all thei/ e8te/nal bod< featu/es.
>B? The 6e6be/s of a sin4le class of o/4anis6s 6ust e8hibit one o/ 6o/e si6ila/
e8te/nal bod< featu/es that diffe/entiate that class f/o6 all othe/ classes of
o/4anis6s.
>C? It is onl< as a /esult of ada7tation to si6ila/ en3i/on6ents that one class of
o/4anis6s de3elo7s e8te/nal bod< featu/es si6ila/ to those of anothe/ class
of o/4anis6s.
>D? An o/4anis6 does not necessa/il< belon4 to a class si67l< because the
o/4anis6 has one o/ 6o/e e8te/nal bod< featu/es si6ila/ to those of
6e6be/s of that class.
>E? ,hene3e/ two classes of o/4anis6s sha/e the sa6e en3i/on6entB 6e6be/s of
one class will diffe/ f/o6 6e6be/s of the othe/ class in se3e/al e8te/nal
bod< featu/es.
. 5u/the/ e3idence bea/in4 on +a6ison2s acti3ities 6ust ha3e co6e to li4ht. (n the
basis of 7/e3iousl< a3ailable e3idence aloneB it would ha3e been i67ossible to
7/o3e that +a6ison was a 7a/t< to the f/audB and +a6ison2s acti3e in3ol3e6ent in
the f/aud has now been definiti3el< established.
The 7atte/n of /easonin4 e8hibited in the a/4u6ent abo3e 6ost closel< 7a/allels
that e8hibited in which one of the followin4=
>A? S6ith 6ust not ha3e 7u/chased his house within the last <ea/. He is listed as
the owne/ of that house on the old list of 7/o7e/t< owne/s and an<one on the
6$ 'SAT
old list could not ha3e 7u/chased his o/ he/ 7/o7e/t< within the last <ea/.
>B? Tu/ne/ 6ust not ha3e ta0en he/ usual t/ain to )antes toda<. Had she done soB
she could not ha3e been in )antes until this afte/noonB but she was seen
ha3in4 coffee in )antes at 11 o2cloc0 this 6o/nin4.
>C? )of/is 6ust ha3e lied when she said that she had not autho/i9ed the
in3esti4ation. The/e is no doubt that she did autho/i9e itB and autho/i9in4 and
in3esti4ation is not so6ethin4 an<one is li0el< to ha3e fo/4otten.
>D? ,au4h 6ust ha3e 0nown that last ni4ht2s class was canceled. ,au4h was in
the lib/a/< <este/da< and it would ha3e been i67ossible fo/ an<one in the
lib/a/< not to ha3e seen the cancellation notices.
>E? 'a5o/te 6ust ha3e dee7l< /esented bein4 7assed o3e/ fo/ 7/o6otion. He
6aintains othe/wiseB but onl< so6eone who felt badl< t/eated would ha3e
6ade the 0ind of /e6a/0 'a5o/te 6ade at <este/da<2s 6eetin4.
". -e7o/tin4 on a ci3il wa/B a ;ou/nalist encounte/ed e3idence that /efu4ees we/e
sta/3in4 because the 4o3e/n6ent would not 7e/6it food shi76ents to a /ebelAheld
a/ea. Go3e/n6ent censo/s deleted all 6ention of the 4o3e/n6ent2s /ole in the
sta/3ation f/o6 the ;ou/nalist2s /e7o/t which had not i67licated eithe/ natu/e o/
the /ebels in the sta/3ation. The ;ou/nalist concluded that it was ethicall<
7e/6issible to file the censo/ed /e7o/t because the ;ou/nalist2s news a4enc< would
7/ecede it with the notice EClea/ed b< 4o3e/n6ent censo/s.F
,hich one of the followin4 ethical c/ite/iaB if 3alidB would se/3e to su77o/t the
;ou/nalist2s conclusion while 7lacin4 the least const/aint on the flow of /e7o/ted
info/6ation=
>A? It is ethical in 4ene/al to /e7o/t 0nown facts but unethical to do so while
o6ittin4 othe/ 0nown facts if the o6itted facts would substantiall< alte/ an
i67/ession of a 7e/son o/ institution that would be con4/uent with the
/e7o/ted facts.
>B? In a situation of conflictB it is ethical to /e7o/t 0nown facts and unethical to
fail to /e7o/t 0nown facts that would tend to e8one/ate one 7a/t< to the
conflict.
>C? In a situation of censo/shi7B it is unethical 6a0e an< /e7o/t if the 4o3e/n6ent
/e7/esented b< the censo/ deletes f/o6 the /e7o/t 6ate/ial unfa3o/able to that
4o3e/n6ent.
>D? It is ethical in 4ene/al to /e7o/t 0nown facts but unethical to 6a0e a /e7o/t in
a situation of censo/shi7 if /ele3ant facts ha3e been deleted b< the censo/
unless the /eci7ient of the /e7o/t is wa/ned that censo/shi7 e8isted.
>E? Althou4h it is ethical in 4ene/al to /e7o/t 0nown factsB it is unethical to 6a0e
a /e7o/t f/o6 which a censo/ has deleted /ele3ant factsB unless the /eci7ient
of the /e7o/t is wa/ned that the/e was censo/shi7 and the /e7o/ted facts do
not b< the6sel3es 4i3e a 6isleadin4 i67/ession.
#. A bi/th is 6o/e li0e to be difficult when the 6othe/ is o3e/ the a4e of #$ than
GMAT . 'SAT C- 61
when she is <oun4e/. -e4a/dless of the 6othe/2s a4eB a 7e/son whose bi/th was
difficult is 6o/e li0el< to be a6bide8t/ous than is a 7e/son whose bi/th was not
difficult. Since othe/ causes of a6bide8te/it< a/e not /elated to the 6othe/2s a4eB
the/e 6ust be 6o/e a6bide8t/ous 7eo7le who we/e bo/n to wo6en o3e/ #$ than
the/e a/e a6bide8t/ous 7eo7le who we/e bo/n to <oun4e/ wo6en.
>A? It assu6es what it sets out to establish.
>B? It o3e/loo0s the 7ossibilit< that fewe/ child/en a/e bo/n to wo6en o3e/ #$
than to wo6en unde/ #$.
>C? It fails to s7ecif< what 7e/centa4e of 7eo7le in the 7o7ulation as a whole a/e
a6bide8t/ous.
>D? It does not state how old a child 6ust be befo/e its handedness can be
dete/6ined.
>E? It ne4lects to e87lain how difficulties du/in4 bi/th can /esult in a child2s
a6bide8te/it<.
Questions !5-!&
The 4o3e/n6ent has no /i4ht to ta8 ea/nin4s f/o6 labo/. Ta8ation of this 0ind /e@ui/es
the labo/e/ to de3ote a ce/tain 7e/centa4e of hou/s wo/0ed to ea/nin4 6one< fo/ the
4o3e/n6ent. ThusB such ta8ation fo/ces the labo/e/ to wo/0B in 7a/tB fo/ anothe/2s
7u/7ose. Since in3olunta/< se/3itude can be defined as fo/ced wo/0 fo/ anothe/2s
7u/7oseB ;ust as in3olunta/< se/3itude is 7e/niciousB so is ta8in4 ea/nin4s f/o6 labo/.
!. The a/4u6ent uses which one of the followin4 a/4u6entati3e techni@ues=
>A? de/i3in4 a 4ene/al 7/inci7le about the /i4hts of indi3iduals f/o6 a ;ud46ent
conce/nin4 the obli4ations of 4o3e/n6ents
>B? infe//in4 what will be ti6e case 6e/el< f/o6 a desc/i7tion of what once was
the case
>C? infe//in4 that since two institutions a/e si6ila/ in one /es7ect the< a/e si6ila/
in anothe/ /es7ect
>D? citin4 the autho/it< of an econo6ic theo/< in o/de/ to ;ustif< a 6o/al 7/inci7le
>E? 7/esu77osin4 the ine3itabilit< of a hie/a/chical class s<ste6 in o/de/ to o77ose
a 4i3en econo6ic 7/actice
6. ,hich one of the followin4 is an e//o/ of /easonin4 co66itted b< the a/4u6ent=
>A? It i4no/es a diffe/ence in how the idea of fo/ced wo/0 fo/ anothe/2s 7u/7ose
a77lies to the two cases.
>B? It does not ta0e into account the fact that labo/ is ta8ed at diffe/ent /ates
de7endin4 on inco6e.
>C? It 6ista0enl< assu6es that all wo/0 is ta8ed.
>D? It i4no/es the fact that the 4o3e/n6ent also ta8es inco6e f/o6 in3est6ent.
6 'SAT
>E? It t/eats definitions as if the< we/e 6atte/s of sub;ecti3e o7inion /athe/ than
ob;ecti3e facts about lan4ua4e.
TEST $
SECTI() II
1. ,hen 7oliticians /eso/t to 7e/sonal attac0sB 6an< edito/ialists c/itici9e these
attac0s but 6ost 3ote/s 7a< the6 scant attention. E3e/<one 0nows such attac0s
will end afte/ election da<B and 7oliticians can be e8cused fo/ 6udslin4in4.
Iolitical co66entato/sB howe3e/B cannot be. Iolitical co66entato/s should be
en4a4ed in sustained and se/ious debate about ideas and 7olicies. In such a
conte8t 7e/sonal attac0s on o77onents se/3e not to beat those o77onents but to cut
off the debate.
,hich of the followin4 6ost accu/atel< states the 6ain 7oint of the a/4u6ent=
>A? Ie/sonal attac0s on o77onents se/3e a useful 7u/7ose fo/ 7oliticians.
>B? Iolitical co66entato/s should not /eso/t to 7e/sonal attac0s on thei/
o77onents.
>C? Edito/ialists a/e /i4ht to c/itici9e 7oliticians who /eso/t to 7e/sonal attac0s on
thei/ o77onents.
>D? The 7u/7ose of se/ious debate about ideas and 7olicies is to counte/act the
effect of 7e/sonal attac0s b< 7oliticians.
>E? *ote/s should be conce/ned about the 7e/sonal attac0s 7oliticians 6a0e on
each othe/.
. Th/ou4hout the Io7o<a Islands co66unit< 7/essu/e is e8e/ted on 7eo7le who
win the national lotte/< to sha/e thei/ 4ood fo/tune with thei/ nei4hbo/s. ,hen
7eo7le li3in4 in /u/al a/eas win the lotte/< the< in3a/iabl< th/ow elabo/ate
nei4hbo/hood feastsB often wi7in4 out all of thei/ lotte/< winnin4s. Howe3e/B in
the citiesB lotte/< winne/s f/e@uentl< use thei/ winnin4s fo/ thei/ own 7e/sonal
in3est6ent /athe/ than sha/in4 thei/ 4ood fo/tune with thei/ nei4hbo/s.
diffe/ence between the beha3io/ of lotte/< winne/s in /u/al a/eas and those in
cities=
>A? Twice as 6an< Io7o<ans li3e in /u/al a/eas as li3e in the cit<.
>B? Io7o<an cit< dwelle/s tend to bu< se3e/al lotte/< tic0ets at a ti6eB but the<
bu< tic0ets less f/e@uentl< than do /u/al dwelle/s.
>C? 'otte/< winne/s in /u/al a/eas a/e notified of winnin4 b< 7ublic 7ostin4 of
lists of winne/sB but notification in the cit< is b< 7/i3ate 6ail.
>D? 5a6ilies in /u/al a/eas in the Io7o<as 6a< contain twel3e o/ fou/teen 7eo7leB
GMAT . 'SAT C- 6"
but cit< fa6ilies a3e/a4e si8 o/ se3en.
>E? Twice as 6an< lotte/< tic0ets a/e sold in /u/al a/eas as a/e sold in the cit<.
". A new 6edication fo/ 6i4/aine see6s effecti3eB but the/e is conce/n that the
6edication 6i4ht e8ace/bate hea/t disease. If 7atients with hea/t disease ta0e the
6edication unde/ ca/eful 6edical su7e/3isionB howe3e/B ha/6ful side effects can
definitel< be a3e/ted. The conce/n about those side effects is thus unfounded.
The a/4u6ent de7ends on which one of the followin4 assu67tions=
>A? The new 6edication actuall< is effecti3e when ta0en b< 7atients with hea/t
disease.
>B? )o 6i4/aine suffe/e/s with hea/t disease will ta0e the new 6edication e8ce7t
unde/ ca/eful 6edical su7e/3ision.
>C? Most 6i4/aine suffe/e/s who ha3e ta0en the new 6edication in t/ials also had
hea/t disease.
>D? The new 6edication has 3a/ious othe/ side effectsB but none as se/ious as that
of e8ace/batin4 hea/t disease.
>E? The new 6edication will dis7lace all 6i4/aine 6edications cu//entl< bein4
used.
#. The hi4hestA/an0in4 detecti3es in the cit<2s 7olice de7a/t6ent a/e also the 6ost
ade7t at sol3in4 c/i6es. :et in each of the 7ast ten <ea/sB the a3e/a4e success /ate
fo/ the cit<2s hi4hestA/an0in4 detecti3es in sol3in4 c/i6inal cases has been no
hi4he/ than the a3e/a4e success /ate fo/ its lowestA/an0in4 detecti3es.
>A? The detecti3es who ha3e the hi4hest success /ate in sol3in4 c/i6inal cases a/e
those who ha3e wo/0ed as detecti3es the lon4est.
>B? It 4ene/all< ta0es at least ten <ea/s fo/ a detecti3e to /ise f/o6 the lowest to
the hi4hest /an0s of the cit<2s detecti3e fo/ce.
>C? Those detecti3es in the 7olice de7a/t6ent who a/e the 6ost ade7t at sol3in4
c/i6inal cases a/e also those 6ost li0el< to /e6ain in the 7olice de7a/t6ent.
>D? The 7olice de7a/t6ent 4ene/all< 4i3es the c/i6inal cases that it e87ects to be
the easiest to sol3e to its lowestA/an0in4 detecti3es.
>E? )one of the lowestA/an0in4 detecti3es in the 7olice de7a/t6ent had
e87e/ience in sol3in4 c/i6inal cases 7/io/ to ;oinin4 the 7olice de7a/t6ent.
!. I//i4ation /unoff f/o6 nei4hbo/in4 fa/6s 6a< well ha3e inc/eased the
concent/ation of 7hos7ho/us in the local swa67 abo3e 7/e3ious le3elsB but the
clai6 that the inc/ease in 7hos7ho/us is ha/6in4 the swa672s nati3e a@uatic
wildlife is false1 the 7hos7ho/us concent/ation in the swa67 is actuall< less than
that found in ce/tain 0inds of bottled wate/ that so6e 7eo7le d/in0 e3e/< da<.
The a/4u6ent is 3ulne/able to c/iticis6 on the 4/ound that it
>A? 6a0es e8a44e/ations in fo/6ulatin4 the clai6 a4ainst which it a/4ues
6# 'SAT
>B? bases its conclusion on two cont/adicto/< clai6s
>C? /elies on e3idence the /ele3ance of which has not been established
>D? concedes the 3e/< 7oint that it a/4ues a4ainst
>E? 6a0es a 4ene/ali9ation that is unwa//anted because the sou/ces of the data on
which it is based ha3e not been s7ecified
6. Co7</i4ht laws 7/otect the /i4hts of w/ite/s to 7/ofits ea/ned f/o6 thei/ w/itin4sB
whe/eas 7atent laws 7/otect in3ento/s2 /i4hts to 7/ofits ea/ned f/o6 thei/
in3entions. In +awadeB when co67ute/Asoftwa/e w/ite/s de6anded that thei/
/i4hts to 7/ofit be 7/otectedB the cou/ts dete/6ined that info/6ation w/itten fo/ a
6achine does not fit into eithe/ the co7</i4ht o/ the 7atent cate4o/<. Clea/lA? Co67ute/Asoftwa/e w/ite/s a/e not an influential enou4h 4/ou7 in +awade fo/
the 4o3e/n6ent to conside/ 6odif<in4 e8istin4 co7</i4ht laws in o/de/ to
7/otect this 4/ou72s 7/ofit /i4hts.
>B? )o laws e8istB othe/ than co7</i4ht laws and 7atent lawsB that would 7/otect
the 7/ofit /i4hts of co67ute/Asoftwa/e w/ite/s in +awade.
>C? Most of the co67ute/ softwa/e used in +awade is i67o/ted f/o6 othe/
count/ies.
>D? Co67ute/ softwa/e is 6o/e si6ila/ to w/itin4s co3e/ed b< co7</i4ht laws
than it is to in3entions co3e/ed b< 7atent laws.
>E? Co7</i4ht laws and 7atent laws in +awade ha3e not been 6odified since thei/
o/i4inal ado7tion.
%. B/ownlea2s 7ost office 6ust be /e7laced with a la/4e/ one. The 7/esent one cannot
be e87anded. 'and nea/ the 7/esent location in the cente/ of town is 6o/e
e87ensi3e than land on the outs0i/ts of town. Since the cost of ac@ui/in4 a site is a
si4nificant 7a/t of the total const/uction costB the 7ost office clea/l< could be built
6o/e chea7l< on the outs0i/ts of town.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< unde/6ines the a/4u6ent2s
stated conclusion=
>A? The new 7ost office will ha3e to be built in acco/dance with a de6andin4
new cit<wide buildin4 code.
>B? If the new 7ost office is built on the outs0i/ts of townB it will /e@ui/e a 7a/0in4
lotB but if sited nea/ the 7/esent 7ost office it will not.
>C? If the new 7ost office is built on the outs0i/ts of townB cu//ent cit< bus /outes
will ha3e to be e87anded to 7/o3ide access.
>D? If the new 7ost office is built on the outs0i/ts of townB /esidents will 6a0e
dec/eased use of 7ost office bo8esB with the /esult that 6ail ca//ie/s will ha3e
to deli3e/ 6o/e 6ail to ho6es.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 6!
>E? If the new 7ost office is built nea/ the cente/ of townB dis/u7tions to cit<
t/affic would ha3e to be 6ini6i9ed b< ta0in4 such ste7s as doin4 so6e
const/uction wo/0 in sta4es at ni4ht and on wee0ends.
8. In the 7astB the /ail/oads in (st/onia we/e /un as /e4ional 6ono7olies and
o7e/ated with little /e4a/d fo/ what custo6e/s wanted. In /ecent <ea/sB with
i67/o3e6ents to the (st/onian national hi4hwa< netwo/0B the /ail/oad co67anies
ha3e faced hea3< co67etition f/o6 lon4Adistance t/uc0in4 co67anies. But
because of 4o3e/n6ent subsidies that ha3e 7e/6itted (st/onian /ail/oad
co67anies to o7e/ate e3en while incu//in4 substantial lossesB the co67anies
continue to dis/e4a/d custo6e/s2 needs and desi/es.
the basis of the6=
>A? If the 4o3e/n6ent of (st/onia ceases to subsidi9e /ail/oad co67aniesB few of
those co67anies will continue to o7e/ate.
>B? 5ew co67anies in (st/onia that ha3e /ecei3ed subsidies f/o6 the 4o3e/n6ent
ha3e ta0en the needs and desi/es of thei/ custo6e/s into account.
>C? ,ithout 4o3e/n6ent subsidiesB /ail/oad co67anies in (st/onia would ha3e to
inc/ease the 7/ices the< cha/4e thei/ custo6e/s.
>D? The t/ans7o/tation s<ste6 in (st/onia is no 6o/e efficient toda< than it was in
the 7ast.
>E? In /ecent <ea/sB so6e co67anies in (st/onia that ha3e had little /e4a/d fo/ the
desi/es of thei/ custo6e/s ha3e nonetheless su/3i3ed.
&. Althou4h Da6on had a67le ti6e ea/lie/ in the 6onth to co67lete the 7a7e/ he is
scheduled to 7/esent at a 7/ofessional confe/ence to6o//ow 6o/nin4B he
/e7eatedl< 7ut off doin4 it. Da6on could still 4et the 7a7e/ /ead< in ti6eB but onl<
if he wo/0s on it all e3enin4 without inte//u7tion. Howe3e/B his se3enA<ea/Aold
dau4hte/2s ta7Adance /ecital ta0es 7lace this e3enin4 and Da6on had 7/o6ised
both to attend and to ta0e his dau4hte/ and he/ f/iends out fo/ ice c/ea6
afte/wa/d. ThusB because of his 7/oc/astinationB Da6on will be fo/ced to choose
between his 7/ofessional and his fa6il< /es7onsibilities.
>A? 7/o3idin4 e3idence that one e3ent will occu/ in o/de/ to establish that an
alte/ati3e e3ent cannot occu/
>B? showin4 that two situations a/e si6ila/ in o/de/ to ;ustif< the clai6 that
so6eone with ce/tain /es7onsibilities in the fi/st situation has si6ila/
/es7onsibilities in the second situation
>C? in3o0in4 s<67ath< fo/ so6eone who finds hi6self in a dile66a in o/de/ to
e8cuse that 7e/son2s failu/e to 6eet all of his /es7onsibilities
>D? 6a0in4 clea/ the e8tent to which so6eone2s actions /esulted in ha/6 to othe/s
in o/de/ to su77o/t the clai6 that those actions we/e i//es7onsible
66 'SAT
>E? de6onst/atin4 that two situations cannot both occu/ b< showin4 that
so6ethin4 necessa/< fo/ one of those situations is inco67atible with
so6ethin4 necessa/< fo/ the othe/ situation
1$. The inc/ease in the 7/ice of ;et fuel is due to a sha/7 dec/ease o3e/ the 7ast <ea/ in
the su77l< of ;et fuel a3ailable /elati3e to de6and. )onethelessB the a6ount of ;et
fuel a3ailable fo/ sale is la/4e/ toda< than it was last <ea/.
If the state6ents abo3e a/e t/ueB which one of the followin4 conclusions can be
7/o7e/l< d/awn on the basis of the6=
>A? The de6and fo/ ;et fuel has inc/eased o3e/ the 7ast <ea/.
>B? The fuel efficienc< of ;et en4ines has inc/eased o3e/ the 7ast <ea/.
>C? The nu6be/ of ;et ai/line fli4hts has dec/eased o3e/ the 7ast <ea/.
>D? The cost of /efinin4 7et/oleu6 fo/ ;et fuel has inc/eased o3e/ the 7ast <ea/.
>E? The su77l< of 7et/oleu6 a3ailable fo/ ;et fuel has dec/eased o3e/ the 7ast
<ea/.
Questions 11-1!
)an1 Go3e/n6ent subsidies ha3e been 7/o7osed in Ca/iana to encou/a4e fa/6e/s in
-ochelleB the count/<2s 7/inci7al a4/icultu/al /e4ionB to i67le6ent ce/tain new
fa/6in4 techni@ues. Dnless these techni@ues a/e i67le6entedB e/osion of 7/oducti3e
to7soil cannot be cont/olled. Dnfo/tunatel< fa/6e/s cannot affo/d to shoulde/ the
enti/e cost of the new techni@uesB which a/e 6o/e e87ensi3e than those cu//entl< used.
The/efo/eB without subsidiesB a4/icultu/al out7ut in -ochelle will ine3itabl< decline.
Bett<1 But e/osion in -ochelle is caused b< /ecu//in4 floodsB which will end ne8t <ea/
once Ca/iana co67letes the h<d/oelect/ic da6 it is buildin4 ac/oss the /e4ion2s 6a;o/
/i3e/. The/efo/eB -ochelle2s total a4/icultu/al out7ut will stabili9e at its 7/esent le3el
e3en without subsidies.
11. ,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion on which Bett<2s a/4u6ent
de7ends=
>A? Buildin4 a da6 ac/oss -ochelle2s 6a;o/ /i3e/ will not /educe an< /ecu//ent
floodin4 that occu/s in /e4ions of Ca/iana othe/ than -ochelle.
>B? The new fa/6in4 techni@ues that 6ust be i67le6ented to cont/ol soil e/osion
in -ochelle a/e not well suited to othe/ /e4ions of Ca/iana.
>C? The cu//ent <ea/l< out7utB if anD? The cost to the 4o3e/n6ent of Ca/iana to o7e/ate the h<d/oelect/ic da6 will
not be 4/eate/ than the 7/o;ected cost of subsidi9in4 the fa/6e/s of -ochelle
in the i67le6entation of the new fa/6in4 techni@ues.
>E? The 4o3e/n6ent of Ca/iana has sufficient financial /esou/ces both to
subsidi9e its fa/6e/s2 i67le6entation of new fa/6in4 techni@ues and to
GMAT . 'SAT C- 6%
o7e/ate a h<d/oelect/ic da6.
1. Bett< uses which one of the followin4 a/4u6entati3e techni@ues in counte/in4
Alan2s a/4u6ent=
>A? showin4 that one 7/e6ise in Alan2s a/4u6ent is inconsistent with anothe/
7/e6ise in his a/4u6ent
>B? 6a0in4 additional clai6s thatB if co//ectB unde/6ine a 7/e6ise in Alan2s
a/4u6ent
>C? de6onst/atin4 that Alan2s conclusion is t/ue but not fo/ the /easons Alan 4i3es
to su77o/t it
>D? 7/esentin4 e3idence indicatin4 that the 7olic< Alan a/4ues in fa3o/ of would
ha3e da6a4in4 conse@uences that outwei4h its 7ositi3e conse@uences
>E? 7ointin4 out that Alan2s a/4u6ent 6ista0enl< identifies so6ethin4 as the
cause of a t/end when it is /eall< an effect of that t/end
1". Ast/ono6e/s ha3e lon4 thou4ht that the i//e4ula/it< in the o/bit of the 7lanet
)e7tune was ade@uatel< e87lained b< the 4/a3itational 7ull e8e/ted on )e7tune
b< the 7lanet Iluto. The 6ost /ecent obse/3ations of IlutoB howe3e/ indicate that
this 7lanet is 6uch too s6all to e8e/t the a6ount of 4/a3itational 7ull on )e7tune
that ast/ono6e/s once thou4ht it did.
the followin4=
>A? )e7tune is so6ewhat la/4e/ than scientists once belie3ed it to be.
>B? The o/bit of )e7tune is conside/abl< 6o/e i//e4ula/ than scientists once
thou4ht it was.
>C? The/e e8ists anothe/B as <et undisco3e/edB 7lanet with an o/bit be<ond that of
Iluto.
>D? The 4/a3itational 7ull of Iluto is not the sole cause of )e7tune2s i//e4ula/
o/bit.
>E? 5u/the/ obse/3ations of Iluto will e3entuall< show it to be e3en s6alle/ than
it is now thou4ht to be.
Questions 14-15
In 6ost co/7o/ations the sala/ies of e8ecuti3es a/e set b< a 4/ou7 f/o6 the
co/7o/ation2s boa/d of di/ecto/s. Since the boa/d2s 7/i6a/< 6ission is to safe4ua/d the
econo6ic health of the co/7o/ation /athe/ than to 6a0e its e8ecuti3es /ichB this wa< of
settin4 e8ecuti3es sala/ies is e87ected to 7/e3ent e8cessi3el< la/4e sala/ies. ButB
clea/l<B this e87ectation is based on 7oo/ /easonin4. Afte/ allB 6ost 6e6be/s of a
co/7o/ation2s boa/d a/e the6sel3es e8ecuti3es of so6e co/7o/ation and can e87ect to
benefit f/o6 settin4 4ene/ous bench6a/0s fo/ e8ecuti3es sala/ies.
1#. The 7oint 6ade b< the autho/ is that the 6ost co66on wa< of settin4 e8ecuti3es
sala/ies 6i4ht not 0ee7 those sala/ies in bounds because
68 'SAT
>A? 6ost co/7o/als e8ecuti3esB than0s to thei/ 4ene/ous sala/iesB a/e not
financiall< de7endent on 6one< ea/ned as boa/d 6e6be/s
>B? 6ost co/7o/als e8ecuti3es 6i4ht be less 4ene/ous in settin4 thei/ own sala/ies
than the boa/d 6e6be/s actuall< settin4 the6 a/e
>C? 6an< boa/d 6e6be/s 6i4ht let thei/ selfAinte/est as e8ecuti3es inte/fe/e with
7/o7e/l< discha/4in4 thei/ /ole as boa/d 6e6be/s in settin4 e8ecuti3es
sala/ies
>D? 6an< boa/d 6e6be/s who set e8ecuti3es sala/ies un/easonabl< hi4h do so
because the< ha77en to be on the boa/d of a co/7o/ation of which the<
e87ect late/ to beco6e e8ecuti3es
>E? 6an< boa/d 6e6be/s a/e /e6une/ated 4ene/ousl< and wish to 7/otect this
sou/ce of inco6e b< 7leasin4 the e8ecuti3es to who6 the< owe thei/
a77oint6ents on the boa/d
1!. ,hich one of the followin4 7/actices is 3ulne/able to a line of c/iticis6 6ost
7a/allel to that used in the a/4u6ent in the 7assa4e=
>A? in 6edical 6al7/actice suitsB 4i3in4 7h<sicians not di/ectl< in3ol3ed in a suit
a 6a;o/ /ole in dete/6inin4 the da6a4es due to successful 7laintiffs
>B? in a le4islatu/eB allowin4 the le4islato/s to inc/ease thei/ own sala/ies onl< if
at least twoAthi/ds of the6 3ote in fa3o/ of an inc/ease
>C? to wo/0 both fast and accu/atel< b< 7a<in4 the6 b< the 7iece but countin4
onl< 7ieces of acce7table @ualit<
>D? in a s7o/ts co67etition decided b< ;ud4es2 sco/esB selectin4 the ;ud4es f/o6
a6on4 7eo7le /eti/ed f/o6 that s7o/t afte/ successful ca/ee/s
>E? in a business o/4ani9ationB dist/ibutin4 a 4/ou7 bonus a6on4 the 6e6be/s of
a tas0 fo/ce on the basis of a confidential e3aluation b< each 6e6be/ of the
cont/ibution 6ade b< each of the othe/s
16. Consu6e/ ad3ocate1 (ne ad3e/tise6ent that is dece7ti3eB and thus 6o/all<
w/on4B states that E4/a6 fo/ 4/a6B the /efined su4a/ used in ou/ chocolate 7ies is
no 6o/e fattenin4 than the su4a/s found in f/uits and 3e4etables.F This is li0e
t/<in4 to 7e/suade so6eone that chocolate 7ies a/e not fattenin4 b< sa<in4 thatB
calo/ie fo/ calo/ieB the< a/e no 6o/e fattenin4 than cele/<. T/ueB but it would ta0e
a whole sho77in4 ca/t full of cele/< to e@ual a chocolate 7ie2s wo/th of calo/ies.
Ad3e/tise/1 This ad3e/tise6ent cannot be called dece7ti3e. It isB afte/ allB t/ue.
,hich one of the followin4 7/inci7lesB if established would do 6ost to su77o/t
the consu6e/ ad3ocate2s 7osition a4ainst the ad3e/tise/2s /es7onse=
>A? It is 6o/all< w/on4 to see0 to 7e/suade b< use of dece7ti3e state6ents.
>B? A t/ue state6ent should be /e4a/ded as dece7ti3e onl< if the 7e/son 6a0in4
the state6ent belie3es it to be falseB and thus intends the 7eo7le /eadin4 o/
hea/in4 it to ac@ui/e a false belief.
>C? To 6a0e state6ents that i67a/t onl< a s6all 7/o7o/tion of the info/6ation in
GMAT . 'SAT C- 6&
one2s 7ossession should not necessa/il< be /e4a/ded as dece7ti3e.
>D? It is 6o/all< w/on4 to 6a0e a t/ue state6ent in a 6anne/ that will decei3e
hea/e/s o/ /eade/s of the state6ent into belie3in4 that it is false.
>E? A t/ue state6ent should be /e4a/ded as dece7ti3e if it is 6ade with the
e87ectation that 7eo7le hea/in4 o/ /eadin4 the state6ent will d/aw a false
conclusion f/o6 it.
1%. Me6be/s of the A6a9onian A0abe 7eo7le co66onl< ta0e an ea/l<A6o/nin4 d/in0
of a tea 6ade f/o6 the lea3es of a fo/est 7lant. Althou4h the< 4/eatl< en;o< this
d/in0B at dawn the< d/in0 it onl< in s6all a6ounts. Anth/o7olo4ists h<7othesi9e
that since this tea is e8t/ao/dina/il< hi4h in caffeineB the e87lanation fo/ the
A0abe2s not d/in0in4 6o/e of it at dawn is that hi4h caffeine inta0e would dest/o<
the su/efootedness that thei/ dail< tas0s /e@ui/e.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< calls the anth/o7olo4ists2
e87lanation into @uestion=
>A? The d/in0 is full of nut/ients othe/wise absent f/o6 the A0abe diet.
>B? The A0abe also d/in0 the tea in the e3enin4B afte/ thei/ da<2s wo/0 is done.
>C? The lea3es used fo/ the tea contain a soluble na/cotic.
>D? A0abe child/en a/e int/oduced to the tea in onl< a 3e/< wea0 fo/6.
>E? ,hen celeb/atin4B the A0abe d/in0 the tea in la/4e @uantities.
18. All of the ca/4o shi7s of the Blue Sta/ 'ine/ a/e o3e/ 1$$ 6ete/s lon4B and all of
its 7assen4e/ shi7s a/e unde/ 1$$ 6ete/s lon4. Most of the shi7s of the Blue Sta/
'ine we/e built befo/e 1&8$. All of the 7assen4e/ and ca/4o shi7s of the Gold Sta/
'ine we/e built afte/ 1&8$B and all a/e unde/ 1$$ 6ete/s lon4. The doc0side
facilities of Io/t T/o7icaB which is o7en onl< to shi7s of these two linesB can
acco66odate onl< those shi7s that a/e less than 1$$ 6ete/s lon4. The S.S. Co/al
is a ca/4o shi7 that is cu//entl< doc0ed at Io/t T/o7ica.
If the state6ents abo3e a/e t/ueB which one of the followin4 6ust be t/ue on the
basis of the6=
>A? The S.S. Co/al was built afte/ 1&8$.
>B? The S.S. Co/al belon4s to the Blue Sta/ 'ine.
>C? Io/t T/o7ica is se/3ed onl< b< ca/4o shi7s.
>D? Io/t T/o7ica is not se/3ed b< shi7s of the Blue Sta/t 'ine.
>E? All of the shi7s of the Blue Sta/ 'ine a/e olde/ than an< of the shi7s of the
Gold Sta/ 'ine.
1&. S7ect/osco7ic anal<sis has /e3ealed the e8istence of f/o9en nit/o4enB 6ethaneB
and ca/bon 6ono8ide on the su/face of Iluto. Such ices ha3e a tendenc< to
3a7o/i9eB 7/oducin4 an at6os7he/e. Since the 7/o7o/tion of an< 4as in such an
at6os7he/e de7ends di/ectl< on how /eadil< the co//es7ondin4 ice 3a7o/i9esB
ast/ono6e/s ha3e concluded that the co67onents of Iluto2s at6os7he/e a/e
6"$ 'SAT
nit/o4enB ca/bon 6ono8ideB and 6ethaneB in o/de/ of dec/easin4 abundance.
The ast/ono6e/s2 a/4u6ent /elies on which one of the followin4 assu67tions=
>A? The/e is no 6o/e f/o9en nit/o4en on the su/face of Iluto than the/e is eithe/
f/o9en ca/bon 6ono8ide o/ 6ethane.
>B? Dntil s7ace 7/obes /each IlutoB di/ect anal<sis of the at6os7he/e is
i67ossible.
>C? The/e is no f/o9en substance on the su/face of Iluto that 3a7o/i9es 6o/e
/eadil< than 6ethane but less /eadil< than ca/bon 6ono8ide.
>D? )it/o4en is found in the at6os7he/e of a 7lanet onl< if nit/o4en ice is found
on the su/face of that 7lanet.
>E? A 6i8tu/e of nit/o4enB ca/bon 6ono8ideB and 6ethane is cha/acte/istic of the
substances f/o6 which the Sola/ S<ste6 fo/6ed.
$. Ann will eithe/ ta0e a lea3e of absence f/o6 Technoco67 and /etu/n in a <ea/ o/
else she will @uit he/ ;ob the/eG but she would not do eithe/ one unless she we/e
offe/ed a oneA<ea/ teachin4 fellowshi7 at a 7/esti4ious uni3e/sit<. Technoco67
will allow he/ to ta0e a lea3e of absence if it does not find out that she has been
offe/ed the fellowshi7B but not othe/wise. The/efo/eB Ann will @uit he/ ;ob at
Technoco67 onl< if Technoco67 finds out she has been offe/ed the fellowshi7.
,hich one of the followin4B if assu6edB allows the conclusion abo3e to be
7/o7e/l< d/awn=
>A? Technoco67 will find out about Ann bein4 offe/ed the fellowshi7 onl< if
so6eone info/6s on he/.
>B? The /eason Ann wants the fellowshi7 is so she can @uit he/ ;ob at
Technoco67.
>C? Technoco67 does not allow an< of its e67lo<ees to ta0e a lea3e of absence in
o/de/ to wo/0 fo/ one of its co67etito/s.
>D? Ann will ta0e a lea3e of absence if Technoco67 allows he/ to ta0e a lea3e of
absence.
>E? Ann would be offe/ed the fellowshi7 onl< if she @uit he/ ;ob at Technoco67.
1. If a 6echanical ae/ato/ is installed in a fish 7oolB the wate/ in the 7ool can be
7/o7e/l< ae/ated. SoB since +ohn2s fish 7ool does not ha3e a 6echanical ae/ato/B it
6ust be that his 7ool is not 7/o7e/l< ae/ated. ,ithout 7/o7e/l< ae/ated wate/B fish
cannot th/i3e. The/efo/eB an< fish in +ohn2s fish 7ool will not th/i3e.
,hich one of the followin4 a/4u6ents contains an e//o/ of /easonin4 that is also
contained in the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? If alu6 is added to 7ic0le b/ineB b/ine can /e7lace the wate/ in the 7ic0les.
The/efo/eB since Iaula does not add alu6 to he/ 7ic0le b/ineB the wate/ in the
7ic0les cannot be /e7laced b< b/ine. Dnless thei/ wate/ is /e7laced with
b/ineB 7ic0les will not sta< c/is7. ThusB Iaula2s 7ic0les will not sta< c/is7.
>B? If 7ectin is added to ;a6B the ;a6 will 4el. ,ithout a settin4 a4ent such as
GMAT . 'SAT C- 6"1
7ectinB ;a6 will not 4el. So in o/de/ to 6a0e his ;a6 4elB Ha//< should add a
settin4 a4ent such as 7ectin to the ;a6.
>C? If sto/ed 7otatoes a/e not e87osed to eth<leneB the 7otatoes will not s7/out.
Beets do not /elease eth<lene. The/efo/eB if Sa/a sto/es he/ 7otatoes to4ethe/
with beetsB the 7otatoes will not s7/out.
>D? If a ca//ot 7atch is co3e/ed with 6ulch in the fallB the ca//ots can be left in the
4/ound until s7/in4. ,ithout a 6ulch co3e/B ca//ots sto/ed in the 4/ound can
suffe/ f/ost da6a4e. ThusB since Me3in co3e/s his ca//ot 7atch with 6ulch in
the fallB the ca//ots can safel< be left in the 4/ound.
>E? If to6atoes a/e not sto/ed in a da/0 7laceB thei/ seeds so6eti6es s7/out.
S7/outed seeds can 6a0e to6atoes inedible. The/efo/eB since Ma/ia does not
sto/e he/ to6atoes in a da/0 7laceB so6e of Ma/ia2s to6atoes could be
inedible.
Questions !!-!3
Antinuclea/ acti3ist1 The closin4 of the nuclea/ 7owe/ 7lant is a 3icto/< fo/ the
antinuclea/ cause. It also /e7/esents a belated ac0nowled46ent b< the 7owe/ indust/<
that the< cannot o7e/ate such 7lants safel<.
)uclea/ 7owe/ 7lant 6ana4e/1 It /e7/esents no such thin4. The a3ailabilit< of chea7
7owe/ f/o6 nonnuclea/ sou/cesB to4ethe/ with the cost of 6andated safet< ins7ections
and safet< /e7ai/sB 6ade continued o7e/ation unecono6ic. Thus it was not safet<
conside/ations but econo6ic conside/ations that dictated the 7lant2s closin4.
. The /easonin4 in the 6ana4e/2s a/4u6ent is flawed because the a/4u6ent
>A? fails to ac0nowled4e that the 7owe/ indust/< 6i4ht now belie3e nuclea/
7owe/ 7lants to be unsafe e3en thou4h this 7lant was not closed fo/ safet<
/easons
>B? o3e/loo0s the 7ossibilit< that the sou/ces f/o6 which chea7 7owe/ is a3ailable
6i4ht the6sel3es be sub;ect to safet< conce/ns
>C? 6ista0es the issue of what the closu/e of the 7lant /e7/esents to the 7ublic fo/
the issue of what the 6ana4e/s2 /eason fo/ the closu/e we/e
>D? ta0es as one of its 7/e6ises a 3iew about the 7owe/ indust/<2s attitude towa/d
nuclea/ safet< that cont/adicts the acti3ist2s 3iew
>E? counts as 7u/el< econo6ic conside/ations so6e e87enses that a/ise as a /esult
of the need to ta0e safet< 7/ecautions
". ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ts the acti3ist2s clai6 of
3icto/<=
>A? The 7lant had /eached the a4e at which its o7e/atin4 license e87i/ed.
>B? The 6andate fo/ ins7ections and /e7ai/s 6entioned b< the 6ana4e/ was
/ecentl< enacted as a /esult of 7/essu/e f/o6 antinuclea/ 4/ou7s.
>C? The 7lant would not ha3e closed if chea7 7owe/ f/o6 nonnuclea/ sou/ces had
6" 'SAT
not been a3ailable.
>D? Ie/ unit of elect/icit< 7/oducedB the 7lant had the hi4hest o7e/atin4 costs of
an< nuclea/ 7owe/ 7lant.
>E? The 7lant that closed had been able to 7/o3ide bac0u7 7owe/ to an elect/ical
netwo/0 when 7a/ts of the netwo/0 beca6e o3e/loaded.
Questions !4-!5
Statistician1 Chan4es in the Sun2s lu6inosit< co//elate e8ceedin4l< well with a3e/a4e
land te67e/atu/es on Ea/th. Clea/l<Kand cont/a/< to acce7ted o7inion a6on4
6eteo/olo4istsKthe Sun2s lu6inosit< essentiall< cont/ols land te67e/atu/es on Ea/th.
Meteo/olo4ist1 I disa4/ee. An< 7/ofessional 6eteo/olo4ist will tell <ou that in a
s<ste6 as co67licated as that 4i3in4 /ise to the cli6ateB no si4nificant as7ect can be
cont/olled b< a sin4le 3a/iable.
#. The /e;ection b< the 6eteo/olo4ist of the statistician2s conclusion e67lo<s which
one of the followin4 techni@ues of a/4u6entation=
>A? su77o/tin4 a conclusion about a s7ecific case b< in3o0in4 a /ele3ant
4ene/ali9ation
>B? 7/oducin4 a sin4le counte/e8a67le that establishes that a 4ene/ali9ation is
false as state
>C? /eanal<9in4 a co//elation as /eflectin4 the 6ulti7le effects of a sin4le cause
>D? /e;ectin4 a conclusion because it is a 7/o7osition that cannot be
e87e/i6entall< tested
>E? 7ointin4 out that 7otentiall< unfa3o/able e3ident has been s<ste6aticall<
ne4lected
!. The /easonin4 in the 6eteo/olo4ist2s counte/a/4u6ent @uestionable because that
a/4u6ent
>A? /e;ects a 7a/tial e87lanationB not because it is inco//ectB but onl< because it is
not co67lete
>B? fails to distin4uish 7heno6ena that e8ist inde7endentl< of a 7a/ticula/ s<ste6
f/o6 7heno6ena that e8ist onl< as 7a/t of the s<ste6
>C? calls into @uestion the e8istence of a co//elation when the onl< /eal issue is
that of how to inte/7/et the co//elation
>D? dis6isses a h<7othesis on the 4/ounds that it fails to deal with an< 6atte/s of
scientific si4nificant
>E? a77eals to the autho/itati3eness of an o7inion without e3aluatin4 the 6e/it of
a 7utati3e counte/e8a67le
SECTI() III
GMAT . 'SAT C- 6""
1. E3e/<one sittin4 in the waitin4 /oo6 of the school2s athletic office this 6o/nin4 at
nine o2cloc0 had ;ust /e4iste/ed fo/ a be4inne/s tennis clinic. +ohnB Ma/A? )one of the 7eo7le sittin4 in the school2s athletic office this 6o/nin4 at nine
o2cloc0 had e3e/ 7la<ed tennis.
>B? E3e/<one sittin4 in the school2s athletic office this 6o/nin4 at nine o2cloc0
/e4iste/ed onl< fo/ a be4inne/s tennis clinic.
>C? +ohnB Ma/D? +ohnB Ma/E? )eithe/ +ohn no/ Te/esa is an acco67lished tennis 7la<e/.
. Most 7eo7le who /ide bic<cles fo/ 7leasu/e do not /ide until the wa/6 weathe/ of
s7/in4 and su66e/ a//i3es. :et it is 7/obabl< 6o/e effecti3e to ad3e/tise bic<cles
ea/lie/ in the <ea/. Most bic<cles a/e 7u/chased in the s7/in4B but once sho77e/s
a/e /ead< to sho7 fo/ a bic<cleB the< usuall< ha3e al/ead< decided which b/and
and 6odel of bic<cle the< will 7u/chase. B< then it is 4ene/all< too late to induce
the6 to chan4e thei/ 6inds.
>A? bic<cle ad3e/tise6ents a/e 7/obabl< 6o/e effecti3e if the< a77ea/ befo/e the
a//i3al of wa/6 s7/in4 weathe/
>B? 6ost bic<cle 7u/chase/s decide on the b/and and 6odel of bic<cle that the<
will bu< befo/e be4innin4 to sho7 fo/ a bic<cle
>C? 6o/e bic<cles a/e 7u/chased in the s7/in4 than at an< othe/ ti6e of <ea/
>D? in 4ene/alB once a bic<cle 7u/chase/ has decided which bic<cle he o/ she
intends to 7u/chaseB it is difficult to b/in4 about a chan4e in that decision
>E? s7/in4 and su66e/ a/e the ti6e of <ea/ in which bic<cle /idin4 as a leisu/e
acti3it< is 6ost 7o7ula/
". Du/in4 1&&1 the nu6be/ of 7eo7le in the town of Ba<bu/4 who /ecei3ed
6unici7al food assistance doubledB e3en thou4h the nu6be/ of 7eo7le in Ba<bu/4
whose inco6es we/e low enou4h to @ualif< fo/ such assistance /e6ained
unchan4ed.
>A? In 1&&$ the Ba<bu/4 Town Council debated whethe/ o/ not to alte/ the
6"# 'SAT
eli4ibilit< /e@ui/e6ents fo/ the food assistance 7/o4/a6 but ulti6atel<
decided not to chan4e the6.
>B? In 1&&$ the Ba<bu/4 social se/3ice de7a/t6ent esti6ated the nu6be/ of
7eo7le in Ba<bu/4 who 6i4ht be eli4ible fo/ the food assistance 7/o4/a6
and then info/6ed the Ba<bu/4 Town Council of the total a6ount of
assistance li0el< to be needed.
>C? Du/in4 1&&1 6an< /esidents of a nea/b< cit< lost thei/ ;obs and 6o3ed to
Ba<bu/4 in sea/ch of wo/0.
>D? Du/in4 1&&1 the nu6be/ of a77licants fo/ food assistance in Ba<bu/4 who
we/e /e;ected on the basis that thei/ inco6es we/e abo3e the 6a8i6u6
allowable li6it was a77/o8i6atel< the sa6e as it had been in 1&&$.
>E? Du/in4 1&&1 Ba<bu/42s 7/o4/a6 of /ent assistance fo/ lowAinco6e tenants
ad3e/tised widel< and then info/6ed all a77licants about othe/ assistance
7/o4/a6s fo/ which the< would be @ualified.
#. Ca67ai4nin4 fo/ election to 7/o3incial o/ state office f/e@uentl< /e@ui/es that a
candidate s7end 6uch ti6e and ene/4< cate/in4 to the inte/ests of national 7a/t<
officials who can hel7 the candidate to win office. The elected officials who
ca67ai4n fo/ /eelection while the< a/e in office thus often fail to se/3e the
inte/ests of thei/ local constituencies.
,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion 6ade b< the a/4u6ent=
>A? Cate/in4 to the inte/ests of national 7a/t< officials so6eti6es conflicts with
se/3in4 the inte/ests of a 7/o3incial o/ state official2s local constituencies.
>B? (nl< b< cate/in4 to the inte/ests of national 7a/t< officials can those who hold
7/o3incial o/ state office win /eelection.
>C? The inte/ests of local constituencies a/e well se/3ed onl< b< elected officials
who do not cate/ to the inte/ests of national 7a/t< officials.
>D? (fficials elected to 7/o3incial o/ state office a/e obli4ated to se/3e onl< the
inte/ests of constituents who belon4 to the sa6e 7a/t< as do the officials.
>E? All elected officials a/e li0el< to see0 /eelection to those offices that a/e not
li6ited to one te/6.
!. Since I/ofesso/ S6<the has been head of the de7a/t6entB the 6ost distin4uished
6e6be/ of the facult< has /esi4nedB fewe/ new cou/ses ha3e been de3elo7edB
student has d/o77edB and the /e7utation of the de7a/t6ent has 4one down. These
facts 7/o3ide conclusi3e e3idence that I/ofesso/ S6<the was a77ointed to
unde/6ine the de7a/t6ent.
>A? o3e/loo0s the fact that so6ethin4 can ha3e the /e7utation fo/ bein4 of 7oo/
@ualit< without bein4 of 7oo/ @ualit<
>B? bases a 4ene/al clai6 on a few e8ce7tional instances
>C? assu6es that because an action was followed b< a chan4eB the action was
GMAT . 'SAT C- 6"!
unde/ta0en to b/in4 about that chan4e
>D? fails to distin4uish between a decline in @uantit< and a decline in @ualit<
>E? 7/esu77oses what it 7u/7o/ts to establish
6. Boo0s about a/chitectu/al wo/0sB unless the< a/e not intended fo/ a 4ene/al
audienceB ou4ht to include discussions of both the utilit< and the aesthetic a77eal
of each of the buildin4s the< conside/. If the< do notB the< a/e flawed. Mo/ton2s
boo0 on Italian Ba/o@ue 7alaces desc/ibes these 7alaces2 functional as7ectsB but
fails to 6ention that the 6ain hall of a 7alace he discusses at len4th has a ceilin4
that is one of the t/ul< b/eathta0in4 6aste/7ieces of ,este/n a/t.
If the state6ents abo3e a/e t/ueB it would be necessa/< to establish which one of
the followin4 in o/de/ to conclude that Mo/ton2s boo0 is flawed=
>A? Mo/ton2s desc/i7tion of the 7alaces2 utilit< is inaccu/ate.
>B? Mo/ton2s boo0 does not discuss as7ects of the 7alaces othe/ than utilit< and
aesthetic a77eal.
>C? Mo/ton2s boo0 is intended fo/ a 4ene/al audience.
>D? The 7assa4e discussin4 the 7alace 7la<s a 3e/< i67o/tant /ole in hel7in4 to
establish the o3e/all a/4u6ent of Mo/ton2s boo0.
>E? The 7alace discussed at len4th is one of the 6ost aestheticall< i67o/tant of
those t/eated in Mo/ton2s boo0.
%. (f all the 7hoto4/a7hs ta0en of hi6 at his weddin4 the/e was one that +ohn and
his f/iends sha/7l< disa4/eed about. His f/iends all said that this 7a/ticula/ 7ictu/e
did not 6uch /ese6ble hi6B but +ohn said that on the cont/a/< it was the onl<
7hoto4/a7h that did.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB about the 7hoto4/a7h 6ost hel7s to e87lain
+ohn2s disa4/ee6ent with his f/iends=
>A? ItB unli0e the othe/ 7hoto4/a7hs of +ohnB showed hi6 in the st<le of d/ess he
and his f/iends usuall< wea/ /athe/ than the fo/6al clothes he wo/e at the
ce/e6on<.
>B? It was the onl< 7hoto4/a7h ta0en of +ohn at his weddin4 fo/ which the
7hoto4/a7he/ had used a flash.
>C? It was a blac0AandAwhite 7hoto4/a7hB whe/eas the othe/ 7hoto4/a7hs that
showed +ohn we/e 6ostl< colo/ 7hoto4/a7hs.
>D? It was uni@ue in showin4 +ohn2s face /eflected in a 6i//o/B the 7hoto4/a7he/
ha3in4 ta0en the 7hoto4/a7h o3e/ +ohn2s shoulde/.
>E? It was one of onl< a few ta0en at the weddin4 that showed no one but +ohn.
Questions 8-9
E3a1 A Es6a/t hi4hwa<F s<ste6 should be installedB one that would 6onito/ a/eawide
t/affic 7atte/ns and co66unicate with co67ute/s in 3ehicles o/ with 7/o4/a66able
hi4hwa< si4ns to 4i3e d/i3e/s info/6ation about t/affic con4estion and alte/nate
6"6 'SAT
/outes. Such a s<ste6B we can infe/B would /esult in i67/o3ed t/affic flow in and
a/ound cities that would do 6o/e than i67/o3e d/i3e/s2 te67e/sG it would dec/ease the
conside/able loss of 6one< and 7/oducti3it< that now /esults f/o6 t/affic con4estion.
'uis1 The/e a/e al/ead< t/affic /e7o/ts on the /adio. ,h< would a Es6a/t hi4hwa<F
s<ste6 be an< bette/=
8. E3a2s a/4u6ent de7ends on the assu67tion that
>A? on Es6a/t hi4hwa<sF the/e would not be the b/ea0downs of 3ehicles that
cu//entl< cause t/affic con4estion
>B? t/affic li4htsB if coo/dinated b< the s<ste6B would assu/e a f/ee flow of t/affic
>C? t/affic flow in and a/ound cities is not now so con4ested that si4nificant
i67/o3e6ent is i67ossible
>D? the t<7e of e@ui76ent used in Es6a/t hi4hwa<F s<ste6s would 3a/< f/o6 one
cit< to anothe/
>E? olde/ 3ehicles could not be fitted with e@ui76ent to /ecei3e si4nals sent b< a
Es6a/t hi4hwa<F s<ste6
&. If E3a /es7onded to 'uis b< sa<in4 that the cu//ent oneA6inute /adio /e7o/ts a/e
too sho/t to 4i3e a sufficient desc/i7tion of o3e/all 7atte/ns of t/affic con4estionB
which one of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost st/en4then 'uis2s challen4e=
>A? Bad weathe/B which /adio stations /e7o/tB would cause t/affic to slow down
whethe/ o/ not a Es6a/t hi4hwa<F s<ste6 was in o7e/ation.
>B? It would be less costl< to ha3e /adio stations that 4i3e continualB len4thie/
t/affic /e7o/ts than to install a Es6a/t hi4hwa<F s<ste6.
>C? -adio /e7o/ts can ta0e note of con4estion once it occu/sB but a Es6a/t
hi4hwa<F s<ste6 could antici7ate and fo/estall it in 6an< instances.
>D? The 7/o7osed t/affic 6onito/in4 would not /educe the 7/i3ac< of d/i3e/s.
>E? Toll collection boothsB which constitute t/affic bottlenec0sB would la/4el< be
/e7laced in the Es6a/t hi4hwa<F s<ste6 b< elect/onic debitin4 of
co66ute/s2 accounts while t/affic 7/oceeded at full s7eed.
1$. The te/6s Ese8F and E4ende/F a/e often used inte/chan4eabl<. But Ese8F 6o/e
7/o7e/l< /efe/s to biolo4ical diffe/ences of 6ale and fe6aleB while E4ende/F
/efe/s to societ<2s const/uction of a s<ste6 that identifies what is 6asculine and
fe6inine. Dnli0e the set of cha/acte/istics definin4 biolo4ical se8B the set of t/aits
that a/e associated with 4ende/ does not so/t 7eo7le into two nono3e/la77in4
4/ou7s. The t/aits cha/acte/i9e 7eo7le in a co67le8 waA? Distinctions based on 4ende/ a/e f/e@uentl< a/bit/a/<.
>B? Gende/ t/aits a/e not dete/6ined at bi/th.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 6"%
>C? Masculine 4ende/ t/aits a/e hi4hl< co//elated with 6aleness.
>D? The te/6s Ese8F and E4ende/F a/e not 7/o7e/l< inte/chan4eable.
>E? Societ< /athe/ than the indi3idual decides what is conside/ed 7/o7e/ beha3io/.
11. -aisin4 the ta8 /ate on essential 4oodsKa t/aditional 6eans of inc/easin4
4o3e/n6ent /e3enuesKin3a/iabl< tu/ns lowA and 6iddleAinco6e ta87a<e/s
a4ainst the 4o3e/n6ent. Hence 4o3e/n6ent officials ha3e 7/o7osed addin4 a new
ta8 on 7u/chases of lu8u/< ite6s such as <achtsB 7/i3ate 7lanesB ;ewelsB and fu/s.
The officials clai6 that this ta8 will /esult in a substantial inc/ease in 4o3e/n6ent
/e3enues while affectin4 onl< the wealth< indi3iduals and co/7o/ations who can
affo/d to 7u/chase such ite6s.
The answe/ to which one of the followin4 @uestions would be 6ost /ele3ant in
e3aluatin4 the accu/ac< of the 4o3e/n6ent officials2 7/ediction=
>A? ,ill lu8u/< 4oods be ta8ed at a hi4he/ /ate than that at which essential 4oods
a/e cu//entl< ta8ed=
>B? ,ill the /e3enues 4ene/ated b< the 7/o7osed ta8 be co67a/able to those that
a/e cu//entl< bein4 4ene/ated b< ta8es on essential 4oods=
>C? ,ill sales of the lu8u/< ite6s sub;ect to the 7/o7osed ta8 occu/ at cu//ent
/ates once the 7/o7osed ta8 on lu8u/< ite6s has been 7assed=
>D? ,ill the 7/o7osed ta8 on lu8u/< ite6s win su77o/t fo/ the 4o3e/n6ent in the
e<es of lowA and 6iddleAinco6e ta87a<e/s=
>E? ,ill 7u/chases of lu8u/< ite6s b< co/7o/ations account fo/ 6o/e of the
/e3enue 4ene/ated b< the 7/o7osed ta8 than will 7u/chases of lu8u/< ite6s
b< wealth< indi3iduals=
1. In a stud< of the /elationshi7 between a44/ession and tele3ision 3iewin4 in
nu/se/< school child/enB 6an< inte/estin4 inte/actions a6on4 fa6il< st<lesB
a44/essionB and tele3ision 3iewin4 we/e found. Hi4h a44/ession occu//ed in both
hi4hA3iewin4 and lowA3iewin4 child/en and this see6ed to be /elated to 7a/ental
lifest<le. Hi4hAachie3in4B co67etiti3eB 6iddleAclass 7a/entsB whose child/en did
not watch 6uch tele3isionB had 6o/e a44/essi3e child/en than 7a/ents who
7lanned thei/ li3es in an o/4ani9edB childAcente/ed waA? 'ow le3els of tele3ision 3iewin4 often lead to hi4h le3els of a44/ession
a6on4 child/en.
>B? The le3el of a44/ession of a child cannot be 7/edicted f/o6 le3els of
tele3ision 3iewin4 alone.
>C? If hi4hAachie3in4B co67etiti3e 7a/ents we/e 6o/e childAcente/edB thei/
child/en would be less a44/essi3e.
>D? Hi4h le3els of tele3ision 3iewin4 can e87lain hi4h le3els of a44/ession
a6on4 child/en onl< when the 7a/ents a/e not childAcente/ed.
6"8 'SAT
>E? Ia/ental lifest<le is less i67o/tant than the a6ount of tele3ision 3iewin4 in
dete/6inin4 the a44/essi3eness of child/en.
1". (ne of the effects of lead 7oisonin4 is an infla66ation of the o7tic ne/3eB which
causes those who ha3e it to see b/i4ht haloes a/ound li4ht sou/ces. In o/de/ to
7/oduce the st/i0in4 <ellow effects in his ESunflowe/sF 7aintin4sB *an Go4h used
)a7les <ellowB a 7i46ent containin4 lead. Since in his late/ 7aintin4sB *an Go4h
7ainted b/i4ht haloes a/ound the sta/s and sunB it is li0el< that he was suffe/in4
f/o6 lead 7oisonin4 caused b< in4estin4 the 7i46ents he used.
>A? In *an Go4h2s late/ 7aintin4s he 7ainted so6e thin4s as he saw the6.
>B? *an Go4h continued to use 7aints containin4 lead afte/ ha3in4 7ainted the
ESunflowe/sF 7aintin4s.
>C? *an Go4h did not ha3e s<67to6s of lead 7oisonin4 aside f/o6 seein4 b/i4ht
haloes a/ound li4ht sou/ces.
>D? The 7aints *an Go4h used in the ESunflowe/sF 7aintin4s had no to8ic
in4/edients othe/ than lead.
>E? The effects of )a7les <ellow could not ha3e been achie3ed usin4 othe/
7i46ents.
Questions 14-15
Iolitician1 The 6andato/< ;ail sentences that beca6e law two <ea/s a4o fo/ ce/tain
c/i6es ha3e enhanced the inte4/it< of ou/ s<ste6 of ;usticeB fo/ no lon4e/ a/e the/e
two 0inds of ;usticeB the 0ind dis7ensed b< lenient ;ud4es and the 0ind dis7ensed b<
se3e/e ones.
Iublic ad3ocate1 But with ;ud4es st/i77ed of disc/etiona/< 7owe/sB the/e can be no
lenienc< e3en whe/e it would be a77/o7/iate. So ;u/ies now so6eti6es ac@uit a 4i3en
defendant solel< because the ;u/o/s feel that the 6andato/< sentence would be too
ha/sh. Those ;u/iesB thenB do not /etu/n an accu/ate 3e/dict on the defendant2s 4uilt.
This is wh< it is i67e/ati3e that the le4islation institutin4 6andato/< ;ail sentences be
/e7ealed.
1#. The 7ublic ad3ocate /es7onds to the 7olitician2s a/4u6ent b< doin4 which one of
the followin4=
>A? t/<in4 to show that the 7olitician2s conclusion 6e/el< 7a/a7h/ases the
7olitician2s e3idence
>B? clai6in4 that the 7olitician2s e3idenceB 7/o7e/l< anal<9edB has no bea/in4 on
the conclusion the 7olitician de/i3es f/o6 it
>C? a/4uin4 that lenienc< is not a t/ait of indi3iduals but thatB /athe/B it is a
7/o7e/t< of ce/tain 0inds of decisions
>D? a/4uin4 that an anal<sis of the conse@uences of ce/tain le4islation unde/6ines
the 7olitician2s conclusion
GMAT . 'SAT C- 6"&
>E? cha/4in4 that the 7olitician e8a44e/ated the se3e/it< of a 7/oble6 in o/de/ to
;ustif< a swee7in4 solution
1!. ,hich one of the followin4 7/inci7lesB if 3alidB 7/o3ides the 7olitician with the
st/on4est basis fo/ counte/in4 the 7ublic ad3ocate2s a/4u6ent=
>A? +u/ies should alwa<s conside/ whethe/ the su6 of the e3idence lea3es an<
/easonable doubt conce/nin4 the defendant2s 4uiltB and in all cases in which
it doesB the< should ac@uit the defendant.
>B? A s<ste6 of ;ustice should clea/l< define what the s7ecific actions a/e that
;ud4es a/e to 7e/fo/6 within the s<ste6.
>C? A s<ste6 of ;ustice should not /e@ui/e an< le4al e87e/tise on the 7a/t of the
7eo7le selected to se/3e on ;u/ies.
>D? Chan4es in a s<ste6 of ;ustice in /es7onse to so6e undesi/able featu/e of the
s<ste6 should be 6ade as soon as 7ossible once that featu/e has been
/eco4ni9ed as undesi/able.
>E? Chan4es in a s<ste6 of ;ustice that 7/oduce undesi/able conse@uences should
be /e3e/sed onl< if it is not feasible to a6elio/ate those undesi/able
conse@uences th/ou4h fu/the/ 6odification.
16. -esea/che/s stud<in4 a/tificial sweetene/s ha3e lon4 clai6ed that the 7e/ce7tion
of sweetness is dete/6ined b< the acti3ation of a sin4le t<7e of /ece7to/ on the
ton4ueB called a sweetness /ece7to/. The< ha3e also clai6ed that an< 4i3en
indi3idual 6olecule of substance can acti3ate at 6ost one sweetness /ece7to/ and
that the fewe/ 6olecules that a/e /e@ui/ed to acti3ate a /ece7to/B the sweete/ that
substance will be 7e/cei3ed to be. )ow the /esea/che/s clai6 to ha3e disco3e/ed a
substance of which onl< one 6olecule is needed to acti3ate an< sweetness
/ece7to/.
,hich one of the followin4 conclusions is 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ted b< the
/esea/che/s2 clai6sB if all of those clai6s a/e t/ue=
>A? The 6o/e sweetness /ece7to/s a 7e/son has on his o/ he/ ton4ueB the 6o/e
li0el< it is that that 7e/son will find sweet sensations 7leasu/able.
>B? In sufficient @uantitC? )o substance will be found that is 7e/cei3ed to be sweete/ than the substance
the /esea/che/s ha3e disco3e/ed.
>D? A substance that does not acti3ate a sweetness /ece7to/ will acti3ate a taste
/ece7to/ of anothe/ t<7e.
>E? The 6o/e 6olecules of a substance that a/e /e@ui/ed to acti3ate a sin4le
sweetness /ece7to/B the 6o/e bitte/ that substance will be 7e/cei3ed to be.
1%. An edito/ial in the 3randburg Daily +erald clai6s that G/andbu/42s 3ote/s would
4ene/all< welco6e the defeat of the 7olitical 7a/t< now in cont/ol of the
G/andbu/4 Cit< Council. The edito/ial bases its clai6 on a /ecent su/3e< that
6#$ 'SAT
found that !& 7e/cent of G/andbu/42s /e4iste/ed 3ote/s thin0 that the 7a/t< will
definitel< be out of 7owe/ afte/ ne8t <ea/2s cit< council elections.
,hich one of the followin4 is a 7/inci7le thatB if establishedB would 7/o3ide the
st/on4est ;ustification fo/ the edito/ial2s conclusion=
>A? The wa< 3ote/s feel about a 7olitical 7a/t< at a 4i3en ti6e can /easonabl< be
conside/ed a /eliable indicato/ of the wa< the< will continue to feel about
that 7a/tB? The /esults of su/3e<s that 4au4e cu//ent 3ote/ senti6ent towa/d a 4i3en
7olitical 7a/t< can le4iti6atel< be used as the basis fo/ 6a0in4 clai6s about
the li0el< futu/e 7/os7ects of that 7olitical 7a/t<.
>C? An inc/ease in illAfeelin4 towa/d a 7olitical 7a/t< that is in 7owe/ can
/easonabl< be e87ected to /esult in a co//es7ondin4 inc/ease in su77o/t fo/
/i3al 7olitical 7a/ties.
>D? The 7/o7o/tion of 3ote/s who e87ect a 4i3en 7olitical 7ossibilit< to be
/eali9ed can le4iti6atel< be assu6ed to a77/o8i6ate the 7/o7o/tion of 3ote/s
who a/e in fa3o/ of that 7ossibilit< bein4 /eali9ed.
>E? It can /easonabl< be assu6ed that /e4iste/ed 3ote/s who /es7ond to a su/3e<
/e4a/din4 the outco6e of a futu/e election will e8e/cise thei/ /i4ht to 3ote in
that election.
18. I/olon4ed e87osu/e to nonioni9in4 /adiationKelect/o6a4netic /adiation at o/
below the f/e@uenc< of 3isible li4htKinc/eases a 7e/son2s chances of de3elo7in4
softAtissue cance/. Elect/ic 7owe/ lines as well as such elect/ical a77liances as
elect/ic blan0ets and 3ideoAdis7la< te/6inals a/e sou/ces of nonioni9in4 /adiation.
,hich one of the followin4 conclusions is best su77o/ted b< the state6ents
abo3e=
>A? Ieo7le with sho/tAte/6 e87osu/e to nonioni9in4 /adiation a/e not at /is0 of
de3elo7in4 softAtissue cance/s.
>B? SoftAtissue cance/s a/e 6o/e co66on than othe/ cance/s.
>C? SoftAtissue cance/s a/e f/e@uentl< cu/ed s7ontaneousl< when sou/ces of
nonioni9in4 /adiation a/e /e6o3ed f/o6 the 7atient2s ho6e.
>D? Ce/tain elect/ical de3ices can 7ose health /is0s fo/ thei/ use/s.
>E? De3ices 7/oducin4 elect/o6a4netic /adiation at f/e@uencies hi4he/ than that
of 3isible li4ht do not inc/ease a 7e/son2s /is0 of de3elo7in4 softAtissue
cance/s.
1&. In the fi/st decade followin4 the foundin4 of the B/itish 'abou/ 7a/t<B the nu6be/
of 7eo7le /e4ula/l< 3otin4 fo/ 'abou/ inc/eased fi3efold. The nu6be/ of
co66itted 'abou/ 3ote/s inc/eased a fu/the/ fi3efold du/in4 the 7a/t<2s second
decade. Since the inc/ease was thus the sa6e in the fi/st as in the second decadeB
the oftenA6ade clai6 that the 'abou/ 7a/t< 4ained 6o3e 3ote/s in the 7a/t<2s
second decade than in its fi/st is clea/l< false.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 6#1
>A? fails to s7ecif< dates necessa/< to e3aluate the t/uth of the conclusionB e3en
thou4h the a/4u6ent de7ends on distin4uishin4 between two ti6e 7e/iods
>B? d/aws a conclusion that cannot be t/ue if all the data ad3anced in its su77o/t
a/e t/ue
>C? /elies on statistical e3idence thatB st/ictl< s7ea0in4B is i//ele3ant to
establishin4 the conclusion d/awn
>D? fails to allow fo/ the 7ossibilit< that the 7olic< 7ositions ad3ocated b< the
'abou/ 7a/t< chan4ed du/in4 the 7e/iod in @uestion
>E? o3e/loo0s the 7ossibilit< that 6o/e elections we/e held in one of the two
decades than we/e held in the othe/
Questions !0-!1
A nu6be/ of se/iousl< inte/ested a6ateu/ ast/ono6e/s ha3e tested the new E8odus
/ef/acto/ telesco7e. ,ith itB the< we/e able to obse/3e in c/is7 detail 7laneta/< featu/es
that we/e seen onl< as fu99< i6a4es in thei/ 8Ainch >a77/o8i6atel< $Acenti6ete/?
)ewtonian telesco7esB e3en thou4h the 8Ainch telesco7esB with thei/ wide/ a7e/tu/esB
4athe/ 6o/e li4ht than the #Ainch >a77/o8i6atel< 1$Acenti6ete/? E8odus. Gi3en these
a6ateu/ ast/ono6e/s2 obse/3ational findin4sB an< se/ious a6ateu/ ast/ono6e/s ou4ht
to choose the E8odus if she o/ he is bu<in4 a telesco7e fo/ 7laneta/< obse/3ation.
$. The a/4u6ent 7/oceeds b<
>A? e3aluatin4 the c/edibilit< of clai6s 6ade b< a 7a/ticula/ 4/ou7
>B? detailin4 the wa<s in which a testin4 situation a77/o8i6ates the conditions of
o/dina/< use
>C? 7lacin4 a 7heno6enon in a wide/ conte8t in o/de/ to e87lain it
>D? su77o/tin4 a /eco66endation to a 4/ou7 on the basis of the e87e/ience of a
subset of that 4/ou7
>E? distin4uishin4 between the actual /easons wh< a ce/tain 4/ou7 did a 7a/ticula/
thin4 and the best /easons fo/ doin4 that thin4
1. ,hich one of the followin4 6ost se/iousl< wea0ens the a/4u6ent=
>A? Telesco7es of ce/tain t<7es will not 7e/fo/6 well unless the< ha3e been
7/ecisel< colli6atedB a delicate ad;ust6ent /e@ui/in4 deftness.
>B? I6a4e @ualit< is onl< one of se3e/al diffe/ent facto/s thatB ta0en to4ethe/B
should dete/6ine the choice of a telesco7e fo/ 7laneta/< obse/3ation.
>C? Man< se/ious a6ateu/ ast/ono6e/s ha3e no intention of bu<in4 a telesco7e
fo/ 7laneta/< obse/3ation.
>D? The co67a/isons 6ade b< the a6ateu/ ast/ono6e/s we/e based on
obse/3ations 6ade du/in4 se3e/al diffe/ent obse/3ation sessions.
>E? The substance used to 6a0e the lenses of E8odus telesco7es diffe/s f/o6 that
used in the lenses of othe/ telesco7es.
6# 'SAT
. Anato6ical bilate/al s<66et/< is a co66on t/ait. It followsB the/efo/eB that it
confe/s su/3i3al ad3anta4es on o/4anis6s. Afte/ allB if bilate/al s<66et/< did not
confe/ such ad3anta4esB it would not be co66on.
The 7atte/n of /easonin4 in which one of the followin4 a/4u6ents is 6ost si6ila/
to that in the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? Since it is Saw<e/ who is ne4otiatin4 fo/ the cit< 4o3e/n6entB it 6ust be t/ue
that the cit< ta0es the 6atte/ se/iousl<. Afte/ allB if Saw<e/ had not been
a3ailableB the cit< would ha3e insisted that the ne4otiations be defe//ed.
>B? Clea/lC? If Iowell lac0ed su7e/io/ ne4otiatin4 s0illsB she would not ha3e been
a77ointed a/bit/ato/ in this case. As e3e/<one 0nowsB she is the a77ointed
a/bit/ato/B so he/ ne4otiatin4 s0ills a/eB det/acto/s notwithstandin4B bound to
be su7e/io/.
>D? Since *a/4a was awa< on 3acation at the ti6eB it 6ust ha3e been -i3e/s who
conducted the sec/et ne4otiations. An< othe/ scena/io 6a0es little senseB fo/
-i3e/s ne3e/ does the ne4otiatin4 unless *a/4a is una3ailable.
>E? If ,on4 is a77ointed a/bit/ato/B a decision will be /eached 7/o67tl<. Since it
would be absu/d to a77oint an<one othe/ than ,on4 as a/bit/ato/B a 7/o67t
decision can /easonabl< be e87ected.
". Elect/ical en4inee/s ha3e /e7eatedl< de6onst/ated that the best solidAstate
a67lifie/s a/e indistin4uishable f/o6 the best 3acuu6Atube a67lifie/s with
/es7ect to the cha/acte/istics co66onl< 6easu/ed in e3aluatin4 the @ualit< of an
a67lifie/2s 6usical /e7/oduction. The/efo/eB those 6usic lo3e/s who insist that
/eco/ded 6usic sounds bette/ when 7la<ed with the best 3acuu6 tube a67lifie/
6ust be i6a4inin4 the diffe/ence in @ualit< that the< clai6 to hea/.
>A? Man< 7eo7le cannot tell f/o6 listenin4 to it whethe/ a /eco/din4 is bein4
7la<ed with a 3e/< 4ood solidAstate a67lifie/ o/ a 3e/< 4ood 3acuu6Atube
a67lifie/.
>B? The /an4e of 3a/iation with /es7ect to the @ualit< of 6usical /e7/oduction is
4/eate/ fo/ 3acuu6 tube a67lifie/s than fo/ solidAstate a67lifie/s.
>C? So6e of the cha/acte/istics that a/e i67o/tant in dete/6inin4 how 6usic
sounds to a listene/ cannot be 6easu/ed.
>D? SolidAstate a67lifie/s a/e 6o/e co67actB use less 7owe/B and 4ene/ate less
heat than 3acuu6Atube a67lifie/s that 7/oduce a co67a/able 3olu6e of
sound.
>E? So6e 3acuu6Atube a67lifie/s a/e clea/l< su7e/io/ to so6e solidAstate
a67lifie/s with /es7ect to cha/acte/istics co66onl< 6easu/ed in the
labo/ato/< to e3aluate the @ualit< of an a67lifie/2s 6usical /e7/oduction.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 6#"
#. E87lanation 6ust be distin4uished f/o6 ;ustification. E3e/< hu6an action
7otentiall< has an e87lanationB that isB with sufficient 0nowled4e it would be
7ossible to 4i3e an accu/ate desc/i7tion of the causes of that action. An action is
;ustified onl< when the 7e/son 7e/fo/6in4 the action has sufficient /easons fo/ the
action. Acco/din4 to 6an< 7s<cholo4istsB e3en when the/e is a ;ustification fo/ an
actionB that ;ustification often fo/6s no 7a/t of the e87lanation. The 4ene/al
7/inci7leB howe3e/B is that onl< an action whose ;ustificationB that isB the /easons
fo/ the actionB fo/6s an essential 7a/t of its e87lanation is /ational.
If the state6ents in the 7assa4e a/e co//ectB which one of the followin4 can be
7/o7e/l< concluded f/o6 the6=
>A? ,hen a hu6an action is ;ustifiedB that action has no e87lanation.
>B? If the/e a/e an< /easons a6on4 the causes of an actionB then that action
/ational.
>C? So6e 7s<cholo4ists belie3e that the ;ustification fo/ an action ne3e/ fo/6s an
essential 7a/t of its e87lanation.
>D? The/e a/e actions whose causes cannot be disco3e/ed.
>E? If an< hu6an actions a/e /ationalB then /easons 6ust so6eti6es be causes of
actions.
!. At the co67an< 7icnicB all of the e67lo<ees who 7a/tici7ated in 6o/e than fou/
of the scheduled e3entsB and onl< those e67lo<ees we/e eli4ible fo/ the /affle
held at the end of the da<. Since onl< a s6all 7/o7o/tion of the e67lo<ees we/e
eli4ible fo/ the /affleB 6ost of the e67lo<ees 6ust ha3e 7a/tici7ated in fewe/ than
fou/ of the scheduled e3ents.
,hich one of the followin4 a/4u6ents e8hibits a flawed 7atte/n of /easonin4
6ost li0e that e8hibited b< the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? (nl< thi/dAand fou/thA<ea/ students a/e allowed to 0ee7 ca/s on ca67us.
Since one @ua/te/ of the thi/dA<ea/ students 0ee7 ca/s on ca67us and one
half of the fou/thA<ea/ students 0ee7 ca/s on ca67usB it 6ust be that fewe/
thi/dA<ea/ students than fou/thA<ea/ students 0ee7 ca/s on ca67us.
>B? (nl< those 3iolin students who attended e8t/a /ehea/sal sessions we/e eli4ible
fo/ selection as soloists. Since two of the 3iolin students we/e selected as
soloistsB those two 6ust ha3e been the onl< 3iolin students who attended the
e8t/a sessions.
>C? The onl< students hono/ed at a s7ecial ban@uet we/e the band 6e6be/s who
6ade the dean2s list last se6este/. Since 6ost the band 6e6be/s we/e
hono/edB 6ost of the band 6e6be/s 6ust ha3e 6ade the dean2s list.
>D? All of the 6e6be/s of the se/3ice club who 3oluntee/ed at the hos7ital last
su66e/ we/e biolo4< 6a;o/s. Since ten of the club 6e6be/s a/e biolo4<
6a;o/sB those ten 6e6be/s 6ust ha3e 3oluntee/ed at the hos7ital last
su66e/.
>E? All of the swi6 tea6 6e6be/s who had dec/eased thei/ /acin4 ti6es du/in4
6## 'SAT
the season we/e 4i3en awa/ds that no othe/ 6e6be/s we/e 4i3en. Since
fewe/ than half the tea6 6e6be/s we/e 4i3en such awa/dsB the /acin4 ti6es
of 6o/e than half the tea6 6e6be/s 6ust ha3e inc/eased du/in4 the season.
TEST 1
SECTI() II
1. I/ess /elease1 A co67/ehensi3e /e3iew e3aluatin4 the 6edical studies done u7 to
the 7/esent ti6e has found no /eason to thin0 that d/in0in4 coffee in no/6al
a6ounts ha/6s the coffeeAd/in0e/2s hea/t. So coffee d/in0e/s can /ela8 and en;o<
thei/ be3e/a4eKit is safe to d/in0 coffee.
,hich one of the followin4 7oints to a wea0ness in the /easonin4 in the 7/ess
/elease2s a/4u6ent=
>A? The /e3iew was onl< an e3aluation of studies and did not itself unde/ta0e to
stud< 7atients.
>B? The health of the hea/t is not identical with the 4ene/al health of the bod<.
>C? Coffee d/in0e/s 6i4ht choose to eat alon4 with thei/ coffee foods containin4
substances that ha/6 the hea/t.
>D? (the/ be3e/a4es besides coffee 6i4ht contain sti6ulants that ha3e so6e
effect on the hea/t.
>E? D/in0in4 unusuall< la/4e a6ounts of coffee could be caused b< st/ess that
itself di/ectl< ha/6s the hea/t.
. All 7eo7le 7/efe/ colo/s that the< can distin4uish easil< to colo/s that the< ha3e
difficult< distin4uishin4. Infants can easil< distin4uish b/i4ht colo/s butB unli0e
adultsB ha3e difficult< distin4uishin4 subtle shades. A b/i4htl< colo/ed to< fo/
infants sells bette/ than the sa6e to< in subtle shades at the sa6e 7/ice.
,hich one of the followin4 conclusions is 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ted b< the
info/6ation in the 7assa4e=
>A? Infants 7/efe/ b/i4ht 7/i6a/< colo/s to b/i4ht seconda/< colo/s.
>B? Colo/ is the 6ost i67o/tant facto/ in dete/6inin4 which to<s an infant will
7/efe/ to 7la< with.
>C? Indi3idual infants do not ha3e st/on4 7/efe/ences fo/ one 7a/ticula/ b/i4ht
colo/ o3e/ othe/ b/i4ht colo/s.
>D? The sales of to<s of infants /eflect the 7/efe/ences of infants in at least one
/es7ect.
>E? To< 6a0e/s stud< infants to dete/6ine what colo/s the infants can distin4uish
easil<.
". A 4/ou7 of unusual 6eteo/ites was found in She/4ott<B India. Thei/ st/uctu/e
GMAT . 'SAT C- 6#!
indicates that the< o/i4inated on one of the 4eolo4icall< acti3e 7lanets1 Me/cu/<B
*enusB o/ Ma/s. Because of Me/cu/<2s 7/o8i6it< to the SunB an< 6ate/ial
dislod4ed f/o6 that 7lanet2s su/face would ha3e been ca7tu/ed b< the SunB /athe/
than fallin4 to Ea/th as 6eteo/ites. )o/ could *enus be the sou/ce of the
6eteo/itesB because its 4/a3it< would ha3e 7/e3ented dislod4ed 6ate/ial f/o6
esca7in4 into s7ace. The 6eteo/itesB the/efo/eB 7/obabl< fell to Ea/th afte/ bein4
dislod4ed f/o6 Ma/sB 7e/ha7s as the /esult of a collision with a la/4e ob;ect.
The a/4u6ent de/i3es its conclusion b<
>A? offe/in4 a counte/e8a67le to a theo/<
>B? eli6inatin4 co67etin4 alte/nati3e e87lanations
>C? cont/astin4 7/esent ci/cu6stances with 7ast ci/cu6stances
>D? @uestionin4 an assu67tion
>E? abst/actin4 a 4ene/al 7/inci7le f/o6 s7ecific data
#. Because @uittin4 s6o0in4 is 3e/< st/essful and leads to wei4ht 4ainB it is difficult
to do. The 0e< to @uittin4B howe3e/B 6a< be as si67le as /e7lacin4 an unhealth<
acti3it< with a health< one. In one stud< half of those atte67tin4 to @uit we/e
assi4ned to a s6o0in4Acessation 7/o4/a6 aloneB and the othe/ half we/e assi4ned
to the sa6e 7/o4/a6 7lus fifteen wee0s of ae/obic e8e/cise. At the oneA6onth
6a/0 none in the fi/st 4/ou7 had @uitB but #$ 7e/cent of those in the second 4/ou7
had not s6o0ed.
Each of the followin4B if t/ueB 7/o3ides so6e su77o/t fo/ the a/4u6ent EHCEIT1
>A? -e4ula/ e8e/cise 7/e3ents wei4ht 4ain.
>B? Each 4/ou7 in the stud< included fou/ hund/ed /ando6l< selected
7a/tici7ants.
>C? )ons6o0e/s accusto6ed to /e4ula/ e8e/cise do not 4ain wei4ht when the<
sto7 e8e/cisin4.
>D? Ae/obic e8e/cise can sti6ulate the b/ain2s 7/oduction of endo/7hinsB which
/educe tension.
>E? (f those in the second 4/ou7 in the stud<B "8 7e/cent had not s6o0ed at the
oneA<ea/ 6a/0.
!. Alto4ethe/B the students in Ms. Ta/nows0i2s Milton Ele6enta/< School class
collected 6o/e alu6inu6 cans than did the students in an< of the school2s othe/
classes. The/efo/eB the Milton student who collected the 6ost alu6inu6 cans was
in Ms. Ta/nows0i2s class.
,hich one of the followin4 a/4u6ents contains flawed /easonin4 that is 6ost
7a/allel to that in the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? Alto4ethe/B 6o/e t/ees we/e 7lanted b< the students in M/. Mell<2s class than
we/e 7lanted b< those in M/. 'ian42s class and M/. +ac0son2s class
co6bined. The/efo/eB M/. Mell<2s students 7lanted 6o/e t/ees than M/.
+ac0son2s students 7lanted.
6#6 'SAT
>B? Mo/e than half of Milton Ele6enta/< School2s students 7la< in the band and
6o/e than half of the school2s students sin4 in the choi/. The/efo/eB e3e/<
student at Milton Ele6enta/< School eithe/ 7la<s in the band o/ sin4s in the
choi/.
>C? M/. -owe2s Milton Ele6enta/< School class /aised 6o/e 6one< b< sellin4
cand< ba/s than Ms Hunt2s class /aised b< holdin4 a /affle. The/efo/eB the
nu6be/ of cand< ba/s sold b< M/. -owe2s class was 4/eate/ than the nu6be/
of /affle tic0ets sold b< Ms. Hunt2s class.
>D? The total nu6be/ of tic0ets to the school fai/ sold b< the students in Ms.
-a6i/e92s Milton Ele6enta/< School class was 4/eate/ than the nu6be/ sold
b< Milton students f/o6 an< othe/ class. The/efo/eB the Milton student who
sold the 6ost tic0ets to the school fai/ was a student in Ms. -a6i/e92s class.
>E? Ms. *entu/a2s Milton Ele6enta/< School class asse6bled 6o/e bi/dhouses
than did an< of the school2s othe/ classes. Since Ms *entu/a2s class had
fewe/ students than an< othe/ Milton classB he/ students asse6bled 6o/e
bi/dhouse on a3e/a4e than did the students in an< othe/ Milton class.
6. Se3e/al e8cellent candidates ha3e been 7/o7osed fo/ the 7/esidenc< of Dnited
,i/e and each candidate would b/in4 to the ;ob diffe/ent > ? and e87e/ience. If the
othe/s a/e co67a/ed with +onesB howe3e/B it will be a77a/ent that none of the6
has he/ uni@ue set of @ualifications. +onesB the/efo/eB is best @ualified to be the
new 7/esident of Dnited ,i/e.
The a/4u6ent is 3ulne/able to c/iticis6 on the 4/ound that it
>A? uses flatte/< to win o3e/ those who hold an o77osin4 7osition
>B? /efutes a disto/ted 3e/sion of an o77osin4 7osition
>C? see0s to distin4uish one 6e6be/ of a 4/ou7 on the basis of so6ethin4 that
a77lies to all
>D? su77o/ts uni3e/sal clai6 on the basis of a sin4le e8a67le
>E? desc/ibes an indi3idual in te/6s that a77/o7/iatel< /efe/ onl< to the 4/ou7 as a
whole
%. A nei4hbo/hood 4/ou7 7lans to 7/otest the closin4 of the nei4hbo/hood2s onl<
/ec/eation cente/ on the 4/ounds that to do so would lea3e the nei4hbo/hood
without local access to a /ec/eation cente/. E(u/ nei4hbo/hood al/ead< has the
6ost /esidents 7e/ cente/ of an< nei4hbo/hood in the cit<BF co67lained one
/esidentB Eand closin4 this cente/ would 6a0e the situation unacce7table since
access to /ec/eational facilities is a necessit< fo/ this nei4hbo/hood.F
Each of the followin4B if t/ueB wea0ens the /esident2s a/4u6ent EHCEIT1
>A? A la/4e nu6be/ of the nei4hbo/hood2s /esidents a/e unable to t/a3el outside
thei/ localit< to 4ain access to /ec/eational facilities.
>B? Child/enB the 6ain use/s of /ec/eational facilitiesB 6a0e u7 a
dis7/o7o/tionatel< s6all se46ent of the nei4hbo/hood2s 7o7ulation.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 6#%
>C? (ften the /ec/eation cente/ in the nei4hbo/hood is o7en but not bein4 used.
>D? I/o4/a6s that a/e /outinel< filled at othe/ /ec/eation cente/s 6ust be canceled
at the nei4hbo/hood2s /ec/eation cente/ due to lac0 of inte/est.
>E? As 7eo7le beco6e 6o/e in3ol3ed in co67ute/s and co67ute/ 4a6esB
/ec/eation cente/s a/e beco6in4 inc/easin4l< less i67o/tant.
8. Sociolo4ist1 The clai6 that the/e is a la/4e nu6be/ of 3iolent c/i6es in ou/
societ< is falseB fo/ this clai6 is based u7on the la/4e nu6be/ of sto/ies in
news7a7e/s about 3iolent c/i6es. But since 3iolent c/i6es a/e 3e/< /a/e
occu//encesB news7a7e/s a/e li0el< to 7/int sto/ies about the6.
The sociolo4ist2s a/4u6ent is flawed because it
>A? 7/esu77oses that 6ost news7a7e/ sto/ies a/e about 3iolent c/i6e
>B? 7/esu77oses the t/uth of the conclusion it is atte67tin4 to establish
>C? assu6es without wa//ant that the news7a7e/ sto/ies in @uestion a/e not biased
>D? 6ista0es 7/o7e/t< of each 6e6be/ of a 4/ou7 ta0en as an indi3idual fo/ a
7/o7e/t< of the 4/ou7 ta0en as a whole
>E? unc/iticall< d/aws an infe/ence f/o6 what has been t/ue in the 7ast to what
will be t/ue in the futu/e
&. Histo/ian1 An<one who thin0s that the te//o/s of the ancient /e4i6e of N we/e
e8clusi3el< the wo/0 of fanatics is o3e/loo0in4 a basic t/uth1 the /e4i6e was
6ade u7 7/i6a/il< of o/dina/< 7eo7le enthusiasticall< see0in4 7a/adise. The
/e4i6e e8ecuted 6an< 7eo7le in 7u/suit of its 4oalB but it late/ beca6e clea/ that
7a/adise as the< defined itB is un/eali9able. So at least so6e of the o/dina/< 7eo7le
of N we/e in fact 6u/de/e/s.
,hich one of the followin4 7/inci7lesB if 3alidB 7/o3ides the 6ost su77o/t fo/ the
histo/ian2s a/4u6entation=
>A? The 7u/suit of 7a/adise does not ;ustif< 6u/de/.
>B? The 7u/suit of 7a/adise ;ustifies fanaticis6.
>C? E8ecution in 7u/suit of what is late/ found to be unattainable constitutes
6u/de/.
>D? 5anaticis6 in 7u/suit of 7a/adise constitutes inhu6anit<.
>E? Enthusias6 in 7u/suit of what is e3entuall< found to be unattainable
constitutes fanaticis6.
1$. Econo6ist1 The econo6< see6s to be headin4 out of /ecession. -ecent fi4u/es
show that consu6e/s a/e bu<in4 6o/e du/able 4oods than befo/eB indicatin4 that
the< e87ect econo6ic 4/owth in the nea/ futu/e.
That consu6e/s a/e bu<in4 6o/e du/able 4oods than befo/e fi4u/es in the
econo6ist2s a/4u6ent in which one of the followin4 wa<s=
>A? It is the 7heno6enon that the a/4u6ent see0s to e87lain.
>B? Its t/uth is /e@ui/ed in o/de/ fo/ the a/4u6ent2s conclusion to be t/ue.
6#8 'SAT
>C? It is an infe/ence d/awn f/o6 the 7/e6ise that the /ecession see6s to be
endin4.
>D? It is an infe/ence d/awn f/o6 the 7/e6ise that consu6e/s e87ect econo6ic
4/owth in the nea/ futu/e.
>E? It is the 7/i6a/< e3idence f/o6 which the a/4u6ent2s conclusion is d/awn.
11. )ot su/7/isin4l<B the/e a/e no 7/ofesso/s unde/ the a4e of ei4hteen. And as is well
0nownB no one unde/ ei4hteen can 3ote le4all<. 5inall< so6e b/illiant 7eo7le a/e
7/ofesso/sB so6e a/e le4al 3ote/sB and so6e a/e unde/ ei4hteen.
If the state6ents abo3e a/e t/ueB then on the basis of the6 which one of the
followin4 6ust also be t/ue=
>A? )o 7/ofesso/s a/e ei4hteenA<ea/Aolds.
>B? All b/illiant 7eo7le a/e eithe/ 7/ofesso/sB le4al 3ote/sB o/ unde/ ei4hteen.
>C? So6e le4al 3ote/s a/e not 7/ofesso/s.
>D? So6e 7/ofesso/s a/e neithe/ le4al 3ote/s no/ b/illiant 7eo7le.
>E? So6e b/illiant 7eo7le a/e neithe/ 7/ofesso/s no/ le4al 3ote/s.
1. 5o/ <ea/s scientists ha3e been scannin4 the s0ies in the ho7e of findin4 life on
othe/ 7lanets. But in s7ite of the e3e/Ainc/easin4 so7histication of the e@ui76ent
the< e67lo<B so6e of it costin4 hund/eds of 6illions of dolla/sB not the fi/st sh/ed
of e3idence of such life has been fo/thco6in4. And the/e is no /eason to thin0 that
these scientists will be an< 6o/e successful in the futu/eB no 6atte/ how 6uch
6one< is in3ested in the sea/ch. The d/ea6 of findin4 e8t/ate//est/ial life is
destined to /e6ain a d/ea6 as science2s e87e/ience u7 to this 7oint should
indicate.
,hich one of the followin4 6ost accu/atel< states the 6ain 7oint of the
a/4u6ent=
>A? The/e is no /eason to belie3e that life e8ists on othe/ 7lanets.
>B? The e@ui76ent that scientists e67lo< is not as so7histicated as it should be.
>C? Scientists sea/chin4 fo/ e8t/ate//est/ial life will not find it.
>D? (nl< if scientists had al/ead< found e3idence of life on othe/ 7lanets would
continued sea/ch be ;ustified.
>E? ,e should not s7end 6one< on so7histicated e@ui76ent to aid in the sea/ch
fo/ e8t/ate//est/ial life.
1". Ca/l2s Coffee E67o/iu6 stoc0s onl< two decaffeinated coffees1 5/ench -oast and
Mocha +a3a. :usef onl< se/3es decaffeinated coffee and the coffee he se/3ed afte/
dinne/ last ni4ht was >=? s6ooth and 6ellow ha3e been 5/ench -oast. SoB if :usef
still 4ets all his coffee f/o6 Ca/l2sB what he se/3ed last ni4ht was Mocha +a3a.
The a/4u6ent abo3e is 6ost si6ila/ in its lo4ical st/uctu/e to which one of the
followin4=
>A? Sa6uel wants to ta0e th/ee f/iends to the beach. His 6othe/ owns both a
GMAT . 'SAT C- 6#&
sedan and a con3e/tible. The con3e/tible holds fou/ 7eo7le soB althou4h the
sedan has a 6o/e 7owe/ful en4ineB if Sa6uel bo//ows a 3ehicle f/o6 his
6othe/B he will bo//ow the con3e/tible.
>B? If Anna wants to wal0 f/o6 he/ house to the office whe/e she wo/0sB she 6ust
eithe/ 4o th/ou4h the 7a/0 o/ ta0e the o3e/7ass ac/oss the /ail/oad t/ac0s. The
7a/0 7aths a/e 6udd< and Anna does not li0e usin4 the o3e/7ass so she ne3e/
wal0s to wo/0.
>C? -ose can eithe/ ta0e a twoAwee0 3acation in +ul< o/ wait until (ctobe/ and
ta0e a th/eeAwee0 3acation. The t/ail she had 7lanned to hi0e /e@ui/es th/ee
wee0s to co67lete but is closed b< (ctobe/B so if -ose ta0es a 3acation it
will not be the one she had 7lanned.
>D? ,e/di8B Inc. has offe/ed A/no a choice between a ;ob in sales and a ;ob in
/esea/ch. A/no would li0e to wo/0 at ,e/di8 but he would ne3e/ ta0e a ;ob
in sales when anothe/ ;ob is a3ailableB so if he acce7ts one of these ;obs it
will be the one in /esea/ch.
>E? If Te/esa does not fi/e he/ assistantB he/ staff will /ebel and he/ de7a/t6ent2s
efficienc< will decline. 'osin4 he/ assistant would also /educe its efficienc<B
soB if no alte/nati3e solution can be foundB The/esa2s de7a/t6ent will beco6e
less efficient.
1#. Ste3en1 The allowable blood alcohol le3el fo/ d/i3e/s should be cut in half. ,ith
this /educed li6itB social d/in0e/s will be dete//ed f/o6 d/in0in4 and d/i3in4B
/esultin4 in si4nificantl< inc/eased hi4hwa< safet<.
Mi4uel1 )o lowe/in4 the cu//ent allowable blood alcohol le3el would ha3e little
effect on hi4hwa< safet< because it would not add/ess the 6ost i67o/tant as7ect
of the d/un0en d/i3in4 7/oble6B which is the dan4e/ to the 7ublic 7osed b< hea3<
d/in0e/sB who often d/i3e with a blood alcohol le3el of twice the cu//ent le4al
li6it.
Ste3en and Mi4uel2s state6ents 7/o3ide the 6ost su77o/t fo/ >=? that the< would
disa4/ee about the t/uth of which one of the followin4 state6ents=
>A? Social d/in0e/s who d/in0 and d/i3e 7ose a substantial th/eat to the 7ublic.
>B? The/e is a di/ect co//elation between a d/i3e/2s blood alcohol le3el and the
d/i3e/2s abilit< to d/i3e safel<.
>C? A d/i3e/ with a blood alcohol le3el abo3e the cu//ent le4al li6it 7oses a
substantial dan4e/ to the 7ublic.
>D? So6e d/i3e/s whose blood alcohol le3el is lowe/ than the cu//ent le4al li6it
7ose a dan4e/ to the 7ublic.
>E? A d/i3e/ with a blood alcohol le3el sli4htl< 4/eate/ than half the cu//ent le4al
li6it 7oses no dan4e/ to the 7ublic.
Questions 15-1&
The autho/s of a /ecent a/ticle e8a6ined wa/nin4s of an i67endin4 wa3e of
6!$ 'SAT
e8tinctions of ani6al s7ecies within the ne8t 1$$ <ea/s. These autho/s sa< that no
e3idence e8ists to su77o/t the idea that the /ate of e8tinction of ani6al s7ecies is now
accele/atin4. The< a/e w/on4B howe3e/. Conside/ onl< the data on fishes1 #$ s7ecies
and subs7ecies of )o/th A6e/ican fishes ha3e 3anished in the twentieth centu/A? The/e is e3idence that the /ate of e8tinction of ani6al s7ecies is accele/atin4.
>B? The futu/e /ate of e8tinction of ani6al s7ecies cannot be dete/6ined f/o6
a3ailable e3idence.
>C? The /ate of e8tinction of )o/th A6e/ican fishes is 7a/allel to the /ate of
e8tinction of all ani6al s7ecies ta0en to4ethe/.
>D? 5o/t< s7ecies and subs7ecies of )o/th A6e/ican fishes ha3e 3anished in the
twentieth centu/<.
>E? A substantial nu6be/ of fish s7ecies a/e in dan4e/ of i66inent e8tinction.
16. The answe/ to which one of the followin4 @uestions would cont/ibute 6ost to an
e3aluation of the a/4u6ent=
>A? ,e/e the fish s7ecies and subs7ecies that beca6e e8tinct un/e7/esentati3e of
ani6al s7ecies in 4ene/al with /e4a/d to thei/ 7atte/n of e8tinction=
>B? How nu6e/ous we/e the 7o7ulations in 1&!$ of the s7ecies and subs7ecies of
)o/th A6e/ican fishes that ha3e beco6e e8tinct since 1&!$=
>C? Did an< of the s7ecies o/ subs7ecies of )o/th A6e/ican fishes that beca6e
e8tinct in the twentieth centu/< o/i4inate in /e4ions outside of )o/th
A6e/ica=
>D? ,hat 7/o7o/tion of )o/th A6e/ican fish s7ecies and subs7ecies whose
7o7ulations we/e endan4e/ed in 1&!$ a/e now th/i3in4=
>E? ,e/e an< of the s7ecies o/ subs7ecies of )o/th A6e/ican fishes that beca6e
e8tinct in the twentieth centu/< co66e/ciall< i67o/tant=
1%. Afte/ the Second ,o/ld ,a/B the cha/te/ of the newl< fo/6ed Dnited )ations
established an ele3enA6e6be/ Secu/it< Council and cha/4ed it with ta0in4
collecti3e action in /es7onse to th/eats to wo/ld 7eace. The cha/te/ fu/the/
7/o3ided that the fi3e nations that we/e then the 6a;o/ 7owe/s would 7e/6anentl<
ha3e sole autho/it< to cast 3etoes. The /eason 4i3en fo/ this a//an4e6ent was that
the bu/den of 6aintainin4 wo/ld 7eace would /est on the wo/ld2s 6a;o/ 7owe/s
and >=? should be /e@ui/ed to assu6e the bu/den of enfo/cin4 a decision it found
/e7u4nant.
The /easonin4 4i3en fo/ the st/uctu/e of the Secu/it< Council assu6es that
>A? it does not 6a0e sense to 7/o3ide fo/ de6oc/ac< a6on4 nations when nations
the6sel3es a/e not all de6oc/acies
>B? no nation that was not a6on4 the 6a;o/ 7owe/s at the end of the Second
GMAT . 'SAT C- 6!1
,o/ld ,a/ would beco6e a 6a;o/ 7owe/
>C? nations would not e3entuall< 4/a3itate into la/4e 4eo4/a7hical blocsB each
containin4 6ino/ 7owe/s as well as at least one 6a;o/ 7owe/
>D? 6ino/ 7owe/s would not all< the6sel3es with 6a;o/ 7owe/s to 4ain the
7/otection of the 3eto e8e/cised b< 6a;o/ 7owe/s
>E? decisions /eached b< a 6a;o/it< of nations in /es7onse to th/eats to wo/ld
7eace would be biased in fa3o/ of one o/ 6o/e 6a;o/ 7owe/s
18. En3i/on6ental scientist1 It is t/ue that o3e/ the 7ast ten <ea/sB the/e has been a
si8fold inc/ease in 4o3e/n6ent fundin4 fo/ the 7/ese/3ation of wetlands while the
total a/ea of wetlands needin4 such 7/ese/3ation has inc/eased onl< twofold
>althou4h this a/ea was al/ead< la/4e ten <ea/s a4o?. E3en when inflation is ta0en
into accountB the a6ount of fundin4 now is at least th/ee ti6es what it was ten
<ea/s a4o. )e3e/thelessB the cu//ent a6ount of 4o3e/n6ent fundin4 fo/ the
7/ese/3ation of wetlands is inade@uate and should be au46ented.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost hel7s to /econcile the en3i/on6ental
scientist2s conclusion with the e3idence cited abo3e=
>A? The 4o3e/n6ental a4enc< /es7onsible fo/ ad6iniste/in4 wetlandA7/ese/3ation
funds has been consistentl< 6is6ana4ed and /un inefficientl< o3e/ the 7ast
ten <ea/s.
>B? (3e/ the 7ast ten <ea/sB the sala/ies of scientists e67lo<ed b< the 4o3e/n6ent
to wo/0 on the 7/ese/3ation of wetlands ha3e inc/eased at a /ate hi4he/ than
the inflation /ate.
>C? -esea/ch o3e/ the 7ast ten <ea/s has enabled scientists toda< to identif<
wetlands in need of 7/ese/3ation well befo/e the a/eas a/e at se/ious /is0 of
dest/uction.
>D? Mo/e 7eo7le toda< scientists and nonscientists ali0eB a/e wo/0in4 to 7/ese/3e
all natu/al /esou/ces includin4 wetlands.
>E? Dnli0e toda<B fundin4 fo/ the 7/ese/3ation of wetlands was al6ost none8istent
ten <ea/s a4o.
1&. In Aust/alia the 7o7ulation that is of d/i3in4 a4e has 4/own la/4e o3e/ the last fi3e
<ea/sB but the annual nu6be/ of t/affic fatalities has declined. This leads to the
conclusion thatB o3e/allB the d/i3in4Aa4e 7o7ulation of Aust/alia consists of 6o/e
s0illful d/i3e/s now than fi3e <ea/s a4o.
Each of the state6ents belowB if t/ueB wea0ens the a/4u6ent EHCEIT1
>A? Th/ee <ea/s a4oB a 6andato/< seatAbelt law went into effect th/ou4hout
Aust/alia.
>B? 5i3e <ea/s a4oB Aust/alia be4an a 6a;o/ /oad /e7ai/ 7/o;ect.
>C? Because of inc/eases in the 7/ice of fuelB Aust/alians on a3e/a4e d/i3e less
each <ea/ than in the 7/ecedin4 <ea/.
>D? The nu6be/ of hos7ital e6e/4enc< facilities in Aust/alia has doubled in the
6! 'SAT
last fi3e <ea/s.
>E? In /es7onse to an inc/ease in t/affic fatalitiesB Aust/alia instituted a 7/o4/a6 of
6andato/< d/i3e/ education fi3e <ea/s a4o.
$. Anth/o7olo4ical studies indicate that distinct cultu/e diffe/s in thei/ 6o/al codes.
ThusB as lon4 as the/e a/e distinct cultu/es the/e a/e no 3alues sha/ed ac/oss
cultu/es.
Each of the followin4B if t/ueB would wea0en the a/4u6ent EHCEIT1
>A? Anth/o7olo4ists /el< on inade@uate t/anslation techni@ues to in3esti4ate the
3alues of cultu/es that use lan4ua4es diffe/ent f/o6 the anth/o7olo4ists2
lan4ua4es.
>B? As a /esult of ad3ancin4 technolo4< and 4lobal co66unication we will
so6eda< all sha/e the sa6e cultu/e and the sa6e 3alues.
>C? Althou4h s7ecific 6o/al 3alues diffe/ ac/oss cultu/esB 6o/e 4ene/al 6o/al
7/inci7lesB such as E5/iendshi7 is 4oodBF a/e co66on to all cultu/es.
>D? The anth/o7olo4ists who ha3e studied 3a/ious cultu/es ha3e been biased in
fa3o/ of findin4 diffe/ences /athe/ than si6ila/ities between distinct cultu/es.
>E? ,hat a77ea/ to be diffe/ences in 3alues between distinct cultu/es a/e nothin4
6o/e than diffe/ences in beliefs about how to li3e in acco/dance with sha/ed
3alues.
1. )ews7a7e/ edito/1 'aw enfo/ce6ent e87e/tsB as well as 6ost citi9ensB ha3e
finall< co6e to /eco4ni9e that le4al 7/ohibitions a4ainst 4a6blin4 all sha/e a
co66on flaw1 no 6atte/ how dili4ent the effo/tB the laws a/e i67ossible to
enfo/ce. Ethical @ual6s notwithstandin4B when a law fails to be effecti3eB it
should not be a law. That is wh< the/e should be no le4al 7/ohibition a4ainst
4a6blin4.
,hich one of the followin4B if assu6edB allows the a/4u6ent2s conclusion to be
7/o7e/l< d/awn=
>A? )o effecti3e law is unenfo/ceable.
>B? All enfo/ceable laws a/e effecti3e.
>C? )o le4al 7/ohibitions a4ainst 4a6blin4 a/e enfo/ceable.
>D? Most citi9ens 6ust a4/ee with a law fo/ the law to be effecti3e.
>E? Most citi9ens 6ust a4/ee with a law fo/ the law to be enfo/ceable.
. Co7e/nicus2s ast/ono6ical s<ste6 is su7e/io/ to Itole6<2s and was so at the ti6e
it was 7/o7osedB e3en thou4h at that ti6e all obse/3ational e3idence was e@uall<
consistent with both theo/ies. Itole6< belie3ed that the sta/s /e3ol3ed a/ound the
ea/th at 4/eat s7eeds. This st/uc0 Co7e/nicus as unli0el<G he co//ectl< thou4ht that
a si67le/ theo/< is that the ea/th /otates on its a8is.
The a/4u6ent 6ost closel< confo/6s to which one of the followin4 7/inci7les=
>A? Si67licit< should be the sole decidin4 facto/ in choosin4 a6on4 co67etin4
GMAT . 'SAT C- 6!"
scientific theo/ies.
>B? If one theo/< is li0el< to be t/ueB and anothe/ co67etin4 theo/< is li0el< to be
falseB then the one li0el< to be t/ue is the su7e/io/ of the two.
>C? If all obse/3ational e3idence is consistent with two co67etin4 theo/iesB the
one that is 6o/e intuiti3el< t/ue is the 6o/e 7/actical theo/< to ado7t.
>D? (the/ thin4s bein4 e@ualB the 6o/e co67le8 of two co67etin4 theo/ies is the
infe/io/ theo/<.
>E? (the/ thin4s bein4 e@ualB the si67le/ of two co67etin4 theo/ies is the 6o/e
scientificall< i67o/tant theo/<.
". Essa<ist1 The e8istence of a 6o/al o/de/ in the uni3e/seKi.e.B an o/de/ in which
bad is alwa<s e3entuall< 7unished and 4ood /ewa/dedKde7ends u7on hu6an
souls bein4 i66o/tal. In so6e cultu/es this 6o/al o/de/ is /e4a/ded as the /esult
of a 0a/6a that cont/ols how one is /einca/natedB in othe/s it /esults f/o6 the
actions of a su7/e6e bein4 who 6etes out ;ustice to 7eo7le afte/ thei/ death. But
howe3e/ a 6o/al o/de/ is /e7/esentedB if hu6an souls a/e i66o/talB then it
follows that the bad will be 7unished.
,hich one of the followin4 6ost accu/atel< desc/ibes a flaw in the essa<ist2s
/easonin4=
>A? 5/o6 the asse/tion that so6ethin4 is necessa/< to a 6o/al o/de/B the a/4u6ent
concludes that that thin4 is sufficient fo/ an ele6ent of the 6o/al o/de/ to be
/eali9ed.
>B? The a/4u6ent ta0es 6e/e beliefs to be established facts.
>C? 5/o6 the clai6 that the i66o/talit< of hu6an souls i67lies that the/e is a
6o/al o/de/ in the uni3e/seB the a/4u6ent concludes that the/e bein4 a 6o/al
o/de/ in the uni3e/se i67lies that hu6an souls a/e i66o/tal.
>D? The a/4u6ent t/eats two funda6entall< diffe/ent conce7tions of a 6o/al o/de/
as essentiall< the sa6e.
>E? The a/4u6ent2s conclusion is 7/esu77osed in the definition it 4i3es of a 6o/al
o/de/.
#. )o 6athe6atical 7/o7osition can be 7/o3en t/ue b< obse/3ation. It follows that it
is i67ossible to 0now an< 6athe6atical 7/o7osition to be t/ue.
The conclusion follows lo4icall< if which one of the followin4 is assu6ed=
>A? (nl< 7/o7ositions that can be 7/o3en t/ue can be 0nown to be t/ue.
>B? (bse/3ation alone cannot be used to 7/o3e the t/uth of an< 7/o7osition.
>C? If a 7/o7osition can be 7/o3en t/ue b< obse/3ation then it can be 0nown to be
t/ue.
>D? Mnowin4 a 7/o7osition to be t/ue is i67ossible onl< if it cannot be 7/o3e t/ue
b< obse/3ation.
>E? Mnowin4 a 7/o7osition to be t/ue /e@ui/es 7/o3in4 it t/ue b< obse/3ation.
6!# 'SAT
!. The 7ublishe/ of a bestAsellin4 selfAhel7 boo0 hadB in so6e 7/o6otional 6ate/ialB
clai6ed that it showed /eade/s how to beco6e e8ce7tionall< successful. (f
cou/seB e3e/<one 0nows that no boo0 can deli3e/ to the 6an< whatB b< definitionB
6ust /e6ain li6ited to the few e8ce7tional successes. ThusB althou4h it is clea/
that the 7ublishe/ 0nowin4l< 6ade a false clai6B doin4 so should not be
conside/ed unethical in this case.
,hich one of the followin4 7/inci7lesB if 3alidB 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ts the
/easonin4 abo3e=
>A? Mnowin4l< 6a0in4 a false clai6 is unethical onl< if it is /easonable fo/
7eo7le to acce7t the clai6 as t/ue.
>B? Mnowin4l< 6a0in4 a false clai6 is unethical if those 6a0in4 it de/i3e a 4ain
at the e87ense of those actin4 as if the clai6 we/e t/ue.
>C? Mnowin4l< 6a0in4 a false clai6 is unethical in onl< those cases in which
those who acce7t the clai6 as t/ue suffe/ a ha/dshi7 4/eate/ than the 4ain
the< we/e antici7atin4.
>D? Mnowin4l< 6a0in4 a false clai6 is unethical onl< if the/e is a 7ossibilit< that
so6eone will act as if the clai6 6i4ht be t/ue.
>E? Mnowin4l< 6a0in4 a false clai6 is unethical in at least those cases in which
fo/ so6eone else to disco3e/ that the clai6 is falseB that 7e/son 6ust ha3e
acted as if the clai6 we/e t/ue.
SECTI() III
1. 5/ancis1 5ailu/e to beco6e 7/o7e/l< /e4iste/ed to 3ote 7/e3ents oneAthi/d of the
3otin4Aa4e citi9ens of 'a4onia f/o6 3otin4. If local election boa/ds 6ade the
e8cessi3el< cu6be/so6e /e4ist/ation 7/ocess easie/. 6o/e 7eo7le would /e4iste/
and 3ote.
Sha/on1 The hi4h nu6be/ of citi9ens not /e4iste/ed to 3ote has 7e/sisted des7ite
6an< atte67ts to 6a0e /e4iste/in4 easie/. Su/3e<s show that 6ost of these
citi9ens belie3e that thei/ 3otes would not 6a0e a diffe/ence. Dntil that belief is
chan4edB si67lif<in4 the /e4ist/ation 7/ocess will not inc/ease the 7e/centa4e of
citi9ens /e4iste/in4 to 3ote.
The 6ain issue in dis7ute between 5/ancis and Sha/on is
>A? whethe/ chan4in4 the 3ote/ /e4ist/ation 7/ocess would be cu6be/so6e
>B? wh< so 6an< citi9ens do not /e4iste/ to 3ote
>C? what 7e/centa4e of those /e4iste/ed to 3ote actuall< 3ote
>D? whethe/ local election boa/ds ha3e si67lified the /e4ist/ation 7/ocess
>E? wh< the 7ublic lac0s confidence in the effects of 3otin4
GMAT . 'SAT C- 6!!
. Ad3e/tise6ent1 An<one who thin0s 6oistu/i9e/s a/e not i67o/tant fo/ beautiful
s0in should conside/ what ha77ens to the ea/thB the s0in of the wo/dB in ti6es of
d/ou4ht. ,ithout /e4ula/ infusions of 6oistu/e the 4/ound beco6es lined and
c/ac0ed and its lush lo3eliness fades awa<. Thus <ou/ s0inB tooB should be
7/otected f/o6 the 7/otection 7/o3ided b< /e4ula/ infusions of Dew<f/esh the
d/ou4htAdef<in4 6oistu/i9e/.
The Dew<f/esh ad3e/tise6ent e8hibits which one of the followin4 e//o/s of
/easonin4=
>A? It t/eats so6ethin4 that is necessa/< fo/ b/in4in4 about a state of affai/s as
so6ethin4 that is sufficient to b/in4 about that state of affai/s.
>B? It t/eats the fact that two thin4s /e4ula/l< occu/ to4ethe/ as 7/oof that the/e is
a sin4le thin4 that is the cause of the6 both.
>C? It o3e/loo0s the fact that chan4in4 what 7eo7le thin0 is the case does not
necessa/il< chan4e what is the case.
>D? It /elies on the a6bi4uit< of the te/6 Einfusion.F which can desi4nate eithe/ a
7/ocess o/ the 7/oduct of that 7/ocess.
>E? It /elies on an analo4< between two thin4s that a/e insufficientl< ali0e in the
/es7ects in which the< would ha3e to be ali0e fo/ the conclusion to be
su77o/ted.
Questions 3-4
M1 The G/ee0 al7habet 6ust ha3e been in3ented b< so6e indi3idual who 0new the
Ihoenician w/itin4 s<ste6 and who wanted to ha3e so6e wa< of /eco/din4 Ho6e/ic
e7ics and the/eb< 7/ese/3in4 e87/essions of a hi4hl< de3elo7ed t/adition of o/al
7oet/<.
I1 :ou/ h<7othesis is lau4hableJ ,hat would ha3e been the 7oint of such a 7e/son2s
w/itin4 Ho6e/ic e7ics down= Su/el< a 7e/son who 0new the6 well enou4h to w/ite
the6 down would not need to /ead the6B and no one else could /ead the6B acco/din4
to <ou/ h<7othesis.
". ,hich one of the followin4 is an a/4u6entati3e st/ate4< that I uses in /es7ondin4
to M=
>A? attac0in4 M2s unde/standin4 of the lite/a/< 3alue of o/al 7oet/<
>B? disa4/eein4 with M2s thesis without atte67tin4 to /efute it
>C? challen4in4 M2s 0nowled4e of the Ihoenician w/itin4 s<ste6
>D? atte67tin4 to unde/6ine M2s h<7othesis b< 6a0in4 it a77ea/ absu/d
>E? 7/o3idin4 an alte/nati3e inte/7/etation of e3idence 7ut fo/wa/d b< M
#. I2s a/4u6ent is 3ulne/able to which one of the followin4 c/iticis6s=
>A? It fails to de6onst/ate that the Ihoenician al7habet alone could ha3e 7/o3ided
the basis fo/ the G/ee0 al7habet.
6!6 'SAT
>B? It inco//ectl< assu6es that the fi/st te8t e3e/ w/itten in G/ee0 was a Ho6e/ic
7oe6.
>C? It confuses the /e@ui/e6ents fo/ a co67le8 o/al t/adition with the
/e@ui/e6ents of a w/itten lan4ua4e.
>D? It atte67ts to de6onst/ate the t/uth of a h<7othesis 6e/el< b< showin4 that it
is 7ossible.
>E? It o3e/loo0s the 7ossibilit< that 7e/son who in3ented the G/ee0 al7habet did
so with the intention of teachin4 it to othe/s.
!. Bacte/ia f/o6 food can su/3i3e fo/ se3e/al da<s on the su/face of 7lastic cuttin4
boa/dsB but bacte/ia can 7enet/ate wooden cuttin4 boa/ds al6ost i66ediatel<B
lea3in4 the su/face f/ee of conta6ination. The/efo/eB wooden cuttin4 boa/dsB
unli0e 7lastic cuttin4 boa/dsB need not be washed in o/de/ to 7/e3ent thei/
conta6inatin4 food that is cut on the6G wi7in4 the6 off to /e6o3e food deb/is is
sufficient.
>A? ,ashin4 7lastic cuttin4 boa/ds does not /e6o3e all bacte/ia f/o6 the su/face.
>B? I/e3ention of bacte/ial conta6ination is the onl< /es7ect in which wooden
cuttin4 boa/ds a/e su7e/io/ to 7lastic cuttin4 boa/ds.
>C? 5ood that is not al/ead< conta6inated with bacte/ia can be conta6inated onl<
b< bein4 cut on conta6inated cuttin4 boa/ds.
>D? Bacte/ia that 7enet/ate into wooden cuttin4 boa/ds do not /ee6e/4e on the
su/face afte/ the cuttin4 boa/ds ha3e been used.
>E? ,ashin4 wooden cuttin4 boa/ds 0ills bacte/ia below the su/face of the cuttin4
boa/ds.
6. Asth6a4on was lon4 conside/ed the 6ost effecti3e of the d/u4s 0nown as betaA
a4onistsB desi4ned to alle3iate asth6a attac0s. Howe3e/B studies conducted in
-hia4o between 1&81 and 1&8% /e3ealed that nea/l< one out of e3e/< fi3e of the
asth6a 7atients unde/ obse/3ation who too0 asth6a4on suffe/ed se/ious side
effects afte/ ta0in4 the d/u4. Citin4 this statisticB so6e docto/s a/4ue that
asth6a4on should be banned as an antiAasth6a d/u4.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost wea0ens the case fo/ the 7/o7osed ban
of asth6a4on=
>A? In -hia4oB whe/e asth6a4on had been the 6ost widel< 7/esc/ibed of the betaA
a4onistsB the nu6be/ of asth6a deaths inc/eased between 1&81 and 1&8%.
>B? Man< of the 7atients unde/ obse/3ation to who6 asth6a4on was ad6iniste/ed
had not 7/e3iousl< ta0en a betaA a4onist.
>C? Des7ite the 4/owin4 conce/n about the d/u4 6an< 7h<sicians in -hia4o still
7/esc/ibe asth6a4on to asth6a suffe/e/s.
>D? A6on4 the 7atients obse/3edB onl< those who had 3e/< hi4h choleste/ol
counts suffe/ed side effects afte/ ta0in4 asth6a4on.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 6!%
>E? Asth6a4on inc/eases the se3e/it< of asth6a attac0s in so6e 7eo7le because
the d/u4 can cause da6a4e to hea/t tissues.
%. In /es7onse to /e@uests 6ade b< the dai/< indust/< the 4o3e/n6ent is conside/in4
whethe/ to a77/o3e the s<nthetic ho/6one BST fo/ use in dai/< cows BST
inc/eases 6il0 7/oduction but also leads to /ecu//in4 udde/ infla66ation
dec/eased fe/tilit<B and s<67to6s of st/ess in cows who /ecei3e the ho/6one All
of these 7/oble6s can be 0e7t unde/ cont/ol with constant 3ete/ina/< ca/e but
such le3els of 3ete/ina/< hel7 would cost bi4 fa/6s fa/ less 7e/ cow than the<
would s6all fa/6s.
If the state6ents abo3e a/e t/ue which one of the followin4 cla6s is 6ost st/on4l<
su77o/ted b< the6=
>A? The 4o3e/n6ent is unli0el< to a77/o3e the s<nthetic ho/6one BST fo/ use in
cows.
>B? The 7/o7o/tion of cows that suffe/ f/o6 udde/ infla66ationB dec/eased
fe/tilitC? At the 7/esent ti6e 6il0 f/o6 cows /aised on s6all fa/6s is safe/ to d/in0
than 6il0 f/o6 cows /aised on bi4 fa/6s.
>D? The 6il0 f/o6 cows who /ecei3e BST will not be safe fo/ 7eo7le to d/in0.
>E? (wne/s of bi4 fa/6s stand to 4ain 6o/e f/o6 4o3e/n6ent a77/o3al of BST
than do owne/s of s6all fa/6s.
8. +ones is sellin4 a house to S6ith. The cont/act between the two s7ecifies that fo/
u7 to a <ea/ afte/ owne/shi7 is t/ansfe//ed. +ones will be /es7onsible fo/ /e7ai/in4
an< E6a;o/ st/uctu/al defectsBF defined as defects in the /oof o/ /oofAsu77o/tin4
co67onents of the house that 6i4ht be found. +ones is not /es7onsible fo/ an<
othe/ /e7ai/s. The house has a t/uss /oof which 6eans that the onl< walls that
su77o/t the /oof a/e the e8te/io/ walls.
It can be 7/o7e/l< concluded f/o6 the info/6ation abo3e that
>A? +ones did not 0now of an< defects in the /oof o/ /oofAsu77o/tin4 co67onents
of the house at the ti6e the cont/act was w/itten
>B? althou4h othe/ co67onents of the house 6a< contain defects the /oof and
/oofAsu77o/tin4 co67onents of the house a/e cu//entl< f/ee f/o6 such
defects
>C? the cont/act does not obli4e +ones to /e7ai/ an< defects in the house2s
none8te/io/ walls afte/ owne/shi7 of the house has been t/ansfe//ed
>D? S6ith will be obli4ed to /e7ai/ all st/uctu/al defects in the house within a <ea/
afte/ owne/shi7 is t/ansfe//ed e8ce7t those fo/ which +ones is /es7onsible
>E? in the 7ast +ones has had to 6a0e /e7ai/s to so6e of the house2s e8te/io/ walls
&. The 7la< Man0ind 6ust ha3e been w/itten between 1#"1 and 1#%1. It cannot
ha3e been w/itten befo/e 1#"1 fo/ in that <ea/ the /ose nobleB a coin 6entioned in
6!8 'SAT
the 7la<B was fi/st ci/culated. The 7la< cannot ha3e been w/itten afte/ 1#%1 since
in that <ea/ Min4 Hen/< *I diedB and he is 6entioned as a li3in4 6ona/ch in the
7la<2s dedication.
The a/4u6ent would be 6ost se/iousl< wea0ened if which one of the followin4
we/e disco3e/ed=
>A? The -o<al Theat/e Co67an< includes the 7la< on a list of those 7e/fo/6ed in
1#8$.
>B? Anothe/ coin 6entioned in the 7la< was fi/st 6inted in 1#.
>C? The /ose noble was neithe/ 6inted no/ ci/culated afte/ 1#86.
>D? Althou4h Hen/< *I was de7osed in 1#61B he was b/iefl< /esto/ed to the
th/one in 1#%$.
>E? In a lette/ w/itten in ea/l< 1#8 a 6e/chant told of ha3in4 seen the desi4n fo/
a 6uchAdiscussed new coin called the E/ose noble.F
1$. All 6ate/ial bodies a/e di3isible into 7a/ts and e3e/<thin4 di3isible is i67e/fect. It
follows that all 6ate/ial bodies a/e i67e/fect It li0ewise follows that the s7i/it is
not a 6ate/ial bod<.
The final conclusion abo3e follows lo4icall< if which one of the followin4 is
assu6ed=
>A? E3e/<thin4 di3isible is a 6ate/ial bod<.
>B? )othin4 i67e/fect is indi3isible.
>C? The s7i/it is di3isible.
>D? The s7i/it is 7e/fect.
>E? The s7i/it is eithe/ indi3isible o/ i67e/fect.
11. S7ecial 0inds of cotton that 4/ow fibe/s of 4/een o/ b/own ha3e been a/ound since
the 1&"$s but onl< /ecentl< beca6e co66e/ciall< feasible when a lon4Afibe/ed
3a/iet< that can be s7un b< 6achine was finall< b/ed Since the cotton need not be
d<ed 7/ocessin4 7lants a3oid the e87ense of d<ein4 and the ecolo4ical ha9a/ds of
4ettin4 /id of lefto3e/ d<e and b<A7/oducts.
>A? It is ecolo4icall< safe/ to 7/ocess lon4Afibe/ed cotton than sho/tAfibe/ed
cotton.
>B? G/een and b/own cottons that can be s7un onl< b< hand a/e not co66e/ciall<
3iable.
>C? HandAs7un cotton is 6o/e ecolo4icall< safe than 6achineAs7un cotton.
>D? Sho/tAfibe/ed /e4ula/ cottons a/e econo6icall< co67etiti3e with s<nthetic
fab/ics.
>E? Ga/6ents 6ade of 4/een and b/own cottons a/e less e87ensi3e than 4a/6ents
6ade of /e4ula/ cotton.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 6!&
1. Ieo7le in the tou/ist indust/< 0now that e8cessi3e de3elo76ent of seaside a/eas
b< the indust/< da6a4es the en3i/on6ent. Such de3elo76ent also hu/ts the tou/ist
indust/< b< 6a0in4 these a/eas unatt/acti3e to tou/ists a fact of which 7eo7le in
the tou/ist indust/< a/e well awa/e Ieo7le in the tou/ist indust/< would ne3e/
0nowin4l< do an<thin4 to da6a4e the indust/<. The/efo/eB the< would ne3e/
0nowin4l< da6a4e the seaside en3i/on6ent and 7eo7le who a/e conce/ned about
da6a4e to the seaside 7eo7le who a/e conce/ned about da6a4e to the seaside
en3i/on6ent thus ha3e nothin4 to fea/ f/o6 the tou/ist indust/<.
The /easonin4 in the a/4u6ents is 6ost 3ulne/able to
>A? )o su77o/t is 7/o3ided fo/ the clai6 that e8cessi3e de3elo76ent hu/ts the
tou/ist indust/<.
>B? That so6ethin4 is not the cause of a 7/oble6 is used as e3idence that it ne3e/
coe8ists with that 7/oble6.
>C? The a/4u6ent shifts f/o6 a77l<in4 a cha/acte/istic to a few 6e6be/s of a
4/ou7 to a77l<in4 the cha/acte/istic to all 6e6be/s of that 4/ou7.
>D? The 7ossibilit< that the tou/ist indust/< would unintentionall< ha/6 the
en3i/on6ent is i4no/ed.
>E? The a/4u6ent establishes that a ce/tain state of affai/s is li0el< and then t/eats
that as e3idence that the state of affai/s is ine3itable.
1". Health officials clai6 that because the foods and be3e/a4es 6entioned o/
consu6ed on 6an< tele3ision 7/o4/a6s a/e e8t/e6el< low in nut/itional 3alue
watchin4 tele3ision has a bad influence on the dieta/< habits of tele3ision
3iewe/s.
The clai6 b< health officials de7ends on the 7/esu77osition that
>A? the eatin4 and d/in0in4 habits of 7eo7le on tele3ision 7/o4/a6s a/e desi4ned
to 6i//o/ the eatin4 and d/in0in4 habits of tele3ision 3iewe/s
>B? seein4 so6e foods and be3e/a4es bein4 consu6ed on o/ hea/in4 the6
6entioned on tele3ision 7/o4/a6s inc/eases the li0elihood that 3iewe/s will
consu6e si6ila/ 0inds of foods and be3e/a4es
>C? the food and be3e/a4e indust/< finances tele3ision 7/o4/a6s so that the foods
and be3e/a4es that ha3e /ecentl< a77ea/ed on the 6a/0et can be ad3e/tised
on those 7/o4/a6s
>D? tele3ision 3iewe/s a/e onl< inte/ested in the 7eo7le on tele3ision 7/o4/a6s
who ha3e the sa6e eatin4 and d/in0in4 habits as the< do
>E? the eatin4 and d/in0in4 habits of 7eo7le on tele3ision 7/o4/a6s 7/o3ide health
officials with accu/ate 7/edictions about the foods and be3e/a4es that will
beco6e 7o7ula/ a6on4 tele3ision 3iewe/s
1#. In an effo/t to boost sales du/in4 the su66e/ 6onthsB which a/e t<7icall< the best
fo/ softAd/in0 sales 5oa6< Soda lowe/ed its 7/ices. In s7ite of thisB howe3e/B the
sales of 5oa6< Soda d/o77ed du/in4 the su66e/ 6onths.
66$ 'SAT
Each of the followin4B if t/ueB cont/ibutes to /econcilin4 the a77a/ent disc/e7anc<
indicated abo3e EHCEIT1
>A? The softAd/in0 indust/< as a whole e87e/ienced de7/essed sales du/in4 the
su66e/ 6onths.
>B? 5oa6< Soda2s co67etito/s lowe/ed thei/ 7/ices e3en 6o/e d/asticall< du/in4
the su66e/ 6onths.
>C? Because of an inc/ease in the 7/ice of sweetene/s the 7/oduction costs of
5oa6< Soda /ose du/in4 the su66e/ 6onths.
>D? A st/i0e at 5oa6< Soda2s 6ain 7lant fo/ced 7/oduction cutbac0s that /esulted
in 6an< sto/es not /ecei3in4 thei/ no/6al shi76ents du/in4 the su66e/
6onths.
>E? The weathe/ du/in4 the su66e/ 6onths was unseasonabl< coolB dec/easin4
the de6and fo/ soft d/in0s.
1!. D/. Q1 Man< of the cha/acte/i9ations of 6< wo/0 offe/ed b< D/. N a/e i67/ecise
and such cha/acte/i9ations do not 7/o3ide an ade@uate basis fo/ sound c/iticis6 of
6< wo/0.
,hich one of the followin4 can be 7/o7e/l< infe//ed f/o6 D/. Q2s state6ent=
>A? So6e o/ D/ N2s cha/acte/i9ations of D/. Q2s wo/0 7/o3ide an ade@uate basis
fo/ sound c/iticis6 of D/. Q2s wo/0.
>B? All of D/ N2s cha/acte/i9ations of D/. Q2s wo/0 that a/e not i67/ecise 7/o3ide
an ade@uate basis fo/ sound c/iticis6 of D/. Q2s wo/0.
>C? All of the cha/acte/i9ations of D/. Q2s wo/0 b< D/. N that do not 7/o3ide an
ade@uate basis fo/ sound c/iticis6 of D/ Q2s wo/0 a/e i67/ecise.
>D? If the cha/acte/i9ation of so6eone2s wo/0 is 7/eciseB then it 7/o3ides a sound
basis fo/ c/itici9in4 that wo/0.
>E? At least one of D/ N2s cha/acte/i9ations of D/. Q2s wo/0 fails to 7/o3ide an
ade@uate basis fo/ sound c/iticis6 of that wo/0.
16. MB a /esea/ch scientistB was accused of ha3in4 falsified labo/ato/< data. Althou4h
the o/i4inal data in @uestion ha3e disa77ea/edB data f/o6 M2s 6o/e /ecent
e87e/i6ents ha3e been e8a6ined and clea/l< none of the6 we/e falsified.
The/efo/eB the accusation should be dis6issed.
,hich one of the followin4 contains @uestionable /easonin4 that is 6ost si6ila/
>A? 'B an accountantB was cha/4ed with ha3in4 e6be99led funds f/o6 a client.
The cha/4e should be i4no/edB howe3e/B because althou4h the /eco/ds that
6i4ht /e3eal this e6be99le6ent ha3e been dest/o<edB /eco/ds of '2s cu//ent
clients show clea/l< that the/e has ne3e/ been an< e6be99le6ent f/o6 the6.
>B? MB a facto/< su7e/3iso/B was accused of failin4 to enfo/ce safet< standa/ds.
This accusation should be discussed because althou4h the identit< of the
accuse/ was not /e3ealedB a su/3e< of facto/< 7e/sonnel /e3ealed that so6e
GMAT . 'SAT C- 661
3iolations of the standa/ds ha3e occu//ed.
>C? )B a social scientistB was cha/4ed with 7la4ia/is6. The cha/4e is without
foundation because althou4h st/on4 si6ila/ities between )2s boo0 and the
wo/0 of anothe/ schola/ ha3e been disco3e/edB the othe/ schola/2s wo/0 was
w/itten afte/ )2s wo/0 was 7ublished.
>D? (B an auto 6echanic has been accused of sellin4 stolen auto 7a/ts. The
accusation see6s to be ;ustified since althou4h no e3idence lin0s ( di/ectl<
to these salesB the 7atte/n of dist/ibution of the auto 7a/ts 7oints to ( as the
sou/ce.
>E? IB a 7oliticianB has been accused of failin4 to 7/otect the 7ublic inte/est. 5/o6
at least so6e 7oints of 3iewB howe3e/B the accusation will undoubtedl< be
conside/ed falseB because the/e is clea/l< disa4/ee6ent about whe/e the
7ublic inte/est lies.
Questions 1'-18
The wides7/ead staff /eductions in a ce/tain /e4ion2s econo6< a/e said to be causin4
7eo7le who still ha3e thei/ ;obs to cut bac0 on new 7u/chases as thou4h the<B tooB had
beco6e econo6icall< dist/essed. Clea/l<B howe3e/B actual s7endin4 b< such 7eo7le is
undi6inishedB because the/e has been no unusual inc/ease in the a6ount of 6one<
held b< those 7eo7le in sa3in4s accounts.
1%. The a/4u6ent in the 7assa4e 7/oceeds b< doin4 which one of the followin4=
>A? concludin4 that since an e87ected conse@uence of a su77osed de3elo76ent
did not ta0e 7lace
>B? concludin4 that since onl< one of the two 7/edictable conse@uences of a
ce/tain 0ind of beha3io/ is obse/3ed to occu/ this obse/3ed occu//ence
cannotB in the cu//ent situationB be a conse@uence of such beha3io/
>C? a/4uin4 that since 7eo7le2s econo6ic beha3io/ is 4uided b< econo6ic selfA
inte/est onl< 6isinfo/6ation o/ e//o/ will cause 7eo7le to en4a4e in
econo6ic beha3io/ that ha/6s the6 econo6icall<
>D? a/4uin4 that since two alte/nati3e de3elo76ents e8haust all the 7lausible
7ossibilities one of those de3elo76ents occu//ed and the othe/ did not
>E? concludin4 that since the e3idence conce/nin4 a su77osed chan4e is
a6bi4uousB it is 6ost li0el< that no chan4e is actuall< ta0in4 7lace
18. ,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion on which the a/4u6ent /elies=
>A? If 7eo7le in the /e4ion who continue to be e67lo<ed ha3e debtsB the< a/e not
now 7a<in4 the6 off at an accele/ated /ate.
>B? Ieo7le in the /e4ion who continue to be e67lo<ed and who ha3e /elati3es
who ha3e lost thei/ ;obs co66onl< assist those /elati3es financiall<.
>C? If 7eo7le in the /e4ion who ha3e lost ;obs 4et new ;obsB the new ;obs
4ene/all< 7a< less well than the ones the< lost.
66 'SAT
>D? Ieo7le in the /e4ion who continue to be e67lo<ed a/e 7essi6istic about thei/
7/os7ects fo/ inc/easin4 thei/ inco6es.
>E? The/e e8ist no statistics about sales of 4oods in the /e4ion as a whole.
1&. E3e/< student who wal0s to school 4oes ho6e fo/ lunch. It follows that so6e
students who ha3e 7a/tAti6e ;obs do not wal0 to school.
The conclusion of the a/4u6ent follows lo4icall< if which one of the followin4 is
assu6ed=
>A? So6e students who do not ha3e 7a/tAti6e ;obs 4o ho6e fo/ lunch.
>B? E3e/< student who 4oes ho6e fo/ lunch has a 7a/tAti6e ;ob.
>C? So6e students who do not ha3e 7a/tAti6e ;obs do not 4o ho6e fo/ lunch.
>D? So6e students who do not 4o ho6e fo/ lunch ha3e 7a/tAti6e ;obs.
>E? E3e/< student who 4oes ho6e fo/ lunch wal0s to school.
$. ,hen the Iinec/est Ani6al Shelte/B a cha/itable o/4ani9ationB was in dan4e/ of
closin4 because it could not 7a< fo/ i67o/tant /e7ai/sB its di/ecto/s a77ealed to the
towns7eo7le to donate 6one< that would be ea/6a/0ed to 7a< fo/ those /e7ai/s.
Since 6o/e funds we/e ulti6atel< donated than we/e used fo/ the /e7ai/s the
di/ecto/s 7lan to donate the su/7lus funds to othe/ ani6al shelte/s. But befo/e
doin4 soB the di/ecto/s should obtain 7e/6ission f/o6 those who 6ade the
donations.
,hich one of the followin4 7/inci7lesB if 3alidB 6ost hel7s to ;ustif< the 7osition
ad3ocated abo3e and <et 7laces the least /est/iction on the allocation of funds b<
di/ecto/s of cha/itable o/4ani9ations=
>A? The di/ecto/s of cha/itable o/4ani9ations cannot allocate 7ublicl< solicited
funds to an< 7u/7oses fo/ which the di/ecto/s had not s7ecificall< ea/6a/0ed
the funds in ad3ance.
>B? Ieo7le who solicit cha/itable donations f/o6 the 7ublic fo/ a s7ecific cause
should s7end the funds onl< on that cause o/B if that beco6es i67ossibleB
should dis7ose of the funds acco/din4 to the e87/ess wishes of the dono/s.
>C? Di/ecto/s of cha/itable o/4ani9ations who solicit 6one< f/o6 the 7ublic 6ust
/etu/n all the 6one< it /ecei3ed f/o6 an a77eal if 6o/e 6one< is /ecei3ed
than can 7/acticabl< be used fo/ the 7u/7oses s7ecified in the a77eal.
>D? Dono/s of 6one< to cha/itable o/4ani9ations cannot dele4ate to the di/ecto/s
of those o/4ani9ations the /es7onsibilit< of allocatin4 the funds /ecei3ed to
3a/ious 7u/7oses consonant with the 7u/7oses of the o/4ani9ation as the
di/ecto/s of the o/4ani9ation see fit.
>E? Ieo7le who cont/ibute 6one< to cha/itable o/4ani9ations should be
conside/ed to be 7lacin4 thei/ t/ust in the di/ecto/s of those o/4ani9ations to
use the 6one< wisel< acco/din4 to whate3e/ ci/cu6stance 6i4ht a/ise.
1. The a6ount of elect/icit< consu6ed in Mill3ille on an< da< in Au4ust is di/ectl<
GMAT . 'SAT C- 66"
7/o7o/tional to 7ea0 hu6idit< on that da<. Since the a3e/a4e 7ea0 hu6idit< this
Au4ust was th/ee 7oints hi4he/ than the a3e/a4e 7ea0 hu6idit< last Au4ustB it
follows that 6o/e ene/4< was consu6ed in Mill3ille this Au4ust than last Au4ust.
,hich one of the followin4 a/4u6ents has a 7atte/n of /easonin4 6ost si6ila/ to
the one in the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? The a6ount of a/t su77lies used in an< of the Aesthetic Institute2s ! classes
is di/ectl< 7/o7o/tional to the nu6be/ of students in that class. Since in these
classes the institute en/olled $ 7e/cent 6o/e students o3e/all last <ea/ than
in the 7/e3ious <ea/B 6o/e a/t su77lies we/e used in the institute2s classes last
<ea/ than in the 7/e3ious <ea/.
>B? The nu6be/ of cou/ses in 7aintin4 offe/ed b< the Aesthetic Institute in an<
te/6 is di/ectl< 7/o7o/tional to the nu6be/ of students en/olled in the
institute in that te/6. But the institute offe/s the sa6e nu6be/ of cou/ses in
scul7tu/e each te/6. HenceB the institute usuall< offe/s 6o/e cou/ses in
7aintin4 than in scul7tu/e each te/6.
>C? The nu6be/ of new students en/olled at the Aesthetic Institute in an< 4i3en
<ea/ is di/ectl< 7/o7o/tional to the a6ount of ad3e/tisin4 the institute has
done in the 7/e3ious <ea/. HenceB if the institute see0s to inc/ease its student
bod< it 6ust inc/ease the a6ount it s7ends on ad3e/tisin4.
>D? The fees 7aid b< a student at the Aesthetic Institute a/e di/ectl< 7/o7o/tional
to the nu6be/ of classes in which that student en/olls. Since the nu6be/ of
students at the Aesthetic Institute is inc/easin4B it follows that the institute is
collectin4 a 4/eate/ a6ount in fees 7aid b< students than it used to.
>E? The nu6be/ of inst/ucto/s e67lo<ed b< the Aesthetic Institute in an< te/6 is
di/ectl< 7/o7o/tional to the nu6be/ of classes offe/ed in that te/6 and also
di/ectl< 7/o7o/tional to the nu6be/ of students en/olled at the institute. ThusB
the nu6be/ of classes offe/ed b< the institute in an< te/6 is di/ectl<
7/o7o/tional to the nu6be/ of students en/olled in that te/6.
. 'ette/ to the edito/1 Afte/ Bae/ton2s facto/< closedB the/e was a sha/7 inc/ease in
the nu6be/ of clai6s filed fo/ ;obA/elated in;u/< co67ensation b< the facto/<2s
fo/6e/ e67lo<eesB Hence the/e is /eason to belie3e that 6ost of those who filed
fo/ co67ensation afte/ the facto/< closed we/e ;ust out to 4ain benefits the< did
not dese/3eB and filed onl< to hel7 the6 weathe/ thei/ ;ob loss.
Each of the followin4B if t/ueB wea0ens the a/4u6ent abo3e EHCEIT1
>A? ,o/0e/s cannot file fo/ co67ensation fo/ 6an< ;obA/elated in;u/iesB such as
hea/in4s loss f/o6 facto/< noiseB until the< ha3e left the ;ob.
>B? In the <ea/s befo/e the facto/< closedB the facto/<2s 6ana4e/s dis6issed
se3e/al e67lo<ees who had filed in;u/< clai6s.
>C? Most wo/0e/s who /ecei3e an in;u/< on the ;ob file fo/ co67ensation on the
da< the< suffe/ the in;u/<.
>D? ,o/0e/s who incu/ 7a/tial disabilities due to in;u/ies on the ;ob often do not
66# 'SAT
file fo/ co67ensation because the< would ha3e to sto7 wo/0in4 to /ecei3e
co67ensation but cannot affo/d to li3e on that co67ensation alone.
>E? ,o/0e/s who a/e awa/e that the< will soon be laid off f/o6 a ;ob often
beco6e de7/essedB 6a0in4 the6 6o/e 7/one to ;obA/elated in;u/ies.
". Histo/ians of )o/th A6e/ican a/chitectu/e who ha3e studied ea/l< nineteenthA
centu/< houses with wooden floo/s ha3e obse/3ed that the boa/ds used on the
floo/s of bi44e/ houses we/e 4ene/all< 6uch na//owe/ than those used on the
floo/s of s6alle/ houses. These histo/ians ha3e a/4ued thatB since the 7eo7le fo/
who6 the bi44e/ houses we/e built we/e 4ene/all< /iche/ than the 7eo7le fo/
who6 the s6alle/ houses we/e builtB floo/s 6ade out of na//ow floo/boa/ds we/e
7/obabl< once a status s<6bolB desi4ned to 7/oclai6 the owne/2s wealth.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost hel7s to st/en4then the histo/ians2
a/4u6ent=
>A? Mo/e o/i4inal floo/boa/ds ha3e su/3i3ed f/o6 bi4 ea/l< nineteenthAcentu/<
houses than f/o6 s6all ea/l< nineteenthAcentu/< houses.
>B? In the ea/l< nineteenth centu/C? In the ea/l< nineteenth centu/D? So6e ea/l< nineteenthAcentu/< houses had wide floo/boa/ds nea/ the walls of
each /oo6 and na//owe/ floo/boa/ds in the cente/B whe/e the floo/s we/e
usuall< ca/7eted.
>E? Man< of the bi44est ea/l< nineteenthAcentu/< houses but 3e/< few s6all
houses f/o6 that 7e/iod had so6e floo/s that we/e 6ade of 6ate/ials that
we/e conside/abl< 6o/e e87ensi3e than woodB such as 6a/ble.
#. Ethicist1 A societ< is ;ust whenB and onl< whenB fi/stB each 7e/son has an e@ual
/i4ht to basic libe/tiesB and secondB ine@ualities in the dist/ibution of inco6e and
wealth a/e not tole/ated unless these ine@ualities a/e to e3e/<one2s ad3anta4e and
a/e attached to ;obs o7en to e3e/<one.
,hich one of the followin4 ;ud46ents 6ost closel< confo/6s to the 7/inci7le
desc/ibed abo3e=
>A? Societ< S 4ua/antees e3e/<one e@ual /i4ht to basic libe/tiesB while allowin4
ine@ualities in the dist/ibution of inco6e and wealth that a/e to the ad3anta4e
of e3e/<one. 5u/the/B the ;obs to which these ine@ualities a/e attached a/e
o7en to 6ost 7eo7le. ThusB societ< S is ;ust.
>B? Societ< S 4i3es e3e/<one an e@ual /i4ht to basic libe/tiesB but at the e87ense
of c/eatin4 ine@ualities in the dist/ibution of inco6e and wealth. ThusB
societ< S is not ;ust.
>C? Societ< S allows ine@ualities in the dist/ibution of inco6e and wealthB
GMAT . 'SAT C- 66!
althou4h e3e/<one benefitsB and these ine@ualities a/e attached to ;obs that
a/e o7en to e3e/<one. ThusB societ< S is ;ust.
>D? Societ< S dist/ibutes inco6e and wealth to e3e/<one e@uallE? Societ< S 4i3es e3e/<one an e@ual /i4ht to basic libe/tiesB and althou4h the/e
is an ine@ualit< in the dist/ibution of inco6e and wealthB the ;obsB to which
these ine@ualities a/e attachedB a/e o7en to all. ThusB societ< S is ;ust.
!. Econo6ist1 In o/de/ to decide what to do about 7/otectin4 the o9one la<e/B we
6ust dete/6ine the 6oneta/< a6ount of the econo6ic /esou/ces that we would
willin4l< e87end to 7/otect it. Such a dete/6ination a6ounts to a calculation of
the 6oneta/< 3alue of the o9one la<e/. En3i/on6entalists a/4ue that the o9one
la<e/ does not ha3e a calculable 6oneta/< 3alue. Howe3e/B we would not
willin4l< e87end an a6ount e@ual to all of the wo/ld2s econo6ic /esou/ces to
7/otect the o9one la<e/ so the o9one la<e/ is de6onst/abl< wo/th less than that
a6ount. ThusB the o9one la<e/ has a calculable 6oneta/< 3alue.
The /easonin4 in the econo6ist2s a/4u6ent is flawed in that the a/4u6ent
>A? uses e3idence that the 6oneta/< 3alue of a 7a/ticula/ natu/al /esou/ce is less
than a ce/tain a6ount in o/de/ to establish that the 6oneta/< 3alue of an<
natu/al /esou/ce is less than that a6ount
>B? 7/esu77oses that the o9one la<e/ should not be 7/otected and then a/4ues to
that clai6 as a conclusion
>C? ta0es ad3anta4e of an a6bi4uit< in the te/6 E3alueF to deflect the
en3i/on6entalists cha/4e
>D? 4i3es no /eason fo/ thin0in4 that 6e/el< establishin4 an u77e/ li6it on a
ce/tain 6oneta/< 3alue would allow the calculation of that 6oneta/< 3alue
>E? does not di/ectl< add/ess the a/4u6ent of the en3i/on6entalists
6. Colu6nist on the a/ts1 M< elected 4o3e/n6ent /e7/esentati3es we/e within thei/
/i4hts to 3ote to su77o/t the a/ts with ta8 dolla/s. ,hile funded b< the
4o3e/n6entB howe3e/B so6e a/tists ha3e 7/oduced wo/0s of a/t that a/e 6o/all< o/
aestheticall< offensi3e to 6an< ta87a<e/s. )onethelessB 6< conclusion is that no
ta87a<e/s ha3e been t/eated un;ustl< whose ta8 dolla/s a/e used to fund so6e
7a/ticula/ wo/0 of a/t that the< 6a< find abo6inable.
,hich one of the followin4 7/inci7lesB if 3alidB 6ost su77o/ts the colu6nist2s
a/4u6ent=
>A? Ta87a<e/s should be allowed to decide whethe/ a 7o/tion of thei/ ta8 dolla/s
is to be used to fund the a/ts.
>B? The fundin4 of a 7a/ticula/ acti3it< is wa//anted if it is funded b< elected
/e7/esentati3es who le4iti6atel< fund that acti3it< in 4ene/al.
>C? Elected /e7/esentati3es a/e within thei/ /i4hts to fund an< acti3it< that is
666 'SAT
su77o/ted b< a 6a;o/it< of thei/ constituents.
>D? Those who /esent ta8ation to subsidi9e offensi3e a/t should 3ote a4ainst thei/
incu6bent 4o3e/n6ent /e7/esentati3es.
>E? Since ta87a<e/s a/e f/ee to lea3e thei/ count/< if the< disa77/o3e of thei/
/e7/esentati3es decisionsB the< ha3e no /i4ht to co67lain about a/ts fundin4.
TEST
SECTI() II
1. The basic in4/edients f/o6 which ce6ent is 6ade a/e both chea7 and 7lentiful.
Mate/ials as co66on as li6estone and cla< will do. )e3e/thelessB the 7/ice of
ce6ent is influenced b< the 7/ice of oilB because tu/nin4 the basic in4/edients into
ce6ent in hi4hAte67e/atu/e 0ilns uses la/4e a6ounts of ene/4<.
,hich one of the followin4 can be lo4icall< infe//ed f/o6 the 7assa4e=
>A? (il is one of the basic in4/edients that 6a0e u7 ce6ent.
>B? (il is a sou/ce of ene/4< fo/ so6e of the 0ilns used in the 6a0in4 of ce6ent.
>C? The hi4he/ the 7/ice of ce6ent /isesB the hi4he/ the 7/ice of cla< /ises.
>D? ,hene3e/ oil 7/ices /iseB ce6ent 7/ices d/o7.
>E? A 4i3en a6ount of ce6ent costs no 6o/e than the total cost of its basic
in4/edients.
. Man< 7eo7le do not unde/stand the6sel3esB no/ do the< t/< to 4ain selfA
unde/standin4. These 7eo7le 6i4ht t/< to unde/stand othe/sB but these atte67ts
a/e su/e to failB because without selfAunde/standin4 it is i67ossible to unde/stand
othe/s. It is clea/ f/o6 this that an<one who lac0s selfAunde/standin4 will be
inca7able of unde/standin4 othe/s.
>A? 6ista0es so6ethin4 that is necessa/< to b/in4 about a situation fo/ so6ethin4
that in itself is enou4h to b/in4 about that situation
>B? fails to ta0e into account the 7ossibilit< that not e3e/<one wants to 4ain a
tho/ou4h unde/standin4 of hi6self o/ he/self
>C? bla6es 7eo7le fo/ so6ethin4 fo/ which the< cannot le4iti6atel< be held
/es7onsible
>D? 6a0es use of the inhe/entl< 3a4ue te/6 EselfAunde/standin4F without definin4
that te/6
>E? d/aws a conclusion that si67l< /estates a clai6 4i3en in su77o/t of that
conclusion
Questions 3-4
GMAT . 'SAT C- 66%
,ife1 The wo/0 of the a/tist who 7ainted the 7o/t/ait of 6< 4/and7a/ents !$ <ea/s a4o
has beco6e @uite 7o7ula/ latel<B so the 7o/t/ait has /ecentl< beco6e 3aluable. But
since these so/ts of a/tistic fads fade /a7idl<B the 7/actical thin4 to do would be to sell
the 7o/t/ait while it is still wo/th so6ethin4B and the/eb< enable ou/ dau4hte/ to attend
the colle4e she has chosen.
Husband1 How could <ou 6a0e such a su44estion= That 7aintin4 is the onl< thin4 <ou
own that belon4ed to <ou/ 4/and7a/ents. I don2t thin0 it2s a 3e/< 4ood 7aintin4B but it
has 4/eat senti6ental 3alue. BesidesB <ou owe it to ou/ dau4hte/ to 0ee7 it in the
fa6il< as a lin0 to he/ fa6il<2s 7ast.
". ,hich one of the followin4 7/inci7lesB if establishedB does 6ost to ;ustif< the
husband2s /e7l<=
>A? Gifts offe/ed as senti6ental to0ens of affection should not be acce7ted if the
/eci7ient intends to sell the6 late/ fo/ 7/ofit.
>B? A beautiful wo/0 of a/t is 6o/e 3aluable than the 6one< it could be sold fo/B
whate3e/ the a6ount.
>C? It is 6o/e i67o/tant fo/ 7a/ents to 7/o3ide thei/ child/en with tan4ible lin0s to
the fa6il<2s 7ast than it is to enable the6 to attend the colle4e of thei/
choice.
>D? Child/en and 4/andchild/en ha3e a dut< to 7/ese/3e fa6il< hei/loo6s onl< if
the< ha3e 7/o6ised thei/ 7a/ents o/ 4/and7a/ents that the< would do so.
>E? I/o3idin4 one2s child/en with an education is 6o/e i67o/tant than 7/o3idin4
the6 with 6ate/ial 4oodsB e3en if the 4oods ha3e senti6ental 3alue.
#. The husband uses which one of the followin4 a/4u6entati3e techni@ues in
/e7l<in4 to the wife2s su44estion=
>A? ta0in4 issue with the 7/acticalit< of he/ su44estion
>B? @uestionin4 he/ aesthetic ;ud46ent
>C? clai6in4 that the /easons she 4i3es a/e based on e6otions /athe/ than on
/ational conside/ations
>D? asse/tin4 that the e3idence she cites in su77o/t of he/ su44estion is false
>E? in3o0in4 a co67etin4 obli4ation that he ;ud4es to o3e//ide he/ 7/actical
conside/ations
!. Nuestions ha3e a/isen /e4a/din4 the accu/ac< of the /e7o/ts the uni3e/sit<2s
a/chaeolo4ical 6useu6 issues on its sales and ac@uisitions fo/ the <ea/. To
fo/estall cont/o3e/s<B this <ea/2s /e7o/t is bein4 /e3iewed b< th/ee a/chaeolo4ists
f/o6 othe/ uni3e/sities. Since these a/chaeolo4ists will be 4i3en full access to all
docu6ents on which the /e7o/t is basedB the< will be able to dete/6ine whethe/ it
is indeed accu/ate.
>A? does not s7ecif< whethe/ the /e3iewe/s will ha3e access to data about ob;ects
668 'SAT
that ha3e been in the 6useu62s collection fo/ 6an< <ea/s
>B? 7/o3ides no info/6ation /e4a/din4 the si9e o/ @ualit< of the a/chaeolo4ical
6useu62s collection
>C? o6its an< 6ention of whethe/ the 6useu62s collection is on dis7la< o/ is
a3ailable onl< to /esea/che/s
>D? i4no/es the 7ossibilit< that the/e 6i4ht ha3e been so6e sales o/ ac@uisitions
du/in4 the 7ast <ea/ that we/e not 6entioned in the docu6ents on which the
/e7o/t was based
>E? does not desc/ibe what will occu/ if the /e3iewe/s disco3e/ disc/e7ancies
between the /e7o/t and the docu6ents on which it was based
6. En4inee/1 So6e 7eo7le a/4ue that the wo/ld2s ene/4< 7/oble6s could be sol3ed
b< 6inin4 the Moon fo/ heliu6A"B which could be used fo/ fuel in fusion /eacto/s.
But this is nonsense. E3en if it we/e 7ossible to 6ine the Moon fo/ heliu6A"B the
technolo4< needed to build 3iable fusion /eacto/s that could use such fuel is at
least !$ <ea/s awa<. If the wo/ld2s ene/4< 7/oble6s a/e not sol3ed befo/e thenB it
will be too late to sol3e those 7/oble6s.
>A? 6inin4 the Moon fo/ heliu6A" is cu//entl< not feasible
>B? fusion /eacto/s that a/e now bein4 7lanned a/e not desi4ned to use heliu6A"
as fuel
>C? 7eo7le who ad3ocate 6inin4 the Moon fo/ heliu6A" do not /eali9e that fusion
/eacto/s could be desi4ned to use fuels othe/ than heliu6A"
>D? 6inin4 the Moon fo/ heliu6A" is not a 7ossible solution to the wo/ld2s ene/4<
7/oble6s
>E? if the wo/ld2s ene/4< 7/oble6s a/e not sol3ed within the ne8t !$ <ea/sB it will
be too late to sol3e those 7/oble6s
Questions '-8
The fishin4 indust/< cannot cu//entl< be /elied u7on to hel7 the 4o3e/n6ent count the
seabi/ds 0illed b< net fishin4B since an accu/ate count 6i4ht /esult in /est/iction of net
fishin4. The 4o3e/n6ent should the/efo/e institute a 7/o4/a6 unde/ which tissue
sa67les f/o6 the dead bi/ds a/e e8a6ined to dete/6ine the a6ount of to8ins in the
fish eaten b< the bi/ds. The indust/< would then ha3e a /eason to tu/n in the bi/d
ca/cassesB since the indust/< needs to 0now whethe/ the fish it catches a/e
conta6inated with to8ins.
%. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost st/en4thens the a/4u6ent=
>A? The seabi/ds that a/e 0illed b< net fishin4 do not eat all of the s7ecies of fish
cau4ht b< the fishin4 indust/<.
>B? The 4o3e/n6ent has not in the 7ast sou4ht to dete/6ine whethe/ fish we/e
conta6inated with to8ins b< e8a6inin4 tissue sa67les of seabi/ds.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 66&
>C? The 4o3e/n6ent cannot 4ain an accu/ate count of the nu6be/ of seabi/ds
0illed b< net fishin4 unless the fishin4 indust/< coo7e/ates.
>D? If the 4o3e/n6ent 0new that fish cau4ht b< the fishin4 indust/< we/e
conta6inated b< to8insB the 4o3e/n6ent would /est/ict net fishin4.
>E? If net fishin4 we/e /est/icted b< the 4o3e/n6entB then the fishin4 indust/<
would beco6e 6o/e inclined to /e3eal the nu6be/ of seabi/ds 0illed b< net
fishin4.
8. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost st/on4l< indicates that the 4o3e/n6ent
7/o4/a6 would not b< itself 7/o3ide an accu/ate count of the seabi/ds 0illed b<
net fishin4=
>A? The seabi/ds 0illed b< net fishin4 6i4ht be conta6inated with se3e/al
diffe/ent to8ins e3en if the bi/ds eat onl< one 0ind of fish.
>B? The fishin4 indust/< could lea/n whethe/ the fish it catches a/e conta6inated
with to8ins if onl< a few of the seabi/ds 0illed b< the nets we/e e8a6ined.
>C? The 4o3e/n6ent could 4ain 3aluable info/6ation about the sou/ce of to8ins
b< e8a6inin4 tissue sa67les of the seabi/ds cau4ht in the nets.
>D? The fish cau4ht in a 7a/ticula/ net 6i4ht be conta6inated with the sa6e
to8ins as those in the seabi/ds cau4ht in that net.
>E? The 4o3e/n6ent would be willin4 to ce/tif< that the fish cau4ht b< the
indust/< a/e not conta6inated with to8ins if tests done on the seabi/ds
showed no conta6ination.
&. So6e 7eo7le clai6 that elected officials 6ust a3oid e3en the a77ea/ance of
i67/o7/iet< in office. :et since actions that 4i3e the a77ea/ance of i67/o7/iet<
a/e not necessa/il< i67/o7e/B the onl< /eason fo/ an elected official to a3oid the
a77ea/ance of i67/o7/iet< is to 6aintain 7ublic a77/o3al and 7o7ula/it<. )o one
howe3e/B not e3en a 7ublic officialB has an obli4ation to be 7o7ula/ o/ to 6aintain
7ublic a77/o3al.
The a/4u6ent is st/uctu/ed so as to lead to which one of the followin4
conclusions=
>A? )o elected official has an obli4ation to a3oid the a77ea/ance of i67/o7/iet<.
>B? All elected officials ha3e a 3ested inte/est in 6aintainin4 a hi4h 7ublic
a77/o3al /atin4.
>C? Elected official who ha3e been sc/u7ulous in satisf<in4 the obli4ations of
thei/ office should ensu/e that the 7ublic is awa/e of this fact.
>D? The 7ublic ne3e/ a77/o3es of an elected official who a77ea/s to ha3e beha3ed
i67/o7e/l< in office.
>E? Elected officials who abuse the 7owe/ of thei/ office ha3e an obli4ation at
least to a77ea/ to be fulfillin4 the obli4ations of thei/ office.
1$. Cafete/ia 7at/on1 The a77les sold in this cafete/ia a/e 4/eas<. The cashie/ told 6e
6%$ 'SAT
that the a77les a/e in that condition when the< a/e deli3e/ed to the cafete/ia and
that the cafete/ia does not wash the a77les it sells. Most f/uit is s7/a<ed with
dan4e/ous 7esticides befo/e it is ha/3estedB and is dan4e/ous until it is washed.
Clea/lA? The a77les that the cafete/ia sells a/e not tho/ou4hl< washed afte/ ha/3est but
befo/e /eachin4 the cafete/ia.
>B? Most 7esticides that a/e s7/a<ed on f/uit befo/e ha/3est lea3e a 4/eas< /esidue
on the f/uit.
>C? Man< of the cafete/ia2s 7at/ons a/e unawa/e that the cafete/ia does not wash
the a77les it sells.
>D? (nl< 7esticides that lea3e a 4/eas< /esidue on f/uit can be washed off.
>E? 5/uits othe/ than a77les also a//i3e at the cafete/ia in a 4/eas< condition.
11. I1 Because an elected official needs the su77o/t of a 7olitical 7a/t< to be
effecti3eB the inde7endent candidate fo/ the le4islatu/e cannot 7ossibl< be an
effecti3e le4islato/ if she wins.
N1 I disa4/ee. B< <ou/ /easonin4B ou/ cu//ent le4islato/B who has the su77o/t of a
7olitical 7a/tA? It si67l< cont/adicts I2s clai6 without offe/in4 e3idence a4ainst it.
>B? It does not conside/ the 7ossibilit< that a 7olitical 7a/t< 6i4ht decide to
su77o/t an elected le4islato/ e3en thou4h he o/ she /an as an inde7endent.
>C? It fails to 7/o3ide a 7/ecise definition fo/ a 0e< te/6Kthe wo/d Eeffecti3e.F
>D? It 7/esu77oses what is to be 7/o3edKthat a le4islato/ 6ust ha3e the su77o/t
of a 7olitical 7a/t< in o/de/ to be Eeffecti3e.F
>E? It 6ista0enl< inte/7/ets I to be clai6in4 that a facto/ assu/es /athe/ than is
necessa/< fo/ a le4islato/2s effecti3eness.
Questions 1!-13
Iublic health will i67/o3e 6o/e @uic0l< in the wa0e of new 6edical disco3e/ies if
6edical /esea/che/s abandon thei/ 7/actice of waitin4 until thei/ findin4s a/e
7ublished in 7ee/A/e3iewed ;ou/nals befo/e info/6in4 the 7/ess of i67o/tant /esea/ch
/esults. That is because the 7ublic /elease of new 6edical info/6ation allows 7eo7le
to use that info/6ation in o/de/ to i67/o3e thei/ healthB but the 7ee/A/e3iew 7/ocess is
una3oidabl< 3e/< slow.
1. ,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion on which the a/4u6ent de7ends=
>A? Man< 6edical /esea/che/s do not a4/ee to se/3e as /e3iewe/s when thei/ own
/esea/ch is in a c/itical 7hase.
>B? -e3iewe/s fo/ 6an< 6edical ;ou/nals a/e not the6sel3es 6edical /esea/che/s.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 6%1
>C? Ieo7le would use new 6edical info/6ation e3en if it we/e not fi/st 7ublished
in 7ee/A/e3iewed ;ou/nals.
>D? The 7ee/A/e3iew 7/ocess could be s7eeded u7 enou4h to 7/oduce a si4nificant
i67/o3e6ent in 7ublic health.
>E? )ew 6edical info/6ation that is fi/st 7ublished in 7ee/A/e3iewed ;ou/nals
does not usuall< /ecei3e 7ublic attention.
1". ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< wea0ens the a/4u6ent=
>A? Iee/ /e3iew often 7/e3ents the 7ublication of false conclusions d/awn on the
basis of 7oo/l< conducted 6edical /esea/ch.
>B? Ieo7le often alte/ thei/ lifeAst<les on the basis of new 6edical info/6ation
6ade a3ailable th/ou4h the 7/ess.
>C? So6e i67/o3e6ents in 7ublic health a/e due to facto/s othe/ than the
disco3e/< of new 6edical info/6ation.
>D? So6e news7a7e/s would be willin4 to 7ublish the /esults of 6edical /esea/ch
befo/e those /esults ha3e a77ea/ed in 7ee/A/e3iewed ;ou/nals.
>E? Most 7ee/A/e3iewed scientific ;ou/nals would /efuse to 4i3e u7 the 7/actice of
7ee/ /e3iew.
1#. Between 1&%% and 1&8%B the count/< of -a3onia lost about 1B$$$ ;obs in lo44in4
and wood 7/ocessin4 /e7/esentin4 a 1! 7e/cent dec/ease in e67lo<6ent in the
count/<2s ti6be/ indust/<. Ia/ado8icallA? )ot since the 1&!$s has the ti6be/ indust/< been -a3onia2s 6ost i67o/tant
indust/< econo6icall<.
>B? Between 1&%% and 1&8%B the total nu6be/ of ac/es of ti6be/land in -a3onia
fellB while the de6and fo/ wood 7/oducts inc/eased.
>C? Since 1&%%B a 4/owin4 7/o7o/tion of the ti6be/ that has been cut in -a3onia
has been e87o/ted as /awB un7/ocessed wood.
>D? Since 1&%%B do6estic sales of wood and wood 7/oducts ha3e inc/eased b<
6o/e than e87o/t sales ha3e inc/eased.
>E? In 1&%%B o3e/all une67lo<6ent in -a3onia was a77/o8i6atel< 1$ 7e/centG in
1&8%B -a3onia2s une67lo<6ent /ate was 1! 7e/cent.
1!. To 7e/fo/6 an act that is 6o/all< w/on4 is to offend a4ainst hu6anit<B and all
offenses a4ainst hu6anit< a/e e@uall< bad. Because 6u/de/ is 6o/all< w/on4B it is
;ust as bad to ha3e 6u/de/ed one 7e/son b< settin4 off a bo6b as it would ha3e
been to ha3e 6u/de/ed a hund/ed 7eo7le b< settin4 off that bo6b.
,hich one of the followin4 ;ud46ents confo/6s to the 7/inci7les in3o0ed abo3e=
>A? If l<in4 is 6o/all< w/on4B tellin4 a lie is as bad as 6u/de/in4 so6eone.
>B? -is0in4 one2s life to sa3e the li3es of a hund/ed 7eo7le is 6o/all< no bette/
6% 'SAT
than /is0in4 one2s life to sa3e one 7e/son.
>C? If stealin4 is 6o/all< w/on4B it is e@uall< i67o/tant to societ< to 7/e3ent
7eo7le f/o6 stealin4 as it is to 7/e3ent then f/o6 co66ittin4 6u/de/.
>D? Accidentall< causin4 the death of a 7e/son is ;ust as bad as 6u/de/in4 that
7e/son.
>E? In a situation in which the life of one 7e/son can be sa3ed onl< b< 0illin4
anothe/ 7e/sonB 0illin4 and not 0illin4 a/e e@uall< bad.
16. In <este/da<2s council election a 6a;o/it< of 3ote/s su77o/ted conse/3ati3e
candidatesB and a 6a;o/it< of 3ote/s su77o/ted candidates who 3oted in fa3o/ of
the anti7ollution act. The/efo/eB it 6ust be that a 6a;o/it< of 3ote/s in <este/da<2s
council election su77o/ted conse/3ati3e candidates who 3oted in fa3o/ of the
anti7ollution act.
,hich one of the followin4 is an a/4u6ent that contains flawed /easonin4 6ost
si6ila/ to the flawed /easonin4 in the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? Bill clai6s that soil can be da6a4ed if it tilled when it is too wetB and Sue
clai6s that seeds 7lanted in wet soil can /ot. The/efo/eB if both clai6s a/e
t/ueB 4a/dene/s who till and 7lant thei/ 4a/dens when the soil is wet da6a4e
both thei/ soil and thei/ seeds.
>B? Acco/din4 to Sa/aB 6ost child/en li0e 7ies. Acco/din4 to -obe/tB 6ost
child/en li0e bluebe//ies. So if Sa/a and -obe/t a/e both /i4htB it 6ust be that
6ost child/en li0e 7ies that contain bluebe//ies.
>C? Ma/0 will 4o on a 7icnic toda< onl< if it does not /ain. Susan will 4o on a
7icnic toda< onl< if Ma/0 4oes too. Since it is not 4oin4 to /ain todaD? The 6a;o/it< of custo6e/s who /e4ula/l< eat at this /estau/ant alwa<s o/de/
both fish and stuffed 6ush/oo6s. ThusB fish and stuffed 6ush/oo6s 6ust be
the /estau/ant2s 6ost f/e@uentl< o/de/ed dishes.
>E? Most 7eo7le li3in4 at Gina2s house coo0 well. Since 6ost 7eo7le at Gina2s
house en;o< eatin4 wellAcoo0ed 6ealsB 6ost 6eals se/3ed at Gina2s house
a/e coo0ed well.
1%. Iolitician1 C/itics of wetlandsA7/otection bill a/e dela<in4 7assa4e of this
i67o/tant le4islation 6e/el< on the 4/ounds that the< disa4/ee with its new 6o/e
/est/icti3e definition of the te/6 Ewetlands.F But this bill will 7lace st/icte/ li6its
on the de3elo76ent of wetlands than the e8istin4 /e4ulations do. The/efo/eB in
@uibblin4 o3e/ se6anticsB c/itics of this bill show that the< ca/e little about what
/eall< ha77ens to ou/ wetlands.
The 7olitician2s /e7l< to the o77onents of the wetlandsA7/otection bill is 6ost
3ulne/able to which one of the followin4 c/iticis6s=
>A? It falsel< identifies the 6oti3es of those who ha3e c/itici9ed the wetlandsA
7/otection bill with the 6oti3es of all those who a/e o77osed to
GMAT . 'SAT C- 6%"
conse/3ation.
>B? It does not ade@uatel< /eco4ni9e the 7ossibilit< that the definition of the wo/d
EwetlandsF dete/6ines the i67act of the le4islation.
>C? It assu6es without ;ustification that those who c/itici9ed the wetlandsA
7/otection bill stand to 7/ofit if the bill is defeated.
>D? It fails to 7/o3ide a defense fo/ a less /est/icti3e definition of Ewetlands.F
>E? It atte67ts to defend the c/edibilit< of the autho/ of the bill /athe/ than
defendin4 the bill itself.
Questions 18-19
Dillwo/th1 Mo/e and 6o/e 7eo7le a/e decidin4 not to ha3e child/en because of the
7e/sonal and econo6ic sac/ifices child/en /e@ui/e and because so often child/en a/e
un4/ateful fo/ the conside/able sac/ifices thei/ 7a/ents do 6a0e fo/ the6. Howe3e/B
such conside/ations ha3e no bea/in4 on the fact that thei/ child/en 7/o3ide the best
chance 6ost 7eo7le ha3e of ensu/in4 that thei/ 3alues li3e on afte/ the6. The/efo/eB
fo/ an<one with dee7l< held 3aluesB fo/e4oin4 7a/enthood out of /eluctance to 6a0e
sac/ifices fo/ which little 4/atitude can be e87ected would 7/obabl< be a 6ista0e.
T/a3e/s1 :ou/ /easonin4 i4no/es anothe/ fact that dese/3es conside/ation1 child/en2s
in4/atitude fo/ 7a/ental sac/ifices usuall< ste6s f/o6 a wholesale /e;ection of 7a/ental
3alues.
18. Dillwo/th e67lo<s which one of the followin4 a/4u6entati3e st/ate4ies=
>A? showin4 that conside/ations cited as d/awbac0s to 4i3en cou/se of action a/e
not /eall< d/awbac0s at all
>B? e87osin4 as 6o/all< sus7ect the 6oti3es of 7eo7le who would 6a0e the
choice that Dillwo/th /e;ects
>C? indi/ectl< establishin4 that a 4i3en cou/se of action is obli4ato/< b< a/4uin4
that the alte/nati3e cou/se of action is 7/ohibited
>D? distin4uishin4 a cate4o/< of 7e/son fo/ who6 the /eason 7/esented in fa3o/ of
a 4i3en cou/se of action is 6o/e tellin4 than the /easons cited a4ainst that
cou/se of action
>E? usin4 e3idence that a ce/tain cou/se of action would be a77/o7/iate unde/ one
set of conditions to a//i3e at a 4ene/al conclusion about what would be
a77/o7/iate in all cases
1&. The 7oint of T/a3e/s2 /e;oinde/ to Dillwo/th2s a/4u6ent is that
>A? Dillwo/th2s assu67tion that child/en ac@ui/e 3alues onl< f/o6 thei/ 7a/ents is
6ista0en
>B? it is a 6ista0e to dis6iss as i//ele3ant the 7e/sonal and econo6ic sac/ifices
7eo7le a/e called on to 6a0e fo/ the sa0e of thei/ child/en
>C? Dillwo/th has o3e/loo0ed the wellA0nown fact that 7eo7le with dee7l< held
3alues not inf/e@uentl< /e;ect o77osin4 3alues that a/e dee7l< held b< othe/s
6%# 'SAT
>D? the desi/e to 7e/7etuate thei/ 3alues should not be a facto/ in 7eo7le2s
decision to ha3e child/en
>E? the fact that child/en a/e often un4/ateful fo/ 7a/ental sac/ifices is not
i//ele3ant to decidin4 whethe/ to ha3e child/en in o/de/ to 7e/7etuate one2s
3alues
$. Dntil about #$$ 6illion <ea/s a4oB fishesKthe fi/st t/ue swi66e/sKwe/e
;awless. Thei/ feedin4 6ethods we/e li6ited to eithe/ suc0in4 in su/face 7lan0ton
o/ suc0in4 in food 7a/ticles f/o6 botto6 6ud. ,ith the de3elo76ent of bitin4
;awsB howe3e/B the life of fishes chan4ed d/a6aticall<B since ;aws allowed the6
acti3el< to 7u/sue 7/e<B to sei9e it in thei/ ;awsB and to 6ani7ulate it between thei/
teeth. The ;awed fishes then de3elo7ed alon4 two 6ain lines1 one /etained
ca/tila4e fo/ its s0eletonsB fo/ e8a67leB sha/0s and /a<sG the othe/ ado7ted bone as
its 7/inci7al s0eletal 6ate/ial. 5/o6 the latte/ 4/ou7 e3ol3ed the 6ost abundant
and di3e/se of all of toda<2s 3e/teb/ate 4/ou7sB the EteleostsBF so6e 1B$$$
s7eciesB which 3a/< f/o6 ba//acudas to sea ho/ses.
also the t/ue=
>A? 5ish a/e the 7/i6a/< 7/e< of all ;awed fishes.
>B? The ;awless fishes did not 7/e< u7on othe/ fish.
>C? Teleosts do not feed u7on 7a/ticles found in botto6 6ud.
>D? +awless fishes did not ha3e ca/tila4e as thei/ s0eletal 6ate/ial.
>E? +awless fishes beca6e e8tinct a77/o8i6atel< #$$ 6illion <ea/s a4o.
1. )uclea/ /eacto/s a/e so6eti6es built in E4eolo4icall< @uietF /e4ionsB so called b<
4eolo4ists because such /e4ions a/e distant f/o6 7late bounda/ies and contain
onl< 6ino/ faults. Since no 6ino/ fault in a 4eolo4icall< @uiet /e4ion 7/oduces an
ea/th@ua0e 6o/e often than once in an< 4i3en 1$$B$$$A<ea/ 7e/iodB it follows that
of all 7otential nuclea/ /eacto/ sites in such a /e4ionB those that a/e least li0el< to
be st/uc0 b< an ea/th@ua0e a/e ones located nea/ a fault that has 7/oduced an
ea/th@ua0e within li3in4 6e6o/<.
>A? Geolo4icall< @uiet /e4ions a/e the least dan4e/ous /e4ions in which to build
nuclea/ /eacto/s.
>B? 5o/ an< 7otential nuclea/ /eacto/ site the li0elihood of bein4 st/uc0 b< an
ea/th@ua0e is the 7/i6a/< dete/6inant of site safet<.
>C? In a 4eolo4icall< @uiet /e4ion e3e/< 7otential nuclea/ /eacto/ site is nea/ at
least one 6ino/ fault.
>D? )uclea/ /eacto/s that a/e located in 4eolo4icall< @uiet /e4ions a/e built to
withstand at least one but not necessa/il< 6o/e than one ea/th@ua0e of 6ino/
to 6ode/ate fo/ce.
>E? Ea/th@ua0e faults in 4eolo4icall< @uiet /e4ions 7/oduce ea/th@ua0es at least
GMAT . 'SAT C- 6%!
once in 1$$B$$$ <ea/s.
Questions !!-!3
Ma4a9ine edito/1 I 0now that so6e of ou/ /e4ula/ ad3e/tise/s ha3e been 7/essu/in4 us
to 4i3e fa3o/able 6ention to thei/ 7/oducts in ou/ a/ticlesB but the< should /eali9e that
fo/ us to <ield to thei/ wishes would actuall< be a4ainst thei/ inte/ests. To /e6ain an
effecti3e ad3e/tisin4 3ehicleB we 6ust ha3e lo<al /eade/shi7B and we would soon lost
that /eade/shi7 if ou/ /eade/s sus7ect that ou/ edito/ial inte4/it< has been
co67/o6ised b< 7ande/in4 to ad3e/tise/s.
Ad3e/tisin4Asales di/ecto/1 :ou unde/esti6ate the so7histication of ou/ /eade/s. The<
/eco4ni9e that the ad3e/tise6ents we ca//< a/e not a/ticlesB so thei/ /es7onse to the
ad3e/tise6ents has ne3e/ de7ended on thei/ o7inion of the edito/ial inte4/it< of the
6a4a9ine as a whole.
. ,hich one of the followin4 is the 6ost accu/ate assess6ent of the ad3e/tisin4A
sales di/ecto/2s a/4u6ent as a /es7onse to the 6a4a9ine edito/2s a/4u6ent=
>A? It succeeds because it shows that the edito/2s a/4u6ent de7ends on an
unwa//anted assu67tion about facto/s affectin4 an ad3e/tise6ent2s
effecti3eness.
>B? It success because it e87oses as 6ista0en the edito/2s esti6ation of the
so7histication of the 6a4a9ine2s /eade/s.
>C? It succeeds because it unde/6ines the edito/2s clai6 about how the
6a4a9ine2s edito/ial inte4/it< would be affected b< allowin4 ad3e/tise/s to
influence a/ticles.
>D? It fails because the edito/2s a/4u6ent does not de7end on an< assu67tion
about /eade/s2 /es7onse to the ad3e/tise6ents the< see in the 6a4a9ine.
>E? It fails because it is based on a 6isunde/standin4 of the edito/2s 3iew about
how /eade/s /es7ond to ad3e/tise6ents the< see in the 6a4a9ine.
". The 6a4a9ine edito/2s a/4u6ent assu6es which one of the followin4=
>A? A 6a4a9ine edito/ should ne3e/ be influenced in the 7e/fo/6ance of his o/ he/
7/ofessional duties b< the wishes of the co67anies that /e4ula/l< ad3e/tise in
the 6a4a9ine.
>B? The 6a4a9ine cannot 4i3e an< fa3o/able 6ention in its a/ticles to its /e4ula/
ad3e/tise/s without co67/o6isin4 its /e7utation fo/ edito/ial inte4/it<.
>C? 5a3o/able 6ention of thei/ 7/oducts in the 6a4a9ine2s a/ticles is of less 3alue
to the ad3e/tise/s than is the continued effecti3eness of the 6a4a9ine as an
ad3e/tisin4 3ehicle.
>D? Gi3in4 fa3o/able 6ention to a 7/oduct in a 6a4a9ine a/ticle is a 6o/e
effecti3e fo/6 of ad3e/tisin4 than is an e87licit ad3e/tise6ent fo/ the 7/oduct
in the sa6e 6a4a9ine.
>E? Ca//<in4 7aid ad3e/tise6ents can ne3e/ 7ose an< th/eat to the 6a4a9ine2s
6%6 'SAT
/e7utation fo/ edito/ial inte4/it< no/ to the lo<alt< of its /eade/shi7.
#. Iublic 7olic< dictates the health /is0s the 7ublic /outinel< ta0es. Statistical
a/4u6ents about health /is0s a/e used 7/i6a/il< to deflect 7ublic fea/sB while
cont/ibutin4 little to 7olic< debate. 5o/ e8a67leB statistics a/e cited to i67l< that
wea/in4 a seat belt /educes one2s /is0 of death in an auto6obile accidentB
deflectin4 attention f/o6 the fact that a t/ans7o/tation 7olic< that 7/o6otes
inc/easin4 use of auto6obiles inhe/entl< inc/eases an< indi3idual2s /is0 of death
in an auto6obile accident.
The wa< the e8a67le functions abo3e is 6ost closel< 7a/alleled in which one of
the followin4=
>A? Statistics indicate that an indi3idual2s /is0 of cont/actin4 cance/ f/o6
/adiation e6itted b< a nuclea/ 7owe/ 7lant is less than that of cont/actin4
cance/ f/o6 sunshine. These statistics d/aw attention awa< f/o6 the fact that
a 7olic< of ene/4< conse/3ation is safe/ fo/ hu6an health than a 7olic< based
on nuclea/ ene/4<.
>B? Statistics indicate that an u/ban /esident2s /is0 of accidental death f/o6 an<
cause is no 4/eate/ than that of an indi3idual who li3es in a subu/ban o/ /u/al
a/ea. These statistics counte/ the widel< held 7ublic belief that u/ban a/eas
a/e 6o/e dan4e/ous than subu/ban o/ /u/al a/eas.
>C? Statistics indicate that the a3e/a4e life e87ectanc< of 6ales is sho/te/ than that
of fe6ales. This alone should not influence 7olicies /e4a/din4 eli4ibilit< fo/
life insu/ance because it is also t/ue that an< indi3idual2s e87ectanc< can be
calculated on the basis of 7e/sonal cha/acte/istics and health 7/actices.
>D? Statistics indicate that the a3e/a4e life e87ectanc< of 6ales is sho/te/ than
that of fe6ales. ,hen one accounts fo/ the fact that fe6ales s6o0e less and
a/e less li0el< to wo/0 in ;obs in the che6ical and 6anufactu/in4 indust/iesB
the diffe/ence in life e87ectanc< is na//owed.
>E? Statistics indicate that the nu6be/ of 7eo7le de7endent on alcohol fa/ e8ceeds
the nu6be/ de7endent on ille4al addicti3e d/u4sG thusB an< 7olic< fo/ the
cont/ol and t/eat6ent of substance abuse should 7/o3ide fo/ t/eat6ent of
alcoholis6.
!. S1 It would be 7/e6atu/e to act to halt the th/eatened E4lobal wa/6in4 t/endBF
since that alle4ed t/end 6i4ht not be /eal. Afte/ allB scientists disa4/ee about itB
so6e 7/edictin4 o3e/ twice as 6uch wa/6in4 as othe/sB so clea/l< thei/
7/edictions cannot be based on fi/6 e3idence.
,1 Most scientists conside/ discussions of acce7ted ideas bo/in4B and 7/efe/ to
a/4ue about what is not 0nown. Acco/din4 to the Inte/national Science Council
the/e is a consensus a6on4 /e7utable in3esti4ato/s that a3e/a4e 4lobal wa/6in4
in the ne8t centu/< will be f/o6 1.! to #.!.
,2s /e;oinde/ 7/oceeds b<
>A? den<in4 the e8istence of the disa4/ee6ents cited b< S
GMAT . 'SAT C- 6%%
>B? acce7tin4 S2s conclusion while dis7utin4 the /easons offe/ed fo/ it
>C? /el<in4 on autho/ities whose 3iews conflict with the 3iews of the autho/ities
cited b< S
>D? 7uttin4 disa4/ee6ents cited b< S in 7e/s7ecti3e b< e67hasi9in4 si6ila/ities
>E? /easonin4 in a ci/cle b< acce7tin4 e3idence onl< if it a4/ees with a desi/ed
conclusion
SECTI() III
1. If a count/<2s 6anufactu/in4 ca7acit< is full< utili9edB the/e can be no indust/ial
4/owth without new ca7ital in3est6ent. An< /eduction in inte/est /ates 7/oduces
new ca7ital in3est6ent.
,hich one of the followin4 can be 7/o7e/l< concluded f/o6 the state6ents
abo3e=
>A? Inte/est /ates 6i4ht in e8ce7tional cases be /educed without the/e bein4 an<
subse@uent in3est6ent of new ca7ital.
>B? A /eduction in inte/est /ates 6i4ht cause a 7/econdition fo/ indust/ial 4/owth
to be 6et.
>C? If a count/<2s 6anufactu/in4 ca7acit< is unde/utili9edB inte/est /ates should be
held constant.
>D? )ew ca7ital in3est6ent that ta0es 7lace while inte/est /ates a/e /isin4 cannot
lead to indust/ial 4/owth.
>E? Manufactu/in4 ca7acit< newl< c/eated b< ca7ital in3est6ent needs to be full<
utili9ed if it is to lead to indust/ial 4/owth.
. A ce/tain t<7e of insect t/a7 uses a scented lu/e to att/act /ose beetles into a
7lastic ba4 f/o6 which it is difficult fo/ the6 to esca7e. If se3e/al of these t/a7s
a/e installed in a bac0<a/d 4a/denB the nu6be/ of /ose beetles in the 4a/den will
be 4/eatl< /educed. If onl< one t/a7 is installedB howe3e/B the nu6be/ of /ose
beetles in the 4a/den will actuall< inc/ease.
disc/e7anc<=
>A? The scent of a sin4le t/a72s lu/e usuall< cannot be detected th/ou4hout a
bac0<a/d 4a/den b< /ose beetles.
>B? Se3e/al t/a7s a/e bette/ able to catch a la/4e nu6be/ of /ose beetles than is
one t/a7 aloneB since an< /ose beetles that e3ade one t/a7 a/e li0el< to
encounte/ anothe/ t/a7 if the/e a/e se3e/al t/a7s in the 4a/den.
>C? ,hen the/e a/e se3e/al t/a7s in a 4a/denB the< each ca7tu/e fewe/ /ose beetles
than an< sin4le t/a7 would if it we/e the onl< t/a7 in the 4a/den.
6%8 'SAT
>D? The 7/esence of an< t/a7s in a bac0<a/d 4a/den will att/act 6o/e /ose beetles
than one t/a7 can catchB but se3e/al t/a7s will not att/act si4nificantl< 6o/e
/ose beetles to a 4a/den than one t/a7 will.
>E? ,hen the/e is onl< one t/a7 in the 4a/denB the 7lastic ba4 @uic0l< beco6es
filled to ca7acit<B allowin4 so6e /ose beetles to esca7e.
". The cu//ent 6o3e to 7atent co67ute/ 7/o4/a6s is a 6o3e in the w/on4 di/ection
and should be sto77ed. The 7atent s<ste6 was o/i4inall< desi4ned solel< to
7/otect s6allAti6e in3ento/s f/o6 e87loitationB not to 4i3e la/4e co/7o/ations
cont/ol o3e/ a 6ethodolo4<. An< co67ute/ 7/o4/a6 is 6e/el< the i67le6entation
of a 6ethodolo4<.
>A? Co67ute/ 7/o4/a6s should be de3elo7ed not onl< be la/4e co/7o/ations but
b< s6allAti6e in3ento/s as well.
>B? I67le6entin4 a 6ethodolo4< alwa<s /e@ui/es less c/eati3e effo/t than does
t/ue in3ention.
>C? The issue of whethe/ o/ not to 7atent co67ute/ 7/o4/a6s 7/esents the 7atent
s<ste6 with 7/oble6s that ha3e ne3e/ befo/e a/isen.
>D? 'a/4e co/7o/ations should not hold 7atents fo/ i67le6entations of
6ethodolo4ies.
>E? S6allAti6e in3ento/s who su77o/t the 6o3e to 7atent co67ute/ 7/o4/a6s act
cont/a/< to thei/ own best inte/ests.
Questions 4-5
,alte/1 5o/ the econo6icall< 7/i3ile4ed in a societ< to tole/ate an in;ustice 7e/7et/ated
a4ainst one of societ<2s disad3anta4ed is not onl< ;ust 6o/all< w/on4 but also
sho/tsi4hted1 a s<ste6 that inflicts an in;ustice on a disad3anta4ed 7e/son toda< can
e@uall< well inflict that sa6e in;ustice on a wellAtoAdo 7e/son to6o//ow.
'a/issa1 In ou/ societ<B the wealth< as well as the wellAeducated can 7/otect
the6sel3es a4ainst all so/ts of in;ustices suffe/ed b< the less wellAoff. Allowin4 such
in;ustices to 7e/sist is bad 7olic< not because it 7laces e3e/<one at e@ual /is0 of
in;ustice but because it is a 7otent sou/ce of social un/est.
#. 'a/issa /es7onds to ,alte/ b< doin4 which one of the followin4=
>A? 4i3in4 /eason to doubt the t/uth of ,alte/2s conclusion
>B? d/awin4 i67lausible conse@uences f/o6 ,alte/2s assu67tions
>C? @uestionin4 ,alte/2s autho/it< to add/ess 6atte/s of social 7olic<
>D? 7/o3idin4 an alte/nati3e /eason fo/ acce7tin4 the t/uth of ,alte/2s conclusion
>E? cha/4in4 ,alte/ with sto77in4 sho/t of /eco4ni9in4 the full i67lications of his
7osition
!. ,alte/ and 'a/issa a/e lo4icall< co66itted b< what the< sa< to disa4/ee about
GMAT . 'SAT C- 6%&
>A? whethe/ the 7oo/ and the /ich a/e 7a/t of the sa6e social fab/ic
>B? whethe/ the 6ost successful 6e6be/s of a societ< a/e that societ<2s least
tole/ant 7eo7le
>C? whethe/ the disad3anta4ed 6e6be/s of societ< suffe/ f/o6 in;ustice
>D? whethe/ those who ha3e the 6ost ad3anta4es in a societ< a/e 6o/all<
obli4ated to co//ect that societ<2s in;ustices
>E? whethe/ the econo6icall< 7/i3ile4ed 6e6be/s of a societ< a/e less e87osed to
ce/tain so/ts of in;ustices than a/e the econo6icall< disad3anta4ed
6. Th/ee 6a;o/ laund/< dete/4ent 6anufactu/e/s ha3e concent/ated thei/ 7owde/ed
dete/4ents b< /educin4 the 7/o7o/tion of inacti3e in4/edients in the dete/4ent
fo/6ulas. The concent/ated dete/4ents will be sold in s6alle/ 7ac0a4es. In
e87lainin4 the chan4eB the 6anufactu/e/s cited the desi/e to /educe ca/dboa/d
7ac0a4in4 and othe/ 7/oduction costs. Ma/0et anal<sts 7/edict that the decision of
these th/ee 6anufactu/e/sB who cont/ol 8$ 7e/cent of the laund/< dete/4ent
6a/0etB will e3entuall< b/in4 about the 3i/tual disa77ea/ance of oldAst<le bul0<
dete/4ents.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ts the 7/ediction 6ade
b< the 6a/0et anal<sts=
>A? Most s6alle/ 6anufactu/e/s of laund/< dete/4ents will conside/ it too
e87ensi3e to /etool facto/ies fo/ the 7/oduction of the s6alle/ dete/4ent
7ac0a4es.
>B? Man< consu6e/s will be s0e7tical initiall< that the /eco66ended s6all
a6ount of concent/ated dete/4ent will clean laund/< as effecti3el< as the
la/4e/ a6ount of the oldAst<le dete/4ent did.
>C? So6e anal<sts belie3e that consu6e/s will ha3e to 7a< a 4/eate/ cost 7e/ load
of laund/< to use the new concent/ated dete/4ent than the< did to use the oldA
st<le dete/4ent.
>D? Ma;o/ su7e/6a/0ets ha3e announced that the< will not cha/4e the dete/4ent
6anufactu/e/s less to dis7la< thei/ dete/4ents e3en thou4h the dete/4ents will
ta0e u7 less shelf s7ace.
>E? Consu6e/s a/e inc/easin4l< bein4 7e/suaded b< en3i/on6ental conce/ns to
bu< concent/ated dete/4ents when a3ailable in o/de/ to /educe ca/dboa/d
waste.
Questions '-8
Iolitical ad3ocate1 Ca67ai4ns fo/ electi3e office should be subsidi9ed with 7ublic
funds. (ne /eason is that this would allow 7oliticians to de3ote less ti6e to fundA
/aisin4B thus 4i3in4 ca67ai4nin4 incu6bents 6o/e ti6e to se/3e the 7ublic. A second
/eason is that such subsidies would 6a0e it 7ossible to set ca7s on indi3idual
ca67ai4n cont/ibutionsB the/eb< /educin4 the li0elihood that elected officials will be
68$ 'SAT
wo/0in4 fo/ the benefit not of the 7ublic but of indi3idual la/4e cont/ibuto/s.
C/itic1 This a/4u6ent is 7/oble6atic1 the 6o/e the ca7s const/ain cont/ibutionsB the
6o/e ti6e candidates ha3e to s7end findin4 6o/e s6all cont/ibuto/s.
%. The c/itic ob;ects that the ad3ocate2s a/4u6ent is flawed because
>A? an< /esou/ceful la/4e cont/ibuto/ can ci/cu63ent ca7s on indi3idual
cont/ibutions b< sendin4 in s6alle/ a6ounts unde/ 3a/ious na6es
>B? one of the 7/o;ected /esults cited in su77o/t of the 7/o7osal 6ade is entailed
b< the othe/ and the/efo/e does not constitute inde7endent su77o/t of the
7/o7osal
>C? of the two 7/o;ected /esults cited in su77o/t of the 7/o7osal 6adeB one wo/0s
a4ainst the othe/
>D? it o3e/loo0s the 7ossibilit< that la/4e cont/ibuto/s will sto7 cont/ibutin4 if
the< cannot cont/ibute at will
>E? it o3e/loo0s the 7ossibilit< that incu6bents with a few e8t/e6el< 4ene/ous
cont/ibuto/s will be hit ha/de/ b< ca7s than incu6bents with 6an<
6ode/atel< 4ene/ous cont/ibuto/s
8. ,hich one of the followin4 7/inci7leB if establishedB 7/o3ides a basis fo/ the
ad3ocate2s a/4u6ent=
>A? If co67lete /eliance on 7/i3ate fundin4 of so6e acti3it< 0ee7s the 7ublic
f/o6 en;o<in4 a benefit that could be 7/o3ided if 7ublic funds we/e usedB
such 7ublic funds should be 7/o3ided.
>B? If election ca67ai4ns a/e to be fended f/o6 7ublic fundsB te/6s of office fo/
elected officials should be len4thened.
>C? If in an election ca67ai4n la/4e cont/ibutions flow 7/i6a/il< to one
candidateB 7ublic funds should be used to su77o/t the ca67ai4ns of that
candidate2s /i3als.
>D? If 7ublic fundin4 of so6e acti3it< 7/oduces a benefit to the 7ublic but also
ine3itabl< a s7ecial benefit fo/ s7ecific indi3idualsB the acti3it< should not be
full< funded 7ublicl< but in 7a/t b< the indi3iduals de/i3in4 the s7ecial
benefit.
>E? If a 7e/son would not ha3e /un fo/ office in the absence of 7ublic ca67ai4n
subsidiesB this 7e/son should not be eli4ible fo/ an< such subsidies.
&. )o3ice bi/dAwatche/1 I don2t 0now 6uch about ani6al t/ac02sB but I do 0now that
bi/ds t<7icall< ha3e fou/ toesB and 6ost bi/ds ha3e th/ee toes 7ointin4 fo/wa/d
and one toe 7ointin4 bac0wa/d. Since this t/ac0 was 6ade b< an ani6al with fou/
toes of which th/ee 7oint fo/wa/d and one 7oints bac0wa/dB we can conclude it
was 6ade b< so6e 0ind of bi/d.
The a/4u6ent is flawed because it
>A? /elies on the 3a4ueness of the te/6 Et/ac0F
GMAT . 'SAT C- 681
>B? does not define bi/ds as ani6als with fou/ toes
>C? fails to identif< what 0ind of bi/d 6i4ht ha3e 6ade the t/ac0
>D? does not establish that onl< a bi/d could ha3e 6ade the t/ac0
>E? de7ends on e3idence about an indi3idual bi/d /athe/ than about bi/ds in
4ene/al
1$. Is<cholo4ists ha3e clai6ed that 6an< 7eo7le a/e 6o/e susce7tible to
7s<cholo4ical 7/oble6s in the winte/ than in the su66e/G the 7s<cholo4ists call
this condition seasonal affecti3e diso/de/. Thei/ clai6 is based on the /esults of
su/3e<s in which 7eo7le we/e as0ed to /ecall how the< felt at 3a/ious ti6es in the
7ast. Howe3e/B it is not clea/ that 7eo7le a/e able to /e7o/t accu/atel< on thei/ 7ast
7s<cholo4ical states. The/efo/eB these su/3e< /esults do not ;ustif< the
7s<cholo4ists2 clai6 that the/e is an< such condition as seasonal affecti3e
diso/de/.
The autho/ c/itici9es the 7s<cholo4ists clai6 b<
>A? offe/in4 an alte/nati3e e87lanation of the 3a/iation in the occu//ence of
7s<cholo4ical 7/oble6s ac/oss seasons
>B? @uestionin4 whethe/ an< seasonal 3a/iation in the occu//ence of 7s<cholo4ical
7/oble6s could 7/o7e/l< be labeled a diso/de/
>C? @uestionin4 the /e7/esentati3eness of the 7o7ulation sa67le su/3e<ed b< the
7s<cholo4ists
>D? @uestionin4 an assu67tion that the autho/ att/ibutes to the 7s<cholo4ists
>E? de6onst/atin4 that fewe/ 7eo7le actuall< suffe/ f/o6 seasonal affecti3e
diso/de/ than 7s<cholo4ists had 7/e3iousl< thou4ht
11. Dnless the /esidents of Glen Hills band to4ethe/B the 7/o7osal to /e9one that cit<
will be a77/o3ed. If it isB the cit< will be able to build the wate/ and sewe/
s<ste6s that de3elo7e/s need in o/de/ to const/uct a7a/t6ent houses the/e. These
buildin4s would att/act new /esidentsB and the inc/eased 7o7ulation would
7/obabl< /esult in o3e/c/owded schools and would ce/tainl< /esult in /oads so
con4ested that new /oads would be built. )eithe/ new /oads no/ additional
schools could be built without substantial ta8 inc/eases fo/ the /esidents of Glen
Hills. Dlti6atel< this 4/owth 6i4ht e3en dest/o< the /u/al at6os7he/e that 6a0es
Glen Hills so att/acti3e.
,hich one of the followin4 can be 7/o7e/l< concluded f/o6 the 7assa4e=
>A? If the citi9ens of Glen Hills band to4ethe/B de3elo7e/s will not build
a7a/t6ent houses.
>B? If de3elo7e/s build a7a/t6ent houses in Glen HillsB the/e will be substantial
ta8 inc/eases fo/ the /esidents of Glen Hills.
>C? If the /e9onin4 7/o7osal does not 7assB the /u/al at6os7he/e in Glen Hills will
not be lost.
>D? If de3elo7e/s do not build a7a/t6ent houses in Glen HillsB the ta8es of the
68 'SAT
/esidents of Glen Hills will not inc/ease substantiall<.
>E? If de3elo7e/s do not build a7a/t6ent houses in Glen HillsB the schools of Glen
Hills will not be o3e/c/owded and /oads will not be con4ested.
1. (ne <ea/ a4o a local 4o3e/n6ent initiated an antis6o0in4 ad3e/tisin4 ca67ai4n
in local news7a7e/s which it financed b< i67osin4 a ta8 on ci4a/ettes of $ cents
7e/ 7ac0. (ne <ea/ late/ the nu6be/ of 7eo7le in the localit< who s6o0e
ci4a/ettes had declined b< " 7e/cent. Clea/l<B what was said in the ad3e/tise6ents
had an effectB althou4h a s6all oneB on the nu6be/ of 7eo7le in the localit< who
s6o0e ci4a/ettes.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost hel7s to st/en4then a/4u6ent=
>A? -esidents of the localit< ha3e not inc/eased thei/ use of othe/ tobacco
7/oducts such as snuff and chewin4 tobacco since the ca67ai4n went into
effect.
>B? A substantial nu6be/ of ci4a/ette s6o0e/s in the localit< who did not @uit
s6o0in4 du/in4 the ca67ai4n now s6o0e less than the< did befo/e it be4an.
>C? Ad6issions to the local hos7ital fo/ ch/onic /es7i/ato/< ail6ents we/e down
b< 1! 7e/cent one <ea/ afte/ the ca67ai4n be4an.
>D? Me/chants in the localit< /es7onded to the local ta8 b< /educin4 the 7/ice at
which the< sold ci4a/ettes b< $ cents 7e/ 7ac0.
>E? S6o0e/s in the localit< had inco6es that on a3e/a4e we/e ! 7e/cent lowe/
than those of nons6o0e/s.
1". )o 7/o;ects that in3ol3e histo/ical /esto/ations we/e 4/anted buildin4 7e/6its this
6onth. Since so6e of the cu//ent 7/o;ects of the fi/6 of Stein and Sa7in a/e
histo/ical /esto/ationsB at least so6e of Stein and Sa7in2s 7/o;ects we/e not
4/anted buildin4 7e/6its this 6onth.
The 7atte/n of /easonin4 in the a/4u6ent abo3e is 6ost si6ila/ to that in which
>A? )one of the docto/s wo/0in4 at Cit< Hos7ital we/e t/ained ab/oad. SoB
althou4h so6e hos7itals /e@ui/e docto/s t/ained ab/oad to 7ass an e8t/a
@ualif<in4 e8a6B until nowB at leastB this has not been an issue fo/ Cit<
Hos7ital.
>B? )one of the news /e7o/ts f/o6 the econo6ic su66it 6eetin4 ha3e been
encou/a4in4. Since so6e othe/ /ecent econo6ic /e7o/ts ha3e showed
7ositi3e t/endsB howe3e/B at least so6e of the econo6ic news is encou/a4in4
at this ti6e.
>C? )one of the new 6e6be/s of the o/chest/a ha3e co67leted thei/ 7a7e/wo/0.
Since onl< those 7eo7le who ha3e co67leted thei/ 7a7e/wo/0 can be 7aid
this wee0B at least so6e of the new 6e6be/s of the o/chest/a a/e li0el< to be
7aid late.
>D? Se3e/al fil6s di/ected b< Hannah Ba/0e/ we/e /eleased this seasonB but none
GMAT . 'SAT C- 68"
of the fil6s /eleased this season we/e enthusiasticall< /e3iewed. The/efo/eB
at least so6e of Hannah Ba/0e/2s fil6s ha3e not /ecei3ed enthusiastic
/e3iews.
>E? So6e of the cit<2s 6ost beautiful 7a/0s a/e not la/4e/ than few ac/esB and
so6e of the 7a/0s onl< a few ac/es in si9e a/e a6on4 the cit<2s oldest.
The/efo/eB so6e of cit<2s 6ost beautiful 7a/0s a/e also its oldest 7a/0s.
1#. Man< a/tists clai6 that a/t c/itics find it is easie/ to w/ite about a/t that the<
disli0e than to w/ite about a/t that the< li0e. ,hethe/ o/ not this h<7othesis is
co//ectB 6ost a/t c/iticis6 is de3oted to a/t wo/0s that fail to satisf< the c/itic.
Hence it follows that 6ost a/t c/iticis6 is de3oted to wo/0s othe/ than the 4/eatest
wo/0s of a/t.
assu6ed=
>A? )o a/t c/itic en;o<s w/itin4 about a/t wo/0s that he o/ she disli0es intensel<.
>B? All a/t c/itics find it difficult to disco3e/ a/t wo/0s that t/ul< satisf< the6.
>C? A wo/0 of a/t that /ecei3es e8tensi3e c/itical attention can the/eb< beco6e
6o/e widel< 0nown than it othe/wise would ha3e been.
>D? The 4/eatest wo/0s of a/t a/e ne3e/ /eco4ni9ed as such until lon4 afte/ the
ti6e of thei/ c/eation.
>E? The 4/eatest wo/0s of a/t a/e wo/0s that ine3itabl< satisf< all c/itics.
1!. Babies who can hea/ and ha3e hea/in4 7a/ents who e87ose the6 to s7eech be4in
to babble at a ce/tain a4e as a 7/ecu/so/ to s7ea0in4. In the sa6e wa<B deaf babies
with deaf 7a/ents who co66unicate with the6 and with each othe/ b< si4nin4
be4in to babble in si4ns at the sa6e a4e. That isB the< 6a0e /e7etiti3e hand
4estu/es that constituteB within the lan4ua4e s<ste6 of si4nsB the analo4ue of
/e7eated s<llables in s7eech.
The info/6ation abo3eB if accu/ateB can best be used as e3idence a4ainst which
one of the followin4 h<7otheses=
>A? )a6es of 7e/sons o/ thin4s a/e the si67lest wo/ds in a lan4ua4eB since babies
use the6 befo/e usin4 the na6es of actions o/ 7/ocesses.
>B? The de3elo76ent of lan4ua4e co67etenc< in babies de7ends 7/i6a/il< on the
7h<sical 6atu/ation of the 3ocal t/actB a 7/ocess that /e@ui/es s7eechA
o/iented 3ocal acti3it<.
>C? In the absence of adults who co66unicate with each othe/ in thei/ 7/esenceB
babies de3elo7 idios<nc/atic lan4ua4es.
>D? In babblin4B babies a/e unawa/e that the sound o/ 4estu/e co6binations the<
use can be e67lo<ed in a 7u/7osi3e wa<.
>E? The 6a0in4 of hand 4estu/es b< hea/in4 babies who ha3e hea/in4 7a/ents
should be inte/7/eted as a 7a/t of thei/ de3elo7in4 lan4ua4e.
68# 'SAT
16. Each of the ele6ents of Gi/elli2s /ecentl< co67leted desi4n fo/ a uni3e/sit<
lib/a/< is co7ied f/o6 a diffe/ent one of se3e/al histo/ic lib/a/ies. The desi4n
includes 3a/ious featu/es f/o6 Classical G/ee0B Isla6icB Mo4ulB and -o6anes@ue
st/uctu/es. Since no one ele6ent in the desi4n is o/i4inalB it follows that the
desi4n of the lib/a/< cannot be conside/ed o/i4inal.
,hich one of the followin4 is a /easonin4 e//o/ 6ade in the a/4u6ent=
>A? assu6in4 that because so6ethin4 is t/ue of each of the 7a/ts of a whole it is
t/ue of the whole itself
>B? 4ene/ali9in4 ille4iti6atel< f/o6 a few instances of a ce/tain 0ind to all
instances of that 0ind
>C? concludin4 that an un0nown instance of a 7heno6enon 6ust ha3e all the
7/o7e/ties of the 0nown instance
>D? 7/esu77osin4 that alte/nati3es that can be t/ue se7a/atel< cannot be t/ue
to4ethe/
>E? de/i3in4 a factual conclusion f/o6 e3idence de/i3ed f/o6 /e7o/ts of aesthetic
7/efe/ences
Questions 1'-18
Althou4h tales of wonde/ and the fantastic a/e inte4/al to all wo/ld lite/atu/esB onl<
/ecentl< has the fantas< 4en/e had a co66e/cial /esu/4ence in )o/th A6e/ica. Du/in4
the last $ <ea/sB sales of fantas<Afiction boo0s w/itten fo/ adults ha3e 4one f/o6 1 to
1$ 7e/cent of total adultAfiction sales. At the sa6e ti6eB the nu6be/ of fa3o/able
/e3iews of fantas< boo0s has inc/eased 6a/0edl<. So6e boo0selle/s sa< that the
inc/eased sales of fantas< boo0s w/itten fo/ adults can be t/aced to the inc/eased
fa3o/able attention 4i3en to the 4en/e b< boo0 /e3iewe/s.
1%. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB unde/6ines the boo0selle/s2 e87lanation of
the 4/owth in sales of fantas<Afiction boo0s fo/ adults=
>A? Iublishe/s often select a 6anusc/i7t on the basis of whethe/ the< thin0 that
the 7ublished boo0 will /ecei3e fa3o/able /e3iews b< boo0 /e3iewe/s.
>B? 5ew /eade/s of fantas< fiction /ead boo0 /e3iews and e3en fewe/ select boo0s
to 7u/chase on the basis of those /e3iews.
>C? Most boo0selle/s a/e awa/e of what 6a;o/ boo0 /e3iewe/s ha3e w/itten about
/ecentl< 7ublished boo0s.
>D? Althou4h the inc/ease in the 7e/centa4e of fantas< boo0s sold has been
substantialB 7ublishe/s esti6ate that sales could inc/ease e3en fu/the/.
>E? Man< of the boo0 /e3iews of new fantas<Afiction no3els also 6ention 4/eat
fantas< no3els of the 7ast.
18. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ts the boo0selle/s2
e87lanation of the 4/owth in sales of fantas<Afiction boo0s fo/ adults=
>A? Man< e87e/ts /e7o/t that on a3e/a4e the /eadin4 le3el of boo0 bu<e/s has
GMAT . 'SAT C- 68!
declined o3e/ the 7ast $ <ea/s.
>B? Because life du/in4 the 7ast $ <ea/s has beco6e co67le8 and difficultB 6an<
/eade/s ha3e co6e to 7/efe/ the ha77< endin4s that fantas< fiction often
7/o3ides.
>C? So6e fantas< 7ublishe/s ta0e ad3anta4e of the 7o7ula/it< of ce/tain boo0s b<
co66issionin4 si6ila/ boo0s.
>D? Because few /eade/s of 6<ste/< no3els we/e bu<in4 fantas< fictionB 1$ <ea/s
a4o the 6a;o/ 7ublishe/s of fantas< fiction c/eated an ad3e/tisin4 ca67ai4n
di/ected s7ecificall< at those /eade/s.
>E? Afte/ fantas< fiction be4an to be fa3o/abl< /e3iewed b< /es7ected c/itics $
<ea/s a4oB boo0 bu<e/s be4an to /e4a/d fantas< boo0s as suitable /eadin4 fo/
adults.
1&. (f all the houses in the cit<2s histo/ic dist/ictB the house that once belon4ed to the
T<le/ fa6il< is the 6ost fa6ous b< fa/. Since the histo/ic dist/ict is the 6ost
fa6ous dist/ict in the citA? (f all the 7ea0s in the coastal 6ountain /an4eB Mount ,illia6s is the tallest.
Since the tallest 7ea0s in the enti/e /e4ion a/e in the coastal 6ountain /an4eB
Mount ,illia6s 6ust be the /e4ion2s tallest 7ea0.
>B? Tobacco s6o0in4 is the beha3io/ 6ost li0el< to cause lun4 cance/ in 7eo7le.
Since 6o/e tobacco is s6o0ed in G/eene Count< than an<whe/e else in the
wo/ldB the/e 6ust be 6o/e lun4 cance/ in G/eene Count< than an<whe/e else
in the wo/ld.
>C? Susan Cole6an is the oldest of the th/ee child/en in he/ fa6il<. Since the
th/ee Cole6an child/en a/e each olde/ than an< of the othe/ child/en who
li3e in thei/ buildin4B Susan Cole6an 6ust be the oldest child now li3in4 in
the buildin4.
>D? (f all the fish sto/es in the ha/bo/s a/eaB Mille/2s 5ish Ma/0et has the 6ost
e8otic selection of fish. Since the/e a/e 6an< 6o/e fish sto/es in the ha/bo/
a/ea than an<whe/e else in the citE? (f all the flowe/s 4/own in the uni3e/sit<2s botanical 4a/denB the (a0land
/oses a/e the 6ost beautiful. Since the uni3e/sit<2s botanical 4a/den is the
6ost beautiful 4a/den in the /e4ionB the (a0land /oses 4/own in the 4a/den
6ust be the 6ost beautiful flowe/s 4/own in the enti/e /e4ion.
$. Mo/ton1 In o/de/ to succeed in toda<2s societ< one 6ust ha3e a colle4e de4/ee.
S0e7tics ha3e ob;ected that the/e a/e 6an< 7eo7le who ne3e/ co67leted an<
education be<ond hi4h school but who a/e ne3e/theless @uite successful. This
success is onl< a77a/entB howe3e/B because without a colle4e de4/ee a 7e/son
does not ha3e enou4h education to be t/ul< successful.
686 'SAT
Mo/ton2s a/4u6ent is flawed because it
>A? assu6es what it sets out to conclude
>B? 6ista0es a co//elation fo/ a cause
>C? d/aws a hi4hl< 4ene/al conclusion f/o6 e3idence about indi3idual cases
>D? fails to conside/ the status of alle4ed counte/e8a67les
>E? bases its conclusion on the su77osition that 6ost 7eo7le belie3e in that
conclusion
1. E3en the ea/liest 0nown s7ecies of land ani6alsB 0nown f/o6 fossils datin4 f/o6
the late Silu/ian 7e/iodB #$$ 6illion <ea/s a4oB show hi4hl< e3ol3ed ada7tations
to life on land. Since neithe/ a@uatic no/ a67hibious ani6als e8hibit these
ada7tationsB ea/l< s7ecies of land ani6als 6ust ha3e e3ol3ed 3e/< /a7idl< afte/
lea3in4 an a@uatic en3i/on6ent.
>A? Mnown fossils of ea/l< land ani6als include fossils of ani6als that li3ed
/elati3el< soon afte/ the fi/st e6e/4ence of land ani6als.
>B? 5ossils f/o6 the late Silu/ian 7e/iod /e7/esent onl< a s6all nu6be/ of the
ani6al s7ecies that we/e ali3e at that ti6e.
>C? )o 7lants we/e established on land befo/e the late Silu/ian 7e/iod.
>D? )o 7/esentAda< s7ecies of a@uatic ani6al is descended f/o6 a s7ecies of
ani6al that once li3ed on land.
>E? All ani6als ali3e in the late Silu/ian 7e/iod li3ed eithe/ e8clusi3el< on land o/
e8clusi3el< in the wate/.
. (n Satu/da< Mel3in su44ested that +e/o6e ta0e the followin4 wee0 off f/o6
wo/0 and acco67an< hi6 on a t/i7 to the 6ountains. +e/o6e /efusedB clai6in4
that he could not affo/d the cost of the t/i7 added to the wa4es he would fo/feit b<
ta0in4 off without notice. It is clea/B howe3e/B that cost cannot be the /eal /eason
fo/ +e/o6e2s unwillin4ness to 4o with Mel3in to the Mountains since he 6a0es
the sa6e e8cuse e3e/< ti6e Mel3in as0s hi6 to ta0e an unscheduled 3acation
/e4a/dless of whe/e Mel3in 7/o7oses to 4o.
The /easonin4 is 6ost 3ulne/able to which one of the followin4 c/iticis6s=
>A? It atte67ts to fo/estall an attac0 on Mel3in2s beha3io/ b< focusin4 attention
on the beha3io/ of +e/o6e.
>B? It fails to establish that Mel3in could no 6o/e affo/d to ta0e an unscheduled
3acation t/i7 to the 6ountains than could +e/o6e.
>C? It o3e/loo0s the 7ossibilit< that +e/o6eB unli0e Mel3inB 7/efe/s 3acations that
ha3e been 7lanned fa/ in ad3ance.
>D? It assu6es that if +e/o6e2s 7/ofessed /eason is not his onl< /easonB then it
cannot be a /eal /eason fo/ +e/o6e at all.
>E? It does not e8a6ine the 7ossibilit< that +e/o6e2s beha3io/ is ade@uatel<
GMAT . 'SAT C- 68%
e87lained b< the /eason the 4i3es fo/ it.
". A/nold1 I was /ecentl< denied a seat on an ai/line fli4ht fo/ which I had a
confi/6ed /ese/3ationB because the ai/line had o3e/boo0ed the fli4ht. Since I was
fo/ced to fl< on the ne8t a3ailable fli4htB which did not de7a/t until two hou/s
late/B I 6issed an i67o/tant business 6eetin4. E3en thou4h the fli4ht on which I
had a /ese/3ation was canceled at the last 6inute due to bad weathe/B the ai/line
should still 7a< 6e co67ensation fo/ den<in4 6e a seat on the fli4ht.
+a6ie1 The ai/line is not 6o/all< obli4ated to 7a< <ou an< co67ensation. E3en if
<ou had not been denied a seat on the ea/lie/ fli4htB <ou would ha3e 6issed <ou/
business 6eetin4 an<wa<.
A 7/inci7le thatB if establishedB ;ustifies +a6ie2s /es7onse to A/nold is that an
ai/line is 6o/all< obli4ated to co67ensate a 7assen4e/ who has been denied a seat
on a fli4ht fo/ which the 7assen4e/ has confi/6ed /ese/3ations
>A? if the onl< /eason the 7assen4e/ is fo/ced to ta0e a late/ fli4ht is that the
ai/line o3e/boo0ed the o/i4inal fli4ht
>B? onl< if the/e is a /eason the 7assen4e/ is fo/ced to ta0e a late/ fli4ht othe/ than
the o/i4inal fli4ht2s bein4 canceled due to bad weathe/
>C? onl< if the 7assen4e/ would not ha3e been fo/ced to ta0e a late/ fli4ht had the
ai/line not o3e/boo0ed the o/i4inal fli4ht
>D? e3en if the onl< /eason the 7assen4e/ is fo/ced to ta0e a late/ fli4ht we/e that
the o/i4inal fli4ht is canceled due to bad weathe/
>E? e3en if the 7assen4e/ would still ha3e been fo/ced to ta0e a late/ fli4ht had the
ai/line not o3e/boo0ed the o/i4inal fli4ht
#. Dit/a6a is a fede/ation 6ade u7 of th/ee autono6ous /e4ions1 Mo/3aB Mit/oB and
Guada/. Dnde/ the fede/al /e3enueAsha/in4 7lanB each /e4ion /ecei3es a sha/e of
fede/al /e3enues e@ual to the sha/e of the total 7o7ulation of Dit/a6a /esidin4 in
that /e4ion as shown b< a <ea/l< 7o7ulation su/3e<. 'ast <ea/ the 7e/centa4e of
fede/al /e3enues Mo/3a /ecei3ed fo/ its sha/e dec/eased so6ewhat e3en thou4h
the 7o7ulation su/3e< on which the /e3enueAsha/in4 was based showed that
Mo/3a2s 7o7ulation had inc/eased.
If the state6ents abo3e a/e t/ueB which one of the followin4 6ust also ha3e been
shown b< the 7o7ulation su/3e< on which last <ea/2s /e3enueAsha/in4 in Dit/a6a
was based=
>A? (f the th/ee /e4ionsB Mo/3a had the s6allest nu6be/ of /esidents.
>B? The 7o7ulation of Mo/3a 4/ew b< a s6alle/ 7e/centa4e than it did in 7/e3ious
<ea/s.
>C? The 7o7ulations of Mit/o and Guada/ each inc/eased b< a 7e/centa4e that
e8ceeded the 7e/centa4e b< which the 7o7ulation of Mo/3a inc/eased.
>D? (f the th/ee /e4ionsB Mo/3a2s nu6e/ical inc/ease in 7o7ulation was the
s6allest.
688 'SAT
>E? Mo/3a2s 7o7ulation 4/ew b< a s6alle/ 7e/centa4e than did the 7o7ulation of at
least one of the othe/ two autono6ous /e4ions.
!. B< e8a6inin4 fossili9ed beetles a /esea/ch tea6 has 7/oduced the 6ost detailed
desc/i7tion of te67e/atu/es in B/itain o3e/ the 7ast B$$$ <ea/s. 5ossils of
s7ecies that still e8ist we/e selected and dated. ,hen indi3iduals of se3e/al
s7ecies found in the sa6e 7lace we/e found to date to the sa6e 7e/iodB the 0nown
te67e/atu/e tole/ances of the e8istin4 beetle s7ecies we/e used to dete/6ine the
6a8i6u6 su66e/ te67e/atu/e that could ha3e e8isted at that 7lace and 7e/iod.
The 7/ocedu/e of the /esea/che/s assu6es which one of the followin4=
>A? Beetles can tole/ate wa/6 weathe/ bette/ than cold weathe/.
>B? 5ossils of diffe/ent s7ecies found in the sa6e 7lace belon4ed to diffe/ent
7e/iods.
>C? The 7/ocess of datin4 is 6o/e accu/ate fo/ beetles than fo/ othe/ o/4anis6s.
>D? The hi4hest actual su66e/ te67e/atu/e at a 7lace and 7e/iod e@ualed the
a3e/a4e of the hi4hest te67e/atu/es that could ha3e been tole/ated b< each of
the beetle s7ecies found the/e and dated to that 7e/iod.
>E? The te67e/atu/e tole/ances of the beetle s7ecies did not chan4e si4nificantl<
du/in4 the B$$$A<ea/ 7e/iod.
TEST "
SECTI() II
1. Di/ecto/ of Ace Manufactu/in4 Co67an<1 (u/ 6anufactu/in4 consultant
7/o7oses that we /eassi4n staff so that all e67lo<ees a/e doin4 both what the<
li0e to do and what the< do well. ThisB she sa<sB will Einc/ease 7/oducti3it< b<
full< e87loitin4 ou/ a3ailable /esou/ces.F But Ace Manufactu/in4 has a lon4A
standin4 co66it6ent not to e87loit its wo/0e/s. The/efo/eB i67le6entin4 he/
/eco66endations would cause us to 3iolate ou/ own 7olic<.
The di/ecto/2s a/4u6ent fo/ /e;ectin4 the 6ana4e6ent consultant2s 7/o7osal is
6ost 3ulne/able to c/iticis6 on which one of the followin4 4/ounds=
>A? failin4 to distin4uish two distinct senses of a 0e< te/6
>B? atte67tin4 to defend an action on the 4/ound that it is f/e@uentl< ca//ied out
>C? definin4 a te/6 b< 7ointin4 to an at<7ical e8a67le of so6ethin4 to which the
te/6 a77lies
>D? d/awin4 a conclusion that si67l< /estates one of the 7/e6ises of the a/4u6ent
>E? callin4 so6ethin4 b< a less offensi3e te/6 than the te/6 that is usuall< used to
na6e that thin4
. A la/4e nu6be/ of d/i3e/s /outinel< 3iolate hi4hwa< s7eed li6its. Since d/i3in4 at
GMAT . 'SAT C- 68&
s7eeds that e8ceed 7osted li6its is a si4nificant facto/ in 6ost accidentsB
installin4 de3ices in all ca/s that 7/e3ent those ca/s f/o6 t/a3elin4 faste/ than the
s7eed li6it would 7/e3ent 6ost accidents.
>A? A 7e/son need not be a t/ained 6echanic to install the de3ice 7/o7e/l<.
>B? Most accidents a/e caused b< ine87e/ienced d/i3e/s.
>C? A d/i3e/ seldo6 needs to e8ceed the s7eed li6it to a3oid an accident when
none of the othe/ d/i3e/s in3ol3ed a/e 3iolatin4 the s7eed li6it.
>D? Most d/i3e/s who e8ceed the s7eed li6it do so unintentionall<.
>E? E3en if the fines fo/ s7eedAli6it 3iolations we/e inc/easedB the nu6be/ of such
3iolations would still not be /educed.
". In a /ecessionB a dec/ease in consu6e/ s7endin4 causes 6an< businesses to la<
off wo/0e/s o/ e3en to close. ,o/0e/s who lose thei/ ;obs in a /ecession usuall<
cannot find new ;obs. The /esult is an inc/ease in the nu6be/ of 7eo7le who a/e
;obless. -eco3e/< f/o6 a /ecession is defined b< an inc/ease in consu6e/
s7endin4 and an e87ansion of business acti3it< that c/eates a need fo/ additional
wo/0e/sB but business7eo7le 4ene/all< ha3e little confidence in the econo6< afte/
a /ecession and the/efo/e dela< hi/in4 additional wo/0e/s as lon4 as 7ossible.
The state6ents abo3eB if t/ueB 7/o3ide 6ost su77o/t fo/ which one of the
>A? -ecessions a/e usuall< caused b< a dec/ease in business 7eo7le2s confidence
in the econo6<.
>B? Go3e/n6ental inte/3ention is /e@ui/ed in o/de/ fo/ an econo6< to /eco3e/
f/o6 a /ecession.
>C? E67lo<ees of businesses that close du/in4 a /ecession 6a0e u7 the 6a;o/it<
of the wo/0e/s who lose thei/ ;obs du/in4 that /ecession.
>D? So6eti6es /eco3e/< f/o6 a /ecession does not 7/o67tl< /esult in a dec/ease
in the nu6be/ of 7eo7le who a/e ;obless.
>E? ,o/0e/s who lose thei/ ;obs du/in4 a /ecession a/e li0el< to 4et e@uall< 4ood
;obs when the econo6< /eco3e/s.
#. Scientists anal<9in4 ai/ bubbles that had been t/a77ed in Anta/ctic ice du/in4 the
Ea/th2s last ice a4e found that the iceAa4e at6os7he/e had contained unusuall<
la/4e a6ounts of fe//ous 6ate/ial and su/7/isin4l< s6all a6ounts of ca/bon
dio8ide. (ne scientist noted that al4ae abso/b ca/bon dio8ide f/o6 the
at6os7he/e. The scientist h<7othesi9ed that the fe//ous 6ate/ialB which was
contained in at6os7he/ic dustB had 7/o6oted a 4/eat inc/ease in the 7o7ulation of
Anta/ctica al4ae such as diato6s.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost se/iousl< unde/6ine the
scientist2s h<7othesis=
>A? Diato6s a/e a 6ic/osco7ic fo/6 of al4ae that has /e6ained la/4el< unchan4ed
6&$ 'SAT
since the last ice a4e.
>B? Co67ute/ 6odels su44est that a la/4e inc/ease in fe//ous 6ate/ial toda< could
4/eatl< 7/o6ote the 4/owth of oceanic al4ae.
>C? The dust found in the ai/ bubbles t/a77ed in Anta/ctica ice contained othe/
6ine/als in addition to the fe//ous 6ate/ial.
>D? Sedi6ent f/o6 the ocean floo/ nea/ Anta/ctica /eflects no inc/easeB du/in4 the
last ice a4eB in the /ate at which the shells that diato6s lea3e when the< die
accu6ulated.
>E? Al4ae that cu//entl< 4/ow in the oceans nea/ Anta/ctica do not a77ea/ to be
ha/6ed b< e3en a la/4e inc/ease in e87osu/e to fe//ous 6ate/ial.
!. Adults who wo/0 outside the ho6e s7endB on a3e/a4eB 1$$ 6inutes less ti6e each
wee0 in 7/e7a/in4 dinne/ than adults who do not wo/0 outside the ho6e. ButB
cont/a/< to e87ectationB co67a/ison show that the dinne/s eaten at ho6e b< the
two 4/ou7s of adults do not diffe/ si4nificantl< with /es7ect to nut/itional 3alueB
3a/iet< of 6enusB o/ nu6be/ of cou/ses.
>A? The fat content of the dinne/s eaten at ho6e b< adults who do not wo/0
outside the ho6e is ! 7e/cent hi4he/ than national 4uidelines /eco66end.
>B? Adults who do not wo/0 the ho6e tend to 7/e7a/e b/ea0fast 6o/e often than
adults who wo/0 outside the ho6e.
>C? Adults who wo/0 outside the ho6e s7end hou/s less ti6e 7e/ da< on all
household /es7onsibilitiesB includin4 dinne/ 7/e7a/ationB than do adults who
do not wo/0 outside the ho6e.
>D? Adults who wo/0 outside the ho6e eat dinne/ at ho6e $ 7e/cent less often
than do adults who do not wo/0 outside the ho6e.
>E? Adults who wo/0 outside the ho6e a/e less li0el< to 7lan dinne/ 6enus well
in ad3ance than a/e adults who do not wo/0 outside the ho6e.
6. 'e4islato/1 :ou/ a4enc< is /es7onsible fo/ /e4ulatin4 an indust/< sha0en b< se3e/e
scandals. :ou we/e 4i3en funds to hi/e !$$ in3esti4ato/s to e8a6ine the scandalsB
but <ou hi/ed no 6o/e than #$$. I a6 fo/ced to conclude that <ou 7u/7osel<
li6ited hi/in4 in an atte67t to 7/e3ent the full e8tent of the scandals f/o6 bein4
/e3ealed.
-e4ulato/1 ,e t/ied to hi/e the !$$ in3esti4ato/s but the sta/tin4 sala/ies fo/ these
7ositions had been f/o9en so low b< the le4islatu/e that it was i67ossible to
att/act enou4h @ualified a77licants.
The /e4ulato/ /es7onds to the le4islato/2s c/iticis6 b<
>A? shiftin4 the bla6e fo/ the scandals to the le4islatu/e
>B? 7/o3idin4 info/6ation that challen4es the conclusion d/awn b< le4islato/
>C? clai6in4 that co67liance with the le4islatu/e2s 6andate would ha3e been an
GMAT . 'SAT C- 6&1
insufficient /es7onse
>D? /e7h/asin4 the le4islato/2s conclusion in te/6s 6o/e fa3o/able to the /e4ulato/
>E? showin4 that the le4islato/2s state6ents a/e self cont/adicto/<
%. A co66onl< acce7ted 6<th is that leftAhanded 7eo7le a/e 6o/e 7/one to cause
accidents than a/e /i4htAhanded 7eo7le. But this isB in factB ;ust a 6<thB as is
indicated b< the fact that 6o/e household accidents a/e caused b< /i4htAhanded
7eo7le than caused b< leftAhanded 7eo7le.
The /easonin4 is flawed because the a/4u6ent
>A? 6a0es a distinction whe/e the/e is no /eal diffe/ence between the thin4s
distin4uished
>B? ta0es no account of the /elati3e f/e@uenc< of leftAhanded 7eo7le in the
7o7ulation as a whole
>C? uses the wo/d EaccidentsF in two diffe/ent senses
>D? i4no/es the 7ossibilit< that so6e household accidents a/e caused b< 6o/e than
one 7e/son
>E? 4i3es wholl< i//ele3ant e3idence and si67l< dis7a/a4e an o77osin4 7osition
b< callin4 it a E6<thF
Questions 8-9
(/nitholo4ist1 the cu/3atu/e of the claws of the 6ode/n t/eeAdwellin4 bi/ds enables
the6 to 7e/ch in t/ees. The claws of A/cheo7te/<8B the ea/liest 0nown bi/dli0e
c/eatu/eB show si6ila/ cu/3atu/e that 6ust ha3e enabled the c/eatu/e to 7e/ch on t/ee
li6bs. The/efo/eB A/cheo7te/<8 was 7/obabl< a t/eeAdwellin4 c/eatu/e.
Ialeontolo4ist1 )oB the abilit< to 7e/ch in t/ees is not 4ood e3idence that A/cheo7te/<8
was a t/eeAdwellin4 bi/d. Chic0ens also s7end ti6e 7e/ched in t/eesB <et chic0ens a/e
7/i6a/il< 4/oundAdwellin4.
8. In /es7ondin4 to the o/nitholo4ist2s h<7othesis that A/cheo7te/<8 was t/eeA
dwellin4B the 7aleontolo4ist
>A? @uestions the @ualifications of the o/nitholo4ist to e3aluate the e3idence
>B? denies the t/uth of the clai6s the o/nitholo4ist 6a0es in su77o/t of the
h<7othesis
>C? uses a 7a/allel case to illust/ate a wea0ness in the o/nitholo4ist2s a/4u6ent
>D? shows that the h<7othesis cont/adicts one of the 7ieces of e3idence used to
su77o/t it
>E? 7/o3ides additional e3idence to su77o/t the o/nitholo4ist2s a/4u6ent
&. ,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion on which the o/nitholo4ist2s
/easonin4 de7ends=
>A? Mode/n t/eeAdwellin4 bi/ds a/e the di/ect descendants of A/cheo7te/<8.
>B? A/cheo7te/<8 6ade use of the cu/3atu/e of its claws.
6& 'SAT
>C? The/e ha3e ne3e/ been t/eeAdwellin4 bi/ds without cu/3ed claws.
>D? A/cheo7te/<8 was in fact the ea/liest bi/dli0e c/eatu/e.
>E? The cu/3atu/e of the claws is the onl< a3ailable e3idence fo/ the clai6 that
A/cheo7te/<8 was t/eeAdwellin4.
1$. The/e a/e /u6o/s that the I/e6ie/ will /eshuffle the cabinet this wee0. Howe3e/B
e3e/< 7/e3ious /eshuffle that the I/e6ie/ has 6ade was 7/eceded b< 6eetin4s
between the I/e6ie/ and senio/ cabinet 6e6be/s. )o such 6eetin4s ha3e
occu//ed o/ a/e 7lanned. The/efo/e the /u6o/s a/e 6ost li0el< false.
,hich one of the followin4 6ost accu/atel< e87/esses a 7/inci7le of /easonin4
e67lo<ed b< the a/4u6ent=
>A? ,hen a conclusion follows lo4icall< f/o6 a set to 7/e6isesB the 7/obabilit<
that the conclusion is t/ue cannot be an< less the 7/obabilit< that the
7/e6ises a/e all t/ue.
>B? A h<7othesis is unde/6ined when a state of affai/s does not obtain that would
be e87ected to obtain if the h<7othesis we/e t/ue.
>C? It is 7ossible fo/ a h<7othesis to be false e3en thou4h it is su77o/ted b< all the
a3ailable data.
>D? E3en if in the 7ast a 7heno6enon was caused b< 7a/ticula/ ci/cu6stanceB it is
e//oneous to assu6e that the 7heno6enon will /ecu/ onl< unde/ the
ci/cu6stances in which it 7/e3iousl< occu//ed.
>E? If two state6ents a/e 0nown to be inconsistent with each othe/ and if one of
the state6ent s is 0nown to be falseB it cannot be deduced f/o6 these 0nown
facts that the othe/ state6ent is t/ue.
Questions 11-1!
Ca/l1 -esea/che/s who 7e/fo/6 o7e/ations on ani6als fo/ e87e/i6ental 7u/7oses a/e
le4all< /e@ui/ed to co67lete detailed 7ain 7/otocols indicatin4 whethe/ the ani6als
will be at /is0 of 7ain andB if soB what ste7 will be ta0en to 6ini6i9e o/ alle3iate it. :et
when hu6an bein4s unde/4o o7e/ationsB such 7/otocols a/e ne3e/ /e@ui/ed. If
law6a0e/s we/e as conce/ned about hu6an bein4s as the< see6 to be about ani6alsB
the/e would be 7ain 7/otocols fo/ hu6an bein4s.
Debbie1 But conside/ this1 a 7e/son fo/ who6 a docto/ wants to schedule su/4e/< can
si67l< be told what 7ain to e87ect and can then decide whethe/ o/ not to unde/4o the
o7e/ation. So <ou seeB 7ain 7/otocols a/e unnecessa/< fo/ hu6an bein4s.
11. Debbie atte67ts to counte/ Ca/l2s a/4u6ent b<
>A? showin4 that one of the clai6s on which Ca/l bases his conclusion is
inaccu/ate
>B? 7ointin4 out a /ele3ant diffe/ence to unde/6ine an analo4< on which Ca/l
bases his conclusion
>C? clai6in4 that Ca/l2s a/4u6ent should be /e;ected because it is based on an
GMAT . 'SAT C- 6&"
a77eal to senti6entalit< /athe/ than on /easoned 7/inci7les
>D? d/awin4 an analo4< that illust/ates a 6a;o/ flaw in Ca/l2s a/4u6ent
>E? offe/in4 a s7ecific e8a67le to de6onst/ate that Ca/l2s a/4u6ent is based on a
clai6 that can be neithe/ confi/6ed no/ dis7/o3ed
1. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< wea0ens the a/4u6ent 6ade
b< Debbie in /es7onse to Ca/l2s a/4u6ent=
>A? )ot all o7e/ations that a/e 7e/fo/6ed on hu6an bein4s a/e 7ainful.
>B? So6e e87e/i6entation that is now done in ani6als need not be done at all.
>C? I/e7a/in4 7ain 7/otocols is not a ti6eAconsu6in4 o/ costl< 7/ocedu/e.
>D? So6e su/4ical o7e/ations 7e/fo/6ed on infants a/e 7ainful.
>E? Dnalle3iated 7ain afte/ an o7e/ation tends to dela< the healin4 7/ocess.
1". A co67an< with lon4Aoutstandin4 bills owed b< its custo6e/s can assi4n those
bills to a collection a4enc< that 7a<s the co67an< a f/action of thei/ a6ount and
then t/ies to collect 7a<6ent f/o6 the custo6e/s. Since these a4encies 7a<
co67anies onl< 1! 7e/cent of the total a6ount of the outstandin4 billsB a
co67an< inte/ested in /educin4 losses f/o6 lon4Aoutstandin4 bills would be well
ad3ised to 7u/sue its debto/s on its own.
>A? a co67an< that 7u/sues its debto/s on its own t<7icall< collects 6o/e than 1!
7e/cent of total a6ount of the lon4Aoutstandin4 bills that it is owed
>B? the cost to a co67an< of 7u/suin4 its debto/s on its own fo/ 7a<6ent of lon4A
outstandin4 bills does not e8ceed 1! 7e/cent of the total a6ount of those
bills
>C? collection a4encies that a/e assi4ned bills fo/ collection b< co67anies a/e
unsuccessful in collectin4B on a3e/a4eB onl< 1! 7e/cent of the total a6ount of
those bills
>D? at least 1! 7e/cent of the custo6e/s that owe 6one< to co67anies e3entuall<
7a< thei/ bills whethe/ o/ not those bills a/e assi4ned to a collection a4enc<
>E? unless 6ost of the custo6e/s of a co67an< 7a< thei/ billsB that co67an< in
the lon4 /un will not be 7/ofitable
1#. He/balist1 Man< of custo6e/s find that thei/ 7h<sical coo/dination i67/o3es afte/
d/in0in4 ;uice containin4 ce/tain he/bs. A few docto/s asse/t that the he/bs a/e
7otentiall< ha/6fulB but docto/s a/e alwa<s t/<in4 to 6aintain a 6ono7ol< o3e/
6edical the/a7ies. So the/e is no /eason not to t/< 6< he/b ;uice.
The /easonin4 in the he/balist2s a/4u6ent is flawed because the a/4u6ent
>A? atte67ts to fo/ce acce7tance of a clai6 b< inducin4 fea/ of the conse@uences
of /e;ectin4 that clai6
>B? bases a conclusion on clai6s that a/e inconsistent with each othe/
>C? /e;ects a clai6 b< attac0in4 the 7/o7onents of the clai6 /athe/ than add/essin4
6&# 'SAT
the clai6 itself
>D? /elies on e3idence 7/esented in te/6s that 7/esu77ose the t/uth if the clai6 fo/
which the e3idence is offe/ed
>E? 6ista0es the obse/3ation that one thin4 ha77ens afte/ anothe/ fo/ 7/oof that
the second thin4 is the /esult of the fi/st
1!. Because of the luc/ati3e but ille4al t/ade in /hinoce/os ho/nsB a ce/tain /hinoce/os
s7ecies has been hunted nea/l< to e8tinction. The/efo/e an effecti3e wa< to ensu/e
the su/3i3al of that s7ecies would be to 7e/iodicall< t/i6 off the ho/ns of all
/hinoce/osesB the/eb< eli6inatin4 the 6oti3ation fo/ 7oachin4.
,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion /e@ui/ed b< the a/4u6ent=
>A? Most 7oache/s who a/e discou/a4ed f/o6 huntin4 /hinoce/oses a/e not li0el<
to hunt othe/ ani6als fo/ thei/ ho/ns.
>B? At lease so6e /hinoce/oses whose ho/ns a/e 7e/iodicall< t/i66ed off will be
able to att/act 6ates.
>C? Ioache/s hunt at lease so6e i66atu/e /hinoce/oses whose ho/ns ha3e not <et
sta/ted to de3elo7.
>D? The de6and fo/ /hinoce/os ho/ns will /e6ain constant e3en if the su77l<
dec/eases afte/ the 7e/iodical t/i66in4Aoff of the /hinoce/os ho/ns has
be4un.
>E? -hinoce/oses whose ho/ns ha3e been t/i66ed off a/e unable to defend
the6sel3es a4ainst 7/edato/s.
16. Moto/coach d/i3e/1 I/ofessional d/i3e/s s7end 6uch 6o/e ti6e d/i3in4B on
a3e/a4eB than do othe/ 7eo7le and hence a/e 6o/e co67etent d/i3e/s than a/e
othe/B less e87e/ienced d/i3e/s. The/efo/eB the s7eed li6it on 6a;o/ hi4hwa<s
should not be /educedB because that action would ha3e the undesi/able effect of
fo/cin4 so6e 7eo7le who a/e now both lawAabidin4 and co67etent d/i3e/s to
b/ea0 the law.
Iolice office/1 All d/i3e/s can d/i3e within the le4al s7eed li6it if the< wishB so it
is not t/ue to sa< that /educin4 the s7eed li6it would be the cause of such ille4al
beha3io/.
The 7oint at issue between the 6oto/coach d/i3e/ and 7olice office/ is whethe/
>A? it would be desi/able to /educe the s7eed li6it on 6a;o/ hi4hwa<
>B? 7/ofessional d/i3e/s will d/i3e within the le4al s7eed li6it if that li6it is
/educed
>C? /educin4 the s7eed li6it on 6a;o/ hi4hwa<s would cause so6e 7/ofessional
d/i3e/s to b/ea0 the law
>D? 7/ofessional d/i3e/s a/e 6o/e co67etent d/i3e/s than a/e othe/ less
e87e/ienced d/i3e/s
>E? all d/i3e/s wish to d/i3e within the s7eed li6it
GMAT . 'SAT C- 6&!
1%. Ieo7le cannot de3ote the6sel3es to the stud< of natu/al 7/ocesses unless the<
ha3e leisu/eB and 7eo7le ha3e leisu/e when /esou/ces a/e 7lentifulB not when
/esou/ces a/e sca/ce. Althou4h so6e anth/o7olo4ists clai6 that a4/icultu/eB the
culti3ation of c/o7sB actuall< be4an unde/ conditions of d/ou4ht and hun4e/B the
ea/l< societies that do6esticated 7lants 6ust fi/st ha3e disco3e/ed how the 7lants
the< culti3ated /e7/oduced the6sel3es and 4/ew to 6atu/it<. These co67le8
disco3e/ies we/e the /esult of the acti3e stud< of natu/al 7/ocesses.
The a/4u6ent is st/uctu/ed to lead to the conclusion that
>A? whene3e/ a societ< has 7lentiful /esou/cesB so6e 6e6be/s of that societ<
de3ote the6sel3es to the stud< of natu/al 7/ocesses
>B? 7lants cannot be culti3ated b< so6eone lac0in4 theo/etical 0nowled4e of the
7/inci7les of 7lant 4ene/ation and 4/ew
>C? a4/icultu/e fi/st be4an in societies that at so6e ti6e in thei/ histo/< had
7lentiful /esou/ces
>D? ea/l< a4/icultu/al societies 0new 6o/e about the natu/al sciences than did
ea/l< nona4/icultu/al societies
>E? ea/l< societies could ha3e disco3e/ed b< accident how the 7lants the<
culti3ated /e7/oduced and 4/ew
18. In the 7ast decadeB a dec/easin4 7e/centa4e of 6one< s7ent on t/eatin4 disease H
went to 7a< fo/ standa/d 6ethods of t/eat6entB which a/e 0nown to be effecti3e
thou4h the< a/e e87ensi3e and 7ainful. An inc/easin4 7e/centa4e is bein4 s7ent on
nonstanda/d t/eat6entsB which cause little disco6fo/t. Dnfo/tunatelA? *a/ieties of disease H /e@ui/in4 e87ensi3e s7ecial t/eat6ent ha3e beco6e less
co66on du/in4 the 7ast decade.
>B? )onstanda/d 6ethods of t/eatin4 disease H a/e 6o/e e87ensi3e now than the<
we/e a decade a4o.
>C? (f total 6edical e87enditu/esB the 7e/centa4e that is due to t/eat6ent of
disease H inc/eased du/in4 the 7ast decade.
>D? Most of the 6one< s7ent on t/eatin4 disease H du/in4 the last decade went to
7a< fo/ nonstanda/d t/eat6ents.
>E? The total a6ount of 6one< s7ent on t/eatin4 disease H slowl< declined du/in4
the 7ast decade.
1&. ,hen an o/dina/< 7iece of steel is 7ut unde/ 7/essu/eB the steel co67/esses1 that
isB its 3olu6e sli4htl< dec/eases. GlassB howe3e/B is a fluidB so /athe/ than
co67/essin4B it flows when 7ut unde/ 7/essu/eG its 3olu6e /e6ains unchan4ed.
An< 7o/tion of a sheet of 4lass that is unde/ sustained 7/essu/e will 3e/< slowl<
6&6 'SAT
flow to a/eas unde/ less 7/essu/e. The/efo/eB if a sin4leB e8t/e6el< hea3< ob;ect is
7laced in the 6iddle of a ho/i9ontal sheet of 4lass of unifo/6 thic0ness and if the
4lass is able to su77o/t the wei4ht without c/ac0in4B the sheet of 4lass will
e3entuall<CCCCCC
,hich one of the followin4 6ost lo4icall< co67letes the a/4u6ent=
>A? beco6e la/4e/ in si9e <et still be of unifo/6 thic0ness
>B? flow towa/d the 7oint at which the 7/essu/e of the ob;ect is 4/eatest
>C? co67/essB althou4h not as 6uch as a 7iece of steel would
>D? di3ide into e8actl< two 7ieces that a/e e@ual in neithe/ si9e no/ sha7e to the
o/i4inal 7iece of 4lass
>E? be thinne/ in the 7o/tion of the 4lass that is unde/ the 7/essu/e of the ob;ect
than in those 7o/tions of the 4lass that a/e not unde/ that 7/essu/e
$. An<one who insists that 6usic 3ideos a/e an a/t fo/6 should also a4/ee that
tele3ision 4a3e /ise to an a/t fo/6B since tele3ision 4a3e /ise to 6usic 3ideos.
The 7atte/n of /easonin4 dis7la<ed in the a/4u6ent abo3e 6ost closel< 7a/allels
that dis7la<ed in which one of the followin4=
>A? An<one who clai6s that all 3e4etables a/e nut/itious should also a4/ee that
so6e 3e4etables a/e ha/6ful if eaten in la/4e @uantities.
>B? An<one who holds that a3ocados a/e a f/uit should also hold that 7ound ca0e
is lowe/ in fat than so6e f/uitB since 7ound ca0e is lowe/ in fat than
a3ocados.
>C? An<one who disli0es to6atoes should also a4/ee that so6e 7eo7le do li0e
to6atoesB if that 7e/son a4/ees that no taste is uni3e/sal.
>D? A 7e/son who eats a 3a/iet< if 3e4etables is 7/obabl< well nou/ishedB since
6ost 7eo7le who eat a 3a/iet< of 3e4etables 4ene/all< eat wellAbalanced
6eals.
>E? A 7e/son who clai6s to 7/efe/ f/uit to 3e4etables should also 7/efe/ ca0e to
b/eadB since f/uit is sweete/ than b/ead.
1. Medie3al A/abs had 6anusc/i7ts of 6an< ancient G/ee0 te8tsB which we/e
t/anslated into A/abic when the/e was a de6and fo/ the6. Medie3al A/ab
7hiloso7he/s we/e 3e/< inte/ested in A/istotle2s 8oeti$sB an inte/est that e3identl<
was not sha/ed b< Medie3al A/ab 7oetsB because a 7oet inte/ested in the 8oeti$s
would ce/tainl< ha3e wanted to /ead Ho6e/B to whose e7ics A/istotle f/e@uentl<
/efe/s. But Ho6e/ was not t/anslated into A/abic until 6ode/n ti6es.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ts the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? A nu6be/ of 6edie3al A/ab t/anslato/s 7ossessed 6anusc/i7ts of the Ho6e/ic
e7ics in thei/ o/i4inal G/ee0.
>B? Medie3al A/abic sto/< c<clesB such as the A/abian )i4htsB a/e in so6e wa<s
si6ila/ to 7a/ts of the Ho6e/ic e7ics.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 6&%
>C? In addition to t/anslatin4 f/o6 G/ee0B 6edie3al A/ab t/anslato/s 7/oduced
A/abic editions of 6an< wo/0s o/i4inall< w/itten in Indian lan4ua4es and in
Ie/sian.
>D? A/istotle2s 8oeti$s has f/e@uentl< been cited and co66ented on b< 6ode/n
A/ab 7oets.
>E? A/istotle2s 8oeti$s is la/4el< conce/ned with d/a6aB and d/a6atic wo/0s we/e
w/itten and 7e/fo/6ed b< 6edie3al A/abs.
. Con4enial 4uests and 7lentiful su77l< of 4ood thin4s to eat and d/in0 will ensu/e
a successful dinne/ 7a/t<. Since S<l3ia has 7/e7a/ed 6o/e than enou4h to eat and
d/in0 and he/ 4uests a/e all con4enial 7eo7leB he/ dinne/ 7a/t< is ce/tain to be a
success.
The 7atte/n of flawed /easonin4 e8hibited b< the a/4u6ent abo3e is 6ost si6ila/
to that e8hibited b< which one of the followin4=
>A? The /i4ht in4/edientsB 7/o7e/l< co6bined and ba0ed in a /eliable o3en will
alwa<s 7/oduce a wellAba0ed ca0e. Since E6il< has 7/o7e/l< co6bined the
/i4ht in4/edientsB he/ ca0e is ce/tain to co6e out well if she ba0es it in a
/eliable o3en.
>B? If co/n is ba0ed with its hus0s onB the /esultin4 dish will alwa<s be 6oist and
sweet. Since Geo/4e wishes to ensu/e that the co/n he 7lans to se/3e is 6oistB
he will be ce/tain both to ba0e it and to lea3e its hus0s on.
>C? Ma0in4 7ie dou4h usin4 ice wate/ and tho/ou4hl< chillin4 the dou4h befo/e
/ollin4 it out will ensu/e a fla0< c/ust. And/ew tho/ou4hl< chilled his 7ie
dou4h befo/e /ollin4 it outB so since he used ice wate/ in 6a0in4 itB his 7ie is
ce/tain to ha3e a fla0< c/ust.
>D? If sou7 is 6ade with a wellAseasoned 6eat stoc0 and f/esh in4/edientsB it will
alwa<s be welco6e at dinne/. Since to his 6eat stoc0 A/nold added onl<
3e/< f/esh in4/edientsB the /esultin4 sou7 is ce/tain to be welco6e at dinne/.
>E? 5/esh 4/eensB ca/efull< washed and se/3ed with a li4ht d/essin4B alwa<s
7/oduce a /ef/eshin4 salad. Since Tisha has de3elo7ed an e8ce7tionall< li4ht
d/essin4 but ne3e/ washes he/ f/esh 4/eensB no salad she se/3es will be a
/ef/eshin4 one.
". A 6useu6 di/ecto/sB in o/de/ to finance e87ensi3e new ac@uisitionsB disc/eetl<
sold so6e 7aintin4s b< 6a;o/ a/tists. All of the6 we/e 7aintin4s that the di/ecto/
7/i3atel< conside/ed infe/io/. C/itics /oundl< conde6ned the saleB cha/4in4 that
the 6useu6 had lost fi/stA/ate 7iecesB the/eb< 3iolatin4 its dut< as a t/ustee of a/t
fo/ futu/e 4ene/ations. A few 6onths afte/ bein4 sold b< the 6useu6B those
7aintin4s we/e /esoldB in an othe/wise sta4nant a/t 6a/0etB at two to th/ee ti6es
the 7/ices 7aid to the 6useu6. Clea/l<B these 7/ices settle the issueB since the<
de6onst/ate the co//ectness of the c/itics2 e3aluation.
The /easonin4 in the a/4u6ent is 3ulne/able to the c/iticis6 that the a/4u6ent
does which one of the followin4=
6&8 'SAT
>A? It concludes that a ce/tain o7inion is co//ect on the 4/ounds that it is held b<
6o/e 7eo7le than hold the o77osin4 3iews.
>B? It /e;ects the ;ud46ent of the e87e/ts in an a/ea in which the/e is no bette/
4uide to the t/uth than e87e/t ;ud46ent.
>C? It /e;ects a 7/o3en 6eans of acco67lishin4 an ob;ecti3e without offe/in4 an<
alte/nati3e 6eans of acco67lishin4 that ob;ecti3e.
>D? It bases a fi/6 conclusion about a state of affai/s in the 7/esent on so6ewhat
s7eculati3e clai6s about a futu/e state of affai/s.
>E? It bases its conclusion on facts that couldB in the 4i3en situationB ha3e /esulted
f/o6 causes othe/ than those 7/esu77osed b< the a/4u6ent.
#. The Dnited States /an0s fa/ behind count/ies such as Sweden and Canada when it
co6es to wo/07lace safet<. In all th/ee count/iesB ;oint labo/A6ana4e6ent
co66ittees that o3e/see wo/07lace safet< conditions ha3e been 3e/< successful in
/educin4 occu7ational in;u/ies. In the Dnited StatesB such co66ittees a/e found
onl< in the few co67anies that ha3e 3olunta/il< established the6. Howe3e/B in
Sweden and se3e/al Canadian 7/o3incesB ;oint safet< co66ittees a/e /e@ui/ed b<
law and e8ist in all 6ediu6Asi9ed and la/4e wo/07laces.
,hich one of the followin4 is su77o/ted b< the info/6ation abo3e=
>A? The establish6ent of ;oint safet< co66ittees in all 6ediu6Asi9ed and la/4e
wo/07laces in the Dnited States would /esult in /eduction of occu7ational
in;u/ies.
>B? A ;oint safet< co66ittee that is /e@ui/ed b< law is 6o/e effecti3e at /educin4
occu7ational in;u/ies than is a ;oint safet< co66ittee that is 3olunta/il<
established.
>C? ,o/07lace in Sweden and Canada was su7e/io/ to that in the Dnited States
e3en 7/io/ to the 7assa4e of laws /e@ui/in4 ;oint safet< co66ittees in all
6ediu6Asi9ed and la/4e wo/07laces.
>D? +oint safet< co66ittees had been 3olunta/il< established in 6ost 6ediu6A
si9ed and la/4e wo/07laces in Sweden and se3e/al Canadian 7/o3inces 7/io/
to the 7assa4e of laws /e@ui/in4 such co66ittees.
>E? The Dnited States would su/7ass Sweden and Canada in wo/07lace safet< if
;oint safet< co66ittees we/e /e@ui/ed in all 6ediu6Asi9ed and la/4e
wo/07laces in the Dnited States.
SECTI() I*
1. Th/eeA<ea/Aold Sa/a and he/ 7la<6ate Michael a/e both ill and ha3e the sa6e
s<67to6s. Since the< 7la< to4ethe/ e3e/< afte/noonB Sa/a 7/obabl< has the sa6e
illness as Michael does. Since Michael definitel< does not ha3e a st/e7tococcal
GMAT . 'SAT C- 6&&
infectionB des7ite his ha3in4 so6e s<67to6s of oneB the illness that Sa/a has is
definitel< not a st/e7tococcal infection eithe/.
>A? 7/esu77ose what it sets out to 7/o3e
>B? 6ista0es the cause of a 7a/ticula/ 7heno6enon fo/ the effect of that
7heno6enon
>C? fails to distin4uish between acute st/e7tococcal infections on the one handB
and less se3e/e st/e7tococcal infections on the othe/
>D? t/eats e3idence that the conclusion is 7/obabl< t/ue as if that e3idence
establishes the ce/taint< of the conclusion
>E? 6a0es a 4ene/al clai6 based on 7a/ticula/ e8a67les that do not ade@uatel<
/e7/esent the /es7ecti3e 4/ou7s that the< a/e each intended to /e7/esent
. 'a6be/t1 The 7/o7osal to /aise 4asoline ta8es to su77o/t 6ass t/ansit netwo/0s is
unfai/. ,h< should d/i3e/s who will ne3e/ use t/ain o/ bus lines be fo/ced to 7a<
fo/ the6=
Me9iah1 :ou ha3e 6isunde/stood. The 4o3e/n6ent has alwa<s s7ent fa/ 6o/eB 7e/
use/B f/o6 4ene/al /e3enue sou/ces to fund hi4hwa<s than to fund 6ass t/ansit.
The additional /e3enue f/o6 the 4asoline ta8 will si67l< allow the 4o3e/n6ent to
6a0e its dist/ibution of t/ans7o/tation funds 6o/e e@uitable.
Me9iah uses which one of the followin4 a/4u6entati3e st/ate4ies in /e7l<in4 to
'a6be/t=
>A? elabo/atin4 the conte8t of the issue in o/de/ to 7lace the 7/o7osal in a 6o/e
fa3o/able li4ht
>B? a77ealin4 the 7/inci7le that what benefits societ< as a whole benefits all
indi3idual within that societ<
>C? challen4in4 the 7/esu77osition that fai/ness is an a77/o7/iate c/ite/ion on
which to ;ud4e the 6atte/
>D? de6onst/atin4 that the 7/o7osed ta8 inc/ease will not /esult in inc/eased
e87enses fo/ d/i3e/s
>E? declinin4 to a/4ue a 7oint with so6eone who is 7oo/l< info/6ed on the 6atte/
unde/ discussion
". The nu6be/ of calo/ies in a 4/a6 of /efined cane su4a/ is the sa6e as in an e@ual
a6ount of f/uctoseB the natu/al su4a/ found in f/uits and 3e4etables. The/efo/eB a
7iece of cand< 6ade with a 4i3e a6ount of /efined cane su4a/ is no hi4he/ in
calo/ies than a 7ieced of f/uit that contains an e@ual a6ount of f/uctose.
The /easonin4 in the a/4u6ents is flawed because the a/4u6ent
>A? fails to conside/ the 7ossibilit< that f/uit 6i4ht contain noncalo/ic nut/ients
that cand< does not contain
>B? 7/esu77oses that all cand< is 6ade with si6ila/ a6ounts of su4a/
%$$ 'SAT
>C? confuses one 0ind of su4a/ with anothe/
>D? 7/esu77oses what it sets out to establishB that f/uit does not diffe/ f/o6 su4a/A
based cand< in the nu6be/ of calo/ies each contains
>E? o3e/loo0s the 7ossibilit< that su4a/ 6i4ht not be the onl< calo/ieAcontainin4
in4/edient in cand< o/ f/uit
#. In o/de/ to inc/ease 7/oductionB ABC Co67an< should i67le6ent a fle8ti6e
scheduleB which would allow indi3idual e67lo<ees so6e fle8ibilit< in decidin4
when to be4in and end thei/ wo/0da<. Studies ha3e shown that wo/0in4 unde/
fle8ti6e schedules is associated with inc/eased e67lo<ee 6o/ale.
>A? the e67lo<ees who 7/efe/ a fle8ti6e schedule a/e the 6ost 7/oducti3e
e67lo<ees at ABC Co67an<
>B? an inc/ease in the 6o/ale of ABC Co67an<2s e67lo<ees could lead to
inc/eased 7/oduction
>C? fle8ti6e schedules tend to be associated with /educed lateness and
absenteeis6
>D? e67lo<ees a/e 6ost 7/oducti3e du/in4 the 7a/t of the da< when all e67lo<ees
a/e 7/esent
>E? co67anies that a/e in co67etition with ABC Co67an< also use a fle8ti6e
schedule
!. Atto/ne<s fo/ a c/i6inal defendant cha/4ed that the 4o3e/n6entB in a co3e/Au7B
had dest/o<ed e3idence that 4o3e/n6ent /e7lied that the/e is no e3idence that
would e3en tend to su77o/t the defendant in the case.
,hich one of the followin4 is the 6ost accu/ate e3aluation of the 4o3e/n6ent2s
/e7l<=
>A? It lea3es o7en the @uestion of whethe/ the 4o3e/n6ent had dest/o<ed such
e3idence.
>B? It establishes that the atto/ne<s2 cha/4e is an e8a44e/ation.
>C? It shows that the atto/ne<s did not 0now whethe/ thei/ cha/4e was t/ue.
>D? It de6onst/ates the 4o3e/n6ent2s failu/e to sea/ch fo/ e3idence in its files.
>E? If t/ueB it effecti3el< dis7/o3es the cha/4e 6ade on behalf of the defendant.
6. *ideocassette /eco/de/s >*C-s? enable 7eo7le to watch 6o3ies at ho6e on
3ideota7e. Ieo7le who own *C-s 4o to 6o3ie theate/s 6o/e often than do
7eo7le who do not own *C-s. Cont/a/< to 7o7ula/ beliefB the/efo/eB ownin4 a
*C- actuall< sti6ulates 7eo7le to 4o to 6o3ie theate/s 6o/e often than the<
othe/wise would.
>A? concludes that a clai6 6ust be false because of the 6e/e absence of e3idence
in its fa3o/
GMAT . 'SAT C- %$1
>B? cites in su77o/t of the conclusion e3idence that is inconsistent with othe/
info/6ation that is 7/o3ided
>C? fails to establish that the 7heno6ena inte/7/eted as cause and effect a/e not
both di/ect effects of so6e othe/ facto/
>D? ta0es a condition that b< itself 4ua/antees the occu//ence of a ce/tain
7heno6enon to be a condition that the/efo/e 6ust be 6et fo/ that
7heno6enon to occu/
>E? bases a b/oad clai6 about the beha3io/ of 7eo7le in 4ene/al on a co67a/ison
between two 4/ou7s of 7eo7le that to4ethe/ include onl< a s6all 7/o7o/tion
of 7eo7le o3e/all
%. The cu6be/so6e s7ea/s that we/e the 7/inci7al wea7ons used b< ce/tain t/ibes in
the ea/l< B/on9e A4e 7/ecluded wides7/ead casualties du/in4 inte/t/ibal conflicts.
But the co67a/ati3el< hi4h nu6be/ of wa//io/ to6bs found in /ecent e8ca3ations
of the sa6e t/ibes2 late B/on9e A4e settle6ents indicates that in the late B/on9e
A4eB wa/s between these t/ibes we/e f/e@uentB and the casualt< /ate was hi4h.
Hence so6e a/chaeolo4ists clai6 that b< the late B/on9e A4eB these t/ibes had
de3elo7ed new 6ethods of wa/fa/e desi4ned to inflict 6an< casualties.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost su77o/ts the a/chaeolo4ists2 clai6=
>A? A /o<al to6b datin4 to the ea/l< B/on9e A4e contained 7otte/< de7ictin4
battle scenes in which wa//io/s use s7ea/s.
>B? The/e is e3idence that 6an< buildin4s datin4 to the late B/on9e A4e we/e
built b< 7/isone/s of wa/ ta0en in battles between ene6< t/ibes.
>C? Scenes of 3iolent wa/fa/eB 7ainted in b/i4ht huesB f/e@uentl< a77ea/ on 7otte/<
that has been found in so6e ea/l< B/on9e A4e to6bs of wa//io/s.
>D? So6e to6bs of wa//io/s datin4 to the late B/on9e A4e contain a/6o/ and
wea7ons that anth/o7olo4ists belie3e we/e t/o7hies ta0en f/o6 ene6ies in
battle.
>E? The 6a/0s on the bones of 6an< of the late B/on9e A4e wa//io/s whose
to6bs we/e e8ca3ated a/e consistent with the 0ind of wounds inflicted b<
a//owheads also found in 6an< late B/on9e A4e settle6ents.
8. Based on data collected f/o6 7olic<holde/sB life insu/ance co67anies ha3e
de3elo7ed tables that list standa/d wei4ht /an4es fo/ 3a/ious hei4hts.
Iolic<holde/s whose wei4ht fell within the /an4e 4i3en fo/ thei/ hei4ht li3ed
lon4e/ than those whose wei4ht fell outside thei/ 4i3en /an4e. The/efo/eB if
7eo7le whose wei4ht falls outside thei/ 4i3en /an4e 6odified thei/ wei4ht to fall
within that /an4eB thei/ o3e/all life e87ectancies would i67/o3e.
>A? So6e 7eo7le would be unwillin4 to 6odif< thei/ wei4hts solel< to inc/ease
the 4ene/al 7o7ulation2s o3e/all life e87ectancies.
>B? 'ife insu/ance co67anies intended thei/ tables to 4uide indi3iduals in
%$ 'SAT
ad;ustin4 thei/ wei4hts in o/de/ to inc/ease thei/ life s7ans.
>C? The tables include data 4athe/ed f/o6 7olic<holde/s whose deaths /esulted
f/o6 accidents in addition to those whose deaths /esulted f/o6 natu/al
causes.
>D? Holde/s of life insu/ance 7olicies do not ha3e lon4e/ o3e/all life e87ectancies
than the 4ene/al 7o7ulation.
>E? Ieo7le2s effo/ts to 6odif< thei/ wei4ht to confo/6 to a 4i3en /an4e would not
da6a4e thei/ health enou4h to dec/ease thei/ o3e/all life e87ectancies.
&. Measu/e6ents of the 6otion of the 7lanet D/anus see6 to show D/anus bein4
tu44ed b< a fo/ce 7ullin4 it awa< f/o6 the Sun and the inne/ 7lanets. )e7tune and
IlutoB the two 0nown 7lanets whose o/bits a/e fa/the/ f/o6 the Sun than is the
o/bit of D/anusB do not ha3e enou4h 6ass to e8e/t the fo/ce that the
6easu/e6ents indicate. The/efo/eB in addition to the 0nown 7lanetsB the/e 6ust be
at least one 7lanet in ou/ sola/ s<ste6 that we ha3e <et to disco3e/.
>A? Iluto was not disco3e/ed until 1&"$.
>B? The/e is a belt of co6ets be<ond the o/bit of Iluto with 7owe/ful 4/a3itational
7ull.
>C? )eithe/ )e7tune no/ Iluto is as 6assi3e as D/anus.
>D? The fo/ce the Sun e8e/ts on D/anus is wea0e/ than the fo/ce it e8e/ts on the
inne/ 7lanets.
>E? D/anus2 o/bit is close/ to )e7tune2s o/bit than it is to Iluto2s.
1$. Audiences find a s7ea0e/ 6o/e con3incin4 if the s7ea0e/ be4ins a s7eech b<
a/4uin4 b/iefl< a4ainst his o/ he/ 7osition befo/e 7/o3idin4 /easons fo/ acce7tin4
it. The /eason this techni@ue is so effecti3e is that it 6a0es the s7ea0e/ a77ea/
fai/A6inded and t/ustwo/th<. The/efo/eB candidates fo/ national 7olitical office
who wish to be successful in winnin4 3otes should use this a/4u6entati3e
techni@ue in the s7eeches.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< li6its the effecti3eness of
ado7tin4 the a/4u6ent2s /eco66endation=
>A? Iolitical candidates t<7icall< ha3e no cont/ol o3e/ which e8ce/7ts f/o6 thei/
s7eeches will be /e7o/ted b< the news 6edia.
>B? Man< 7eo7le do not find a/4u6ents 6ade b< 7oliticians con3incin4B since the
a/4u6ents a/e often oneAsided o/ o3e/si67lif< the issues.
>C? Ieo7le decide which 7olitical candidate to 3ote fo/ 6o/e on the basis of thei/
o7inions of the candidate2s cha/acte/ than on the e8act 7ositions of the
candidate.
>D? Ieo7le /e4a/d a 7olitical candidate 6o/e fa3o/abl< if the< thin0 that the
candidate /es7ects an o77onent2s 7osition e3en while disa4/eein4 with it.
>E? Iolitical candidates ha3e to add/ess audiences of 6an< diffe/ent si9es and at
GMAT . 'SAT C- %$"
6an< diffe/ent locations in the cou/se of a 7olitical ca67ai4n.
11. 5i3e thousand of the !$B$$$ boo0s 7ublished in count/< Q in 1&&1 we/e no3els.
E8actl< ! of the fil6s /eleased in count/< Q in 1&& we/e based on those no3els.
Since 1$$ fil6s we/e /eleased in count/< Q in 1&&B no 6o/e than oneA@ua/te/ of
the6 we/e based on boo0s 7ublished in count/< Q in 1&&1.
7/o7e/l< d/awn=
>A? )one of the sc/i7ts used in fil6s /eleased in 1&& we/e w/itten b<
7/ofessional no3elists.
>B? )one of the fil6s /eleased in count/< Q in 1&& we/e based on boo0s othe/
than no3els.
>C? )one of the boo0s that we/e 7ublished in count/< Q in 1&& we/e based on
7lots of fil6s /eleased in 1&&1.
>D? So6e of the fil6s /eleased in count/< Q in 1&& we/e based on olde/ fil6s
that had been /eleased fo/ the fi/st ti6e 6an< <ea/s ea/lie/.
>E? So6e of the fil6s /eleased in 1&&1 in count/< Q we/e based on no3els that
we/e 7ublished in 1&&1.
1. (n thei/ wa< f/o6 thei/ nest to a food sou/ceB ants of 6ost s7ecies lea3e a t/ail of
che6icals called 7he/o6ones. The ants use the scent of the 7he/o6ones to 4uide
the6sel3es between the food and thei/ nest. All 7he/o6ones e3a7o/ate without a
t/ace al6ost i66ediatel< when te67e/atu/es /ise abo3e #! de4/ees Celsius >11"
de4/ee 5ah/enheit?B as is t<7ical du/in4 afte/noons in 7laces such as the Saha/a
Dese/t.
The state6ents abo3eB if t/ueB 6ost st/on4l< su77o/t which one of the followin4=
>A? Most ants fo/a4e fo/ food eithe/ onl< in the 6o/nin4 o/ onl< du/in4 the ni4ht.
>B? Most ants that do not use 7he/o6ones to 6a/0 the 7aths the< ta0e between
thei/ nest and food li3e in the Saha/a Dese/t.
>C? If an< ants li3e in the Saha/a Dese/t and fo/a4e fo/ food at no ti6e but in the
afte/noonB those ants 4ene/all< do not use 7he/o6ones to 4uide the6sel3es
between food and thei/ nest.
>D? If an< ants do not use 7he/o6ones to na3i4ate between food and thei/ nestB
those ants use a diffe/ent substance that does not e3a7o/ate in te67e/atu/es
abo3e #! de4/ees Celsius.
>E? If an< Saha/an ants fo/a4e fo/ food in the afte/noonB those ants fo/a4e fo/ food
less efficientl< when te67e/atu/es a/e abo3e #! de4/ees Celsius than the< do
when te67e/atu/es a/e lowe/.
1". So6e 7eo7le thin0 that in e3e/< ba//el of 7oliticians the/e a/e onl< a few /otten
ones. But if deceit is a @ualit< of /ottennessB I belie3e all effecti3e 7oliticians a/e
/otten. The< 6ust be deceitful in o/de/ to do the ;ob 7/o7e/l<. So6eone who is
sc/u7ulousl< honest about obe<in4 the /ules of societ< will ne3e/ be an effecti3e
%$# 'SAT
7olitician.
Assu6in4 that the autho/2s state6ents a/e accu/ateB which one of the followin4
state6ents CA))(T be t/ue=
>A? So6e 7eo7le thin0 all 7oliticians a/e /otten.
>B? So6e 7oliticians a/e sc/u7ulousl< honest.
>C? So6e 7eo7le define a 7olitician2s ;ob as obe<in4 the /ules of societ<.
>D? So6e deceitful 7oliticians a/e ineffecti3e.
>E? So6e sc/u7ulousl< honest 7oliticians a/e effecti3e.
1#. The Bioca/b Co67an< wants to build a ste/ili9ation 7lant to t/eat conta6inated
6edical waste in a cit< nei4hbo/hood whe/e /esidents and en3i/on6ental acti3ists
fea/ that such a facilit< will 7ollute the a/ea. Bioca/b2s 7/esident a/4ues that the
o7e/ation of the 7lant cannot cause 7ollution because the waste would be ste/ile
afte/ 7/ocessin4 b< the 7lant. He clai6s that afte/ e87osu/e fo/ an hou/ to
su7e/heated stea6 in the autocla3eB such /efuse would be fa/ cleane/ than food
7/e7a/ed in the cleanest 0itchen.
The 7/esident2s a/4u6ent de7ends on which one of the followin4 assu67tions=
>A? En3i/on6ental acti3ists belie3e that waste t/eated with stea6 will not 7ollute.
>B? Handin4 of the waste befo/e t/eat6ent in the 7/o7osed facilit< will not 7ose a
th/eat of 7ollution to the a/ea.
>C? 5ea/ of 7ollution is the onl< a/4u6ent a4ainst const/uction of an autocla3e
facilit< fo/ 6edical waste.
>D? )o othe/s besides en3i/on6ental acti3ists a/e conce/ned about 7ollution
ha9a/ds that can /esult f/o6 7/ocessin4 6edical waste.
>E? T/eat6ent b< su7e/heated stea6 /e7/esents the su/est 6ethod of ste/ili9ation.
1!. G/owAA4ain oint6ent is a 7/o3en t/eat6ent fo/ /e3e/sin4 6ale he/edita/<
baldness. 5i3e d/o7s dail< is the /eco66ended doseB and e8ceedin4 this @uantit<
does not inc/ease the 7/oduct2s effecti3eness. The/efo/eB offe/in4 a
6anufactu/e/2s /ebate on the 7u/chase 7/ice of G/owAA4ain will not inc/ease
sales and conse@uentl< would be un7/ofitable fo/ the 6anufactu/e/.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost st/en4then the a/4u6ent=
>A? ,hen usin4 an oint6entB 7eo7le tend to belie3e that a77l<in4 it in 4/eate/
@uantities can 6a0e it 6o/e effecti3e.
>B? G/owAA4ain is 6o/e effecti3e on so6e of the 6en who use it than it is on
othe/s.
>C? The /ebateB if offe/edB would not att/act 7u/chase/s who othe/wise 6i4ht not
use G/owAA4ain.
>D? Baldness in 6en can be caused b< a 3a/iet< of facto/sB onl< one of which is
he/edit<.
>E? G/owAA4ain is a 7/oduct whose 7e/Aunit 6anufactu/in4 cost does not fall
GMAT . 'SAT C- %$!
si4nificantl< when the 7/oduct is 7/oduced in la/4e @uantities.
Questions 1&-1'
Hen/<1 So6e scientists e87lain the dance of hone<bees as the 6eans b< which
hone<bees co66unicate the location of whate3e/ food sou/ce the< ha3e ;ust 3isited to
othe/ 6e6be/s of the hi3e. But hone<bees do not need so co67licated a 6echanis6 to
co66unicate that info/6ation. 5o/a4e/ hone<bees /etu/nin4 to thei/ hi3e si67l< lea3e
a scent t/ail f/o6 the food sou/ce the< ha3e ;ust 3isited. The/e 6ust the/efo/e be so6e
othe/ e87lanation fo/ the hone<bees2 dance.
,inif/ed1 )ot necessa/il<. Most ani6als ha3e se3e/al wa<s of acco67lishin4 c/itical
tas0s. Bees of so6e s7ecies can na3i4ate usin4 eithe/ the 7osition of the Sun o/ the
6e6o/< of land6a/0s. Si6ila/lA? theo/ies of ani6al beha3io/ can be established on the basis of e3idence about
onl< one s7ecies of ani6al
>B? the/e is 6o/e than one 3alid e87lanation fo/ the dance of hone<bees
>C? hone<bees co66unicate the location of food sou/ces th/ou4h thei/ dance
>D? the hone<bee is the onl< s7ecies of bee that is ca7able of co66unicatin4
na3i4ational info/6ation to othe/ hi3e 6e6be/s
>E? the hone<bee2s sense of s6ell 7la<s a /ole in its fo/a4in4 st/ate4ies
1%. In ,inif/ed2s /es7onse to Hen/A? It add/esses an a6bi4uit< in Hen/<2s use of the e87/ession Eco66unicate the
location.F
>B? It 7/o3ides e3idence in su77o/t of a 4ene/al clai6.
>C? It calls into @uestion the accu/ac< of 0e< e3idence cited b< Hen/<.
>D? It 7oints out that Hen/<2s conclusion di/ectl< cont/adicts one of his 7/e6ises.
>E? It 7/o7oses an alte/nati3e e87lanation fo/ the hone<bee2s dance.
18. Iolitician1 A 4o3e/n6ent that ta8es inco6es at a /ate of 1$$ 7e/cent will 4ene/ate
no /e3enue because all econo6ic acti3it< will cease. So it follows that the lowe/
the /ate of inco6e ta8B the 6o/e /e3enue the 4o3e/n6ent will 4ene/ate b< that ta8.
Econo6ist1 :ou/ conclusion cannot be co//ectB since it would 6ean that an
inco6e ta8 of $ 7e/cent would 4ene/ate the 6a8i6u6 /e3enue.
,hich one of the followin4 a/4u6entati3e st/ate4ies is used b< the econo6ist in
/es7ondin4 to the 7olitician=
>A? statin4 a 4ene/al 7/inci7le that is inco67atible with the conclusion the
7olitician de/i3es
>B? 7/o3idin4 e3idence that whe/e the 7olitician2s ad3ice has been ado7tedB the
%$6 'SAT
/esults ha3e been disa77ointin4
>C? a/4uin4 that the 7/inci7le de/i3ed b< the 7oliticianB if a77lied in the li6itin4
caseB leads to an absu/dl< false conclusion
>D? unde/6inin4 the c/edibilit< of the 7olitician b< o7enl< @uestionin4 the
7olitician2s unde/standin4 of econo6ics
>E? attac0in4 the 7olitician2s a/4u6ent b< 4i3in4 /eason to doubt the t/uth of a
7/e6ise
1&. S7on4es attach to the ocean floo/B continuall< filte/in4 seawate/ fo/ food and
e;ectin4 wate/ the< ha3e ;ust filte/ed to a3oid /ein4estin4 it. Tubula/ and 3aseA
sha7ed s7on4es can e;ect filte/ed wate/ without assistance f/o6 su//oundin4
ocean cu//ents and thus a/e ada7ted to slowA6o3in4B @uiet wate/s. Because of
thei/ sha7eB howe3e/B these s7on4es cannot li3e in st/on4 cu//entsB since st/on4
cu//ents would dislod4e the6. Both of these 3a/ieties of s7on4e we/e wides7/ead
du/in4 the late +u/assic 7e/iod.
clai6s=
>A? 5ew tubula/ o/ 3aseAsha7ed s7on4es li3ed befo/e the late +u/assic 7e/iod.
>B? Tubula/ and 3aseAsha7ed s7on4es we/e 6o/e co66on du/in4 the late +u/assic
7e/iod than in succeedin4 4eolo4ical e/as.
>C? Du/in4 the late +u/assic 7e/iod the/e we/e 6an< a/eas of the ocean floo/
whe/e cu//ents we/e wea0.
>D? All s7on4es that a/e neithe/ tubula/ no/ 3aseAsha7ed inhabit a/eas of the ocean
floo/ whe/e the/e a/e e8t/e6el< st/on4 cu//ents.
>E? )o t<7es of s7on4e li3e in la/4e coloniesB since s7on4es do not flou/ish in
a/eas whe/e 6uch of the wate/ has been filte/ed b< othe/ s7on4es.
$. The/e is st/on4 e3idence that the cause of 6i4/aines >se3e/e /ecu//ent headaches?
is not 7s<cholo4ical but instead is 7u/el< 7h<siolo4ical. :et se3e/al studies ha3e
found that 7eo7le bein4 7/ofessionall< t/eated fo/ 6i4/aines /ate hi4he/ on a
standa/d 7s<cholo4ical scale of an8iet< than do 7eo7le not bein4 7/ofessionall<
t/eated fo/ 6i4/aines.
>A? Ieo7le who ha3e 6i4/aine headaches tend to ha3e /elati3es who also ha3e
6i4/aine headaches.
>B? Ieo7le who ha3e 6i4/aine headaches often suffe/ these headaches when
unde/ e6otional st/ess.
>C? Ieo7le who /ate hi4he/ on the standa/d 7s<cholo4ical scale of an8iet< a/e
6o/e li0el< to see0 7/ofessional t/eat6ent than a/e 7eo7le who /ate lowe/ on
the scale.
>D? (f the 6an< studies done on the cause of 6i4/aine headachesB 6ost of those
GMAT . 'SAT C- %$%
that su44est that 7s<cholo4ical facto/s such as an8iet< cause 6i4/aines ha3e
been widel< 7ublici9ed.
>E? Most 7eo7le who ha3e 6i4/aines and who see0 7/ofessional t/eat6ent /e6ain
in t/eat6ent until the< sto7 ha3in4 6i4/ainesB whethe/ thei/ docto/s conside/
the cause to be 7h<siolo4ical o/ 7s<cholo4ical.
1. )ot all tenu/ed facult< a/e full 7/ofesso/s. The/efo/eB althou4h e3e/< facult<
6e6be/ in the lin4uistics de7a/t6ent has tenu/eB it 6ust be the case that not all of
the facult< 6e6be/s in the lin4uistics de7a/t6ent a/e full 7/ofesso/s.
The flawed 7atte/n of /easonin4 e8hibited b< the a/4u6ent abo3e is 6ost si6ila/
to that e8hibited b< which one of the followin4=
>A? Althou4h all 6ode/n office towe/s a/e cli6ateAcont/olled buildin4sB not all
office buildin4s a/e cli6ateAcont/olled. The/efo/eB it 6ust be the case that
not all office buildin4s a/e 6ode/n office towe/s.
>B? All 6unici7al hos7ital buildin4s a/e 6assi3eB but not all 6unici7al hos7ital
buildin4s a/e fo/biddin4 in a77ea/ance. The/efo/eB 6assi3e buildin4s need
not 7/esent a fo/biddin4 a77ea/ance.
>C? Althou4h so6e buildin4s desi4ned b< fa6ous a/chitects a/e not well
7/o7o/tionedB all 4o3e/n6ent buildin4s a/e desi4ned b< fa6ous a/chitects.
The/efo/eB so6e 4o3e/n6ent buildin4s a/e not well 7/o7o/tioned.
>D? )ot all 7ublic buildin4s a/e well desi4nedB but so6e 7oo/l< desi4ned 7ublic
buildin4s we/e o/i4inall< intended fo/ 7/i3ate use. The/efo/eB the 7oo/l<
desi4ned 7ublic buildin4s we/e all o/i4inall< desi4ned fo/ 7/i3ate use.
>E? Althou4h so6e cathed/als a/e not built of stoneB e3e/< cathed/al is i67/essi3e.
The/efo/eB buildin4s can be i67/essi3e e3en thou4h the< a/e not built of
stone.
. ,hen a 7laneta/< s<ste6 fo/6sB the chances that a 7lanet ca7able of su77o/tin4
life will be fo/6ed a/e hi4h. The chances that a la/4e 7lanet the si9e of +u7ite/ o/
Satu/n will be fo/6edB howe3e/B a/e low. ,ithout +u7ite/ and Satu/nB whose
4/a3itational fo/ces ha3e 7/e3ented Ea/th f/o6 bein4 f/e@uentl< st/uc0 b< la/4e
co6etsB intelli4ent life would ne3e/ ha3e a/isen on Ea/th. Since 7laneta/< s<ste6s
a/e unli0el< to contain an< la/4e 7lanetsB the chances that intelli4ent life will
e6e/4e on a 7lanet a/eB the/efo/eB low.
Mnowin4 which one of the followin4 would be 6ost useful in e3aluatin4 the
a/4u6ent=
>A? whethe/ all 7laneta/< s<ste6 a/e fo/6ed f/o6 si6ila/ a6ounts of 6atte/
>B? whethe/ intelli4ent s7ecies would be li0el< to su/3i3e if a co6et st/uc0 thei/
7lanet
>C? whethe/ la/4e co6ets could be deflected b< onl< one la/4e 7lanet /athe/ than
be two
>D? how hi4h the chances a/e that 7laneta/< s<ste6s will contain 6an< la/4e
%$8 'SAT
co6ets
>E? how li0el< it is that 7laneta/< s<ste6s containin4 la/4e 7lanets will also
contain 7lanets the si9e of Ea/th
". Const/uction cont/acto/s wo/0in4 on the cuttin4 ed4e of technolo4< nea/l<
alwa<s wo/0 on a EcostA7lusF basis onl<. (ne 0ind of costA7lus cont/act sti7ulates
the cont/acto/2s 7/ofit as a fi8ed 7e/centa4e of the cont/acto/2s costsG the othe/
0ind sti7ulates a fi8ed a6ount of 7/ofit o3e/ and abo3e costs. Dnde/ the fi/st 0ind
of cont/actB hi4he/ costs <ield hi4he/ 7/ofits fo/ the cont/acto/B so this is whe/e
one 6i4ht e87ect final costs in e8cess of o/i4inal cost esti6ates to be 6o/e
co66on. Ia/ado8icall<B such cost o3e//uns a/e actuall< 6o/e co66on if the
cont/act is of the fi8edA7/ofit 0ind.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost hel7s to /esol3e the a77a/ent 7a/ado8 in
the situation desc/ibed abo3e=
>A? Clients a/e 6uch less li0el< to a4/ee to a fi8edA7/ofit t<7e of costA7lus
cont/act when it is unde/stood that unde/ ce/tain conditions the 7/o;ect will
be scuttled than the< a/e when the/e is no such unde/standin4.
>B? (n lon4Ate/6 cont/actsB cost 7/o;ections ta0e futu/e inflation into accountB but
since the fi4u/es used a/e 7/o3ided b< the 4o3e/n6entB the< a/e usuall<
unde/esti6ates.
>C? (n an< si9able const/uction 7/o;ectB the cont/acto/ bills the client 6onthl< o/
@ua/te/lD? Clients billed unde/ a costA7lus cont/act a/e f/ee to /e3iew indi3idual billin4s
in o/de/ to unco3e/ wasteful e87enditu/esB but the< do so onl< when the
cont/acto/2s 7/ofit 3a/ies with cost.
>E? The 7/actice of sub6ittin4 delibe/atel< e8a44e/ated cost esti6ates is 6ost
co66on in the case of fi8edA7/ofit cont/actsB because it 6a0es the 7/ofitB as
a 7e/centa4e of esti6ated costB a77ea/ 6odest.
#. That wall is su77o/ted b< se3e/al ;oists. The onl< thin4 that can ha3e caused the
bul4e that the wall now has is a b/o0en ;oist. The/efo/eB at least one of the ;oists is
b/o0en.
,hich one of the followin4 a/4u6ents is 6ost si6ila/ in its lo4ical featu/es to the
a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? A least one of the 7la<e/s in the o/chest/a 6ust ha3e 6ade a 6ista0eB since
nothin4 else would ha3e 6ade the conducto/ 4/i6ace in the wa< she ;ust did.
>B? The fi/st 7iece 6ust ha3e been the easiestB since it was the onl< 7iece in the
enti/e conce/t in which the o/chest/a did not 6a0e 6an< 6ista0es.
>C? The 7la<e/s 7la< well onl< when the< li0e the 6usicB since the< tend to 6a0e
6ista0es when the< 7la< so6ethin4 the< do not li0e.
>D? (ne of the o/chest/a2s 7la<e/s 6ust be able to 7la< the ha/7B since in one of
GMAT . 'SAT C- %$&
the 7ieces the< a/e 7la<in4 at ne8t wee02s conce/t the co67ose/ s7ecified
that a ha/7 should be 7la<ed.
>E? The e6otion of the 6usic is the onl< thin4 that can ha3e caused the conducto/
to loo0 so an4/< ;ust thenB since the o/chest/a was 7la<in4 7e/fectl<.
Questions !5-!&
Sasha1 Handw/itin4 anal<sis should be banned in cou/t as e3idence of a 7e/son2s
cha/acte/1 handw/itin4 anal<sts called as witnesses habituall< e8a44e/ate the
/eliabilit< of thei/ anal<ses.
G/e4o/<1 :ou a/e /i4ht that the cu//ent use of handw/itin4 anal<sis as e3idence is
7/oble6atic. But this 7/oble6 e8ists onl< because the/e is no licensin4 boa/d to set
7/ofessional standa/ds and thus dete/ i//es7onsible anal<st f/o6 6a0in4 e8a44e/ated
clai6s. ,hen such a boa/d is establishedB howe3e/B handw/itin4 anal<sis b< licensed
7/actitione/s will be a le4iti6ate cou/t/oo6 tool fo/ cha/acte/ assess6ent.
!. G/e4o/< does which one of the followin4 in /es7ondin4 to Sasha2s a/4u6ent=
>A? He i4no/es e3idence int/oduced as su77o/t fo/ Sasha2s /eco66endation.
>B? He defends a 7/inci7le b< /est/ictin4 the class to which it is to be a77lied.
>C? He abst/acts a 4ene/al 7/inci7le f/o6 s7ecific e3idence.
>D? He identifies a selfAcont/adicto/< state6ent in Sasha2s a/4u6ent.
>E? He shows that Sasha2s a/4u6ent itself 6anifests the undesi/able cha/acte/istic
that it conde6ns.
6. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB would 7/o3ide Sasha with the st/on4est
counte/ to G/e4o/<2s /es7onse=
>A? Cou/ts /outinel< use 6eans othe/ than handw/itin4 anal<sis to 7/o3ide
e3idence of a 7e/son2s cha/acte/.
>B? Man< 7eo7le can 7/o3ide two sa67les of thei/ handw/itin4 so diffe/ent that
onl< a hi4hl< t/ained 7/ofessional could identif< the6 as ha3in4 been w/itten
b< the sa6e 7e/son.
>C? A licensin4 boa/d would ine3itabl< /efuse to 4/ant licenses to so6e
/es7onsible handw/itin4 anal<sts fo/ /easons ha3in4 nothin4 to do with thei/
/eliabilit<.
>D? The onl< handw/itin4 anal<sts who clai6 that handw/itin4 7/o3ides /eliable
e3idence of a 7e/son2s cha/acte/ a/e i//es7onsible.
>E? The nu6be/ of handw/itin4 anal<sts who could confo/6 to 7/ofessional
standa/ds set b< a licensin4 boa/d is 3e/< s6all.
TEST #
SECTI() I
%1$ 'SAT
1. 5/ench di3e/s /ecentl< found a la/4e ca3e alon4 the coast of the Medite//anean
Sea. The ca3e is accessible onl< th/ou4h an unde/wate/ tunnel. The inte/io/ of the
ca3e is co67letel< filled with seawate/ and contains nu6e/ous la/4e stala46itesB
which a/e ston< 7illa/s that fo/6 when d/o7s of wate/ fall /e7eatedl< on a sin4le
s7ot on a ca3e floo/B lea3in4 behind 6ine/al de7osits that accu6ulate o3e/ ti6e.
The info/6ation abo3e 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ts which one of the followin4=
>A? The Medite//anean Sea was at a hi4he/ le3el in the 7ast than it is now.
>B? The wate/ le3el within the ca3e is hi4he/ now than it once was.
>C? The 5/ench di3e/s we/e the fi/st 7eo7le who 0new that the tunnel leadin4 to
the ca3e e8isted.
>D? The/e was once an ent/ance to the ca3e besides the unde/wate/ tunnel.
>E? Seawate/ in the Medite//anean has a lowe/ 6ine/al content now than it had
when the stala46ites we/e bein4 fo/6ed.
. A di/ecto/ of the -e88 Iha/6aceutical Co67an< a/4ued that the de3elo76ent
costs fo/ new 3accines that the health de7a/t6ent has /e@uested should be
subsidi9ed b< the 4o3e/n6entB since the 6a/0etin4 of 3accines 7/o6ised to be
less 7/ofitable than the 6a/0etin4 of an< othe/ 7ha/6aceutical 7/oduct. In su77o/t
of this clai6 the di/ecto/ a/4ued that sales of 3accines a/e li0el< to be lowe/ since
each 3accine is ad6iniste/ed to a 7atient onl< onceB whe/eas 6edicines that
co6bat diseases and ch/onic illnesses a/e ad6iniste/ed 6an< ti6es to each
7atient.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost wea0ens the su77o/t offe/ed b< the
co67an< di/ecto/ fo/ the clai6 conce/nin4 the 6a/0etin4 of 3accines=
>A? *accines a/e ad6iniste/ed to 6an< 6o/e 7eo7le than a/e 6ost othe/
7ha/6aceutical 7/oducts.
>B? Man< of the diseases that 3accines a/e desi4ned to 7/e3ent can be
successfull< t/eated b< 6edicines.
>C? Iha/6aceutical co67anies occasionall< 6a/0et 7/oducts that a/e neithe/
6edicines no/ 3accines.
>D? Iha/6aceutical co67anies othe/ than the -e88 Iha/6aceutical Co67an<
7/oduce 3accines.
>E? The cost of ad6iniste/in4 a 3accine is /a/el< bo/ne b< the 7ha/6aceutical
co67an< that 6anufactu/es that 3accine.
". Mana4e/1 (u/ new co67ute/ netwo/0B the 7u/7ose of which is to inc/ease
7/oducti3it<B can be installed du/in4 the da<B which would dis/u7t ou/ e67lo<ees2
wo/0B o/ else at ni4htB which would entail 6uch hi4he/ installation cha/4es. Since
sa3in4 6one< is i67o/tantB we should ha3e the netwo/0 installed du/in4 the da<.
The 6ana4e/2s a/4u6ent assu6es which one of the followin4=
GMAT . 'SAT C- %11
>A? The 6oneta/< 3alue of the netwo/0 e@ui76ent would not e8ceed the cost of
ha3in4 the e@ui76ent installed at ni4ht.
>B? The 6oneta/< 3alue of an< 7/oducti3it< lost du/in4 a da<ti6e installation
would be less than the diffe/ence between da<ti6e and ni4htti6e installation
costs.
>C? A da<ti6e installation would be co67leted b< no la/4e/ a c/ew and would
ta0e the c/ew no 6o/e ti6e than would a ni4htti6e installation.
>D? (nce the netwo/0 has been installedB 6ost of the co67an<2s e67lo<ees will
be able to use it i66ediatel< to inc/ease thei/ 7/oducti3it<.
>E? Most of the co67an<2s e67lo<ees would be able to wo/0 7/oducti3el< while
a da<ti6e installation is in 7/o4/ess.
#. An in4/edient in 6a/i;uana 0nown as THC has been found to inacti3ate
he/7es3i/uses in e87e/i6ents. In 7/e3ious e87e/i6ents /esea/che/s found that
inacti3ated he/7es3i/uses can con3e/t health< cells into cance/ cells. It can be
concluded that the use of 6a/i;uana can cause cance/.
>A? Se3e/al tea6s of scientists 7e/fo/6ed the 3a/ious e87e/i6ents and all of the
tea6s had si6ila/ /esults.
>B? The ca/cino4enic effect of THC could be neut/ali9ed b< the othe/ in4/edients
found in 6a/i;uana.
>C? ,hen THC 0ills he/7es3i/uses it wea0ens the i66une s<ste6B and it 6i4ht
thus di6inish the bod<2s abilit< to fi4ht othe/ 3i/usesB includin4 3i/uses
lin0ed to cance/s.
>D? If che6ists 6odif< the st/uctu/e of THCB THC can be safel< inco/7o/ated into
6edications to 7/e3ent he/7es.
>E? To lessen the undesi/able side effects of che6othe/a7<B the use of 6a/i;uana
has been /eco66ended fo/ cance/ 7atients who a/e f/ee of the he/7es3i/us.
!. A/chaeolo4ist1 A la/4e co/7o/ation has /ecentl< offe/ed to 7/o3ide fundin4 to
/esto/e an a/chaeolo4ical site and to const/uct facilities to 6a0e the site /eadil<
accessible to the 4ene/al 7ublic. The /esto/ation will confo/6 to the best cu//ent
theo/ies about how the site a77ea/ed at the hei4ht of the ancient ci3ili9ation that
occu7ied it. This offe/ should be /e;ectedB howe3e/B because 6an< 7a/ts of the site
contain une8a6ined e3idence.
,hich one of the followin4 7/inci7lesB if 3alidB ;ustifies the a/chaeolo4ist2s
a/4u6ent=
>A? The owne/shi7 of a/chaeolo4ical sites should not be unde/ the cont/ol of
business inte/ests.
>B? An< /esto/ation of an a/chaeolo4ical site should /e7/esent onl< the 6ost
ancient 7e/iod of that site2s histo/<.
>C? )o one should 6a0e ;ud46ents about what constitutes the hei4ht of anothe/
%1 'SAT
ci3ili9ation.
>D? (nl< those with a t/ue conce/n fo/ an a/chaeolo4ical site2s histo/< should be
in3ol3ed in the /esto/ation of that site.
>E? The /is0 of losin4 e3idence /ele3ant to 7ossible futu/e theo/ies should
outwei4h an< ad3anta4es of dis7la<in4 the /esults of theo/ies al/ead<
de3elo7ed.
6. Besides la<in4 e44s in he/ own nestB an< fe6ale wood duc0 will la< an e44 in the
nest of anothe/ fe6ale wood duc0 if she sees the othe/ duc0 lea3in4 he/ nest.
Dnde/ natu/al nestin4 conditionsB this 7a/asitic beha3io/ is /elati3el< /a/e because
the duc0s2 nests a/e well hidden. Howe3e/B when 7eo7le 7ut u7 nestin4 bo8es to
hel7 the duc0s b/eedB the< actuall< unde/cut the duc0s2 /e7/oducti3e effo/ts.
These nestin4 bo8es beco6e so c/owded with e8t/a e44s that fewB if anA? 5e6ale wood duc0s will establish nests in nest bo8es onl< when natu/al
nestin4 sites a/e not a3ailable.
>B? )estin4 fe6ale wood duc0s who often see othe/ fe6ale wood duc0s a/e the
6ost successful in thei/ b/eedin4 effo/ts.
>C? The nestin4 bo8es fo/ wood duc0s ha3e less s7ace fo/ e44s than do natu/al
nestin4 sites.
>D? The nestin4 bo8es would be 6o/e effecti3e in hel7in4 wood duc0s b/eed if
the< we/e less 3isible to othe/ wood duc0s than the< cu//entl< a/e.
>E? )estin4 bo8es a/e needed to su77le6ent the natu/al nestin4 sites of wood
duc0s because of the dest/uction of 6uch of the duc0s2 habitat.
%. The c/u8 of c/eati3it< /esides in the abilit< to 6anufactu/e 3a/iations on a the6e.
If we loo0 at the histo/< of scienceB fo/ instanceB we see that e3e/< idea is built
u7on a thousand /elated ideas. Ca/eful anal<sis leads us to unde/stand that what
we choose to call a new the6e o/ a new disco3e/< is itself alwa<s and without
e8ce7tion so6e so/t of 3a/iationB on a dee7 le3elB of 7/e3ious the6es.
If all of the state6ents in the 7assa4e a/e t/ueB each of the followin4 6ust also be
t/ue EHCEIT1
>A? A lac0 of abilit< to 6anufactu/e a 3a/iation on a 7/e3ious the6e connotes a
lac0 of c/eati3it<.
>B? )o scientific idea is enti/el< inde7endent of all othe/ ideas.
>C? Ca/eful anal<sis of a s7ecific 3a/iation can /e3eal 7/e3ious the6es of which it
is a 3a/iation.
>D? All 4/eat scientific disco3e/e/s ha3e been able to 6anufactu/e a 3a/iation on a
the6e.
>E? So6e new scientific disco3e/ies do not /e7/esentB on a dee7 le3elB a 3a/iation
on 7/e3ious the6es.
GMAT . 'SAT C- %1"
8. Millions of fe6ale bats /ea/ thei/ 7u7s in B/ac0en Ca3e. Althou4h the 6othe/s all
lea3e the ca3e ni4htl<B on thei/ /etu/n each 6othe/ is al6ost alwa<s swiftl<
/eunited with he/ own 7u7. Since the bats2 calls a/e thei/ onl< 6eans of findin4
one anothe/B and a bat 7u7 cannot distin4uish the call of its 6othe/ f/o6 that of
an< othe/ adult batB it is clea/ that each 6othe/ bat can /eco4ni9e the call of he/
7u7.
The a/4u6ent see0s to do which one of the followin4=
>A? de/i3e a 4ene/al conclusion about all 6e6be/s of a 4/ou7 f/o6 facts 0nown
about /e7/esentati3e 6e6be/s of that 4/ou7
>B? establish the 3alidit< of one e87lanation fo/ a 7heno6enon b< e8cludin4
alte/nati3e e87lanations
>C? su77o/tB b< desc/ibin4 a suitable 6echanis6B the h<7othesis that a ce/tain
7heno6enon can occu/
>D? conclude that 6e6be/s of two 4/ou7s a/e li0el< to sha/e a ce/tain abilit<
because of othe/ cha/acte/istics the< sha/e
>E? de6onst/ate that a 4ene/al /ule a77lies in a 7a/ticula/ case
&. So6eone who 4ets sic0 f/o6 eatin4 a 6eal will often de3elo7 a st/on4 distaste fo/
the one food in the 6eal that had the 6ost distincti3e fla3o/B whethe/ o/ not that
food caused the sic0ness. This 7heno6enon e87lains wh< child/en a/e es7eciall<
li0el< to de3elo7 st/on4 a3e/sions to so6e foods.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 7/o3ides the st/on4est su77o/t fo/ the
e87lanation=
>A? Child/en a/e 6o/e li0el< than adults to be 4i3en 6eals co67osed of foods
lac0in4 es7eciall< distincti3e fla3o/s.
>B? Child/en a/e less li0el< than adults to see a connection between thei/ health
and the foods the< eat.
>C? Child/en tend to ha3e 6o/e acute taste and to beco6e sic0 6o/e often than
adults do.
>D? Child/en t<7icall< /eco3e/ 6o/e slowl< than adults do f/o6 sic0ness caused
b< food.
>E? Child/en a/e 6o/e li0el< than a/e adults to /efuse to eat unfa6ilia/ foods.
1$. I/e6iu6s fo/ auto6obile accident insu/ance a/e often hi4he/ fo/ /ed ca/s than fo/
ca/s of othe/ colo/s. To ;ustif< these hi4he/ cha/4esB insu/ance co67anies clai6
thatB o3e/allB a 4/eate/ 7e/centa4e of /ed ca/s a/e in3ol3ed in accidents than a/e
ca/s of an< othe/ colo/. If this clai6 is t/ueB then li3es could undoubtedl< be sa3ed
b< bannin4 /ed ca/s f/o6 the /oads alto4ethe/.
>A? acce7ts without @uestion that insu/ance co67anies ha3e the /i4ht to cha/4e
hi4he/ 7/e6iu6s fo/ hi4he/A/is0 clients
>B? fails to conside/ whethe/ /ed ca/s cost the sa6e to /e7ai/ as ca/s of othe/
%1# 'SAT
colo/s
>C? i4no/es the 7ossibilit< that d/i3e/s who d/i3e /ec0lessl< ha3e a 7/efe/ence fo/
/ed ca/s
>D? does not s7ecif< 7/ecisel< what 7e/centa4e of /ed ca/s a/e in3ol3ed in
accidents
>E? 6a0es an unsu77o/ted assu67tion that e3e/< auto6obile accident /esults in
so6e loss of life
11. A ce/tain c/editAca/d co67an< awa/ds its custo6e/s bonus 7oints fo/ usin4 its
c/edit ca/d. Custo6e/s can use accu6ulated 7oints in the 7u/chase of b/and na6e
6e/chandise b< 6ail at 7/ices lowe/ than the 6anufactu/e/s2 su44ested /etail
7/ices. At an< 4i3en ti6eB the/efo/eB custo6e/s who 7u/chase 6e/chandise usin4
the bonus 7oints s7end less than the< would s7end if the< 7u/chased the sa6e
6e/chandise in /etail sto/es.
>A? The 6e/chandise that can be o/de/ed b< 6ail usin4 the bonus 7oints is not
offe/ed at lowe/ 7/ices b< othe/ c/editAca/d co67anies that awa/d bonus
7oints.
>B? The bonus 7oints cannot be used b< the c/editAca/d custo6e/s in the 7u/chase
of b/and na6e 6e/chandise that is not a3ailable fo/ 7u/chase in /etail sto/es.
>C? The c/editAca/d co67an< does not /e@ui/e its custo6e/s to accu6ulate a la/4e
nu6be/ of bonus 7oints befo/e beco6in4 eli4ible to o/de/ 6e/chandise at
7/ices lowe/ than the 6anufactu/e/s2 su44ested /etail 7/ice.
>D? The a6ount c/editAca/d custo6e/s 7a< fo/ shi77in4 the 6e/chandise o/de/ed
b< 6ail does not inc/ease the a6ount custo6e/s s7end to an a6ount 4/eate/
than the< would s7end if the< 7u/chased the sa6e 6e/chandise in /etail
sto/es.
>E? The 6e/chandise a3ailable to the co67an<2s c/editAca/d custo6e/s usin4 the
bonus 7oints is f/e@uentl< sold in /etail sto/es at 7/ices that a/e hi4he/ than
the 6anufactu/e/s2 su44ested /etail 7/ices.
1. It is 7/obabl< not t/ue that colic in infants is caused b< the inabilit< of those
infants to tole/ate ce/tain antibodies found in cow2s 6il0B since it is often the case
that s<67to6s of colic a/e shown b< infants that a/e fed b/east 6il0 e8clusi3el<.
>A? A stud< in3ol3in4 !$$ sets of twins has found that if one infant has colicB its
twin will 7/obabl< also ha3e colic.
>B? S<67to6s of colic 4ene/all< disa77ea/ as infants 4/ow olde/B whethe/ the
infants ha3e been fed b/east 6il0 e8clusi3el< o/ ha3e been fed infant
fo/6ula containin4 cow2s 6il0.
>C? In a stud< of !B$$$ infants who we/e fed onl< infant fo/6ula containin4 cow2s
6il0B o3e/ #B$$$ of the infants ne3e/ dis7la<ed an< s<67to6s of colic.
GMAT . 'SAT C- %1!
>D? ,hen 6othe/s of infants that a/e fed onl< b/east 6il0 eli6inate cow2s 6il0
and all 7/oducts 6ade f/o6 cow2s 6il0 f/o6 thei/ own dietsB an< colic
s<67to6s that thei/ infants ha3e 6anifested @uic0l< disa77ea/.
>E? Infants that a/e fed b/east 6il0 de3elo7 6atu/e di4esti3e s<ste6s at an ea/lie/
a4e than do those that a/e fed infant fo/6ulasB and infants with 6atu/e
di4esti3e s<ste6s a/e bette/ able to tole/ate ce/tain 7/oteins and antibodies
found in cow2s 6il0.
Questions 13-14
:olanda1 Gainin4 access to co67ute/s without autho/i9ation and 6ani7ulatin4 the
data and 7/o4/a6s the< contain is co67a/able to ;o</idin4 in stolen ca/sG both in3ol3e
b/ea0in4 into 7/i3ate 7/o7e/t< and t/eatin4 it /ec0lessl<. +o</idin4B howe3e/B is the
6o/e dan4e/ous c/i6e because it 7h<sicall< endan4e/s 7eo7leB whe/eas onl<
intellectual 7/o7e/t< is ha/6ed in the case of co67ute/ c/i6es.
A/;un1 I disa4/eeJ 5o/ e8a67leB unautho/i9ed use of 6edical /eco/ds s<ste6s in
hos7itals could da6a4e data s<ste6s on which hu6an li3es de7endB and the/efo/e
co67ute/ c/i6es also cause 7h<sical ha/6 to 7eo7le.
1". An issue in dis7ute between :olanda and A/;un is
>A? whethe/ ;o</idin4 7h<sicall< endan4e/s hu6an li3es
>B? whethe/ the unautho/i9ed 6ani7ulation of co67ute/ data in3ol3es da6a4e to
7/i3ate 7/o7e/t<
>C? whethe/ da6a4e to 7h<sical 7/o7e/t< is 6o/e c/i6inal than da6a4e to
intellectual 7/o7e/t<
>D? whethe/ the unautho/i9ed use of co67ute/s is as dan4e/ous to 7eo7le as is
;o</idin4
>E? whethe/ t/eatin4 7/i3ate 7/o7e/t< /ec0lessl< is e3e/ a dan4e/ous c/i6e
1#. The /easonin4 in A/;un2s /es7onse is flawed because he
>A? fails to 6aintain a distinction 6ade in :olanda2s a/4u6ent
>B? denies :olanda2s conclusion without 7/o3idin4 e3idence a4ainst it
>C? /elies on the actualit< of a 7heno6enon that he has onl< shown to be 7ossible
>D? 6ista0es so6ethin4 that leads to his conclusion fo/ so6ethin4 that is
necessa/< fo/ his conclusion
>E? uses as e3idence a 7heno6enon that is inconsistent with his own conclusion
1!. A /e7o/t of a 4o3e/n6ent su/3e< concluded that Cente/ Cit< was a6on4 the ten
cities in the nation with the hi4hest d/o7out /ate f/o6 its schools. The su/3e< data
we/e obtained b< as0in4 all cit< /esidents o3e/ the a4e of 1& whethe/ the< we/e
hi4h school 4/aduates and co67utin4 the 7/o7o/tion who we/e not. A cit< school
official ob;ected that the /esult did not see6 accu/ate acco/din4 to the schools2
fi4u/es.
%16 'SAT
The school official can 6ost 7/o7e/l< c/itici9e the /easonin4 b< which the su/3e<
/e7o/t /eached its /esult fo/ failu/e to do which one of the followin4=
>A? ta0e into account instances of /es7ondents2 d/o77in4 out that occu//ed befo/e
the /es7ondents /eached hi4h school
>B? as0 /esidents whethe/ the< had co67leted thei/ hi4h school wo/0 in fewe/
than the usual nu6be/ of <ea/s
>C? distin4uish between /esidents who had attended the cit<2s schools and those
who had /ecei3ed thei/ schoolin4 elsewhe/e
>D? 7/edict the effect of the info/6ation contained in the /e7o/t on futu/e hi4h
school d/o7out /ates fo/ the cit<
>E? conside/ whethe/ a di7lo6a f/o6 the cit<2s hi4h schools si4naled the sa6e
le3el of achie3e6ent o3e/ ti6e
16. B/own dwa/fsKdi6 /ed sta/s that a/e too cool to bu/n h<d/o4enKa/e 3e/<
si6ila/ in a77ea/ance to /ed dwa/f sta/sB which a/e ;ust hot enou4h to bu/n
h<d/o4en. Sta/sB when fi/st fo/6edB contain substantial a6ounts of the ele6ent
lithiu6. All sta/s but the coolest of the b/own dwa/fs a/e hot enou4h to dest/o<
lithiu6 co67letel< b< con3e/tin4 it to heliu6. Acco/din4lA? )one of the coolest b/own dwa/fs has e3e/ been hot enou4h to dest/o<
lithiu6.
>B? Most sta/s that a/e too cool to bu/n h<d/o4en a/e too cool to dest/o< lithiu6
co67letel<.
>C? B/own dwa/fs that a/e not hot enou4h to dest/o< lithiu6 a/e hot enou4h to
dest/o< heliu6.
>D? Most sta/sB when fi/st fo/6edB contain /ou4hl< the sa6e 7e/centa4e of
lithiu6.
>E? )o sta/s a/e 6o/e si6ila/ in a77ea/ance to /ed dwa/fs than a/e b/own dwa/fs.
1%. ,hene3e/ a co67an< loses a 6a;o/ 7/oductAliabilit< lawsuitB the 3alue of the
co67an<2s stoc0s falls si4nificantl< within hou/s afte/ the announce6ent. Coto<
has lon4 been in3ol3ed in a 6a;o/ 7/oductAliabilit< lawsuitB and its stoc0s fell
si4nificantl< in 3alue toda<. The/efo/eB we can be su/e that an unfa3o/able
;ud46ent a4ainst Coto< in that lawsuit was announced ea/lie/ toda<.
,hich one of the followin4 contains flawed /easonin4 that 6ost closel< 7a/allels
>A? ,hene3e/ a business t/eats its custo6e/s discou/teouslB? ,hene3e/ the la/4e ai/lines dec/ease fa/esB the financial stabilit< of s6alle/
co67etin4 ai/lines is ad3e/sel< affected. The/efo/eB the s6alle/ co67etin4
GMAT . 'SAT C- %1%
ai/lines2 financial stabilit< 6ust be se/iousl< th/eatened when the la/4e
ai/lines announce a la/4e 7/ice dec/ease.
>C? ,hene3e/ a count/< shows a lac0 of leade/shi7 on inte/national issuesB
/es7ect fo/ the count/<2s 7olicies be4ins to decline. The/efo/eB to 4ain /es7ect
fo/ its 7oliciesB a count/< should show leade/shi7 on inte/national issues.
>D? ,hene3e/ an ente/in4 student at Cash6an Colle4e wins the Ie/fo/6ance
5ellowshi7B he o/ she /ecei3es L1$B$$$. The/efo/eB EulaB a student who has
en/olled at Cash6anB 6ust ha3e won the Ie/fo/6ance 5ellowshi7B because
she ;ust /ecei3ed L1$B$$$ f/o6 the colle4e.
>E? ,hene3e/ a co67an< ad3e/tises its 7/oducts effecti3el<B the co67an<2s sales
inc/ease. (/oco2s sales ha3e not inc/easedG the/efo/eB it is li0el< that the
co67an< did not ad3e/tise its 7/oducts effecti3el<.
18. In /ecent <ea/s the cli6ate has been 4ene/all< cool in no/the/n Asia. But du/in4
7e/iods when the a3e/a4e dail< te67e/atu/e and hu6idit< in no/the/n Asia we/e
sli4htl< hi4he/ than thei/ no/6al le3els the <ields of 6ost c/o7s 4/own the/e
inc/eased si4nificantl<. In the ne8t centu/<B the inc/eased a3e/a4e dail<
te67e/atu/e and hu6idit< attained du/in4 those 7e/iods a/e e87ected to beco6e
the no/6. :et scientists 7/edict that the <ea/l< <ields of 6ost of the /e4ion2s c/o7s
will dec/ease du/in4 the ne8t centu/<.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost hel7s to /esol3e the a77a/ent 7a/ado8 in
the info/6ation abo3e=
>A? C/o7 <ields in southe/n Asia a/e e87ected to /e6ain constant e3en afte/ the
a3e/a4e dail< te67e/atu/e and hu6idit< the/e inc/ease f/o6 /ecent le3els.
>B? An< inc/eases in te67e/atu/e and hu6idit< would be acco67anied b< hi4he/
le3els of at6os7he/ic ca/bon dio8ideB which is 3ital to 7lant /es7i/ation.
>C? The cli6ate in no/the/n Asia has 4ene/all< been too cool and d/< in /ecent
<ea/s fo/ 7o7ulations of 6an< c/o7 insect 7ests to beco6e established.
>D? In 6an< 7a/ts of AsiaB the inc/eased annual 7/eci7itation that would /esult
f/o6 wa/6e/ and wette/ cli6ates would cause 6ost edible 7lant s7ecies to
flou/ish.
>E? The /ecent cli6ate of no/the/n Asia 7/e3ents 6an< c/o7s f/o6 bein4 fa/6ed
the/e du/in4 the winte/.
1&. )o one in the 5/ench de7a/t6ent to which I/ofesso/ Alban belon4s is allowed to
teach 6o/e than one int/oducto/< le3el class in an< one te/6. Mo/eo3e/B the onl<
lan4ua4e classes bein4 tau4ht ne8t te/6 a/e ad3anced ones. So it is unt/ue that
both of the 5/ench classes I/ofesso/ Alban will be teachin4 ne8t te/6 will be
int/oducto/< le3el classes.
The 7atte/n of /easonin4 dis7la<ed in the a/4u6ent abo3e is 6ost closel<
7a/alleled b< that in which one of the followin4 a/4u6ents=
>A? The Mo//ison Buildin4 will be full< occu7ied b< Ma< and since if a buildin4
%18 'SAT
is occu7ied b< Ma< the new ta8 /ates a77l< to itB the Mo//ison Buildin4 will
be ta8ed acco/din4 to the new /ates.
>B? The /e3ised ta8 code does not a77l< at all to buildin4s built befo/e 1&$$B and
onl< the fi/st section of the /e3ised code a77lies to buildin4s built between
1&$$ and 1&$B so the /e3ised code does not a77l< to the )o/ton Buildin4B
since it was built in 18%".
>C? All 7/o7e/t< on (3e/ton -oad will be /eassessed fo/ ta8 7u/7oses b< the end
of the <ea/ and the Elno/ Co67an< head@ua/te/s is on (3e/ton -oadB so
Elno/2s 7/o7e/t< ta8es will be hi4he/ ne8t <ea/.
>D? )ew buildin4s that include 7ublic s7ace a/e e8e67t f/o6 cit< ta8es fo/ two
<ea/s and all new buildin4s in the cit<2s Alton dist/ict a/e e8e67t fo/ fi3e
<ea/sB so the buildin4 with the la/4e 7ublic s7ace that was /ecentl<
co67leted in Alton will not be sub;ect to cit< ta8es ne8t <ea/.
>E? Since acco/din4 to /ecent statuteB a buildin4 that is e8e67t f/o6 7/o7e/t<
ta8es is cha/4ed fo/ cit< wate/ at a s7ecial /ateB and hos7itals a/e e8e67t
f/o6 7/o7e/t< ta8esB 5ounde/2s Hos7ital will be cha/4ed fo/ cit< wate/ at the
s7ecial /ate.
Questions !0-!1
So6e 7eo7le ha3e been 7/o6otin4 a new he/bal 6i8tu/e as a /e6ed< fo/ the co66on
cold. The 6i8tu/e containsB a6on4 othe/ thin4sB e8t/acts of the 7lants 7u/7le coneA
flowe/ and 4oldenseal. A cold suffe/e/B s0e7tical of the clai6 that the 6i8tu/e is an
effecti3e cold /e6ed<B a/4uedB ESu77ose that the 6i8tu/e we/e an effecti3e cold
/e6ed<. Since 6ost 7eo7le with colds wish to /eco3e/ @uic0l<B it follows that al6ost
e3e/<bod< with a cold would be usin4 it. The/efo/eB since the/e a/e 6an< 7eo7le who
ha3e colds but do not use the 6i8tu/eB it is ob3iousl< not effecti3e.F
$. Each of the followin4 is an assu67tion /e@ui/ed b< the s0e7tical cold suffe/e/2s
a/4u6ent EHCEIT1
>A? Enou4h of the 6i8tu/e is 7/oduced to 7/o3ide the /e@ui/ed doses to al6ost
e3e/<bod< with a cold.
>B? The 6i8tu/e does not ha3e side effects se3e/e enou4h to 6a0e 6an< 7eo7le
who ha3e colds a3oid usin4 it.
>C? The 6i8tu/e is 7owe/ful enou4h to 7/e3ent al6ost e3e/<bod< who uses it
f/o6 cont/actin4 an< fu/the/ colds.
>D? The 6i8tu/e is widel< enou4h 0nown that al6ost e3e/<bod< with a cold is
awa/e of it.
>E? The/e a/e no effecti3e cold /e6edies a3ailable that 6an< 7eo7le who ha3e
colds 7/efe/ to the 6i8tu/e.
1. ,hich one of the followin4 6ost accu/atel< desc/ibes the 6ethod of /easonin4
the cold suffe/e/ uses to /each the conclusion of the a/4u6ent=
>A? findin4 a clai6 to be false on the 4/ounds that it wouldB if t/ueB ha3e
GMAT . 'SAT C- %1&
conse@uences that a/e false
>B? acce7tin4 a clai6 on the basis of 7ublic o7inion of the clai6
>C? showin4 that conditions necessa/< to establish the t/uth of a clai6 a/e 6et
>D? basin4 a 4ene/ali9ation on a /e7/esentati3e 4/ou7 of instances
>E? showin4 that a 6easu/e clai6ed to be effecti3e in achie3in4 a ce/tain effect
would actuall< 6a0e achie3in4 the effect 6o/e difficult
. To hold c/i6inals /es7onsible fo/ thei/ c/i6es in3ol3es a failu/e to /eco4ni9e that
c/i6inal actionsB li0e all actionsB a/e ulti6atel< 7/oducts of the en3i/on6ent that
fo/4ed the a4ent2s cha/acte/. It is not c/i6inals but 7eo7le in the lawAabidin4
6a;o/it< who b< thei/ actions do 6ost to c/eate and 6aintain this en3i/on6ent.
The/efo/eB it is lawAabidin4 7eo7le whose actionsB and nothin4 elseB 6a0e the6
alone t/ul< /es7onsible fo/ c/i6e.
The /easonin4 in the a/4u6ent is 6ost 3ulne/able to c/iticis6 on the 4/ounds that
>A? it e87loits an a6bi4uit< in the te/6 Een3i/on6entF b< t/eatin4 two diffe/ent
6eanin4s of the wo/d as thou4h the< we/e e@ui3alent
>B? it fails to distin4uish between actions that a/e sociall< acce7table and actions
that a/e sociall< unacce7table
>C? the wa< it distin4uishes c/i6inals f/o6 c/i6es i67licitl< denies that so6eone
beco6es a c/i6inal solel< in 3i/tue of ha3in4 co66itted a c/i6e
>D? its conclusion is a 4ene/ali9ation of statistical e3idence d/awn f/o6 onl< a
s6all 6ino/it< of the 7o7ulation
>E? its conclusion cont/adicts an i67licit 7/inci7le on which an ea/lie/ 7a/t of the
a/4u6ent is based
". Ch/onic bac0 7ain is usuall< caused b< a he/niated o/ de4ene/ated s7inal dis0. In
6ost cases the dis0 will ha3e been da6a4ed <ea/s befo/e ch/onic 7ain de3elo7sB
and in fact an esti6ated one in fi3e 7eo7le o3e/ the a4e of "$ has a he/niated o/
de4ene/ated dis0 that shows no ch/onic s<67to6s. If ch/onic 7ain late/ de3elo7s
in such a caseB it is 4ene/all< b/ou4ht about b< a dete/io/ation of the abdo6inal
and s7inal 6uscles caused b< insufficient e8e/cise.
>A? 5ou/ out of fi3e 7eo7le o3e/ the a4e of "$ can be su/e the< will ne3e/ de3elo7
ch/onic bac0 7ain.
>B? Ieo7le who e8e/cise thei/ abdo6inal and s7inal 6uscles /e4ula/l< a/e su/e to
be f/ee f/o6 ch/onic bac0 7ain.
>C? Iatients /a/el< suffe/ e3en 6ild and fleetin4 bac0 7ain at the ti6e that a s7inal
dis0 fi/st beco6es he/niated o/ de4ene/ated.
>D? Docto/s can accu/atel< 7/edict which 7eo7le who do not ha3e ch/onic bac0
7ain will de3elo7 it in the futu/e.
>E? The/e is a st/ate4< that can be effecti3e in dela<in4 o/ 7/e3entin4 the onset of
%$ 'SAT
7ain f/o6 a cu//entl< as<67to6atic he/niated o/ de4ene/ated s7inal dis0.
#. Each Dece6be/ "1 in Count/< NB a tall< is 6ade of the count/<2s total a3ailable
coal su77liesKthat isB the total a6ount of coal that has been 6ined th/ou4hout
the count/< but not consu6ed. In 1&&1 that a6ount was conside/abl< lowe/ than
it had been in 1&&$. 5u/the/6o/eB Count/< N has not i67o/ted o/ e87o/ted coal
since 1&%$.
the basis of the6=
>A? In Count/< NB 6o/e coal was 6ined in 1&&$ than was 6ined in 1&&1.
>B? In Count/< NB the a6ount of coal consu6ed in 1&&1 was 4/eate/ than the
a6ount of coal 6ined in 1&&1.
>C? In Count/< NB the a6ount of coal consu6ed in 1&&$ was 4/eate/ than the
a6ount of coal consu6ed in 1&&1.
>D? In Count/< NB the a6ount of coal consu6ed in 1&&1 was 4/eate/ than the
a6ount of coal consu6ed in 1&&$.
>E? In Count/< NB 6o/e coal was consu6ed du/in4 the fi/st half of 1&&1 than was
consu6ed du/in4 the fi/st half of 1&&$.
!. To61 E67lo<e/s co67lain that 7eo7le 4/aduatin4 f/o6 hi4h school too often lac0
the 3ocational s0ills /e@ui/ed fo/ fullAti6e e67lo<6ent. The/efo/eB since these
s0ills a/e best ac@ui/ed on the ;obB we should /e@ui/e hi4h school students to wo/0
at 7a/tAti6e ;obs so that the< ac@ui/e the s0ills needed fo/ toda<2s ;ob 6a/0et.
Ma/<1 The/e a/e al/ead< too few 7a/tAti6e ;obs fo/ students who want to wo/0B
and si67l< /e@ui/in4 students to wo/0 will not c/eate ;obs fo/ the6.
,hich one of the followin4 6ost accu/atel< desc/ibes how Ma/<2s /es7onse is
/elated to To62s a/4u6ent=
>A? It anal<9es an undesi/able /esult of unde/ta0in4 the cou/se of action that To6
/eco66ends.
>B? It a/4ues that To6 has 6ista0en an una3oidable t/end fo/ an a3oidable one.
>C? It 7/o3ides info/6ation that is inconsistent with an e87licitl< stated 7/e6ise in
To62s a/4u6ent.
>D? It 7/esents a conside/ation that unde/cuts an assu67tion on which To62s
a/4u6ent de7ends.
>E? It defends an alte/nati3e solution to the 7/oble6 that To6 desc/ibes.
SECTI() I*
1. C/itic1 Ieo7le toda< 7lace an es7eciall< hi4h 3alue on /es7ect fo/ othe/sG <etB in
thei/ co6ed< actsB 6an< of toda<2s 6ost 7o7ula/ co6edians dis7la< blatant
GMAT . 'SAT C- %1
dis/es7ect fo/ othe/s. But when 7eo7le fail to li3e u7 to the 3e/< ideals the< hold
in hi4hest estee6B e8a44e/ation of such failin4s often fo/6s the basis of
successful co6ed<. Thus the cu//ent 7o7ula/it< of co6edians who dis7la<
dis/es7ect in thei/ acts is ha/dl< su/7/isin4.
The c/itic2s a/4u6ent de7ends on which one of the followin4 assu67tions=
>A? Ieo7le who en;o< co6edians who dis7la< dis/es7ect in thei/ acts do not 7lace
a hi4h 3alue on /es7ect fo/ othe/s.
>B? (nl< co6edians who dis7la< blatant dis/es7ect in thei/ acts a/e cu//entl<
successful.
>C? Man< 7eo7le disa77/o3e of the 7o/t/a<al of blatant dis/es7ect fo/ othe/s in
co6ed< acts.
>D? Ieo7le who 3alue an ideal es7eciall< hi4hl< do not alwa<s succeed in li3in4
u7 to this ideal.
>E? Ieo7le toda< fail to li3e u7 to thei/ own ideals 6o/e f/e@uentl< than was the
case in the 7ast.
. The law fi/6 of Suthe/linB Ie/e9B and Associates is one of the 6ost successful law
fi/6s whose 7/i6a/< s7eciali9ation is in c/i6inal defense cases. In factB the fi/6
has a bette/ than &$ 7e/cent ac@uittal /ate in such cases. Dalton is an atto/ne<
whose 7/i6a/< s7eciali9ation is in di3o/ce casesB so Dalton ce/tainl< cannot be a
6e6be/ of Suthe/linB Ie/e9B and Associates.
>A? offe/s in su77o/t of its conclusion 7ieces of e3idence that a/e 6utuall<
cont/adicto/<
>B? o3e/loo0s the 7ossibilit< that a 7e/son can 7/actice law without bein4 a
6e6be/ of a law fi/6
>C? concludes that so6eone is not a 6e6be/ of a 4/ou7 on the 4/ounds that that
7e/son does not ha3e a cha/acte/istic that the 4/ou7 as a whole has
>D? ta0es a hi4h /ate of success a6on4 the 6e6be/s of a 4/ou7 to indicate that the
successes a/e e3enl< s7/ead a6on4 the 6e6be/s
>E? states a 4ene/ali9ation based on a selection that is not /e7/esentati3e of the
4/ou7 about which the 4ene/ali9ation is su77osed to hold t/ue
". (77onents of allowin4 t/i7leAt/aile/ t/uc0s to use the national hi4hwa< s<ste6 a/e
w/on4 in clai6in4 that these t/uc0s a/e 6o/e dan4e/ous than othe/ co66e/cial
3ehicles. In the weste/n 7a/t of the count/<B in a/eas whe/e t/i7leAt/aile/s a/e now
7e/6itted on so6e hi4hwa<sB fo/ these 3ehicles the /ate of /oad accident fatalities
7e/ 6ile of t/a3el is lowe/ than the national /ate fo/ othe/ t<7es of co66e/cial
3ehicles. Clea/lA? It ta0es two s6alle/ se6it/aile/s to haul as 6uch wei4ht as a sin4le t/i7leA
t/aile/ can.
% 'SAT
>B? Hi4hwa<s in the s7a/sel< 7o7ulated ,est a/e 6uch less hea3il< t/a3eled and
conse@uentl< a/e fa/ safe/ than hi4hwa<s in the national s<ste6 as a whole.
>C? (77onents of the t/i7leAt/aile/s also once o77osed the sho/te/ twinAt/aile/sB
which a/e now co66on on the nation2s hi4hwa<s.
>D? In a/eas whe/e the t/i7leAt/aile/s a/e 7e/6ittedB d/i3e/s need a s7ecial license
to o7e/ate the6.
>E? 5o/ t/i7leAt/aile/s the /ate of /oad accident fatalities 7e/ 6ile of t/a3el was
hi4he/ last <ea/ than in the two 7/e3ious <ea/s.
#. ,hitta0e/1 The/e can be no such thin4 as the nu6be/ of 6edical school students
who d/o7 out befo/e thei/ second <ea/B because if the< d/o7 outB the< ne3e/ ha3e a
second <ea/.
Hudson1 B< <ou/ /easonin4 I cannot hel7 but beco6e /ichB because the/e is
si6ila/l< no such thin4 as 6< d<in4 befo/e 6< fi/st 6illion dolla/s is in the ban0.
Hudson /es7onds to ,hitta0e/ b<
>A? showin4 that a /ele3antl< analo4ous a/4u6ent leads to an untenable
conclusion
>B? citin4 a s7ecific e8a67le to counte/ ,hitta0e/2s 4ene/al clai6
>C? 7ointin4 out that ,hitta0e/ 6ista0es a necessa/< situation fo/ a 7ossible
situation
>D? clai6in4 that what ,hitta0e/ sa<s cannot be t/ue because ,hitta0e/ acts as if
it we/e false
>E? showin4 that ,hitta0e/2s a/4u6ent /elies on anal<9in4 an e8t/e6e and
un/e7/esentati3e case
!. A newl< de3elo7ed li4ht bulb is 6uch 6o/e costAeffecti3e than con3entional li4ht
bulbs1 it costs onl< about " ti6es what a con3entional li4ht bulb costs but it lasts
u7 to 1$ ti6es as lon4 as a con3entional li4ht bulb. Des7ite the 6anufactu/e/2s
intense effo/ts to 7ublici9e the ad3anta4es of the new bulbB one anal<st 7/edicts
that these new bulbs will 7/o3e to sell 3e/< 7oo/l<.
Each of the followin4B if t/ueB 7/o3ides su77o/t fo/ the anal<st2s 7/ediction
EHCEIT1
>A? The li4ht 4ene/ated b< the new bulb is in the <ellow /an4e of the s7ect/u6B a
t<7e of a/tificial li4ht 6ost 7eo7le find una77ealin4.
>B? Most 7eo7le who 7u/chase li4ht bulbs 7/efe/ to bu< ine87ensi3e li4ht bulbs
/athe/ than 6o/e du/able but e87ensi3e li4ht bulbs.
>C? A 6anufactu/e/ of one b/and of con3entional li4ht bulb has ad3e/tised clai6s
that the new li4ht bulb uses 6o/e elect/icit< than do con3entional li4ht
bulbs.
>D? The new bulb is to be 6a/0eted in se3e/al diffe/ent @uantitiesB /an4in4 f/o6
7ac0a4es containin4 one bulb to 7ac0a4es containin4 fou/ bulbs.
GMAT . 'SAT C- %"
>E? A co67etin4 6anufactu/e/ is about to int/oduce a li4ht bulb that lasts 1$ ti6es
as lon4 as a con3entional bulb but costs less than a con3entional bulb.
6. The -ien.iB a 7assen4e/ shi7B san0 as a /esult of a hole in its hullB 7ossibl< caused
b< sabota4e. )o/6all<B when a holed shi7 sin0s as /a7idl< as the -ien.i didB wate/
does not ente/ the shi7 @uic0l< enou4h fo/ the shi7 to be full< flooded when it
/eaches the ocean floo/. 5ull floodin4 can be achie3edB howe3e/B b< sabota4e.
An< shi7 that sin0s dee7 into the ocean when not full< flooded will i67lode.
Dee7Asea 7hoto4/a7hsB ta0en of the sun0en -ien.i whe/e it /ests on the ocean
floo/B /e3eal that the -ien.i did not i67lode.
,hich one of the followin4 6ust be t/ue on the basis of the info/6ation abo3e=
>A? The -ien.i was so const/ucted as to /educe the /is0 of sin0in4 b< i67act.
>B? If the -ien.i beca6e full< floodedB it did so onl< afte/ it /eached the ocean
floo/.
>C? If the -ien.i was not sun0 b< sabota4eB wate/ flooded into it unusuall< fast.
>D? If the -ien.i had sun0 6o/e slowlE? The -ien.i was so st/on4l< const/ucted as to /esist i67lodin4 unde/ dee7Asea
7/essu/e.
%. 5o/ e3e/< !$ do4s that cont/act a ce/tain diseaseB one will die f/o6 it. A 3accine
e8ists that is 3i/tuall< 1$$ 7e/cent effecti3e in 7/e3entin4 this disease. Since the
/is0 of death f/o6 co67lications of 3accination is one death 7e/ !B$$$
3accinationsB it is the/efo/e safe/ fo/ a do4 to /ecei3e the 3accine than not to
/ecei3e it.
,hich one of the followin4 would it be 6ost hel7ful to 0now in o/de/ to e3aluate
the a/4u6ent=
>A? the total nu6be/ of do4s that die each <ea/ f/o6 all causes ta0en to4ethe/
>B? whethe/ the 3accine is effecti3e a4ainst the disease in household 7ets othe/
than do4s
>C? the nu6be/ of do4s that die each <ea/ f/o6 diseases othe/ than the disease in
@uestion
>D? the li0elihood that a do4 will cont/act anothe/ disease such as /abies
>E? the li0elihood that an un3accinated do4 will cont/act the disease in @uestion
8. The s<67to6s of 6ental diso/de/s a/e beha3io/alB co4niti3eB o/ e6otional
7/oble6s. So6e 7atients with 6ental diso/de/s can be effecti3el< t/eated with
7s<chothe/a7<. But it is now 0nown that in so6e 7atients 6ental diso/de/s /esult
f/o6 che6ical i6balances affectin4 the b/ain. Thus these 7atients can be
effecti3el< t/eated onl< with 6edication that will /educe o/ co//ect the i6balance.
>A? T/eat6ent b< 7s<chothe/a7< can 7/oduce no effecti3e /eduction in o/
co//ection of che6ical i6balances that cause 6ental diso/de/s.
%# 'SAT
>B? T/eat6ent with 6edication alwa<s shows faste/ /esults fo/ 7atients with
6ental diso/de/s than does t/eat6ent with 7s<chothe/a7<.
>C? Most 6ental diso/de/s a/e not the /esult of che6ical i6balances affectin4 the
b/ain.
>D? Medication is alwa<s 6o/e effecti3e in t/eatin4 7atients with 6ental diso/de/s
than is 7s<chothe/a7<.
>E? T/eat6ent with 7s<chothe/a7< has no effect on 6ental diso/de/s othe/ than a
/eduction of the s<67to6s.
Questions 9-10
Cu/ato/1 The decision to /esto/e the cloa0 of the cent/al fi4u/e in *e/onese2s 7aintin4
f/o6 its 7/esent /ed to the 4/een found unde/neath is full< ;ustified. -eliable 8A/a< and
che6ical tests show that the /ed 7i46ent was a77lied afte/ the 7aintin4 had been
co67letedB and that the /ed 7aint was not 6i8ed in *e/onese2s wo/0sho7. Hence it
a77ea/s li0el< that an a/tist othe/ than *e/onese ta67e/ed with *e/onese2s 7aintin4
afte/ its co67letion.
A/t c/itic1 But in a co7< of *e/onese2s 7aintin4 6ade sho/tl< afte/ *e/onese diedB the
cloa0 is /ed. It is hi4hl< unli0el< that a co7<ist would ha3e 6ade so 6a;o/ a chan4e so
soon afte/ *e/onese2s death.
&. The asse/tion that a late/ a/tist ta67e/ed with *e/onese2s 7aintin4 se/3es which
one of the followin4 functions in the cu/ato/2s a/4u6ent=
>A? It is the 6ain 7oint towa/d which the a/4u6ent as a whole is di/ected.
>B? It is a subsidia/< conclusion that su77o/ts the a/4u6ent2s 6ain conclusion.
>C? It is a cla/ification of a 0e< te/6 of the a/4u6ent.
>D? It is a 7a/ticula/ instance of the 4ene/al 7osition to be defended.
>E? It is a /eite/ation of the 6ain 7oint that is 6ade fo/ the sa0e of e67hasis.
1$. The a/t c/itic2s /es7onse to the cu/ato/ would 7/o3ide the st/on4est su77o/t fo/
which one of the followin4 conclusions=
>A? The co7< of *e/onese2s 7aintin4 that was 6ade soon afte/ the 7ainte/2s death
is indistin4uishable f/o6 the o/i4inal.
>B? )o 7aintin4 should be /esto/ed befo/e the 7aintin4 is tested with
technolo4icall< so7histicated e@ui76ent.
>C? The 7/o7osed /esto/ation will fail to /esto/e *e/onese2s 7aintin4 to the
a77ea/ance it had at the end of the a/tist2s lifeti6e.
>D? The 3alue of an a/tist2s wo/0 is not necessa/il< co67/o6ised when that wo/0
is ta67e/ed with b< late/ a/tists.
>E? *e/onese did not o/i4inall< intend the cent/al fi4u/e2s cloa0 to be 4/een.
11. +ohn wo/0s fi3e da<s each wee0 e8ce7t when on 3acation o/ du/in4 wee0s in
which national holida<s occu/. 5ou/ da<s a wee0 he wo/0s in an insu/ance
GMAT . 'SAT C- %!
co67an<G on 5/ida<s he wo/0s as a blac0s6ith. 'ast wee0 the/e we/e no
holida<sB and +ohn was not on 3acation. The/efo/eB he 6ust ha3e wo/0ed in the
insu/ance co67an< on MondaA? +ohn ne3e/ ta0es a 3acation of 6o/e than one wee0 in len4th.
>B? E3e/< da< last wee0 that +ohn wo/0edB he wo/0ed fo/ an enti/e wo/0da<.
>C? +ohn does not ta0e 3acations in wee0s in which national holida<s occu/.
>D? 'ast wee0 +ohn wo/0ed neithe/ on Satu/da< no/ on Sunda<.
>E? The/e we/e no da<s last wee0 on which +ohn both wo/0ed in the insu/ance
co67an< and also wo/0ed as a blac0s6ith.
1. Afte/ se3e/al atte67ts to dist/act his <oun4 7a//ot f/o6 chewin4 on fu/nitu/eB
Geo/4e /eluctantl< too0 an e87e/t2s ad3ice and 4entl< hit the 7a//ot2s bea0
whene3e/ the bi/d sta/ted to chew fu/nitu/e. The bi/d sto77ed chewin4 fu/nitu/eB
but it is now af/aid of hands and will so6eti6es bite. Since chewin4 on the
fu/nitu/e would not ha3e hu/t the bi/dB Geo/4e should not ha3e hit it.
,hen Ca/la2s 7u77< esca7ed f/o6 he/ <a/dB it bounded into a bus< st/eet.
Althou4h Ca/la does not 4ene/all< a77/o3e of 7h<sical disci7lineB she hit the
7u77< sha/7l< with he/ hand. )ow the 7u77< ente/s the st/eet onl< when
acco67anied b< Ca/laB so Ca/la was ;ustified in disci7linin4 the 7u77<.
,hich one of the followin4 7/inci7lesB if establishedB would ;ustif< the ;ud46ents
about Geo/4e2s and Ca/la2s actions=
>A? ,hen disci7linin4 an ani6al 7h<sicallB? ,hen t/ainin4 an ani6alB 7h<sical disci7line should be used onl< when such
disci7line is necessa/< to co//ect beha3io/ that could /esult in se/ious ha/6 to
the ani6al.
>C? Dsin4 7h<sical disci7line to t/ain an ani6al is ;ustified onl< when all
alte/nati3e st/ate4ies fo/ co//ectin4 undesi/able beha3io/ ha3e failed.
>D? Ih<sical disci7line should not be used on i66atu/e ani6als.
>E? Ih<sical disci7line should not be used b< an ani6al t/aine/ e8ce7t to co//ect
7e/sistent beha3io/ 7/oble6s.
1". Matu/e white 7ines inte/ce7t al6ost all the sunli4ht that shines on the6. The<
lea3e a dee7 litte/ that d/ies /eadil<B and the< 4/ow to 7/odi4ious hei4ht so thatB
e3en when the/e a/e la/4e 4a7s in a stand of such t/eesB little li4ht /eaches the
fo/est floo/. 5o/ this /eason white 7ines cannot /e4ene/ate in thei/ own shade.
ThusB when in a dense fo/est a stand of t/ees consists of nothin4 but 6atu/e white
7inesB it is a fai/ bet thatCCCCCC
,hich one of the followin4 6ost lo4icall< concludes the a/4u6ent=
>A? the a4es of the t/ees in the stand do not diffe/ f/o6 each othe/ b< 6uch 6o/e
than the len4th of ti6e it ta0es a white 7ine to 4/ow to 6atu/it<
%6 'SAT
>B? the land on which the stand is now 4/owin4 had been clea/ed of all t/ees at
the ti6e when the fi/st of the white 7ines sta/ted 4/owin4
>C? co67etition a6on4 the t/ees in the stand fo/ sunli4ht will soon /esult in so6e
t/ees2 d<in4 and the stand thus beco6in4 thinne/
>D? othe/ s7ecies of t/ees will soon be4in to coloni9e the standB e3entuall<
/e7lacin4 all of the white 7ines
>E? an< diffe/ences in the hei4hts of the t/ees in the stand a/e att/ibutable solel< to
diffe/ences in the a4es of the t/ees
1#. Ad3e/tise6ent1 A leadin4 econo6ist has dete/6ined that a6on4 7eo7le who used
co67ute/s at thei/ 7lace of e67lo<6ent last <ea/B those who also owned 7o/table
>Ela7to7F? co67ute/s ea/ned ! 7e/cent 6o/e on a3e/a4e than those who did not.
It is ob3ious f/o6 this that ownin4 a la7to7 co67ute/ led to a hi4he/A7a<in4 ;ob.
,hich one of the followin4 identifies a /easonin4 e//o/ in the a/4u6ent=
>A? It atte67ts to su77o/t a swee7in4 4ene/ali9ation on the basis of info/6ation
about onl< a s6all nu6be/ of indi3iduals.
>B? Its conclusion 6e/el< /estates a clai6 6ade ea/lie/ in the a/4u6ent.
>C? It concludes that one thin4 was caused b< anothe/ althou4h the e3idence
4i3en is consistent with the fi/st thin42s ha3in4 caused the second.
>D? It offe/s info/6ation as su77o/t fo/ a conclusion when that info/6ation
actuall< shows that the conclusion is false.
>E? It unc/iticall< 7/o;ects cu//entl< e8istin4 t/ends indefinitel< into the futu/e.
1!. -honda will see the 6o3ie to6o//ow afte/noon onl< if Iaul 4oes to the conce/t in
the afte/noon. Iaul will not 4o to the conce/t unless Ted a4/ees to 4o to the
conce/t. Howe3e/B Ted /efuses to 4o to the conce/t. So -honda will not see the
6o3ie to6o//ow afte/noon.
of the followin4=
>A? If +anice co6es to 3isitB Ma/< will not 7a< the bills to6o//ow. +anice will not
co6e to 3isit unless she locates a bab<sitte/. Howe3e/B +anice has located a
bab<sitte/B so she will 3isit Ma/<.
>B? Ga/< will do his laund/< to6o//ow onl< if Iete/ has to 4o to wo/0. Dnless
Cath< is illB Iete/ will not ha3e to 4o to wo/0. Since Cath< is not illB Ga/<
will not do his laund/< to6o//ow.
>C? Mell< will ba/becue fish toni4ht if it does not /ain and the 6a/0et has f/esh
t/out. Althou4h the fo/ecast does not call fo/ /ainB the 6a/0et does not ha3e
f/esh t/out. So Mell< will not ba/becue fish toni4ht.
>D? 'isa will attend the fa6il< /eunion ne8t wee0 onl< if one of he/ b/othe/sB
+a/ed o/ Ma/lB also attends. Ma/l will not attend the /eunionB but +a/ed will.
So 'isa will attend the /eunion.
>E? Geo/4e will not 4o to the 6useu6 to6o//ow unless Ma/0 a4/ees to 4o. Ma/0
GMAT . 'SAT C- %%
will 4o to the 6useu6 onl< if he can 7ost7one 6ost of his a77oint6ents.
Ma/0 has 7ost7oned so6e of his a77oint6entsB so he will 4o to the 6useu6.
16. I/i3ate indust/< is t/<in4 to att/act s0illed /esea/ch scientists b< offe/in4 the6
hi4h sala/ies. As a /esultB 6ost /esea/ch scientists e67lo<ed in 7/i3ate indust/<
now ea/n !$ 7e/cent 6o/e than do co67a/abl< s0illed /esea/ch scientists
e67lo<ed b< the 4o3e/n6ent. SoB unless 4o3e/n6entAe67lo<ed /esea/ch
scientists a/e 6oti3ated 6o/e b< a sense of 7ublic dut< than b< thei/ own
inte/estsB the 4o3e/n6ent is li0el< to lose its 6ost s0illed /esea/ch scientists to
7/i3ate indust/A? Go3e/n6ent /esea/ch scientists a/e less li0el< to /ecei3e ac0nowled46ent fo/
thei/ /esea/ch cont/ibutions than a/e /esea/ch scientists in the 7/i3ate secto/.
>B? )one of the /esea/ch scientists cu//entl< e67lo<ed b< the 4o3e/n6ent ea/ns
6o/e than the hi4hestA7aid /esea/che/s e67lo<ed in the 7/i3ate secto/.
>C? The 4o3e/n6ent does not e67lo< as 6an< /esea/ch scientists who a/e hi4hl<
s0illed as does an< la/4e co67an< in the 7/i3ate secto/ which e67lo<s
/esea/ch scientists.
>D? The 4o3e/n6ent does not 7/o3ide its /esea/ch scientists with unusuall< 4ood
wo/0in4 conditions o/ f/in4e benefits that 6o/e than co67ensate fo/ the
lowe/ sala/ies the< /ecei3e.
>E? -esea/ch scientists e67lo<ed in the 7/i3ate secto/ 4ene/all< wo/0 lon4e/
hou/s than do /esea/che/s e67lo<ed b< the 4o3e/n6ent.
1%. Dsin4 fossil ene/4< 6o/e efficientl< is in the inte/est of the nation and the 4lobal
en3i/on6entB but 6a;o/ i67/o3e6ents a/e unli0el< unless 7/o7osed 4o3e/n6ent
standa/ds a/e i67le6ented to eli6inate 7/oducts o/ 7/actices that a/e a6on4 the
least efficient in thei/ class.
(b;ection1 Decisions on ene/4< use a/e best left to the o7e/ation of the 6a/0et.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost di/ectl< unde/6ines the ob;ection
abo3e=
>A? It would be un/ealistic to e87ect societ< to 6a0e the chan4es necessa/< to
achie3e 6a8i6u6 ene/4< efficienc< all at once.
>B? The/e a/e 7/oductsB such as auto6obilesB that consu6e ene/4< at a sufficient
/ate that 7e/sons who 7u/chase and use the6 will beco6e conscious of an<
unusual ene/4< inefficienc< in co67a/ison with othe/ 7/oducts in the sa6e
class.
>C? ,hene3e/ a new 6ode of 4ene/atin4 ene/4D? ,hen ene/4< 7/ices /iseB consu6e/s of ene/4< tend to loo0 fo/ new wa<s to
%8 'SAT
inc/ease ene/4< efficiencE? (ften the 7u/chase/ of a 7/oductB such as a landlo/d bu<in4 an a77lianceB
chooses on the basis of 7u/chase 7/ice because the 7u/chase/ is not the
7e/son who will 7a< fo/ ene/4< used b< the 7/oduct.
18. Dobson1 So6e histo/ians clai6 that the 7eo7le who built a /in4 of stones
thousands of <ea/s a4o in B/itain we/e 0nowled4eable about celestial e3ents. The
4/ound fo/ this clai6 is that two of the stones dete/6ine a line 7ointin4 di/ectl< to
the 7osition of the sun at sun/ise at the s7/in4 e@uino8. The/e a/e 6an< stones in
the /in4B howe3e/B so the chance that one 7ai/ will 7oint in a celestiall< si4nificant
di/ection is la/4e. The/efo/eB the 7eo7le who built the /in4 we/e not
0nowled4eable about celestial e3ents.
,hich one of the followin4 is an e//o/ of /easonin4 in Dobson2s a/4u6ent=
>A? The failu/e of cited e3idence to establish a state6ent is ta0en as e3idence that
that state6ent is false.
>B? Dobson2s conclusion lo4icall< cont/adicts so6e of the e3idence 7/esented in
su77o/t of it.
>C? State6ents that absolutel< establish Dobson2s conclusion a/e t/eated as if the<
6e/el< 4i3e so6e su77o/t to that conclusion.
>D? So6ethin4 that is 6e/el< a 6atte/ of o7inion is t/eated as if it we/e sub;ect to
3e/ification as a 6atte/ of fact.
>E? Dobson2s d/awin4 the conclusion /elies on inte/7/etin4 a 0e< te/6 in two
diffe/ent wa<s.
1&. )ea/l< all 6ail that is co//ectl< add/essed a//i3es at its destination within two
business da<s of bein4 sent. In factB co//ectl< add/essed 6ail ta0es lon4e/ than
this onl< when it is da6a4ed in t/ansit. (3e/allB howe3e/B 6ost 6ail a//i3es th/ee
business da<s o/ 6o/e afte/ bein4 sent.
If the state6ents abo3e a/e t/ueB which one of the followin4 6ust be t/ue=
>A? A la/4e 7/o7o/tion of the 6ail that is co//ectl< add/essed is da6a4ed in
t/ansit.
>B? )o inco//ectl< add/essed 6ail a//i3es within two business da<s of bein4 sent.
>C? Most 6ail that a//i3es within two business da<s of bein4 sent is co//ectl<
add/essed.
>D? A la/4e 7/o7o/tion of 6ail is inco//ectl< add/essed.
>E? Mo/e 6ail a//i3es within two business da<s of bein4 sent than a//i3es
between two and th/ee business da<s afte/ bein4 sent.
$. The /e7o/t /eleased b< the inte/io/ 6inist/< states that within the 7ast ! <ea/s the
national landA/ecla6ation 7/o4/a6 has /esulted in a 1& 7e/cent inc/ease in the
a6ount of a/able land within the count/<. If these fi4u/es a/e accu/ateB the
7/o4/a6 has been a /esoundin4 success. Senato/ A/6andB a distin4uished
GMAT . 'SAT C- %&
6athe6atician and a wo6an of indis7utable b/illianceB 6aintainsB howe3e/B that
the /ecla6ation 7/o4/a6 could not 7ossibl< ha3e been successful. Clea/lA? Albe/t2s fathe/ clai6s that Albe/t does not 0now whe/e the s7a/e ca/ 0e<s a/e
hidden. :este/daB? Glo/ia2s d/a6a teache/ clai6s that he/ 7olic< is to 4i3e each student the
o77o/tunit< to act in at least one 7la< du/in4 the <ea/ butB since Glo/iaB who
attended e3e/< classB /e7o/ts that she was not 4i3en such an o77o/tunitC? A6os clai6s that he can hold his b/eath unde/ wate/ fo/ a full hou/. D/.
T/e3isoB a ca/dio7ul6ona/< s7ecialistB has stated that hu6ans a/e
7h<siolo4icall< inca7able of holdin4 thei/ b/eath fo/ e3en half that lon4G so
A6os2 clai6 cannot be t/ue.
>D? E3el<n /e7o/ts that she 4ot ho6e befo/e 6idni4ht. -obe/tB who alwa<s 0nows
the ti6eB insists that she did not. If -obe/t is /i4htB E3el<n could not 7ossibl<
ha3e listened to the late newsG since she ad6its not ha3in4 listened to the late
newsB he/ /e7o/t cannot be t/ue.
>E? Moi/aB afte/ obse/3in4 the finish of the 6$A0ilo6ete/ bic<cle /aceB /e7o/ts that
'ee won with Ada6s a distant thi/d. 'o6asB a bic<cle en4inee/in4 e87e/tB
insistsB howe3e/B that 'ee could not ha3e won a /ace in which Ada6s
co67etedG so Moi/a2s /e7o/t cannot be t/ue.
Questions !1-!!
,i/th1 All effo/ts to identif< a 4ene /es7onsible fo/ 7/edis7osin4 7eo7le to 6anicA
de7/ession ha3e failed. In factB nea/l< all /esea/che/s now a4/ee that the/e is no
E6anicAde7/ession 4ene.F The/efo/eB if these /esea/che/s a/e /i4htB an< clai6 that
so6e 7eo7le a/e 4eneticall< 7/edis7osed to 6anicAde7/ession is si67l< false.
Chan41 I do not dis7ute <ou/ e3idenceB but I ta0e issue with <ou/ conclusion. Man< of
the /esea/che/s <ou /efe/ to ha3e found e3idence that a set of se3e/al 4enes is in3ol3ed
and that co67le8 inte/actions a6on4 these 4enes 7/oduce a 7/edis7osition to 6anicA
de7/ession.
1. The 7oint at issue between ,i/th and Chan4 is whethe/
>A? effo/ts to identif< a 4ene o/ set of se3e/al 4enes /es7onsible fo/ 7/edis7osin4
7eo7le to 6anicAde7/ession ha3e all failed
>B? it is li0el< that /esea/che/s will e3e/ be able to find a sin4le 4ene that
7/edis7oses 7eo7le to 6anicAde7/ession
>C? nea/l< all /esea/che/s now a4/ee that the/e is no 6anicAde7/ession 4ene
>D? cu//ent /esea/ch su77o/ts the clai6 that no one is 4eneticall< 7/edis7osed to
%"$ 'SAT
6anicAde7/ession
>E? the effo/ts 6ade to find a 4ene that can 7/oduce a 7/edis7osition to 6anicA
de7/ession we/e tho/ou4h
. ,hich one of the followin4 6ost accu/atel< e87/esses Chan42s c/iticis6 of
,i/th2s a/4u6ent=
>A? It 7/esu77oses onl< one 7ossibilit< whe/e 6o/e than one e8ists.
>B? It de7ends on se7a/ate 7ieces of e3idence that cont/adict each othe/.
>C? It /elies on the o7inion of e87e/ts in an a/ea outside the e87e/ts2 field of
e87e/tise.
>D? It disallows in 7/inci7le an< e3idence that would disconfi/6 its conclusion.
>E? It t/eats so6ethin4 that is 6e/el< unli0el< as thou4h it we/e i67ossible.
". Ga/ba4e du67s do not ha/6 wildlife. E3idence is fu/nished b< the MasaiAMa/a
/ese/3e in Men<aB whe/e baboons that use the 4a/ba4e du67s on the /ese/3e as a
food sou/ce 6atu/e faste/ and ha3e 6o/e offs7/in4 than do baboons on the
/ese/3e that do not sca3en4e on 4a/ba4e.
Each of the followin4 state6entsB if t/ueB casts doubt on the a/4u6ent EHCEIT1
>A? The baboons that feed on the 4a/ba4e du67 a/e of a diffe/ent s7ecies f/o6
those that do not.
>B? The life e87ectanc< of baboons that eat 4a/ba4e is si4nificantl< lowe/ than
that of baboons that do not eat 4a/ba4e.
>C? The choleste/ol le3el of 4a/ba4eAeatin4 baboons is dan4e/ousl< hi4he/ than
that of baboons that do not eat 4a/ba4e.
>D? The 7o7ulation of h<enas that li3e nea/ un/e4ulated 4a/ba4e landfills no/th of
the /ese/3e has doubled in the last two <ea/s.
>E? The /ate of bi/th defects fo/ the baboon 7o7ulation on the /ese/3e has doubled
since the fi/st landfills we/e o7ened.
Questions !4-!5
Ma/ianne is a 7/ofessional chess 7la<e/ who hu6s audibl< while 7la<in4 he/ 6atchesB
the/eb< dist/actin4 he/ o77onents. ,hen o/de/ed b< chess officials to cease hu66in4
o/ else be dis@ualified f/o6 7/ofessional chessB Ma/ianne 7/otested the o/de/. She
a/4ued that since she was unawa/e of he/ hu66in4B he/ hu66in4 was in3olunta/<
and that the/efo/e she should not be held /es7onsible fo/ it.
#. ,hich one of the followin4 7/inci7lesB if 3alidB 6ost hel7s to su77o/t Ma/ianne2s
a/4u6ent a4ainst the o/de/=
>A? Chess 7la<e/s who hu6 audibl< while 7la<in4 thei/ 6atches should not
7/otest if thei/ o77onents also hu6.
>B? (f a 7la<e/2s actionsB onl< those that a/e 3olunta/< should be used as
;ustification fo/ dis@ualif<in4 that 7la<e/ f/o6 7/ofessional chess.
GMAT . 'SAT C- %"1
>C? A 7e/son should be held /es7onsible fo/ those in3olunta/< actions that se/3e
that 7e/son2s inte/ests.
>D? T<7es of beha3io/ that a/e not conside/ed 3olunta/< in e3e/<da<
ci/cu6stances should be conside/ed 3olunta/< if the< occu/ in the conte8t of
a 7/ofessional chess 6atch.
>E? Chess 7la<e/s should be dis@ualified f/o6 7/ofessional chess 6atches if the<
/e4ula/l< atte67t to dist/act thei/ o77onents.
!. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost unde/6ines Ma/ianne2s a/4u6ent
a4ainst the o/de/=
>A? The officials of chess ha3e little o/ no autho/it< to cont/ol the beha3io/ of its
7/ofessional 7la<e/s outside of 6atches.
>B? Man< of the custo6s of a6ateu/ chess 6atches a/e not obse/3ed b<
7/ofessional chess 7la<e/s.
>C? )ot all of a 7e/son2s in3olunta/< actions a/e actions of which that 7e/son is
unawa/e.
>D? A 7e/son who hu6s in3olunta/il< can easil< lea/n to notice it and can the/eb<
co6e to cont/ol it.
>E? )ot all of Ma/ianne2s o77onents a/e dist/acted b< he/ hu66in4 du/in4 chess
6atches.
6. S6o0in4 in bed has lon4 been the 6ain cause of ho6e fi/es. Des7ite a si4nificant
decline in ci4a/ette s6o0in4 in the last two decadesB howe3e/B the/e has been no
co67a/able decline in the nu6be/ of 7eo7le 0illed in ho6e fi/es.
Each one of the followin4 state6entsB if t/ueB o3e/ the last two decadesB hel7s to
/esol3e the a77a/ent disc/e7anc< abo3e EHCEIT1
>A? Co67a/ed to othe/ t<7es of ho6e fi/esB ho6e fi/es caused b< s6o0in4 in bed
usuall< cause /elati3el< little da6a4e befo/e the< a/e e8tin4uished.
>B? Ho6e fi/es caused b< s6o0in4 in bed often b/ea0 out afte/ the ho6e2s
occu7ants ha3e fallen aslee7.
>C? S6o0e/s who s6o0e in bed tend to be hea3< s6o0e/s who a/e less li0el< to
@uit s6o0in4 than a/e s6o0e/s who do not s6o0e in bed.
>D? An inc/easin4 nu6be/ of 7eo7le ha3e been 0illed in ho6e fi/es that sta/ted in
the 0itchen.
>E? Io7ulation densities ha3e inc/easedB with the /esult that one ho6e fi/e can
cause 6o/e deaths than in 7/e3ious decades.
TEST !
SECTI() II
%" 'SAT
1. B/aille is a 6ethod of 7/oducin4 te8t b< 6eans of /aised dots that can be /ead b<
touch. A /ecent de3elo76ent in technolo4< will allow flat co67ute/ sc/eens to be
6ade of a 6ate/ial that can be heated in 7atte/ns that /e7licate the 7atte/ns used in
B/aille. Since the the/6al de3ice will utili9e the sa6e s<6bol s<ste6 as B/ailleB it
follows that an<one who is accusto6ed to /eadin4 B/aille can easil< ada7t to the
use of this elect/onic s<ste6.
,hich of the followin4 is an assu67tion on which the conclusion de7ends=
>A? B/aille is the onl< s<6bol s<ste6 that can be /eadil< ada7ted fo/ use with the
new the/6al sc/een.
>B? (nl< 7eo7le who cu//entl< use B/aille as thei/ sole 6ediu6 fo/ /eadin4 te8t
will ha3e the ca7acit< to ada7t to the use of the/6al sc/een.
>C? Ieo7le with the tactile abilit< to disc/i6inate s<6bols in B/aille ha3e an
abilit< to disc/i6inate si6ila/ 7atte/ns on a flat heated su/face.
>D? So6e s<6bol s<ste6s encode a 7iece of te8t b< usin4 dots that /e7licate the
sha7e of lette/s of the al7habet.
>E? E3entuall< it will be 7ossible to t/ain 7eo7le to /ead B/aille b< fi/st t/ainin4
the6 in the use of the the/6al sc/een.
. Ma<o/ of (ute/3illeB a subu/b of Cente/ Cit<1 (ute/3ille 6ust 4/ow if it is to
su/3i3eB soB as we ha3e a4/eedB effo/ts should be 6ade to att/act 6o/e /esidents.
The best st/ate4< fo/ att/actin4 /esidents is to /eno3ate the t/ain station. The
nu6be/s of ;obs in Cente/ Cit< and of 7eo7le who 7/efe/ to li3e in subu/ban
towns a/e inc/easin4. ,ith the /ise in tollsB d/i3in4 into the cit< is beco6in4 6o/e
e87ensi3e than t/ain t/a3el. The/efo/eB 7eo7le want to li3e in towns whe/e t/ain
t/a3el is con3enient and 7leasant.
The a/4u6ent leads to the conclusion that
>A? the town of (ute/3ille should att/act 6o/e /esidents
>B? the t/ain station in (ute/3ille should be /eno3ated
>C? /esidents of (ute/3ille who a/e in need of wo/0 should loo0 fo/ ;obs in Cente/
Cit<
>D? 7eo7le who wo/0 in Cente/ Cit< but li3e in (ute/3ille should co66ute b<
t/ain /athe/ than d/i3in4
>E? 7eo7le who want to li3e whe/e t/ain t/a3el is con3enient and 7leasant should
li3e in (ute/3ille
". 'and de3elo7e/1 B< atte67tin4 to 7/ese/3e endan4e/ed s7ecies that othe/wise
would beco6e e8tinct du/in4 ou/ lifeti6eB we a/e wastin4 6one< on s7ecies that
will disa77ea/ o3e/ ti6e /e4a/dless of ou/ effo/ts. Ialeontolo4ists ha3e
established that e8tinction is the no/6al fate of s7ecies on the 4eolo4ical ti6e
scale of 6illions of <ea/s.
En3i/on6entalist1 To clai6 that wee should let s7ecies disa77ea/ because all
s7ecies e3entuall< die out 6a0es about as 6uch sense as a/4uin4 that we should
GMAT . 'SAT C- %""
not s7end 6one< to find a cu/e fo/ cance/ because all hu6ans a/e ine3itabl<
6o/tal.
The 6ethod the en3i/on6entalist uses to ob;ect to the land de3elo7e/2s a/4u6ent
is to
>A? cla/if< a dile66a that is e6bedded in the land de3elo7e/2s a/4u6ent
>B? attac0 the cha/acte/ of the land de3elo7e/ /athe/ than the 7osition the land
de3elo7e/ is ta0in4
>C? show that 6o/e e3idence is needed to substantiate the land de3elo7e/2s
conclusion
>D? show that the land de3elo7e/2s line of /easonin4 would lead to an
unacce7table conclusion if a77lied to a diffe/ent situation
>E? a/4ue that the/e a/e 7/oble6s that 6one<B howe3e/ ;udiciousl< s7entB cannot
sol3e
#. Most s6all child/en a/e flatAfooted. This failu/e of the foot to assu6e its natu/al
a/chB if it 7e/sists 7ast ea/l< childhoodB can so6eti6es /esult in disco6fo/t and
e3en 7ain late/ in life. T/aditionall<B flatAfootedness in child/en has been t/eated
b< ha3in4 the child/en wea/ s7ecial shoes that 4i3e e8t/a su77o/t to the footB in
o/de/ to foste/ the de3elo76ent of the a/ch.
,hich of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost calls into @uestion the efficac< of the
t/aditional t/eat6ent desc/ibed abo3e=
>A? Man< s6all child/en who ha3e no/6al feet wea/ the sa6e s7ecial shoes as
those wo/n b< flatAfooted child/en.
>B? Studies of flatAfooted adults show that flat feet a/e sub;ect to fewe/ st/ess
f/actu/es than a/e feet with unusuall< hi4h a/ches.
>C? Althou4h 6ost child/en2s flatAfootedness is co//ected b< the ti6e the child/en
/each 7ube/tD? 5latAfooted child/en who do not wea/ the s7ecial shoes a/e as li0el< to
de3elo7 natu/al a/ches as a/e flatAfooted child/en who wea/ the s7ecial
shoes.
>E? So6e child/en who a/e not flatAfooted ha3e hi7 and lowe/ le4 bones that a/e
/otated e8cessi3el< eithe/ inwa/d o/ outwa/d.
!. The chances that t/o7ical sto/6s will de3elo7 in a 4i3en a/ea inc/ease whene3e/
the te67e/atu/e of a la/4e bod< of wate/ in that a/ea e8ceeds 6 de4/ees Celsius
to a de7th of about 6$ 6ete/s. If the a6ount of ca/bon dio8ide in the ea/th2s
at6os7he/e continues to inc/easeB the te67e/atu/es of all of the Ea/th2s wate/s
will /iseB with the /esult that the nu6be/ of la/4e bodies of wate/ whose
te67e/atu/es e8ceed 6 de4/ees Celsius to a de7th of about 6$ 6ete/s will
e3entuall< be 4/eate/ than it is toda<.
conclusions=
%"# 'SAT
>A? The/e a/e li0el< to be 6o/e t/o7ical sto/6s if the a6ount of ca/bon dio8ide in
the Ea/th2s at6os7he/e continues to inc/ease.
>B? T/o7ical sto/6s can occu/ onl< when the ai/ te67e/atu/e e8ceeds 6 de4/ees
Celsius.
>C? The nu6be/ of la/4e bodies of wate/ whose te67e/atu/es e8ceed 6 de4/ees
Celsius to a de7th of about 6$ 6ete/s is 4/eate/ toda< than it e3e/ was.
>D? The fe/ocit< of t/o7ical sto/6s does not de7end on the a6ount of ca/bon
dio8ide in the Ea/th2s at6os7he/e.
>E? An< inc/ease in the te67e/atu/es of the Ea/th2s oceans would cause the
a6ount of ca/bon dio8ide in the at6os7he/e to inc/ease as well.
6. Asto/4a2s ca67ai4n 7/o6ises a/e a77a/entl< ;ust an atte67t to 7lease 3ote/s.
,hat she sa<s she will do if elected 6a<o/ is si67l< what she has lea/ned f/o6
o7inion 7olls that 3ote/s want the new 6a<o/ to do. The/efo/eB 3ote/s a/e not
bein4 told what Asto/4a actuall< intends to do if she beco6es 6a<o/.
,hich of the followin4 is a @uestionable assu67tion on which the a/4u6ent
/elies=
>A? If she is elected 6a<o/B Asto/4a will not be ca7able of ca//<in4 out the
ca67ai4n 7/o6ises she has 6ade.
>B? The o7inion 7olls on which Asto/4a2s 7/o6ises a/e based do not accu/atel<
/eflect what 3ote/s want the new 6a<o/ to do.
>C? Most 3ote/s a/e unli0el< to be 7e/suaded b< Asto/4a2s ca67ai4n 7/o6ises to
3ote fo/ he/ in the 6a<o/al election.
>D? Asto/4a has no st/on4 o7inions of he/ own about what the new 6a<o/ ou4ht
to do in office.
>E? Asto/4a does not actuall< intendB if electedB to do what she has lea/ned f/o6
the 7ublic o7inion 7olls that 3ote/s want the new 6a<o/ to do.
%. )ewslette/ fo/ co66unit<Acente/ 3oluntee/s1 -eti/ed 7e/sons who /e4ula/l<
3oluntee/ thei/ ti6e to hel7 othe/s 4ene/all< dis7la< fewe/ and 6ilde/ effects of
a4in4 than thei/ non3oluntee/in4 conte67o/a/ies1 in social /esou/cesB 6ental
outloo0B 7h<sical healthB econo6ic /esou/cesB and o3e/all functionin4B the< a/e
found to be substantiall< st/on4e/ than non3oluntee/s. *oluntee/in4 is often
desc/ibed as doin4 4ood wo/0s to i67/o3e the li3es of othe/s. How 4ood to 0now
that the/e is e3idence that it can e@uall< benefit <ou/ own wellAbein4J
The infe/ence d/awn abo3e is unwa//anted because
>A? the cente/ has a selfAinte/ested 6oti3e to att/act new 3oluntee/s
>B? it inte/7/ets EwellAbein4F as includin4 the facto/s of social and econo6ic
/esou/cesB 6ental outloo0B 7h<sical healthB and o3e/all functionin4
>C? so6e of those who do not 3oluntee/ 6i4ht be olde/ than so6e 3oluntee/s and
so could not be conside/ed thei/ 7ee/s
>D? 4/owin4 olde/ 6i4ht not necessa/il< /esult in a chan4e in 6ental outloo0
GMAT . 'SAT C- %"!
>E? those with bette/ /esou/cesB healthB outloo0B and functionin4 a/e 6o/e able to
wo/0 as 3oluntee/s
Questions 8-9
The local a4/icultu/al official 4a3e the f/uit 4/owe/s of the Dist/ict 1$ 5a/6e/s
Coo7e/ati3e a new 7esticide that the< a77lied fo/ a 7e/iod of th/ee <ea/s to thei/ 7ea/
o/cha/ds in 7lace of the 7esticide the< had fo/6e/l< a77lied. Du/in4 those th/ee <ea/sB
the 7/o7o/tion of 7ea/s lost to insects was si4nificantl< less than it had been du/in4 the
7/e3ious th/eeA<ea/ 7e/iod. (n the basis of these /esultsB the official concluded that
the new 7esticide was 6o/e effecti3e than the old 7esticideB at least in the sho/t te/6B
in li6itin4 the loss of ce/tain f/uit to insects.
8. Each of the followin4B if t/ueB wea0ens the official2s a/4u6ent EHCEIT1
>A? The a6ount of f/uit that an o/cha/d can 7otentiall< 7/oduce de7ends in 7a/t
on how 6an< 6atu/e t/ees it containsB and the nu6be/ of 6atu/e 7ea/ t/ees
in Dist/ict 1$ has declined steadil< o3e/ the 7ast ei4ht <ea/s.
>B? Du/in4 the 7ast fi3e <ea/sB the fa/6e/s of the Dist/ict 1$ 5a/6e/s2
Coo7e/ati3e ha3e been 4/aduall< i67le6entin4 a 3a/iet< of insectAabate6ent
7/o4/a6sB and so6e of these 7/o4/a6s ha3e 7/o3en successful.
>C? (3e/ the 7ast fi3e <ea/sB one of the se3e/al s7ecies of bi/ds that t<7icall< 7/e<
on the insects that feed on 7ea/s has 4/aduall< shifted its 6i4/ato/< 7atte/nsB
s7endin4 6o/e and 6o/e 6onths each <ea/ in the /e4ion that contains
Dist/ict 1$.
>D? So6e of the s7ecies of insects in Dist/ict 1$ that infest 7ea/ t/ees a/e wate/
b/eede/sB and the /ese/3oi/s and 6a/shlands in this dist/ict ha3e been
sh/in0in4 /a7idl< o3e/ the 7ast th/ee <ea/s.
>E? The effects of ce/tain 7esticidesB includin4 the 7esticide that had fo/6e/l<
been used in Dist/ict 1$B a/e cu6ulati3e and 7e/sist fo/ se3e/al <ea/s afte/ the
7esticide is no lon4e/ a77lied.
&. The official2s conclusion is 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ted if which one of the followin4
4/ou7s of t/ees did not show a /eduction in losses of f/uit to insects=
>A? 7each t/ees 4/own in the dist/ict that we/e t/eated with the new 7esticide
instead of the old 7esticide
>B? 7each t/ees 4/own in the dist/ict that we/e t/eated with the new 7esticide in
addition to the old 7esticide
>C? 7ea/ t/ees 4/own in the dist/ict that we/e t/eated with the old 7esticide instead
of the new 7esticide
>D? 7ea/ t/ees 4/own in nei4hbo/in4 dist/ict that we/e t/eated with neithe/ the old
no/ the new 7esticide
>E? 7ea/ t/ees 4/own in a nei4hbo/in4 dist/ict that we/e t/eated with the new
7esticide instead of the old 7esticide
%"6 'SAT
1$. The onl< 6oti3es that influence all hu6an actions a/ise f/o6 selfAinte/est. It is
clea/B the/efo/eB that selfAinte/est is the chief influence on hu6an action.
The /easonin4 in the a/4u6ent is fallacious because the a/4u6ent
>A? denies that an obse/3ation that a t/ait is co66on to all the e3ents in a 7atte/n
can cont/ibute to a causal e87lanation of the 7atte/n
>B? ta0es the occu//ence of one 7a/ticula/ influence on a 7atte/ns o/ classes of
e3ents as showin4 that its influence outwei4hs an< othe/ influence on those
e3ents
>C? concludes that a cha/acte/istic of 7atte/n o/ class of e3ents at one ti6e is
cha/acte/istic of si6ila/ 7atte/ns o/ classes of e3ents at all ti6es
>D? concludes that because an influence is the 7a/a6ount influence on a 7a/ticula/
7atte/n o/ class of e3entsB that influence is the onl< influence on the 7atte/n
o/ class of e3ents
>E? unde/6ines its own 7/e6ise that a 7a/ticula/ att/ibute is 7/esent in all
instances of a ce/tain 7atte/n o/ class of e3ents
11. Ast/ono6e/1 Ast/ono6ical obse/3ato/ies in 6an< a/eas ha3e beco6e useless
because li4ht f/o6 nea/b< cities obscu/es the sta/s. Man< 7eo7le a/4ue that since
st/eetli4hts a/e needed fo/ safet<B such inte/fe/ence f/o6 li4hts is ine3itable. He/e
in Sands3illeB howe3e/B the local obse/3ato/<2s 3iew /e6ains /elati3el< clea/B
since the cit< has /est/icted unnecessa/< li4htin4 and installed s7ecial st/eet la67s
than di/ect all thei/ li4ht downwa/d. It is the/efo/e 7ossible to ha3e both wellA
li4hted st/eets and /elati3el< da/0 s0ies.
The ast/ono6e/2s a/4u6ent 7/oceeds b<
>A? a77ealin4 to scientific autho/it< to challen4e a widel< held belief
>B? @uestionin4 the accu/ac< of e3idence 4i3en in su77o/t of the o77osin4
7osition
>C? 7/o7osin4 an alte/nati3e scientific e87lanation fo/ a natu/al 7heno6enon
>D? 6a0in4 a distinction between te/6s
>E? offe/in4 a counte/e8a67le to a 4ene/al clai6
1. Music c/itic1 So6e 7eo7le a/4ue thatB unli0e ce/tain wo/0s of HandelB which set
to 6usic fa6ilia/ /eli4ious te8tsB the o/4an s<67honies of 'ouis *ie/ne a/e not
/eli4ious 6usic. Nuite the cont/a/<. Sittin4 in )ot/e Da6e cathed/al in Ia/is and
hea/in4 his o/4an s<67honies de6onst/ates that *ie/ne2s wo/0s a/e di3inel<
ins7i/ed.
The 6usic c/itic2s /easonin4 is 3ulne/able to c/iticis6 on the 4/ound that it
>A? ta0es fo/ 4/anted that all /eli4ious 6usic is ins7i/in4
>B? confuses two diffe/ent 6eanin4s of the te/6 E/eli4iousF
>C? o3e/loo0s the 7ossibilit< that so6e o/4an 6usic is not di3inel< ins7i/ed
>D? confuses two diffe/ent 6eanin4s of the te/6 Es<67honiesF
GMAT . 'SAT C- %"%
>E? ta0es fo/ 4/anted that all o/4an s<67honies a/e /eli4ious 6usic
Questions 13-14
Cha/les1 Du/in4 /ecessions une67lo<6ent t<7icall< /ises. ThusB du/in4 a /ecession ai/
7ollution due to auto6obile e8haust dec/easesB since fewe/ 7eo7le co66ute in ca/s to
;obs and so ca/s e6ittin4 7ollutants into the ai/ a/e used less.
Da/la1 ,h< thin0 that ai/ 7ollution would dec/ease= Du/in4 a /ecession fewe/ 7eo7le
can affo/d to bu< new ca/sB and ca/s tend to e6it 6o/e 7ollutants as the< 4et olde/.
1". ,hich one of the followin4 6ost accu/atel< desc/ibes how Da/la2s /es7onse is
/elated to Cha/les2s a/4u6ent=
>A? It calls into @uestion the t/uth of the 7/e6ises that Cha/les uses to su77o/t his
conclusion.
>B? It 6a0es an additional clai6 that can be t/ue onl< if Cha/les2s conclusion is
false.
>C? It 7/esents an additional conside/ation that wea0ens the su77o/t 4i3en to
Cha/les2s conclusion b< his e3idence.
>D? It a/4ues that Cha/les2s conclusion is t/ueB althou4h not fo/ he /easons Cha/les
4i3es to su77o/t that conclusion.
>E? It 7/esents an a/4u6ent showin4 that the 7/e6ises in Cha/les2s a/4u6ent
su77o/t an absu/d conclusion that Cha/les has o3e/loo0ed.
1#. ,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion on which Cha/les2s a/4u6ent
de7ends=
>A? Ieo7le who ha3e ne3e/ been e67lo<ed d/i3e no less f/e@uentl< du/in4 a
/ecession than the< would othe/wise.
>B? Most ai/ 7ollution is caused b< auto6obile e8haust e6itted b< ca/s used b<
7eo7le co66utin4 to ;obs.
>C? Most 7eo7le who a/e e67lo<ed do not use an< fo/6 of 7ublic t/ans7o/tation
to co66ute to thei/ ;obs.
>D? Du/in4 a /ecessionB dec/eases in the use of ca/s /esultin4 f/o6 /eductions in
co66utin4 to ;obs a/e not offset b< inc/eased use of ca/s fo/ othe/ /easons.
>E? Du/in4 a /ecessionB a hi4he/ 7/o7o/tion of 7eo7le who co66ute in ca/s to
thei/ ;obs lose those ;obs than do 7eo7le who do not use ca/s to co66ute to
thei/ ;obs.
1!. 5o/ the condo/ to su/3i3e in the wildB its b/eedin4 7o7ulation 6ust be 4/eatl<
inc/eased. But because onl< a few e44s can be 7/oduced b< a b/eedin4 7ai/ o3e/
thei/ lifeti6eB an< si4nificant inc/ease in the nu6be/ of bi/ds de7ends u7on 6ost
of these e44s hatchin4B which is e8t/e6el< unli0el< in the wild due to
en3i/on6ental dan4e/s. (ne 7ossible wa< to eli6inate the effects of these facto/s
is to b/eed the bi/ds in ca7ti3it< and subse@uentl< /etu/n the6 to the wild.
%"8 'SAT
>A? The condo/ as a s7ecies will e3entuall< beco6e e8tinct in the wild.
>B? The best wa< to sa3e the condo/ f/o6 e8tinction is to b/eed it in ca7ti3it<.
>C? It is al6ost i67ossible to eli6inate all the en3i/on6ental th/eats to the e44s
of condo/s.
>D? If 6o/e condo/ e44s do not hatchB the condo/ as a s7ecies will not su/3i3e in
the wild.
>E? The 6ost feasible wa< to sa3e the condo/ f/o6 e8tinction is to inc/ease e44
7/oduction.
16. Allowin4 6o/e steel i67o/ts would de7/ess do6estic steel 7/ices and ha/6
do6estic steel 6anufactu/e/s. Since the 7/esent 4o3e/n6ent will not do an<thin4
that would ha/6 the do6estic steel indust/A? Buildin4 const/uction inc/eases onl< when 7eo7le a/e confident that the
econo6< is doin4 well. The/efo/eB since 7eo7le a/e now confident in the
econo6< we can e87ect buildin4 const/uction to inc/ease.
>B? Since wo/0e/s a/e al/ead< 4ua/anteed the /i4ht to a safe and healthful
wo/07lace b< lawB the/e is no need fo/ the 4o3e/n6ent to establish fu/the/
costl< health /e4ulations fo/ 7eo7le who wo/0 all da< at co67ute/ te/6inals.
>C? In count/ies that ha3e de/e4ulated thei/ ai/line indust/<B 6an< ai/lines ha3e
4one ban0/u7t. Since 6an< co67anies in othe/ t/ans7o/tation indust/ies a/e
in wea0e/ econo6ic condition than we/e those ai/linesB de/e4ulatin4 othe/
t/ans7o/tation indust/ies will 7/obabl< /esult in ban0/u7tcies as well.
>D? The chief e8ecuti3e office/ of SiliconB Inc.B will 7/obabl< not acce7t stoc0 in
the co67an< as a bonus ne8t <ea/B since ne8t <ea/2s ta8 laws will /e@ui/e
co67anies to 7a< a new ta8 on stoc0 4i3en to e8ecuti3es.
>E? The installation of b/i4ht floodli4hts on ca67us would /ende/ the ast/ono6<
de7a/t6ent2s telesco7e useless. The ast/ono6< de7a/t6ent will not su77o/t
an< 7/o7osal that would /ende/ its telesco7e uselessG it will the/efo/e not
su77o/t 7/o7osals to install b/i4ht floodli4hts on ca67us.
1%. ,ild cheetahs li3e in the Af/ican 4/asslands. I/e3ious esti6ates of the si9e that
the wild cheetah 7o7ulation 6ust be in o/de/ fo/ these ani6als to su/3i3e a
natu/al disaste/ in the Af/ican 4/asslands /e4ion we/e too s6allB and the cu//ent
7o7ulation ba/el< 6eets the 7/e3ious esti6ates. At 7/esentB howe3e/B the/e is not
enou4h Af/ican 4/assland to su77o/t a wild cheetah 7o7ulation la/4e/ than the
cu//ent 7o7ulation.
conclusions=
GMAT . 'SAT C- %"&
>A? I/e3ious esti6ates of the si9e of the e8istin4 wild cheetah 7o7ulation we/e
inaccu/ate.
>B? The cheetah2s natu/al habitat is dec/easin4 in si9e at a faste/ /ate than is the
si9e of the wild cheetah 7o7ulation.
>C? The 7/inci7al th/eat to the endan4e/ed wild cheetah 7o7ulation is neithe/
7ollution no/ huntin4B but a natu/al disaste/.
>D? In the sho/t te/6B the wild cheetah 7o7ulation will be inca7able of su/3i3in4 a
natu/al disaste/ in the Af/ican 4/asslands.
>E? In /e4ions whe/e land is suitable fo/ cheetah habitationB 6o/e natu/al disaste/s
a/e e87ected to occu/ du/in4 the ne8t decade than occu//ed du/in4 the 7ast
decade.
18. To classif< a wo0 of a/t as t/ul< 4/eatB it is necessa/< that the wo0 ha3e both
o/i4inalit< and fa/A/eachin4 influence u7on the a/tistic co66unit<.
The 7/inci7le abo3eB if 3alidB 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ts which one of the followin4
a/4u6ents=
>A? B< b/ea0in4 down t/aditional sche6es of /e7/esentationB Iicasso /edefined
7aintin4. It is this e8t/e6e o/i4inalit< that wa//ants his wo/0 bein4
conside/ed t/ul< 4/eat.
>B? So6e of the 6ost o/i4inal a/t bein4 7/oduced toda< is found in isolated
co66unitiesB but because of this isolation these wo/0s ha3e onl< 6ino/
influenceB and hence cannot be conside/ed t/ul< 4/eat.
>C? Ce/tain e8a67les of the d/u66in4 7/acticed in 7a/ts of Af/ica2s west coast
e67lo< a 6usical 3ocabula/< that /esists /e7/esentation in ,este/n
notational sche6es. This t/e6endous o/i4inalitD? The 7iece of a/t in the lobb< is clea/l< not classified as t/ul< 4/eatB so it
follows that it fails to be o/i4inal.
>E? Since Bach2s 6usic is t/ul< 4/eatB it not onl< has both o/i4inalit< and a 6a;o/
influence on 6usiciansB it has b/oad 7o7ula/ a77eal as well.
1&. I/ofesso/ -obinson1 A la/4e 6eteo/ite i67act c/ate/ in a ce/tain /e4ion was
thou4ht to be the clue to e87lainin4 the 6ass e8tinction of 7lant and ani6al
s7ecies that occu//ed at the end of the Meso9oic e/a. Howe3e/B the c/<stalline
st/uctu/e of /oc0s /eco3e/ed at the site indicates that the i67act that fo/6ed this
c/ate/ was not the cul7/it. ,hen 6olten /oc0s c/<stalli9eB the< dis7la< the 7ola/it<
of Ea/th2s 6a4netic field at that ti6e. But the /ec/<stalli9ed /oc0s /eco3e/ed at the
site dis7la< no/6al 6a4netic 7ola/itA? The c/ate/ indicates an i67act of 6o/e than sufficient si9e to ha3e caused the
6ass e8tinction.
>B? The /eco3e/ed /oc0s /ec/<stalli9ed sho/tl< afte/ the< 6elted.
>C? )o othe/ e3ent caused the /oc0s to 6elt afte/ the i67act fo/6ed the c/ate/.
>D? The /eco3e/ed /oc0s 6elted as a /esult of the i67act that fo/6ed the c/ate/.
>E? The 6ass e8tinction would ha3e occu//ed soon afte/ the i67act that
su77osedl< caused it.
$. Iieces of 6usic consist of sounds and silences 7/esented to the listene/ in a
te67o/al o/de/. A 7aintin4B in cont/astB is not 7/esented one 7a/t at a ti6e to the
3iewe/G the/e is thus no 7a/ticula/ 7ath that the 3iewe/2s e<e 6ust follow in o/de/
to E/eadF the 7aintin4. The/efo/eB an essential distinction between the e87e/iences
of hea/in4 6usic and of 3iewin4 7aintin4s is that hea/in4 6usic has a te67o/al
di6ension but 3iewin4 a 7aintin4 has none.
The /easonin4 in the a/4u6ent is flawed because
>A? the a/4u6ent does not allow fo/ the 7ossibilit< of bein4 i66e/sed in
e87e/iencin4 a 7aintin4 without bein4 conscious of the 7assa4e of ti6e
>B? the a/4u6ent is based on a 3e/< 4ene/al definition of 6usic that does not
inco/7o/ate an< distinctions a6on4 7a/ticula/ st<les
>C? the a/4u6ent fails to b/in4 out the as7ects of 6usic and 7aintin4 that a/e
co66on to both as fo/6s of a/tistic e87/ession
>D? /el<in4 on the 6eta7ho/ of E/eadin4F to cha/acte/i9e how a 7aintin4 is 3iewed
7/esu77oses the co//ectness of the conclusion to be d/awn on the basis of
that cha/acte/i9ation
>E? the absence of a 7a/ticula/ 7ath that the e<e 6ust follow does not entail that
the e<e follows no 7ath
1. A stud< of the diffe/ence in ea/nin4s between 6en and wo6en in the count/< of
)aota found that the a3e/a4e annual ea/nin4s of wo6en who a/e e67lo<ed full
ti6e is 8$ 7e/cent of the a3e/a4e annual ea/nin4s of 6en who a/e e67lo<ed full
ti6e. Howe3e/B othe/ /esea/ch consistentl< shows thatB in )aotaB the a3e/a4e
annual ea/nin4s of all e67lo<ed wo6en is 6! 7e/cent of the a3e/a4e annual
ea/nin4s of all e67lo<ed 6en.
,hich one of the followin4B if also established b< /esea/chB 6ost hel7s e87lain
the a77a/ent disc/e7anc< between the /esea/ch /esults desc/ibed abo3e=
>A? In )aotaB the diffe/ence between the a3e/a4e annual ea/nin4s of all fe6ale
wo/0e/s and the a3e/a4e annual ea/nin4s of all 6ale wo/0e/s has been
4/aduall< inc/easin4 o3e/ the 7ast "$ <ea/s.
>B? In )aotaB the a3e/a4e annual ea/nin4s of wo6en who wo/0 full ti6e in
e8actl< the sa6e occu7ations and unde/ e8actl< the sa6e conditions as 6en
is al6ost the sa6e as the 6en2s a3e/a4e annual ea/nin4s.
>C? In )aotaB a 4/owin4 7/o7o/tion of fe6ale wo/0e/s hold fullAti6e 6ana4e/ialB
GMAT . 'SAT C- %#1
su7e/3iso/D? In )aotaB a la/4e/ 7/o7o/tion of fe6ale wo/0e/s than 6ale wo/0e/s a/e 7a/tA
ti6e wo/0e/sB and 7a/tAti6e wo/0e/s t<7icall< ea/n less than fullAti6e
wo/0e/s ea/n.
>E? In ten othe/ count/ies whe/e the 7/o7o/tion of wo6en in the wo/0 fo/ce is
si6ila/ to that of )aotaB the a3e/a4e annual ea/nin4s of wo6en who wo/0
full ti6e /an4es f/o6 a low of !$ 7e/cent to a hi4h of &$ 7e/cent of the
a3e/a4e annual ea/nin4s of 6en who wo/0 full ti6e.
. Biolo4ist1 So6e s7eculate that the unusuall< hi4h f/e@uenc< of s6all 4oats found
in island 7o7ulations is a /es7onse to e3olutiona/< 7/essu/e to inc/ease the
nu6be/ of 4oats so as to ensu/e a di3e/se 4ene 7ool. Howe3e/B onl< the
/e7/oducti3e success of a t/ait influences its f/e@uenc< in a 7o7ulation. SoB the
onl< 0ind of e3olutiona/< 7/essu/e that can /educe the a3e/a4e si9e of the
6e6be/s of a 4oat 7o7ulation is that /esultin4 f/o6 s6all 4oats achie3in4 4/eate/
/e7/oducti3e success than thei/ la/4e/ cousins.
The biolo4ist2s 3iewB if t/ueB 7/o3ides the 6ost su77o/t fo/ which one of the
followin4=
>A? The e3olutiona/< 7/essu/e to ensu/e a di3e/se 4ene 7ool could ha3e the effect
of inc/easin4 the f/e@uenc< of a 4ene fo/ s6all si9e.
>B? The unusual f/e@uenc< of s6all 4oats in island 7o7ulations is not a /esult of
the 4/eate/ /e7/oducti3e success s6all 4oats 7ossess when s7ace is li6ited.
>C? Cont/a/< to what so6e belie3eB la/4e 4oats achie3e 4/eate/ /e7/oducti3e
success than s6all 4oats e3en when s7ace is li6ited.
>D? The e3olutiona/< 7/essu/e to ensu/e di3e/se 4ene 7ool does not ha3e the
effect of inc/easin4 the f/e@uenc< of a 4ene fo/ s6all si9e.
>E? A di3e/se 4ene 7ool cannot be achie3ed in a 4oat 7o7ulation unless the
a3e/a4e si9e of its 6e6be/s is /educed.
". Se3e/al ca/efull< conducted studies showed that &! 7e/cent of st/ict 3e4eta/ians
/eached a4e !$ without de3elo7in4 se/ious hea/t disease. ,e can conclude f/o6
this that a3oidin4 6eat inc/eases one2s chances of a3oidin4 se/ious hea/t disease.
The/efo/eB 7eo7le who want to /educe the /is0 of se/ious hea/t disease should not
eat 6eat.
The flawed 7atte/n of /easonin4 e8hibited b< which one of the followin4 is 6ost
si6ila/ to that e8hibited b< the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? The 6a;o/it< of 7eo7le who /e4ula/l< d/i3e o3e/ the s7eed li6it will beco6e
in3ol3ed in t/affic accidents. To a3oid ha/6 to 7eo7le who do not d/i3e o3e/
the s7eed li6itB we should hi/e 6o/e 7olice office/s to enfo/ce the s7eed
laws.
>B? Studies ha3e shown that ci4a/ette s6o0e/s ha3e a 4/eate/ chance of incu//in4
%# 'SAT
hea/t disease than 7eo7le who do not s6o0e. Since ci4a/ette s6o0in4
inc/eases one2s chances of incu//in4 hea/t diseaseB 7eo7le who want to t/< to
a3oid hea/t disease should 4i3e u7 ci4a/ette s6o0in4.
>C? The 6a;o/it< of 7eo7le who /e4ula/l< d/in0 coffee e87e/ience dental
7/oble6s in the latte/ 7a/t of thei/ li3es. Since the/e is this co//elation
between d/in0in4 coffee and incu//in4 dental 7/oble6sB the 4o3e/n6ent
should 6a0e coffee less accessible to the 4ene/al 7ublic.
>D? Studies show that 7eo7le who do not e8e/cise /e4ula/l< ha3e a sho/te/ life
e87ectanc< than those who e8e/cise /e4ula/l<. To hel7 inc/ease thei/ 7atients2
life e87ectancE? Most 7eo7le who e8e/cise /e4ula/l< a/e able to handle st/ess. This shows that
e8e/cisin4 /e4ula/l< dec/eases one2s chances of bein4 o3e/whel6ed b<
st/ess. So 7eo7le who want to be able to handle st/ess should /e4ula/l<
en4a4e in e8e/cise.
#. M/. )ance1 Ms. Chan said that she /eti/ed f/o6 Nuad Cities Co/7o/ationB and had
/ecei3ed a watch and a wonde/ful 7a/t< as than0s fo/ he/ #$ <ea/s of lo<al
se/3ice. But I o3e/hea/d a collea4ue of he/s sa< that Ms. Chan will be 4one fo/
6uch of the ne8t <ea/ on business t/i7s and is now wo/0in4 ha/de/ than she e3e/
did befo/eG that does not sound li0e /eti/e6ent to 6e. At least one of the6 is not
tellin4 the t/uth.
M. )ance2s /easonin4 is flawed because it
>A? is based in 7a/t on hea/sa<
>B? c/itici9es Ms. Chan /athe/ than the clai6s she 6ade
>C? d/aws a conclusion based on e@ui3ocal lan4ua4e
>D? fails to conside/ that Ms. Chan2s collea4ue 6a< ha3e been decei3ed b< he/
>E? fails to infe/ that Ms. Chan 6ust be a 7e/son of su7e/io/ cha/acte/B 4i3en he/
lon4 lo<al se/3ice
!. A /ecent su/3e< showed that !$ 7e/cent of 7eo7le 7olled belie3e that elected
officials should /esi4n if indicted fo/ a c/i6eB whe/eas "! 7e/cent belie3e that
elected officials should /esi4n onl< if the< a/e con3icted of a c/i6e. The/efo/eB
6o/e 7eo7le belie3e that elected officials should /esi4n if indicted than belie3e
that the< should /esi4n if con3icted.
The /easonin4 abo3e is flawed because it
>A? d/aws a conclusion about the 7o7ulation in 4ene/al based onl< on a sa67le of
that 7o7ulation
>B? confuses a sufficient condition with a /e@ui/ed condition
>C? is based on an a6bi4uit< of one of its te/6s
>D? d/aws a conclusion about a s7ecific belief based on /es7onses to @ue/ies
about two diffe/ent s7ecific beliefs
>E? contains 7/e6ises that cannot all be t/ue
GMAT . 'SAT C- %#"
SECTI() I*
1. Ad3e/tise6ent1 A6on4 7o7ula/ auto6obilesB Stu/di6ades stand a7a/t. A/ound
the wo/ldB hund/eds of lon4ti6e Stu/di6ade owne/s ha3e si4ned u7 fo/
Stu/di6ade2s Elon4 distanceF clubB 6e6be/s of which 6ust ha3e a Stu/di6ade
the< ha3e d/i3en fo/ a total of at least 1$$B$$$ 6iles o/ 16$B$$$ 0ilo6ete/s. So6e
6e6be/s boast of ha3in4 d/i3en thei/ Stu/di6ades fo/ a total of "$$B$$$ 6iles
>#8$B$$$ 0ilo6ete/s?. Clea/l<B if <ou bu< a Stu/di6ade <ou can /el< on bein4 able
to d/i3e it fo/ a 3e/< lon4 distance.
Const/ued as an a/4u6entB the ad3e/tise6ent2s /easonin4 is 6ost 3ulne/able to
c/iticis6 on which one of the followin4 4/ounds=
>A? It d/aws a 4ene/al conclusion f/o6 cases selected onl< on the basis of ha3in4
a cha/acte/istic that fa3o/s that conclusion.
>B? Its conclusion 6e/el< /estates the e3idence 4i3en to su77o/t it.
>C? It fails to cla/if< in which of two 7ossible wa<s an a6bi4uous te/6 is bein4
used in the 7/e6ises.
>D? The e3idence 4i3en to su77o/t the conclusion actuall< unde/6ines that
conclusion.
>E? It t/eats 7o7ula/ o7inion as if it constituted conclusi3e e3idence fo/ a clai6.
. 5aced with a financial c/isisB D7land Dni3e/sit<2s boa/d of t/ustees /educed the
bud4et fo/ the uni3e/sit<2s co67ute/ cente/ f/o6 last <ea/2s L# 6illion to L1.!
6illion fo/ the co6in4 <ea/. Howe3e/B the cente/ cannot o7e/ate on less than L.!
6illion. Since the boa/d cannot di3e/t funds f/o6 othe/ 7/o4/a6s to the co67ute/
cente/B the/e is no wa< that the cente/ can be 0e7t o7e/atin4 fo/ the co6in4 <ea/.
The conclusion of the a/4u6ent is 7/o7e/l< d/awn if which one of the followin4 is
assu6ed=
>A? The co67ute/ cente/ did not use all of the L# 6illion that was bud4eted to it
last <ea/.
>B? The bud4ets of othe/ 7/o4/a6s at the uni3e/sit< we/e also /educed.
>C? The co67ute/ cente/ has no sou/ce of funds othe/ than those bud4eted to it
fo/ the co6in4 <ea/ b< the uni3e/sit<2s boa/d of t/ustees.
>D? )o funds f/o6 an< 7/o4/a6 at the uni3e/sit< can be di3e/ted to othe/
7/o4/a6s.
>E? The boa/d of t/ustees at the uni3e/sit< 3alue othe/ 7/o4/a6s at the uni3e/sit<
6o/e hi4hl< than the< do the co67ute/ cente/.
Questions 3-4
Mu/iel1 I ad6i/e 5a3illa2s no3elsB but she does not dese/3e to be conside/ed a 4/eat
%## 'SAT
w/ite/. The 7oint is thatB no 6atte/ how distincti3e he/ st<le 6a< beB he/ sub;ect 6atte/
is si67l< not 3a/ied enou4h.
+ohn1 I thin0 <ou a/e w/on4 to use that c/ite/ion. A 4/eat w/ite/ does not need an<
di3e/sit< in sub;ect 6atte/G howe3e/B a 4/eat w/ite/ 6ust at least ha3e the abilit< to
e87lo/e a 7a/ticula/ the6e dee7l<.
". ,hich one of the followin4 is a 7oint at issue between Mu/iel and +ohn=
>A? whethe/ 5a3illa has t/eated a wide 3a/iet< of sub;ects in he/ no3els
>B? whethe/ 5a3illa should be conside/ed a 4/eat w/ite/ because he/ st<le is
distincti3e
>C? whethe/ t/eatin4 a 3a/iet< of sub;ects should be 7/e/e@uisite fo/ so6eone to
be conside/ed a 4/eat w/ite/
>D? whethe/ the nu6be/ of no3els that a no3elist has w/itten should be a facto/ in
;ud4in4 whethe/ that no3elist is 4/eat
>E? whethe/ the/e a/e 6an< no3elists who a/e conside/ed to be 4/eat but do not
dese/3e to be so conside/ed
#. +ohn2s state6ents co66it hi6 to which one of the followin4 7osition=
>A? E3en if the sub;ect 6atte/ in 5a3illa2s w/itin4s is not 7a/ticula/l< 3a/iedB she
should not the/eb< be e8cluded f/o6 bein4 conside/ed a 4/eat w/ite/.
>B? E3en if 5a3illa cannot e87lo/e an< 7a/ticula/ the6e dee7l< in he/ w/itin4sB
she should not the/eb< be e8cluded f/o6 bein4 conside/ed a 4/eat w/ite/.
>C? If 5a3illa has e87lo/ed so6e 7a/ticula/ the6e e8ce7tionall< dee7l< in he/
w/itin4sB she dese/3es to be conside/ed a 4/eat w/ite/.
>D? If the sub;ect 6atte/ in 5a3illa2s w/itin4s we/e e8ce7tionall< 3a/iedB she
would not dese/3e to be conside/ed a 4/eat w/ite/.
>E? If 5a3illa2s w/itin4s show no e3idence of a distincti3e st<leB she does not
dese/3e to be conside/ed a 4/eat w/ite/.
!. Ast/onaut1 An< 6oonB b< definitionB o/bits so6e 7lanet in a sola/ s<ste6. SoB the
6oons in sola/ s<ste6 S# all o/bit the 7lanet Al7ha.
The ast/onaut2s conclusion follows lo4icall< if which one of the followin4 is
assu6ed=
>A? The/e is onl< one 6oon in S#.
>B? E3e/< 6oon in S# o/bits the sa6e 7lanet.
>C? Al7ha is the onl< 7lanet in S#.
>D? E3e/< 7lanet in S# is o/bited b< 6o/e than one 6oon.
>E? The/e is at least one 6oon that o/bits Al7ha.
6. A wo/0e/ fo/ a 7owe/ co67an< t/i6s the b/anches of t/ees that o3e/han4 7owe/
lines as a 7/e3ention a4ainst da6a4e to the lines antici7ated because of the
i67endin4 sto/6< season. The wo/0e/ /easons that the/e will be no need fo/ he/
GMAT . 'SAT C- %#!
to t/i6 the o3e/han4in4 b/anches of a ce/tain t/ee because the owne/s of the t/ee
ha3e indicated that the< 6i4ht cut it down an<wa<.
,hich one of the followin4 decisions is based on flawed /easonin4 that is 6ost
si6ila/ to the wo/0e/2s flawed /easonin4=
>A? A well ins7ecto/ has a li6ited a6ount of ti6e to ins7ect the wells of a town.
The ins7ecto/ /easons that the wells should be ins7ected in the o/de/ of 6ost
used to least usedB because the/e 6i4ht not be enou4h ti6e to ins7ect the6
all.
>B? All sewa4e and inco6in4 wate/ 7i7es in a house 6ust be /e7laced. The
7lu6be/ /easons that the chea7e/ 7ol<3in<l chlo/ide 7i7es should be used fo/
sewa4e /athe/ than co77e/ 7i7esB since the 6one< sa3ed 6i4ht be used to
/e7lace wo/n fi8tu/es.
>C? A 6echanic 6ust /e7lace the wo/n b/a0es on a co67an<2s 3ans that a/e used
each wee0da<. The 6echanic /easons that since one of the 3ans is tentati3el<
scheduled to be ;un0edB he will not ha3e to /e7lace its b/a0es.
>D? A candidate decides to ca67ai4n in the a/eas of the cit< whe/e the 6ost new
3otes a/e concent/ated. The candidate /easons that ca67ai4nin4 on othe/
a/eas is unnecessa/< because in those a/eas the candidate2s 6essa4e is
actuall< liable to alienate 3ote/s.
>E? )one of the child/en in a ce/tain 0inde/4a/ten class will ta0e /es7onsibilit< fo/
the c/a<on d/awin4 on the class/oo6 wall. The teache/ /easons that it is best
to 0ee7 all the 0inde/4a/ten child/en in du/in4 /ecess in o/de/ to be ce/tain to
7unish the one who did the d/awin4 on the wall.
%. Cu//entl<B the cit< of G/i6cheste/ is liable fo/ an< in;u/< incu//ed because of a
cit< sidewal0 in need of /e7ai/ o/ 6aintenance. Howe3e/B G/i6cheste/2s
sidewal0s a/e so e8tensi3e that it is i67ossible to hi/e enou4h e67lo<ees to locate
and eli6inate e3e/< 7otential dan4e/ in its sidewal0s. Go3e/n6ents should be
liable fo/ in;u/ies incu//ed on 7ublic 7/o7e/t< onl< if the< 0new about the dan4e/
befo/ehand and ne4li4entl< failed to eli6inate it.
,hich one of the followin4 desc/ibes an in;u/< fo/ which the cit< of G/i6cheste/
is now liableB but should not be acco/din4 to the 7/inci7le cited abo3e=
>A? A 7e/son is in;u/ed afte/ t/i77in4 on a badl< une3en cit< sidewal0B and the
cit< ad6inist/ation had been /e7eatedl< info/6ed of the need to /e7ai/ the
sidewal0 fo/ se3e/al <ea/s.
>B? A 7e/son is in;u/ed afte/ t/i77in4 o3e/ a sho77in4 ba4 that so6eone had left
l<in4 in the 6iddle of the sidewal0.
>C? A 7e/son is in;u/ed afte/ ste77in4 in a la/4e hole in a cit< sidewal0B and the
cit< ad6inist/ation had fi/st lea/ned of the need to /e7ai/ that sidewal0
6inutes befo/e.
>D? A 7e/son who is hea3il< into8icated is in;u/ed afte/ fallin4 on a 7e/fectl< e3en
cit< sidewal0 with no 3isible defects.
%#6 'SAT
>E? A 7e/son /idin4 a bic<cle on a cit< sidewal0 is in;u/ed afte/ swe/3in4 to a3oid
a 7edest/ian who had wal0ed in f/ont of the bic<cle without loo0in4.
8. Ea/l< in the de3elo76ent of a new 7/oduct lineB the c/itical /esou/ce is talent.
)ew 6a/0etin4 3entu/es /e@ui/e a de4/ee of 6ana4e/ial s0ill dis7/o7o/tionate to
thei/ sho/tAte/6 /e3enue 7/os7ects. Dsuall<B howe3e/B talented 6ana4e/s a/e
assi4ned onl< to established hi4hA/e3enue 7/oduct lines andB as a /esultB 6ost new
6a/0etin4 3entu/es fail. Cont/a/< to cu//ent 7/acticeB the best 6ana4e/s in a
co67an< should be assi4ned to de3elo76ent 7/o;ects.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost st/en4thens the autho/2s a/4u6ent=
>A? (n a3e/a4eB new 3entu/es unde/ the di/ection of 6ana4e/s at e8ecuti3e le3el
su/3i3e no lon4e/ than those 6ana4ed b< lowe/A/an0in4 6ana4e/s.
>B? 5o/ 6ost established co67aniesB the de3elo76ent of new 7/oduct lines is a
/elati3el< s6all 7a/t of the co67an<2s total e87enditu/e.
>C? The 6o/e talented a 6ana4e/ isB the less li0el< he o/ she is to be inte/ested in
unde/ta0in4 the de3elo76ent of a new 7/oduct line.
>D? The cu//ent /e3enue and 7/ofitabilit< of an established 7/oduct line can be
6aintained e3en if the co67an<2s best 6ana4e/s a/e assi4ned elsewhe/e.
>E? Ea/l< sho/tAte/6 /e3enue 7/os7ects of a new 7/oduct line a/e usuall< a 4ood
7/edicto/ of how successful a 7/oduct line will ulti6atel< be.
&. Tele3ision news co3e/a4e 4i3es 3iewe/s a sense of di/ect in3ol3e6ent with
cu//ent e3ents but does not 7/o3ide the de7th of co3e/a4e needed fo/ the
si4nificance of those e3ents to be a77/eciated. )ews7a7e/sB on the othe/ handB
7/o3ide de7th of co3e/a4e but no sense of di/ect in3ol3e6ent. Dnfo/tunatel<B a
full unde/standin4 of cu//ent e3ents /e@ui/es both an a77/eciation of thei/
si4nificance and a sense of di/ect in3ol3e6ent with the6. The/efo/eB since few
7eo7le see0 out news sou/ces othe/ than news7a7e/s and tele3isionB few 7eo7le
e3e/ full unde/stand cu//ent e3ents.
>A? t/eats two thin4sB neithe/ one of which can 7lausibl< be seen as e8cludin4 the
othe/sB as thou4h the< we/e 6utuall< e8clusi3e
>B? i4no/es the 7ossibilit< that 7eo7le /ead news7a7e/s o/ watch tele3ision fo/
/easons othe/ than 4ainin4 a full unde/standin4 of cu//ent e3ents
>C? 6a0es c/ucial use of the te/6 Ede7th of co3e/a4eF without definin4 it
>D? fails to conside/ the 7ossible disad3anta4es of ha3in4 a sense of di/ect
in3ol3e6ent with t/a4ic o/ 3iolent e3ents
>E? 6ista0enl< /easons that ;ust because so6ethin4 has the ca7acit< to 7e/fo/6 a
4i3en function it actuall< does so
1$. C/itic1 So6e w/ite/s ha3e @uestioned Stalin2s sanit< du/in4 his last <ea/s. The<
t<7icall< cha/acte/i9ed his 3indicti3eness and sec/ec< as E7a/anoiaF and E6o/bid
sus7iciousnessBF the latte/ al6ost a standa/d te/6 a77lied b< the So3iet w/ite/s
GMAT . 'SAT C- %#%
unde/ glasnost to e87lain this e8t/ao/dina/< 6an2s 6isdeeds. But Stalin2s c/uelt<
and de3iousness a/e not 6o/e a77a/ent du/in4 those <ea/s than in ea/lie/ 7e/iods
of his /ule. EMo/bid sus7iciousnessF has to be a cha/acte/istic of t</ants. ,ithout
it the< would not /e6ain lon4 in 7owe/.
,hich one of the followin4 6ost accu/atel< e87/esses a 7oint of disa4/ee6ent
between the c/itic and the w/ite/s=
>A? whethe/ Stalin should be held 4uilt< of the c/uel deeds att/ibuted to hi6
>B? whethe/ Stalin2s c/uel 6isdeeds 7/o3ide e3idence of 6o/bid sus7iciousness
>C? whethe/ it is Stalin2s state of 7a/anoia o/ /athe/ his c/uelt< that 4i3es the
st/on4e/ /eason fo/ doubtin4 his sanit<
>D? whethe/ t</ann< tends to lead to c/uelt<
>E? whethe/ it was Stalin2s 7s<cholo4ical state o/ /athe/ his 7olitical condition that
was the 7/i6a/< cause of his c/uel 6isdeeds
11. E3en thou4h a7es a/e the onl< nonhu6an c/eatu/es able to lea/n hu6an lan4ua4eB
no a7e has e3e/ used its hu6an lan4ua4e s0ills to as0 such 7hiloso7hical
@uestions asB EHow a6 I diffe/ent f/o6 all c/eatu/es=F The/efo/eB 7hiloso7hical
thou4ht is uni@ue to hu6ans.
The conclusion in the 7assa4e abo3e /elies on which one of the followin4
assu67tions=
>A? Hu6an lan4ua4e is uni@ue to hu6ans.
>B? A7es a/e inca7able of thin0in4 in hu6an lan4ua4e.
>C? Ihiloso7hical thou4ht can be e87/essed onl< in hu6an lan4ua4e.
>D? S7ea0in4 in hu6an lan4ua4e is easie/ than thin0in4 in hu6an lan4ua4e.
>E? It is 6o/e difficult to lea/n hu6an lan4ua4e than to e87/ess 7hiloso7hical
@uestions.
1. Most adults in count/< H consu6e an inc/easin4 a6ount of fat as the< 4/ow olde/.
Howe3e/B fo/ nea/l< all adults in count/< HB the 7e/centa4e of fat in a 7e/son2s
diet sta<s the sa6e th/ou4hout adult life.
conclusions about adults in count/< H=
>A? The< 4ene/all< consu6e 6o/e fat than do 7eo7le of the sa6e a4e in othe/
count/ies.
>B? The< 4ene/all< eat 6o/e when the< a/e olde/ than the< did ea/lie/ in thei/
adulthood.
>C? The< 4ene/all< ha3e diets that contain a lowe/ 7e/centa4e of fat than do the
diets of child/en in count/< H.
>D? The< tend to eat 6o/e 3a/ied 0inds of food as the< beco6e olde/.
>E? The< tend to lose wei4ht as the< beco6e olde/.
%#8 'SAT
1". Iolitician1 The bill that 6a0es usin4 ca/ 7hones while d/i3in4 ille4al should be
ado7ted. M< su77o/t of this bill is 6oti3ated b< a conce/n fo/ 7ublic safet<. Dsin4
a ca/ 7hone se/iousl< dist/acts the d/i3e/B which in tu/n 7oses a th/eat to safe
d/i3in4. Ieo7le would be dete//ed f/o6 usin4 thei/ ca/ 7hones while d/i3in4 if it
we/e ille4al to do so.
The a/4u6ent2s 6ain conclusion follows lo4icall< if which one of the followin4
is assu6ed=
>A? The 6o/e attention one 7a<s to d/i3in4B the safe/ a d/i3e/ one is.
>B? The onl< wa< to /educe the th/eat to 7ublic safet< 7osed b< ca/ 7hones is
th/ou4h le4islation.
>C? So6e dist/actions inte/fe/e with one2s abilit< to safel< o7e/ate an auto6obile.
>D? An< 7/o7osed law that would /educe a th/eat to 7ublic safet< should be
ado7ted.
>E? Ca/ 7hone use b< 7assen4e/s does not dist/act the d/i3e/ of the ca/.
1#. ,hen soil is 7lowed in the s7/in4B 7i4weed seeds that ha3e been bu/ied in the soil
all winte/ a/e chu/ned u7 to the su/face and /ede7osited ;ust unde/ the su/face.
The b/ief e87osu/e of the seeds to sunli4ht sti6ulates /ece7to/sB which ha3e
beco6e hi4hl< sensiti3e to sunli4ht du/in4 the 6onths the seeds we/e bu/ied in
the soilB and the sti6ulated /ece7to/s t/i44e/ 4e/6ination. ,ithout the 7/olon4ed
da/0nessB followed b< e87osu/e to sunli4htB the seeds do not 4e/6inate.
state6ents about a field that will be 7lowed in the s7/in4 and in which 7i4weed
seeds ha3e been bu/ied in the soil all winte/=
>A? 5ewe/ 7i4weed 7lants will 4/ow in the field if it is 7lowed onl< at ni4ht than
if it is 7lowed du/in4 the da<.
>B? 5ewe/ 7i4weed 7lants will 4/ow in the field if it is not 7lowed at all than if it
is 7lowed onl< at ni4ht.
>C? 5ewe/ 7i4weed 7lants will 4/ow in the field if it is 7lowed ;ust befo/e sun/ise
than if it is 7lowed ;ust afte/ sunset.
>D? The 7i4weed seeds that a/e chu/ned u7 to the su/face of the soil du/in4 the
7lowin4 will not 4e/6inate unless the< a/e /ede7osited unde/ the su/face of
the soil.
>E? All of the 7i4weed seeds that a/e al/ead< on the su/face of the soil befo/e the
field is 7lowed will 4e/6inate.
1!. In 1&&B the/e we/e o3e/ !$ /escues of 6ountain cli6be/sB costin4 the
4o3e/n6ent al6ost " 6illion dolla/s. Mo/e than ! 7eo7le died in cli6bin4
6isha7s that <ea/. Man< new cli6be/s ente/ the s7o/t each <ea/. Me6be/s of a
tas0 fo/ce ha3e 7/o7osed a bondin4 a//an4e6ent /e@ui/in4 all cli6be/s to 7ost a
la/4e su6 of 6one< to be fo/feited to the 4o3e/n6ent in case of cala6it<.
Each of the followin4 7/inci7lesB if 3alidB su77o/ts the tas0 fo/ce 6e6be/s2
GMAT . 'SAT C- %#&
7/o7osal EHCEIT1
>A? Ta87a<e/s should not subsidi9e a f/eel< chosen hobb< and athletic endea3o/
of indi3iduals.
>B? The 4o3e/n6ent is obli4ed to ta0e 6easu/es to dete/ 7eo7le f/o6 /is0in4 thei/
li3es.
>C? 5o/ 7h<sicall< /is0< s7o/ts the 4o3e/n6ent should issue 7e/6its onl< to
7eo7le who ha3e had at least 6ini6al t/ainin4 in the s7o/t.
>D? Citi9ens who use 7ublicl< subsidi9ed /escue se/3ices should be /e@ui/ed to
7a< 6o/e towa/d the cost of these se/3ices than citi9ens who do not.
>E? Ieo7le who en4a4e in 7h<sicall< /is0< beha3io/ that is not essential to
an<one2s welfa/e should be held /es7onsible fo/ the cost of t/eatin4 an<
/esultin4 in;u/ies.
16. The fa6ilia/ slo4an Esu/3i3al of the fittestF is 7o7ula/l< used to e87/ess the clai6B
often 6ista0enl< att/ibuted to e3olutiona/< biolo4istsB that the fittest a/e 6ost
li0el< to su/3i3e. Howe3e/B biolo4ists use the te/6 EfittestF to 6ean E6ost li0el<
to su/3i3e a/e the 6ost li0el< to su/3i3eBF so the slo4an is 6e/el< clai6in4 that
the 6ost li0el< to su/3i3e a/e the 6ost li0el< to su/3i3e. ,hile this clai6 is
clea/l< t/ueB it is a tautolo4< and so is neithe/ info/6ati3e no/ of scientific
inte/est.
The a/4u6ent abo3e de7ends on assu6in4 which one of the followin4=
>A? All clai6s that a/e of scientific inte/est a/e info/6ati3e.
>B? (nl< clai6s that a/e t/ue a/e of scientific inte/est.
>C? Io7ula/ slo4ans a/e seldo6 info/6ati3e o/ of scientific inte/est.
>D? Info/6ati3e scientific clai6s cannot use te/6s in the wa< the< a/e 7o7ula/l<
used.
>E? The t/uth of a 7u/7o/ted scientific clai6 is not sufficient fo/ it to be of
scientific inte/est.
1%. Council 6e6be/1 The 7/ese/3ation of indi3idual 7/o7e/t< /i4hts is of the ut6ost
i67o/tance to the cit< council. :etB in this cit<B 7/o7e/t< owne/s a/e /est/icted to
little 6o/e than cuttin4 4/ass and weedin4. An<thin4 6o/e e8tensi3eB such as
/e6odelin4B is 7/ohibited b< ou/ 9onin4 laws.
,hich one of the followin4 7/o3ides a /esolution to the a77a/ent inconsistenc<
desc/ibed b< the council 6e6be/=
>A? I/o7e/t< owne/s a/e so6eti6es allowed e8e67tions f/o6 /est/icti3e 9onin4
laws.
>B? It is in the best inte/est of 7/o7e/t< owne/s to 6aintain cu//ent laws in o/de/ to
7/e3ent an inc/ease in thei/ 7/o7e/t< ta8es.
>C? The cit< council 7laces less i67o/tance on 7/o7e/t< /i4hts than do 7/o7e/t<
owne/s.
%!$ 'SAT
>D? An indi3idual2s 7/o7e/t< /i4hts 6a< be inf/in4ed u7on b< othe/ 7eo7le
alte/in4 thei/ own 7/o7e/t<.
>E? Qonin4 laws ensu/e that 7/o7e/t< /i4hts a/e not o3e/l< e8tensi3e.
18. Coach1 (u/ tea6 has often been c/itici9ed fo/ ou/ enthusias6 in /es7onse to both
ou/ successes and ou/ o77onents2 failu/es. But this beha3io/ is ha/dl<
un7/ofessionalB as ou/ c/itics ha3e clai6ed. (n the cont/a/<B if one loo0s at the
7/ofessionals in this s7o/tB one will find that the< a/e e3en 6o/e effusi3e. (u/
c/itics should lea3e the tea6 alone and let the 7la<e/s en;o< the 4a6e.
The coach2s a/4u6ent is 6ost 3ulne/able to the cha/4e that it
>A? 6isleadin4l< e@uates enthusias6 with unethical 7la<
>B? 6isinte/7/ets the c/itics2 clai6 that the tea6 is un7/ofessional
>C? too @uic0l< 4ene/ali9es f/o6 the s7o/t at one le3el to the s7o/t at a diffe/ent
le3el
>D? shifts the bla6e fo/ the tea62s beha3io/ to 7/ofessional 7la<e/s
>E? ta0es e3e/<one on the tea6 to ha3e 7e/fo/6ed the actions of a few
1&. S7ea0e/1 Conte67o/a/< business fi/6s need to /eco4ni9e that a3oidin4 social
/es7onsibilit< leads to the 4/adual e/osion of 7owe/. This is Da3is and
Blo6st/o62s I/on 'aw of -es7onsibilit<1 EIn the lon4 /unB those who do not use
7owe/ in a 6anne/ which societ< conside/s /es7onsible will tend to lose it.F The
law2s a77lication to hu6an institutions ce/tainl< stands confi/6ed b< histo/<.
Thou4h the Elon4 /unF 6a< /e@ui/e decades o/ e3en centu/ies in so6e instancesB
societ< ulti6atel< acts to /educe 7owe/ when societ< thin0s it is not bein4 used
/es7onsibl<. The/efo/eB a business that wishes to /etain its 7owe/ as lon4 as it can
6ust act /es7onsibl<.
,hich one of the followin4 state6entsB if t/ueB 6ost wea0ens the s7ea0e/2s
a/4u6ent=
>A? Go3e/n6ent institutions a/e as sub;ect to the I/on 'aw of -es7onsibilit< as
business institutions.
>B? Iublic /elations 7/o4/a6s can cause societ< to conside/ an institution sociall<
/es7onsible e3en when it is not.
>C? The 7owe/ of so6e institutions e/odes 6o/e slowl< than the 7owe/ of othe/sB
whethe/ the< a/e sociall< /es7onsible o/ not.
>D? Since no institution is ete/nalB e3e/< business will e3entuall< fail.
>E? So6e businesses that ha3e used 7owe/ in sociall< /es7onsible wa<s ha3e lost
it.
$. It would be w/on4 to conclude that a 7e/son has a /tre0to$o$$us infection if the/e
is no othe/ e3idence than the fact that /tre0to$o$$us bacilli a/e 7/esent in the
7e/son2s th/oatG afte/ allB infection does not occu/ unless the host is 7h<sicall< /un
down.
GMAT . 'SAT C- %!1
The /easonin4 in which one of the followin4 is 6ost si6ila/ to the /easonin4 in
the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? ,hen a 7e/son e87e/iences blu//ed 3isionB it does not follow that a 7h<sical
defect in the 7e/son2s e<es is the causeB since blu//in4 of a 7e/son2s 3ision
also can be induced b< ce/tain d/u4s.
>B? E3en if a health< la3ende/ 7lant /ecei3es si8 o/ 6o/e hou/s of di/ect sunli4ht
each daC? ,hen a bee colon< fails to su/3i3e the winte/B it would be w/on4 to conclude
that low te67e/atu/es we/e the causes. Bees ha3e 3e/< 4ood defense
6echanis6s a4ainst e8t/e6e coldB which a/e desi4ned to ensu/e su/3i3al of
the colonD? A fe6ale holl< 7lant cannot 7/oduce be//ies without a 6ale 7lant nea/b< to
7/o3ide 7ollen. But it does not follow that two o/ 6o/e 6ale hollis in the
3icinit< will cause a fe6ale 7lant to bea/ 6o/e be//ies than it would with
onl< a sin4le 6ale holl< nea/b<.
>E? A 7e/son cannot be 7/esu6ed to be h<7e/tensi3e on the basis of a hi4h
/eadin4 fo/ blood 7/essu/e that is e8ce7tional fo/ that 7e/sonB since onl<
7eo7le with ch/onicall< hi4h blood 7/essu/e a/e 7/o7e/l< called
h<7e/tensi3e.
1. Te//<1 So6e actions conside/ed to be bad b< ou/ societ< ha3e fa3o/able
conse@uences. But an action is 4ood onl< if it has fa3o/able conse@uences. SoB
so6e actions conside/ed to be bad b< ou/ societ< a/e actuall< 4ood.
Iat1 I a4/ee with <ou/ conclusionB but not with the /easons <ou 4i3e fo/ it. So6e
4ood actions actuall< do not ha3e fa3o/able conse@uences. But no actions
conside/ed to be bad b< ou/ societ< ha3e fa3o/able conse@uencesB so <ou/
conclusionB that so6e actions ou/ societ< conside/s bad a/e actuall< 4oodB still
holds.
,hich one of the followin4 co//ectl< desc/ibes both an e//o/ in Te//<2s /easonin4
and an e//o/ in Iat2s /easonin4=
>A? 7/esu77osin4 that if a ce/tain 7/o7e/t< distin4uishes one t<7e of action f/o6
anothe/ t<7e of actionB then that 7/o7e/t< is one of 6an< 7/o7e/ties
distin4uishin4 the two t<7es of action
>B? 7/esu77osin4 that if 6ost actions of a ce/tain t<7e sha/e a ce/tain 7/o7e/tC? 7/esu77osin4 that if a ce/tain 7/o7e/t< is sha/ed b< actions of a ce/tain t<7e in
a 4i3en societD? 7/esu77osin4 that if an action2s ha3in4 a ce/tain 7/o7e/t< is necessa/< fo/ its
bein4 a ce/tain t<7e of actionB then ha3in4 that 7/o7e/t< is sufficient fo/
%! 'SAT
bein4 that t<7e of action
>E? 7/esu77osin4 that if a ce/tain 7/o7e/t< is sha/ed b< two t<7es of actionB then
that 7/o7e/t< is the onl< 7/o7e/t< distin4uishin4 the two t<7es of action f/o6
actions of othe/ t<7es
. Dinosau/ e87e/t1 So6e 7aleontolo4ists ha3e clai6ed that bi/ds a/e descendants of
a 4/ou7 of dinosau/s called d/o6eosau/s. The< a77eal to the fossil /eco/dB which
indicates that d/o6eosau/s ha3e cha/acte/istics 6o/e si6ila/ to bi/ds than do 6ost
dinosau/s. But the/e is a fatal flaw in thei/ a/4u6entG the ea/liest bi/d fossils that
ha3e been disco3e/ed date bac0 tens of 6illions of <ea/s fa/the/ than the oldest
0nown d/o6eosau/ fossils. Thus the 7aleontolo4ists2 clai6 is false.
The e87e/t2s a/4u6ent de7ends on assu6in4 which one of the followin4=
>A? Ha3in4 si6ila/ cha/acte/istics is not a si4n that t<7es of ani6als a/e
e3olutiona/il< /elated.
>B? D/o6eosau/s and bi/ds could ha3e co66on ancesto/s.
>C? Mnowled4e of d/o6eosau/ fossils and the ea/liest bi/d fossils is co67lete.
>D? Mnown fossils indicate the /elati3e dates of o/i4in of bi/ds and d/o6eosau/s.
>E? D/o6eosau/s a/e dissi6ila/ to bi/ds in 6an< si4nificant wa<s.
Questions !3-!4
Ia/t< s7o0es7e/son1 The o77osition 7a/t<2s 7/o7osal to sti6ulate econo6ic acti3it< in
the 7/o3ince b< /efundin4 L6$$ 6illion in 7/o3incial ta8es to ta87a<e/sB who could be
e87ected to s7end the 6one<B en3isions an illuso/< benefit. Since the 7/o3ince2s
bud4et is /e@ui/ed to be in balanceB eithe/ new ta8es would be needed to 6a0e u7 the
sho/tfallB in which case the 7u/7ose of the /efund would be defeatedB o/ else wo/0e/s
fo/ the 7/o3ince would be dis6issed. So eithe/ the 7/o3ince2s ta87a<e/s o/ its wo/0e/sB
who a/e also /esidents of the 7/o3inceB will ha3e the L6$$ 6illion to s7endB but the/e
can be no /esultin4 net inc/ease in s7endin4 to sti6ulate the 7/o3ince2s econo6<.
". The s7o0es7e/son 7/oceeds b<
>A? /einte/7/etin4 a te/6 that is cent/al to an o77osin4 a/4u6ent
>B? a/4uin4 that a 7/edicted ad3anta4e would be offset b< an acco67an<in4
disad3anta4e
>C? castin4 doubt on the 6oti3es of o77onents
>D? d/awin4 a distinction between diffe/ent 0inds of econo6ic acti3it<
>E? see0in4 to show that the assu67tion that ta87a<e/s would s7end 6one< that
6i4ht be /efunded to the6 is dubious
#. The conclusion about whethe/ the/e would be a /esultin4 net inc/ease in s7endin4
would not follow if the
>A? ta87a<e/s of the 7/o3ince would s7end outside the 7/o3ince at least L"$$
6illion of an< L6$$ 6illion /efunded to the6
GMAT . 'SAT C- %!"
>B? ta87a<e/s of the 7/o3ince would /ecei3e an< /efund in 7a/tial 7a<6ents
du/in4 the <ea/ /athe/ than in a lu67 su6
>C? 7/o3ince could assess new ta8es in a wa< that would a3oid an4e/in4
ta87a<e/s
>D? 7/o3ince could instead of /efundin4 the 6oneE? 7/o3ince could 0ee7 its wo/0e/s and use the6 6o/e effecti3el< with a
/esultin4 sa3in4s of L6$$ 6illion in its outAofA7/o3ince e87enditu/es
!. Essa<ist1 E3e/< cont/act ne4otiato/ has been lied to b< so6eone o/ othe/B and
whoe3e/ lies to an<one is 7/acticin4 dece7tion. ButB of cou/seB an<one who has
been lied to has also lied to so6eone o/ othe/.
If the essa<ist2s state6ents a/e t/ueB which one of the followin4 6ust also be t/ue=
>A? E3e/< cont/act ne4otiato/ has 7/acticed dece7tion.
>B? )ot e3e/<one who 7/actices dece7tion is l<in4 to so6eone.
>C? )ot e3e/<one who lies to so6eone is 7/acticin4 dece7tion.
>D? ,hoe3e/ lies to a cont/act ne4otiato/ has been lied to b< a cont/act ne4otiato/.
>E? ,hoe3e/ lies to an<one is lied to b< so6eone.
6. A 6e6be/ of the B/itish Ia/lia6ent is /e7uted to ha3e saidB EThe fi/st 7u/7ose of
4ood social /efo/6 is to inc/ease the su6 total of hu6an ha77iness. SoB an<
/efo/6 which 6a0es so6ebod< ha77< is achie3in4 its 7u/7ose. Since the /efo/6 I
7/o7ose would 6a0e 6< constituents ha77A? Diffe/ent thin4s 6a0e diffe/ent 7eo7le ha77<.
>B? The 7/o7osed /efo/6 would 6a0e a few 7eo7le ha77C? The 7/o7osed /efo/6 would affect onl< the 6e6be/ of Ia/lia6ent2s
constituents and would 6a0e the6 ha77<.
>D? Inc/easin4 so6e 7eo7le2s ha77iness 6i4ht not inc/ease the su6 total of
hu6an ha77iness if othe/s a/e 6ade unha77<.
>E? Good social /efo/6s usuall< ha3e wides7/ead su77o/t.
TEST 6
SECTI() II
1. Anita1 Since 1&6$ the s7otted owl 7o7ulation has declined ala/6in4l<. Ti6be/
%!# 'SAT
co67anies that ha3e been clea/in4 the oldA4/owth fo/ests whe/e the s7otted owl
li3es a/e /es7onsible fo/ this.
+ean1 )oB the s7otted owl2s decline is due not to the ti6be/ co67anies but a /i3al
s7ecies. 5o/ the 7ast th/ee decadesB the 6o/e 7/olific ba//ed owl has been 6o3in4
steadil< into the s7otted owl habitat and /e7lacin4 the s7otted owl.
+ean does which one of the followin4 in he/ /es7onse to Anita=
>A? denies the t/uth of Anita2s 7/e6ise that ti6be/ co67anies ha3e been clea/in4
oldA4/owth fo/ests
>B? challen4es Anita2s assu67tion that the decline in the 7o7ulation of the s7otted
owl 7oses a th/eat to the s7ecies2 continued su/3i3al
>C? 7/o7oses an alte/nati3e e87lanation fo/ the decline in the s7otted owl
7o7ulation
>D? a/4ues that Anita2s conclusion is not 3alid because she has failed to conside/
the s7otted owl 7o7ulation o3e/ a lon4 enou4h ti6e 7e/iod
>E? su44est that Anita o3e/loo0ed the 7ossibilit< that s7otted owls a/e able to li3e
in fo/ests that a/e oldA4/owth fo/ests
Questions !-3
*ete/ina/ian1 A disease of 7u/eb/ed /aceho/ses that is caused b< a 4enetic defect
7/e3ents afflicted ho/ses f/o6 /acin4 and can cause 7a/al<sis and death. So6e ho/se
b/eede/s conclude that because the disease can ha3e such se/ious conse@uencesB
ho/ses with the defect should not be b/ed. But the< a/e w/on4 becauseB in 6ost casesB
the se3e/it< of the disease can be cont/olled b< diet and 6edication and the defect also
7/oduces ho/ses of e8t/e6e beaut< that a/e in 4/eat de6and in the ho/se show
indust/<.
. The 7oint of the 3ete/ina/ian2s /es7onse to the ho/se b/eede/s is 6ost accu/atel<
e87/essed b< which one of the followin4=
>A? -aceho/ses that ha3e the 4enetic defect need not be 7/e3ented f/o6 /acin4.
>B? The/e should not be an absolute ban on b/eedin4 /aceho/ses that ha3e the
4enetic defect.
>C? -aceho/ses that a/e se3e/el< afflicted with the disease ha3e not been 7/o3ided
with the 7/o7e/ diet.
>D? The best wa< to 7/oduce /aceho/ses of e8t/e6e beaut< is to b/eed ho/ses that
ha3e the 4enetic defect.
>E? The/e should be no 7/ohibition a4ainst b/eedin4 /aceho/ses that ha3e an<
disease that can be cont/olled b< diet and e8e/cise.
". The 3ete/ina/ian2s a/4u6ent e67lo<s which one of the followin4 techni@ues=
>A? callin4 into @uestion the 6oti3es of the ho/se b/eede/s cited
>B? de6onst/atin4 that the ho/se b/eede/s2 conclusion is inconsistent with the
e3idence ad3anced to su77o/t it
GMAT . 'SAT C- %!!
>C? 7/o3idin4 e3idence that cont/adicts the ho/se b/eede/2s e3idence
>D? dis7utin4 the accu/ac< of e3idence on which the ho/se b/eede/2s a/4u6ent
de7ends
>E? int/oducin4 conside/ations that lead to a conclusion diffe/ent f/o6 that of the
ho/se b/eede/s2 a/4u6ent
#. Iolitical scientist1 The conce7t of f/eedo6 is ho7elessl< 3a4ue. An< definition of
f/eedo6 will eithe/ e8clude so6e acts that intuiti3el< @ualif< as f/ee o/ ad6it
so6e acts that intuiti3el< fall outside the conce7t. The notion of ;usticeB fai/nessB
and e@ualit< a/e e@uall< indete/6inate. This is wh< 7olitical o/4ani9ation should
be disa3owed as futile.
The /easonin4 in the a/4u6ent is @uestionable because the a/4u6ent
>A? 4ene/ali9es f/o6 an un/e7/esentati3e sa67le to e3e/< 7olitical idea
>B? 6a0es the unsu77o/ted clai6 that the conce7t of f/eedo6 is ho7elessl< 3a4ue
>C? i4no/es the fact that so6e 7eo7le 3iew f/eedo6 as indis7ensable
>D? fails to show an< s7ecific lin0 between the 3a4ueness of conce7ts such as
f/eedo6 and the /e;ection of 7olitical o/4ani9ation
>E? is 6ounted b< so6e who has 3ested inte/est in the /e;ection of 7olitical
o/4ani9ation
!. A /ecent 7assed law /e@ui/es all 7laces of 7ublic acco66odation to eli6inate
disc/i6ination a4ainst 7e/sons with disabilities b< /e6o3in4 all 7h<sical ba//ie/s
to accessibilit<. I/i3ate schoolsB the/efo/eB a/e le4all< obli4ated to 6a0e thei/
ca67uses 7h<sicall< accessible to 7e/sons with disabilities.
The conclusion abo3e follows lo4icall< if which one of the followin4 is assu6ed=
>A? )o 7/i3ate school can le4all< den< ad6ission to a 7e/son with a disabilit<.
>B? I/i3ate schools ha3e histo/icall< been /esistant to chan4es in 4o3e/n6ent
7olic< on disc/i6ination.
>C? I/i3ate schoolsB li0e 7ublic schoolsB a/e 7laces of 7ublic acco66odation.
>D? I/i3ate schools ha3e enou4h funds to 6a0e thei/ ca67uses ba//ie/Af/ee.
>E? I/i3ate 7/o7e/t< is often conside/ed to be 7ublic s7ace b< 4/ou7s that ha3e
histo/icall< been sub;ects of disc/i6ination.
6. I/ehisto/ic chi67an9ee s7ecies used tools si6ila/ to those used b< 7/ehisto/ic
hu6ans1 7/ehisto/ic tools /ecentl< found in East Af/ica a/e of a t<7e used b< both
s7ecies. The a/ea whe/e the tools we/e foundB howe3e/B is a sa3annaB and whe/eas
the/e we/e 7/ehisto/ic hu6ans who li3ed in sa3anna habitatsB 7/ehisto/ic
chi67an9ees li3ed onl< in fo/ests. The/efo/eB the tools 6ust ha3e been used b<
hu6ans /athe/ than chi67an9ees.
>A? I/ehisto/ic hu6ans did not ca//< thei/ tools with the6 when the< t/a3eled
f/o6 one 7lace to anothe/.
%!6 'SAT
>B? Since the e3olution of the fi/st 7/i6atesB East Af/ica has been 7/edo6inantl<
sa3anna.
>C? I/ehisto/ic hu6ans ne3e/ 3entu/ed into a/eas of the fo/est that we/e inhabited
b< 7/ehisto/ic chi67an9ees.
>D? The a/ea whe/e the tools we/e found was not a fo/est at the ti6e the tools
we/e in use.
>E? The 7/ehisto/ic ancesto/s of 6ode/n chi67an9ees we/e not ca7able of usin4
tools 6o/e so7histicated than those found /ecentl< in East Af/ica.
%. Co67ute/s 7e/fo/6 actions that a/e close/ to thin0in4 than an<thin4 nonAhu6an
ani6als do. )ut co67ute/s do not ha3e 3olitional 7owe/sB althou4h so6e nonA
hu6an ani6als do.
,hich of the followin4 is 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ted b< the info/6ation abo3e=
>A? Ha3in4 3olitional 7owe/s need not in3ol3e thin0in4.
>B? Thin4s that a/e not ani6als do not ha3e 3olitional 7owe/s.
>C? Co67ute/s 7ossess none of the att/ibution of li3in4 thin4s.
>D? It is necessa/< to ha3e 3olitional 7owe/s in o/de/ to thin0.
>E? Co67ute/ will ne3e/ be able to thin0 as hu6an bein4s do.
8. The cate/7illa/ of the 6ona/ch butte/fl< feeds on 6il0weed 7lantsB whose to8ins
6a0e the adult 6ona/ch 7oisonous to 6an< 7/edato/s. The 3ice/o< butte/fl<B
whose cate/7illa/s do not feed on 6il0weed 7lantsB is 3e/< si6ila/ in a77ea/ance
to the 6ona/ch. The/efo/eB it can be conside/ed that the 3ice/o< is so seldo6
7/e<ed on because of its 3isual /ese6blance to the 6ona/ch.
,hich of the followin4B if it we/e disco3e/ed to be t/ueB would 6ost se/iousl<
unde/6ine the a/4u6ent=
>A? So6e 7/edato/s do not ha3e a to8ic /eaction to insects that feed on 6il0weed
7lants.
>B? Bein4 to8ic to 7/edato/s will not 7/otect indi3idual butte/flies unless 6ost
6e6be/s of the s7ecies to which such butte/flies belon4 a/e si6ila/l< to8ic.
>C? So6e of the 7/edato/s of the 6ona/ch butte/fl< also 7/e< on 3ice/o<s.
>D? The 3ice/o< butte/fl< is to8ic to 6ost 7/edato/s.
>E? To8ic to 7/edato/s is the 7/inci7al 6eans of 7/otection fo/ onl< a few butte/fl<
s7ecies.
&. E3e/< action has conse@uences and a6on4 the conse@uences of an< action a/e
othe/ actions. And 0nowin4 whethe/ an action is 4ood /e@ui/es 0nowin4 whethe/
its conse@uences a/e 4oodB but we cannot 0now the futu/eB so 4ood actions a/e
i67ossible.
>A? So6e actions ha3e onl< othe/ actions as conse@uences.
GMAT . 'SAT C- %!%
>B? ,e can 0now that 7ast actions we/e 4ood.
>C? To 0now that an action is 4ood /e@ui/es 0nowin4 that /ef/ainin4 f/o6
7e/fo/6in4 it is bad.
>D? (nl< actions can be the conse@uences of othe/ actions.
>E? 5o/ an action to be 4ood we 6ust be able to 0now that it is 4ood.
1$. All b/id4es built f/o6 1&!$ to 1&6$ a/e in se/ious need of /ehabilitation. So6e
b/id4es const/ucted in this 7e/iodB howe3e/B we/e built acco/din4 to fault<
en4inee/in4 desi4n. That is the bad news. The 4ood news is that at least so6e
b/id4es in se/ious need of /ehabilitation a/e not sus7ension b/id4esB since no
sus7ension b/id4es a/e a6on4 the b/id4es that we/e built acco/din4 to fault<
en4inee/in4 desi4n.
If the state6ents abo3e a/e t/ueB thenB on the basis of those state6entsB which one
of the followin4 6ust be t/ue=
>A? So6e sus7ension b/id4es a/e not in se/ious need of /ehabilitation.
>B? So6e sus7ension b/id4es a/e in se/ious need of /ehabilitation.
>C? So6e b/id4es that we/e built acco/din4 to fault< en4inee/in4 desi4n a/e in
se/ious need of /ehabilitation.
>D? So6e b/id4es built f/o6 1&!$ to 1&6$ a/e not in se/ious need of
/ehabilitation.
>E? So6e b/id4es that we/e built acco/din4 to fault< en4inee/in4 desi4n a/e not
b/id4es othe/ than sus7ension b/id4es.
11. A se3e/e blow to the head can cause one to lose consciousnessG f/o6 this so6e
7eo7le infe/ that consciousness is a 7/oduct of the b/ain and cannot su/3i3e bodil<
death. But a /adio that beco6es da6a4ed 6a< suddenl< cease to b/oadcast the
7/o4/a6 it had been /ecei3in4B and we do not conclude f/o6 this that the 7/o4/a6
itself has ceased to e8ist. Si6ila/l<B 6o/e substantial e3idence would be needed to
conclude that consciousness does not su/3i3e bodil< death.
,hich one of the followin4 6ost accu/atel< desc/ibes the /ole 7la<ed in the
a/4u6ent b< the e8a67le of the da6a4ed /adio=
>A? It is cited as e3idence that consciousness does in fact su/3i3e bodil< death.
>B? It is cited as a counte/e8a67le to a widel< acce7ted belief about the natu/e of
consciousness.
>C? It is cited as a case analo4ous to loss of consciousness in which 7eo7le do not
d/aw the sa6e so/t of conclusion that so6e 7eo7le d/aw about
consciousness.
>D? It is cited as the 7/i6a/< 7iece of e3idence fo/ the conclusion that the
/elationshi7 of consciousness to the b/ain is analo4ous to that of a /adio
7/o4/a6 to the /adio that /ecei3es it.
>E? It is cited as an e8a67le of a case in which so6ethin4 consistin4 7u/el< of
ene/4< de7ends on the e8istence of so6ethin4 6ate/ial to 7/o3ide e3idence
%!8 'SAT
of its e8istence.
1. Iolitical theo/ist1 The 3ast 6a;o/it< of count/ies that ha3e a sin4le 7olitical 7a/t<
ha3e co//u7t national 4o3e/n6entsB but so6e count/ies with a 7lu/alit< of 7a/ties
also ha3e co//u7t national 4o3e/n6ents. ,hat all count/ies with co//u7t national
4o3e/n6ents ha3e in co66onB howe3e/B is the wea0ness of local 4o3e/n6ents.
If all of the 7olitical theo/ist2s state6ents a/e t/ueB which one of the followin4
6ust also be t/ue=
>A? E3e/< count/< with wea0 local 4o3e/n6ent has a sin4le 7olitical 7a/t<.
>B? So6e count/ies with local 4o3e/n6ents ha3e a 7lu/alit< of 7olitical 7a/ties.
>C? So6e count/ies with wea0 local 4o3e/n6ents do not ha3e co//u7t national
4o3e/n6ents.
>D? The 6a;o/it< of count/ies with wea0 local 4o3e/n6ents ha3e a sin4le 7olitical
7a/t<.
>E? 5ewe/ 6ulti7a/t< count/ies than sin4le 7a/t< count/ies ha3e wea0 local
4o3e/n6ents.
1". Co66ittee 6e6be/1 ,e should not 3ote to 7ut at the to7 of the 6ilita/<2s chain
of co66and an indi3idual whose histo/< of e8cessi3e d/in0in4 is such that that
7e/son would be ba//ed f/o6 co66andin4 a 6issile win4B a bo6be/ s@uad/onB o/
a contin4ent of fi4hte/ ;ets. 'eade/shi7 6ust be established f/o6 the to7 down.
The co66ittee 6e6be/2s a/4u6ent confo/6s 6ost closel< to which one of the
>A? )o one who would be ba//ed f/o6 i67o/tant ;obs in an o/4ani9ation should
lead that o/4ani9ation.
>B? ,hoe3e/ leads an o/4ani9ation 6ust ha3e se/3ed at e3e/< le3el in the
o/4ani9ation.
>C? ,hoe3e/ leads an o/4ani9ation 6ust be @ualified to hold each i67o/tant ;ob
in the o/4ani9ation.
>D? )o one who d/in0s e8cessi3el< should hold a leade/shi7 7osition an< whe/e
alon4 the 6ilita/<2s chain of co66and.
>E? )o one who cannot co66and a 6issile win4 should be at the to7 of the
6ilita/<2s chain of co66and.
Questions 14-15
Mi61 In no/the/n Eu/o7e du/in4 the ei4hteenth centu/< a chan4e of attitude occu//ed
that found e87/ession both in the ado7tion of less sole6n and elabo/ate death /ites b<
the 7o7ulation at la/4e and in a 6o/e o7ti6istic 3iew of the hu6an condition as
a/ticulated b< 7hiloso7he/s. This chan4e can be e87lained as the /esult of a d/a6atic
inc/ease in life e87ectanc< that occu//ed in no/the/n Eu/o7e ea/l< in the ei4hteenth
centu/<.
'ee1 :ou/ e87lanation see6s unli0el<B because it could not be co//ect unless the
GMAT . 'SAT C- %!&
7eo7le of the ti6e we/e awa/e that thei/ life e87ectanc< had inc/eased.
1#. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 7/o3ides the st/on4est defense of Mi62s
e87lanation a4ainst 'ee2s c/iticis6=
>A? An inc/ease in life e87ectanc< in a 7o7ulation often 4i3es /ise to econo6ic
chan4es thatB in tu/nB di/ectl< influence 7eo7le2s attitudes.
>B? I/esent da< 7s<cholo4ists ha3e noted that 7eo7le2s attitude towa/d life can
chan4e in /es7onse to info/6ation about thei/ life e87ectanc<.
>C? Ihiloso7he/s in no/the/n Eu/o7e du/in4 the ei4hteenth centu/< 6ade 6an<
con;ectu/es that did not affect the ideas of the 7o7ulation at la/4e.
>D? The conce7t of life e87ectanc< is based on statistical theo/ies that had not
been de3elo7ed in the ei4hteenth centu/<.
>E? Befo/e the ei4hteen centu/< the attitudes of no/the/n Eu/o7eans we/e 6o/e
li0el< to be dete/6ined b< /eli4ious teachin4 than b< de6o4/a7hic
7heno6ena.
1!. ,hich one of the followin4 6ost accu/atel< desc/ibes 'ee2s c/iticis6 of Mi62s
e87lanation=
>A? It /efe/s to sou/ces of additional data that cannot easil< be /econciled with the
facts.
>B? It offe/s an alte/nati3e e87lanation that is e@uall< su77o/ted b< the e3idence
Mi6 cites.
>C? It cites an analo4ous case in which Mi62s e87lanation clea/l< cannot hold.
>D? It su44ests that Mi62s e87lanation de7ends on a @uestionable assu67tion.
>E? It 7oints out that Mi62s e87lanation is based on two h<7otheses that cont/adict
each othe/.
16. So6e health officials a/e conce/ned about the cu//ent sustained inc/ease in
/e7o/ted deaths f/o6 alcoholA/elated conditionsB att/ibutin4 this inc/ease to a /ise
in alcoholis6. ,hat these health officials a/e o3e/loo0in4B howe3e/B is that
attitudes towa/d alcoholis6 ha3e chan4ed /adicall<. Alcoholis6 is now widel<
3iewed as a diseaseB whe/eas in the 7ast it was conside/ed a 6o/al failin4. It is
the/efo/e li0el< that 6o/e deaths a/e bein4 /e7o/ted as alcoholA/elated because
7h<sicians a/e 6o/e li0el< to identif< these deaths as alcoholA/elated.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 7/o3ides the 6ost su77o/t fo/ the a/4u6ent=
>A? The f/e@uent use of alcohol b< <oun4 7eo7le is bein4 /e7o/ted as occu//in4 at
inc/easin4l< ea/l< a4e.
>B? In so6e 7laces and ti6esB susce7tibilit< to an< 0ind of disease has been
3iewed as a 6o/al failin4.
>C? Mo/e 7h<sicians now than in the 7ast a/e t/ained to /eco4ni9e the 7h<sical
effects of alcoholis6.
>D? E3en thou4h alcoholis6 is conside/ed to be diseaseB 6ost docto/s /eco66end
%6$ 'SAT
7s<cholo4ical counselin4 and su77o/t 4/ou7s as the best t/eat6ent.
>E? Man< health officials a/e not 7h<sicians.
1%. Studies show that the 6ost c/eati3e en4inee/s 4et thei/ best and 6ost useful ideas
onl< afte/ doodlin4 and ;ottin4 down what tu/n out to be outlandish ideas. )ow
that 6an< en4inee/s do thei/ wo/0 with co67ute/s instead of on 7a7e/B howe3e/B
doodlin4 is beco6in4 6uch less co66onB and so6e e87e/ts fea/ that the /esult
will be fewe/ c/eati3e and useful en4inee/in4 ideas. These e87e/ts a/4ue that this
undesi/able conse@uence would be a3oided if co67ute/ 7/o4/a6s fo/ en4inee/in4
wo/0 included si6ulated note7ads that would allow en4inee/s to sus7end thei/
Ese/iousF wo/0 on the co67ute/B t<7e u7 outlandish ideasB and then @uic0l< /etu/n
to thei/ o/i4inal wo/0.
,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion on which the e87e/ts2 /easonin4
de7ends=
>A? Most c/eati3e en4inee/s who wo/0 with 7a7e/ and 7encil s7end about as
6uch ti6e doodlin4 as the< s7end on what the< conside/ se/ious wo/0.
>B? Si6ulated note7ads would not be used b< en4inee/s fo/ an< 7u/7ose othe/
than t<7in4 u7 outlandish ideas.
>C? )o en4inee/s who wo/0 with co67ute/s 0ee7 7a7e/ and 7encil nea/ thei/
co67ute/s in o/de/ to doodle and ;ot down ideas.
>D? The 7h<sical act of wo/0in4 on 7a7e/ is not essential in 7/o3idin4 en4inee/s
with the benefits that can be 4ained b< doodlin4.
>E? Most of the outlandish ideas en4inee/s ;ot down while doodlin4 a/e late/
inco/7o/ated into 7/o;ects that ha3e 7/actical a77lications.
18. Colu6nist1 The ad3ent of tele3ision hel7s to e87lain wh< the 4/owth in ho6icide
/ates in u/ban a/eas be4an si4nificantl< ea/lie/ than the 4/owth in ho6icide /ates
in /u/al a/eas. Tele3ision sets beca6e 7o7ula/ in u/ban households about fou/
<ea/s ea/lie/ than in /u/al households. D/ban ho6icide /ates be4an inc/easin4 in
1&!8B about fou/ <ea/s ea/lie/ than a si6ila/ inc/ease in /u/al ho6icide /ates
be4an.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost su77o/t the colu6nist2s a/4u6ent=
>A? In 7laces whe/e the nu6be/ of 3iolent tele3ision 7/o4/a6s is lowB the
ho6icide /ates a/e also low.
>B? The 7o/t/a<al of 3iolence on tele3ision is a causeB not an effect of the 3iolence
in societ<.
>C? The/e we/e no 3iolent tele3ision 7/o4/a6s du/in4 the ea/l< <ea/s of
tele3ision.
>D? The ea/lie/ one is e87osed to 3iolence on tele3isionB the 6o/e 7/ofound the
effect.
>E? Inc/easin4 one2s a6ount of leisu/e ti6e inc/eases one2s inclination to act
3iolentl<.
GMAT . 'SAT C- %61
1&. E3en in ancient ti6esB s7eciali9ed fa/6s >fa/6s that 4/ow a sin4le t<7e of c/o7 o/
li3estoc0? e8isted onl< whe/e the/e we/e la/4e co66e/cial 6a/0ets fo/ fa/6
7/oductsB and such 6a/0ets 7/esu77ose u/ban 7o7ulations. The/efo/e the
e8tensi3e /uins in the a/chaeolo4ical site at Madishi6 a/e 7/obabl< the /e6ains of
a la/4el< uninhabited ce/e6onial st/uctu/e /athe/ than of a densel< 7o7ulated cit<B
since the land in the /e4ion of Madshi6 could ne3e/ ha3e su77o/ted an< fa/6s
e8ce7t 6i8ed fa/6sB which 4/ow a 3a/iet< of c/o7s and li3estoc0.
,hich one of the followin4 is an e//o/ of /easonin4 in the a/4u6ent=
>A? ta0in4 the fact that so6ethin4 is t/ue of one sa67le of a class of thin4s as
e3idence that the sa6e is t/ue of the enti/e class of thin4s
>B? ta0in4 the none8istence of so6ethin4 as e3idence that a necessa/<
7/econdition fo/ that thin4 also did not e8ist
>C? inte/7/etin4 an a6bi4uous clai6 in one wa< in one 7a/t of the a/4u6ent and
in anothe/ wa< in anothe/ 7a/t of the a/4u6ent
>D? su77osin4 that because two thin4s usuall< occu/ in con;unction with one
anothe/B one of the6 6ust be the cause of the othe/
>E? d/awin4 a conclusion that is si67l< a /estate6ent of one of the 7/e6ises on
which the a/4u6ent is based
$. It has been found that ;ob 7/os7ects fo/ colle4e 4/aduates ha3e ne3e/ been bette/.
The t/end is li0el< to continue o3e/ the ne8t decade. A /ecent su/3e< found that
6ost e67lo<e/s si67l< did not 0now that the nu6be/ of students 4/aduatin4
would d/o7 b< ! 7e/cent o3e/ the 7ast ten <ea/sB and had not antici7ated o/
7lanned fo/ this t/end. Most e67lo<e/s we/e not awa/e thatB althou4h the su77l<
of 4/aduates cu//entl< 6eets de6andB this situation could chan4e. The sa6e
su/3e< /e3ealed that the nu6be/ of unde/4/aduates choosin4 to stud< sub;ects in
hi4h de6andB li0e 6athe6atics and en4inee/in4B has d/o77ed substantiall<. This
t/end is li0el< to continue o3e/ the ne8t decade.
,hich one of the followin4 can 7/o7e/l< be concluded f/o6 the 7assa4e abo3e=
>A? SoonB 6o/e 4/aduates a/e li0el< to be co67etin4 fo/ fewe/ ;obs.
>B? SoonB the/e is li0el< to be a sho/ta4e of 4/aduates to fill ce/tain 3acancies.
>C? E67lo<e/s a/e awa/e of chan4in4 t/ends in sub;ects studied b<
unde/4/aduates.
>D? SoonB fewe/ 4/aduates a/e li0el< to be co67etin4 fo/ fewe/ a3ailable ;obs.
>E? E67lo<e/s who a/e wellAinfo/6ed about futu/e t/ends ha3e antici7ated and
7lanned fo/ the6.
1. The cities of (ldtown and S7oon3ille a/e the sa6e in a/ea and si9e of 7o7ulation.
Since ce/tain health 7/oble6s that a/e caused b< c/owded li3in4 conditions a/e
wides7/ead in (ldtownB such 7/oble6s 6ust be as wides7/ead in S7oon3ille.
The /easonin4 in the a/4u6ent is 6ost 3ulne/able to c/iticis6 on the 4/ounds that
the a/4u6ent
%6 'SAT
>A? 7/esu77oses without wa//ant that the health 7/oble6s that a/e wides7/ead in
an< 7a/ticula/ cit< cannot be caused b< the li3in4 conditions in that cit<
>B? fails to distin4uish between the si9e of the total 7o7ulation of a cit< and the
si9e of the 4eo4/a7hic /e4ion co3e/ed b< that cit<
>C? fails to indicate whethe/ a3e/a4e life e87ectanc< is lowe/ed as a /esult of
li3in4 in c/owded conditions
>D? fails to distin4uish between those health 7/oble6s that a/e easil< t/eatable and
those a/e not
>E? fails to ta0e into account that ha3in4 identical o3e/all 7o7ulation densit< is
consistent with 4/eat dis7a/it< in li3in4 conditions
. Sho/tl< afte/ the Ie/sian Gulf ,a/B in3esti4ato/s /e7o/ted that the a/eaB which had
been sub;ected to hund/eds of s6o0< oil fi/es and delibe/ate oil s7ills when
/e4ula/ oil 7/oduction slowed down du/in4 the wa/B dis7la<ed less oil
conta6ination than the< had witnessed in 7/ewa/ su/3e<s of the sa6e a/ea. The<
also /e7o/ted that the le3els of 7ol<c<clic a/o6atic h<d/oca/bons >IAHs?Kused
as a 6a/0e/ of co6bustion 7/oducts s7ewed f/o6 oil wells i4nited du/in4 the wa/
Kwe/e also /elati3el< lowB co67a/able to those /eco/ded in the te67e/ate oil
7/oducin4 a/eas of the Baltic Sea.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB does 6ost to /esol3e the a77a/ent disc/e7anc<
in the info/6ation abo3e=
>A? (il conta6inants ha3e 4/eate/ en3i/on6ental effects in te67e/ate /e4ions
than in dese/t /e4ions.
>B? (il conta6ination and IAH 7ollution dissi7ate 6o/e /a7idl< in te67e/ate
/e4ions than in dese/t /e4ions.
>C? (il conta6ination and IAH 7ollution dissi7ate 6o/e /a7idl< in dese/t /e4ions
than in te67e/ate /e4ions.
>D? Ieaceti6e oil 7/oduction and t/ans7o/t in the Ie/sian Gulf /esult in hi4h
le3els of IAHs and 6assi3e oil du67in4.
>E? The Ie/sian Gulf ,a/ ended befo/e the oil fi/es and s7ills caused as 6uch
da6a4e as o/i4inall< e87ected.
". An inde7endent audit found no indication of ta8 a3oidance on the 7a/t of the fi/6
in the fi/62s accountsB the/efo/e no such 7/oble6 e8ists.
The @uestionable /easonin4 in the a/4u6ent abo3e is 6ost closel< 7a/alleled b<
>A? The 7lan fo/ the int/oduction of the new 7/oduct has been un6odified so fa/G
the/efo/eB it will not be 6odified in the futu/e.
>B? The o3e/all bud4et fo/ the 7/o;ects has been e8ceeded b< a la/4e a6ountG
the/efo/eB at least one of the 7/o;ects has e8ceeded its bud4et b< la/4e
a6ount.
>C? A co67ilation of the best student essa<s of the <ea/ includes no essa<s on
GMAT . 'SAT C- %6"
cu//ent e3entsG the/efo/eB students ha3e beco6e a7athetic towa/d cu//ent
e3ents.
>D? A su/3e< of schools in the dist/ict found no school without a need fo/ buildin4
/e7ai/G the/efo/eB the education 7/o3ided to students in this dist/ict is
substanda/d.
>E? An e8a6ination of the inde8 of the boo0 found no listin4 fo/ the 6ost
7/o6inent c/itic of the theo/< the boo0 ad3ocatesG the/efo/eB the boo0 fails to
/efe/ to that c/itic.
#. (ne of the 4/eat difficulties in establishin4 ani6al /i4hts based 6e/el< on the fact
that ani6als a/e li3in4 thin4s conce/n sco7e. If one const/ues the te/6 Eli3in4
thin4sF b/oadle.4. 7lants?. But if this te/6 is const/ued na//owl<B one is a7t to /efuse /i4hts to
o/4anis6s thatB at least biolo4icallA? )ot all ani6als should be 4i3en /i4hts.
>B? (ne cannot bestow /i4hts on ani6als without also bestowin4 /i4hts on at least
so6e 7lants.
>C? The 7/oble6 of delineatin4 the bounda/< of the set of li3in4 thin4s inte/fe/es
with e3e/< atte67t to establish ani6al /i4hts.
>D? Successful atte67ts to establish /i4hts fo/ all ani6als a/e li0el< eithe/ to
establish /i4hts fo/ so6e 7lants o/ not to de7end solel< on the obse/3ation
that ani6als a/e li3in4 thin4s.
>E? The fact that ani6als a/e li3in4 thin4s is i//ele3ant to the @uestion of whethe/
ani6als should o/ should not be acco/ded /i4htsB because 7lants a/e li3in4
thin4s too.
!. Econo6ist1 )o econo6ic s<ste6 that is cent/all< 7lanned can efficientl< allocate
/esou/cesB and efficient allocation of /esou/ces is a necessa/< condition fo/
achie3in4 a national debt of less than ! 7e/cent of G/oss Do6estic I/oduct
>GDI?. It follows that an< nation with a cent/all< 7lanned econo6< has a national
debt that is at least ! 7e/cent of GDI.
The 7atte/n of /easonin4 e8hibited b< the econo6ist2s a/4u6ent is 6ost si6ila/ to
that e8hibited b< which one of the followin4=
>A? )ot all 6a66als a/e without win4sB because bats a/e 6a66als and bats ha3e
win4s.
>B? All of the /u/al dist/icts a/e f/ee of 6a;o/ ai/ 7ollution 7/oble6s because such
7/oble6s occu/ onl< whe/e the/e is a la/4e concent/ation of auto6obilesB and
the/e a/e no such 7laces in the /u/al dist/icts.
>C? All of the un4ulates a/e he/bi3o/esB and 6ost he/bi3o/es would not attac0 a
%6# 'SAT
hu6an bein4. It follows that an< ani6al that would attac0 a hu6an bein4 is
unli0el< to be un4ulate.
>D? All /oc0 sta/s who a/e fa6ous ha3e thei/ own /eco/d co67aniesB and all /oc0
sta/s with thei/ own /eco/d co67anies /ecei3e co67an< 7/ofits o3e/ and
abo3e thei/ /e4ula/ /o<alties. This i67lies that /ecei3in4 la/4e /e4ula/
/o<alties is a necessa/< condition of bein4 a fa6ous /oc0 sta/.
>E? E3e/< 6utual fund 6ana4e/ 0nows so6eone who t/ades on inside
info/6ationB and no one who t/ades on inside info/6ation is un0nown to
e3e/< 6utual fund 6ana4e/. (ne 6ust conclude that no 6utual fund
6ana4e/ is un0nown to e3e/< one who t/ades on inside info/6ation.
6. Edito/ialist1 Additional /est/ictions should be 7laced on d/i3e/s2 licenses of
teena4e/s because teena4e/s lac0 basic s0ills. E3en thou4h d/i3e/s of a4e nineteen
and <oun4e/ 6a0e u7 onl< % 7e/cent of /e4iste/ed d/ie/sB the/e a/e /es7onsible fo/
o3e/ 1# 7e/cent of t/affic fatalities.
Each of the followin4B if t/ueB wea0ens the a/4u6ent that teena4e/s lac0 basic
d/i3in4 s0ill EHCEIT1
>A? Teena4e/s tend to d/i3e olde/ and less stable ca/s than othe/ d/i3e/s.
>B? Teena4e/s and thei/ 7assen4e/s a/e less li0el< to use seat belts and shoulde/
st/a7s than othe/s.
>C? Teena4e/s d/i3eB on a3e/a4eB o3e/ twice as fa/ each <ea/ as othe/ d/i3e/s.
>D? Teena4e/s cause ca/ accidents that a/e 6o/e se/ious than those caused b<
othe/s.
>E? Teena4e/s a/e li0el< to d/i3e with 6o/e 7assen4e/s than the a3e/a4e d/i3e/.
SECTI() III
1. Nuestion withheld f/o6 sco/in4.
. (wne/s of dee7l< indebted and ch/onicall< un7/ofitable s6all businesses
so6eti6es t/< to con3ince othe/s to in3est 6one< in thei/ co67anies. Since the
6one< thus ac@ui/ed will ine3itabl< be used to 7a< off debtsB /athe/ than to
e87and o7e/ationB this 6one< will not sti6ulate sales 4/owth in such co67anies.
ThusB 6ost 7eo7le a/e /eluctant to 6a0e these in3est6ents. Su/7/isin4lA? In3esto/s usuall< choose to /ein3est thei/ /etu/ns on such in3est6ents.
>B? E87andin4 7/oduction in such co67anies would usuall< /e@ui/e 6o/e funds
GMAT . 'SAT C- %6!
than would 7a<in4 off debts.
>C? Ia<in4 off debtsB b< sa3in4 a co67an< the 6one< it would othe/wise owe in
inte/estB dec/eases the co67an<2s o3e/all e87enses and the/eb< inc/eases its
7/ofits.
>D? Ban0s a/e /eluctant to lend 6one< to an< co67an< that is al/ead< hea3il< in
debt and ch/onicall< un7/ofitable.
>E? If the sales of a co67an< do not 4/owB the/e is usuall< little need to de3ote a
la/4e sha/e of co67an< /esou/ces to e87andin4 7/oduction.
". Afte/ 7u/chasin4 a 7otAbellied 7i4 at the 7et sto/e in S7/in4fieldB A6< was
info/6ed b< a S7/in4field cit< official that she would not be allowed to 0ee7 the
7i4 as a 7etB since cit< codes classif< 7i4s as li3estoc0B and indi3iduals 6a< not
0ee7 li3estoc0 in S7/in4field.
The cit< official2s a/4u6ent de7ends on assu6in4 which one of the followin4=
>A? A6< li3es in S7/in4field.
>B? Ii4s a/e not classified as 7ets in S7/in4field.
>C? An< ani6al not classified as li3estoc0 6a< be 0e7t in S7/in4field.
>D? Do4s and cats a/e not classified as li3estoc0 in S7/in4field.
>E? It is le4al fo/ 7et sto/es to sell 7i4s in S7/in4field.
#. Histo/ian1 The cent/al clai6 of the EendAofAhisto/<F theo/< is that histo/< has
/eached its final sta4e of de3elo76ent. Acco/din4 to its adhe/entsB de6oc/atic
ideals ha3e t/iu67hed o3e/ thei/ /i3alsB and histo/< is effecti3el< at an ideolo4ical
end. ButB this 3iew fails to conside/ that it is i67ossible to stand outside all of
histo/< to ;ud4e whethe/ histo/< is /eall< at an end.
,hich one of the followin4 can be 6ost /easonabl< infe//ed f/o6 the histo/ian2s
state6ents=
>A? ,e can ne3e/ 0now whethe/ the endAofAhisto/< theo/< is t/ue.
>B? Ad3ocates of the endAofAhisto/< theo/< ha3e too ideolo4ical an unde/standin4
of histo/<.
>C? If we we/e at the end of histo/D? It is i67ossible fo/ the endAofAhisto/< theo/< to be t/ue.
>E? Ideolo4ical de3elo76ents a/e the essential ele6ents of histo/<.
!. +ohn1 As I was d/i3in4 to wo/0 this 6o/nin4B I was sto77ed b< a 7olice office/
and tic0eted fo/ s7eedin4. Since the/e we/e 6an< othe/ ca/s a/ound 6e that we/e
4oin4 as fast as I wasB the 7olice office/ clea/l< t/eated 6e unfai/l<.
Ma/<1 :ou we/e not t/eated unfai/l<B since the 7olice office/ was ob3iousl< unable
to sto7 all the d/i3e/s who we/e s7eedin4. E3e/<one who was s7eedin4 at that
ti6e and 7lace had an e@ual chance of bein4 sto77ed.
,hich one of the followin4 7/inci7lesB if establishedB would 6ost hel7 to ;ustif<
%66 'SAT
Ma/<2s 7osition=
>A? If all those who 3iolate a t/affic law on a 7a/ticula/ occasion a/e e@uall<
li0el< to be 7enali9ed fo/ 3iolatin4 itB then the law is fai/l< a77lied to
whoe3e/ a6on4 the6 is then 7enali9ed.
>B? The 7enalties attached to t/affic laws should be a77lied not as 7unish6ents
fo/ b/ea0in4 the law but /athe/ as dete//ents to unsafe d/i3in4.
>C? The 7enalties attached to t/affic laws should be i67osed on all 7eo7le who
3iolate those lawsB and onl< those 7eo7le.
>D? It is fai/e/ not to enfo/ce a t/affic law at all that it is to enfo/ce it in so6eB but
not allB of the cases to which it a77lies.
>E? 5ai/ness in the a77lication of a t/affic law is ensu/ed not b< all 3iolato/2s
ha3in4 an e@ual chance of bein4 7enali9ed fo/ thei/ 3iolation of the lawB but
/athe/ b< 7enali9in4 all 0nown 3iolato/s to the sa6e e8tent.
6. A 7u/se containin4 " ancient 4old coins that had been 6inted in Mo/occo was
disco3e/ed in the /uins of an ancient +o/danian cit< so6e #B$$$ 0ilo6ete/s to the
east of Mo/occo. In its ti6e the +o/danian cit< was an i67o/tant t/adin4 cente/
alon4 the t/ade /oute lin0in4 China and Eu/o7eB and it was also a 7o7ula/
sto7o3e/ fo/ 7il4/i6s on the /oute between Mo/occo and Mecca. The 7u/se of a
t/ade/ in the cit< would 7/obabl< ha3e contained a 6o/e di3e/se set of coins.
h<7otheses=
>A? Mo/occan coins we/e 6o/e 3aluable in the ancient cit< than we/e +o/danian
coins.
>B? Most 4old coins a3ailable du/in4 the ti6e when the ancient cit< th/i3ed we/e
6inted in Mo/occo.
>C? The 7u/se with the 4old coins had been b/ou4ht to the ancient cit< b< a
7il4/i6 on the /oute between Mo/occo and Mecca.
>D? Gold coins we/e the onl< 6ediu6 of e8chan4e used in the ancient cit<.
>E? Iil4/i6s and t/ade/s in the ancient cit< we/e unli0el< to ha3e inte/acted with
one anothe/.
%. Studies indicate that the /ate at which wate/ 7ollution is inc/easin4 is le3elin4 off1
the a6ount of wate/ 7ollution causes this <ea/ is al6ost identical to the a6ount
caused last <ea/. If this t/end continuesB the wate/ 7ollution 7/oble6 will no
lon4e/ be 4ettin4 6o/e se/ious.
The /easonin4 is @uestionable because it i4no/es the 7ossibilit< that
>A? so6e t<7es of wate/ 7ollution ha3e no noticeable effect on o/4anis6s that use
the wate/
>B? the t<7es of wate/ 7ollution caused this <ea/ a/e less dan4e/ous than those
caused last <ea/
>C? the le3elin4Aoff t/end of wate/ 7ollution will not continue
GMAT . 'SAT C- %6%
>D? ai/ and soil 7ollution a/e beco6in4 6o/e se/ious
>E? the effects of wate/ 7ollution a/e cu6ulati3e
8. (ne /esea/che/ w/itesB EHu6an bein4s a/e innatel< a44/essi3e.F As e3idenceB the
/esea/che/ cites the 7/e3alence of wa/fa/e in histo/< and then discounts an<
cu//ent disinclination to fi4ht1 EThe 6ost 7eaceable 7eo7les of toda< we/e often
/a3a4e/s of <este/<ea/ and will 7/obabl< fi4ht a4ain in the futu/e.F But if so6e
7eo7les a/e 7eaceable nowB then a44/ession itself cannot be coded in ou/ 4enesB
onl< the 7otential fo/ it. If EinnateF onl< 6eans 0ossibleB o/ e3en li5ely in $ertain
en4iron,entsB then e3e/<thin4 we do is innate and the wo/d has no 6eanin4.
,hich one of the followin4 6ost accu/atel< desc/ibes the techni@ue used in the
7assa4e to wea0en the a/4u6ent fo/ the clai6 that a44/essi3eness is innate to
hu6an bein4s=
>A? The accu/ac< of the histo/ical data cited in the a/4u6ent fo/ innate
a44/essi3eness is called into @uestion.
>B? The fo/ce of the conce7t of innateness used in the a/4u6ent fo/ innate
a44/essi3eness is called into @uestion.
>C? An atte67t is 6ade to unde/6ine the a/4u6ent fo/ innate a44/essi3eness b<
a/4uin4 that the/e a/e no 4eneticall< based t/aits.
>D? An atte67t is 6ade to unde/6ine the a/4u6ent fo/ innate a44/essi3eness b<
su44estin4 that it a77eals to e6otional conside/ations /athe/ than to /eason.
>E? An atte67t is 6ade to unde/6ine the a/4u6ent fo/ innate a44/essi3eness b<
a/4uin4 that all 7eo7les a/e 7eaceable.
Questions 9-10
If a 7e/son chooses to wal0 /athe/ than d/i3eB the/e is one less 3ehicle e6ittin4
7ollution into the ai/ than the/e would be othe/wise. The/efo/e if 7eo7le would wal0
whene3e/ it is feasible fo/ the6 to do soB then 7ollution will be 4/eatl< /educed.
&. ,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion on which the a/4u6ent de7ends=
>A? Cuttin4 down on 7ollution can be achie3ed in a 3a/iet< of wa<s.
>B? Ta0in4 7ublic t/ans7o/tation /athe/ than d/i3in4 is not alwa<s feasible.
>C? ,al0in4 is the onl< feasible alte/nati3e to d/i3in4 that /esults in a /eduction in
7ollution.
>D? The/e a/e 7eo7le who ne3e/ d/i3e but who 7/efe/ wal0.
>E? Ieo7le so6eti6es d/i3e when it is feasible to wal0 instead.
1$. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost st/en4then the a/4u6ent=
>A? If auto6obile 7assen4e/s who ne3e/ d/i3e wal0 instead of /ideB the/e will be
fewe/ 3ehicles on the /oad as a /esult.
>B? )on6o3in4 /unnin4 3ehiclesB on a3e/a4eB e6it half as 6uch 7ollution 7e/
second as 6o3in4 3ehiclesB but the 4/eate/ con4estion isB the 6o/e
%68 'SAT
non6o3in4 /unnin4 3ehicles the/e a/e.
>C? Since diffe/ent 3ehicles can 7ollute at diffe/ent /atesB it is 7ossible fo/ one
d/i3e/ who wal0s to 6a0e a 4/eate/ cont/ibution to 7ollution 7/e3ention than
anothe/ d/i3e/ who wal0s.
>D? (n a3e/a4eB buses 7ollute 6o/e than ca/s doB but buses usuall< ca//< 6o/e
7assen4e/s than ca/s do.
>E? Those who 7/e3iousl< /ode as 7assen4e/s in a 3ehicle whose d/i3e/ decides to
wal0 instead of d/i3e 6i4ht the6sel3es decide to d/i3e.
11. Edito/ial1 The 6ost 3ocal 7/o7onents of the 7/o7osed law a/e not 7e/6anent
/esidents of this island but /athe/ a few of the wealthiest su66e/ /esidentsB who
lea3e when the 3acation 6onths ha3e 7assed. These 7eo7le will benefit f/o6
7assa4e of this law while not ha3in4 to deal with the 7/oble6s associated with its
ado7tion. The/efo/eB an<one who su77o/ts the 7/o7osed law is se/3in4 onl< the
inte/ests of a few outside/s at the cost of c/eatin4 7/oble6s fo/ the island2s
7e/6anent /esidents.
>A? The a3e/a4e inco6e of the island2s su66e/ /esidents is 4/eate/ than the
a3e/a4e inco6e of its 7e/6anent /esidents.
>B? The 7/oble6s associated with this law outwei4h an< benefit it 6i4ht 7/o3ide
the island2s 7e/6anent /esidents.
>C? Most of the island2s su66e/ /esidents would benefit f/o6 7assa4e of this law.
>D? Most of the island2s su66e/ /esidents su77o/t 7assa4e of this law.
>E? Most of the island2s 7e/6anent /esidents o77ose 7assa4e of this law.
1. *ita6in H:Q has lon4 been a fa3o/ite a6on4 health food enthusiasts. In a /ecent
la/4e stud<B those who too0 la/4e a6ounts of 3ita6in H:Q dail< fo/ two <ea/s
showed on a3e/a4e a #$ 7e/cent lowe/ /is0 of hea/t disease than did 6e6be/s of a
cont/ol 4/ou7s. -esea/che/s co//ected fo/ diffe/ences in /ele3ant health habitsB
such as diet.
,hich one of the followin4 infe/ence is 6ost su77o/ted b< the 7assa4e=
>A? Ta0in4 la/4e a6ount of 3ita6ins is 7/obabl< wo/th /is0in4 the side effects.
>B? Those who ta0e la/4e doses of 3ita6in H:Q dail< fo/ the ne8t two <ea/s will
e8hibit on a3e/a4e an inc/ease in the li0elihood of a3oidin4 hea/t disease.
>C? 'iB who has ta0en la/4e a6ounts of 3ita6in H:Q dail< fo/ the 7ast two <ea/sB
has a #$ 7e/cent lowe/ /is0.
>D? Ta0in4 la/4e a6ounts of 3ita6in H:Q dail< o3e/ the cou/se of one2s adult life
should be /eco66ended to 6ost adults.
>E? Health food enthusiasts a/e 7/obabl< co//ect in belie3in4 that la/4e dail<
doses of 6ulti7le 3ita6ins 7/o6ote 4ood health.
1". In 1&88B a si4nificant 7e/centa4e of seals n the Baltic Sea died f/o6 3i/al disease1
GMAT . 'SAT C- %6&
off the coast of ScotlandB howe3e/B the death /ate due to 3i/al diseases was
a77/o8i6atel< half what it was fo/ the Baltic seals. The Baltic seals had
si4nificantl< hi4he/ le3els of 7ollutants in thei/ blood than did the Scottish seals.
Since 7ollutants a/e 0nown to i67ai/ 6a/ine 6a66al2s abilit< to fi4ht off 3i/al
infectionB it is li0el< that the hi4he/ death /ate a6on4 the Baltic seals was due to
the hi4he/ le3els of 7ollutants in thei/ blood.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 7/o3ides the 6ost additional su77o/t fo/ the
a/4u6ent=
>A? The la/4e 6a;o/it< of Scottish seals that died we/e eithe/ old o/ unhealth<
ani6als.
>B? The st/ain of 3i/us that 0illed Scottish seals o3e/whel6s i67ai/ed i66une
s<ste6s 6uch 6o/e @uic0l< than it does health< i66une s<ste6s.
>C? The/e we/e sli4ht fluctuations in the le3els of 7ollutants found in the blood of
Baltic seals.
>D? The 0inds of 7ollutants found in the Baltic Sea a/e si4nificantl< diffe/ent f/o6
those that ha3e been detected in the wate/s off the coast of Scotland.
>E? A6on4 6a/ine 6a66als othe/ than sealsB the death /ate due to 3i/al diseases
in 1&88 was hi4he/ in the Baltic Sea than it was off the Scottish coast.
1#. If the 7/o7osed ta8 /eduction 7ac0a4e is ado7ted this <ea/B the lib/a/< will be
fo/ced to discontinue its dail< sto/< hou/s fo/ child/en. But if the dail< sto/< hou/s
a/e discontinuedB 6an< 7a/ents will be 4/eatl< incon3enienced. So the 7/o7osed
ta8 /eduction 7ac0a4e will not be ado7ted this <ea/.
,hich one of the followin4B if assu6edB allows the a/4u6ent2s conclusion to be
7/o7e/l< d/awn=
>A? An< ta8 /eduction 7ac0a4e that will not fo/ce the lib/a/< to discontinue dail<
sto/< hou/s will be ado7ted this <ea/.
>B? E3e/< ta8 /eduction 7ac0a4e that would fo/ce the lib/a/< to discontinue dail<
sto/< hou/s would 4/eatl< incon3enience 7a/ents.
>C? )o ta8 /eduction 7ac0a4e that would 4/eatl< incon3enience 7a/ents would fail
to fo/ce the lib/a/< to discontinue dail< sto/< hou/s.
>D? )o ta8 /eduction 7ac0a4e that would 4/eatl< incon3enience 7a/ents will be
ado7ted this <ea/.
>E? An< ta8 /eduction 7ac0a4e that will not 4/eatl< incon3enience 7a/ents will be
ado7ted this <ea/.
1!. 5undin4 o77onent1 So6e 7eo7le fa3o/ cit< fundin4 fo/ the s7a<in4 and neute/in4
of 7ets at the owne/s2 /e@uest. The< clai6 that the dec/ease in the nu6be/ of st/a<
ani6als to contend with will offset the costs of the fundin4. These 7eo7le fail to
/eali9e that o3e/ 8$ 7e/cent of 7et owne/s al/ead< 7a< to s7a< o/ neute/ thei/
ani6alsB so the/e will not be a si4nificant dec/ease in the nu6be/ of st/a< ani6als
in the cit< if fundin4 is 7/o3ided.
%%$ 'SAT
Each of the followin4B if t/ueB st/en4thens the a/4u6ent of the fundin4 o77onent
EHCEIT1
>A? *e/< few of the st/a< ani6als in the cit< a/e offs7/in4 of 7ets.
>B? Man< 7et owne/s would ha3e thei/ ani6als s7a<ed o/ neute/ed soone/ if
fundin4 we/e 7/o3ided b< the cit<.
>C? The onl< wa< the nu6be/ of t/a< ani6als can dec/ease is if e8istin4 st/a<s a/e
s7a<ed o/ neute/ed.
>D? Most 7eo7le owne/s who do not ha3e thei/ 7ets s7a<ed o/ neute/ed belie3ed
that s7a<in4 and neute/in4 a/e 6o/all< w/on4.
>E? The 6a;o/it< of 7ets that a/e not s7a<ed o/ neute/ed a/e used fo/ b/eedin4
7u/7osesB and a/e not li0el< to 7/oduce st/a< ani6als.
16. -esea/ch indicates that colle4e 7/ofesso/s 4ene/all< we/e /aised in econo6icall<
ad3anta4ed households. 5o/ it was disco3e/ed thatB o3e/allB colle4e 7/ofesso/s
4/ew u7 in co66unities with a3e/a4e household inco6es that we/e hi4he/ than
the a3e/a4e household inco6e fo/ the nation as a whole.
The /easonin4 in the a/4u6ent is flawed because the a/4u6ent1
>A? ina77/o7/iatel< assu6es a co//elation between household inco6e and
econo6ic ad3anta4e
>B? fails to note the/e a/e so6e co66unities with hi4h a3e/a4e household
inco6es in which no colle4e 7/ofesso/s 4/ew u7
>C? 7/esu6es without ;ustification that colle4e 7/ofesso/s 4ene/all< we/e /aised in
households with inco6es that a/e a3e/a4e o/ abo3e a3e/a4e fo/ thei/
co66unities
>D? does not ta0e into account the fact that colle4e 7/ofesso/s 4ene/all< ha3e
lowe/ sala/ies than thei/ counte/7a/ts in the 7/i3ate secto/
>E? fails to ta0e into account the fact that 6an< colle4e 7/ofesso/s li3e in /u/al
co66unities which 4ene/all< ha3e low a3e/a4e household inco6es
1%. Ma4a9ine a/ticle1 Iunish6ent fo/ c/i6es is ;ustified if it actuall< dete/s 7eo7le
f/o6 co66ittin4 the6. But a 4/eat deal of ca/efull< asse6bled and anal<9ed
e67i/ical data show clea/l< that 7unish6ent is not a dete//ent. So 7unish6ent is
ne3e/ ;ustified.
The /easonin4 in the 6a4a9ine a/ticle2s a/4u6ent is flawed because the a/4u6ent
>A? de7ends on data that the/e is /eason to sus7ect 6a< be biased
>B? 6ista0enl< allows the 0e< te/6 E7unish6entF to shift in 6eanin4
>C? 6ista0es bein4 sufficient to ;ustif< 7unish6ent fo/ bein4 /e@ui/ed to ;ustif< it
>D? i4no/es the 7/oble6 of 6ista0enl< 7unishin4 the innocent
>E? atte67ts to be 6o/e 7/ecise than its sub;ect 6atte/ 7/o7e/l< allows
18. If the /eco/din4 now 7la<in4 on the ;a99 7/o4/a6 is /eall< E'ouis A/6st/on4
/eco/ded in conce/t in 1&8&BF as the announce/ saidB then 'ouis A/6st/on4 was
GMAT . 'SAT C- %%1
7la<in4 so6e of the best ;a99 of his ca/ee/ <ea/s afte/ his death. Since the
t/u67ete/ was definitel< 'ouis A/6st/on4B so6ehow the announce/ 6ust ha3e
4otten the date of the /eco/din4 w/on4.
The 7atte/ of /easonin4 in the a/4u6ent abo3e is 6ost si6ila/ to that in which one
of the followin4 a/4u6ents=
>A? The 6useu6 is /e7o/ted as ha3in4 ac@ui/ed a 7aintin4 Eb< Mal3ina Hoff6anB
an a/tist who died in 1&66.F But Hoff6an was scul7to/B not a 7ainte/B so the
/e7o/t 6ust be w/on4 about the ac@uisition bein4 a 7aintin4.
>B? This 7aintin4 titled )a 1oilette is Be/the Mo/isot2s )a 1oilette onl< if a
7aintin4 can be in two 6useu6s at the sa6e ti6e. Since nothin4 can be in
two 7laces at onceB this 7aintin4 6ust so6ehow ha3e been 6istitled.
>C? (nl< if a twentiethAcentu/< Me8ican a/tist 7ainted in +a7an du/in4 the
se3enteenth centu/< can this wo/0 both be Eb< 5/ida MahloF as labeled and
the se3enteenth centu/< +a7anese landsca7e it a77ea/s to be. Since it is what
it a77ea/s to beB the label is w/on4.
>D? Dnless Mathe Mollwit9 was both a scul7to/ and a 7/int6a0e/B the 3oluntee/
6useu6 4uide is w/on4 in his att/ibution of this scul7tu/e. Since what
Mollwit9 is 0nown fo/ is he/ 7/intsB the 4uide 6ust be w/on4.
>E? If this 7aintin4 is a 7o/t/ait done in ac/<licB it cannot be b< Elisabeth *i4eeA
'eb/unB since ac/<lic 7aint was de3elo7ed onl< afte/ he/ death. ThusB since it
is definitel< a 7o/t/aitB the 7aint 6ust not be ac/<lic.
1&. ,hen a stone is t/i66ed b< a 6ason and e87osed to the ele6entsB a coatin4 of
cla< and othe/ 6ine/alsB called /oc0 3a/nish 4/aduall< accu6ulates on the f/eshl<
t/i66ed su/face. (/4anic 6atte/ t/a77ed beneath the 3a/nish on stones of an
Andean 6onu6ent was found to be o3e/ 1$$$ <ea/s old. Since the o/4anic 6atte/
6ust ha3e 4/own on the stone sho/tl< afte/ it was t/i66edB it follows that the
6onu6ent was built lon4 befo/e the a//i3al of Eu/o7eans in the A6e/icas in
1#&.
>A? -oc0 3a/nish itself contains so6e o/4anic 6atte/.
>B? The /euse of ancient t/i66ed stones was co66on in the Andes both befo/e
and afte/ 1#&.
>C? The Andean 6onu6ent bea/s st/i0in4 /ese6blance to 6onu6ents found in
ancient sites in weste/n Asia.
>D? The ea/liest w/itten /efe/ence to the Andean 6onu6ents dates f/o6 1%%8.
>E? -oc0 3a/nish fo/6s 3e/< slowl<B if at allB on t/i66ed stones that sto/ed in a
d/<B shelte/ed 7lace.
$. 'e4al /ules a/e e87/essed in 4ene/al te/6s. The< conce/n classification of 7e/sons
and actions and the< 7/esc/ibe le4al conse@uences fo/ 7e/sons and actions fallin4
into the /ele3ant cate4o/ies. The a77lication of a /ule to a 7a/ticula/ caseB
%% 'SAT
the/efo/eB in3ol3es a decision on whethe/ the facts of that case fall within the
cate4o/ies 6entioned in the /ule. This decision establishes the le4al effect of what
ha77ened /athe/ than an< 6atte/ of fact.
The 7assa4e 7/o3ides the 6ost su77o/t fo/ which one of the followin4=
>A? 'e4al /ulesB li0e 6atte/s of factB a/e conce/ned with classifications of thin4s
such as actions.
>B? Matte/s of factB li0e le4al /ulesB can so6eti6es be e87/essed in 4ene/al te/6s.
>C? Ma0in4 a le4al decision does not in3ol3e 6atte/s of fact.
>D? The a77lication of a /ule to a 7a/ticula/ case need not be left to a ;ud4e.
>E? ,hethe/ the facts of a case fall into a /ele3ant cate4o/< is not itself a 6atte/ of
fact.
Questions !1-!!
Helen1 It was w/on4 of 6< b/othe/ Ma/0 to tell ou/ 6othe/ that the /eason he had
6issed he/ bi/thda< 7a/t< the e3enin4 befo/e was that he had been in a t/affic accident
and that b< the ti6e he was /eleased f/o6 the hos7ital e6e/4enc< /oo6 the 7a/t< was
lon4 o3e/. Sa<in4 so6ethin4 that is false can ne3e/ be othe/ than 6o/all< w/on4B and
the/e had been no such accidentKMa/0 had si67l< fo/4otten all about the 7a/t<.
1. The 6ain conclusion d/awn in Helen2s a/4u6ent is that
>A? Ma/0 did not tell his 6othe/ the t/uth
>B? the /eal /eason Ma/0 6issed his 6othe/2s bi/thda< 7a/t< was that he had
fo/4otten all about it
>C? it is w/on4 to atte67t to a3oid bla6e fo/ one2s failu/e to do so6ethin4 b<
clai6in4 that one was 7/e3ented f/o6 doin4 that thin4 b< e3ents outside
one2s cont/ol
>D? it was w/on4 of Ma/0 to tell his 6othe/ that he had 6issed he/ bi/thda< 7a/t<
as a /esult of ha3in4 been in a t/affic accident
>E? it is alwa<s w/on4 not to tell the t/uth
. The ;ustification Helen offe/s fo/ he/ ;ud46ent of Ma/02s beha3io/ is 6ost
3ulne/able to c/iticis6 on the 4/ounds that the ;ustification
>A? i4no/es an i67o/tant 6o/al distinction between sa<in4 so6ethin4 that is false
and failin4 to sa< so6ethin4 that one 0nows to be t/ue
>B? confuses ha3in4 identified one cause of a 4i3en effect with ha3in4 eli6inated
the 7ossibilit< of the/e bein4 an< othe/ causes of that effect
>C? ;ud4es beha3io/ that is outside an indi3idual2s cont/ol acco/din4 to 6o/al
standa/ds that can 7/o7e/l< be a77lied onl< to beha3io/ that is within such
cont/ol
>D? /elies on an ille4iti6ate a77eal to 7it< to obscu/e the fact that the conclusion
does not lo4icall< follow f/o6 the 7/e6ises ad3anced
GMAT . 'SAT C- %%"
>E? atte67ts to ;ustif< a ;ud46ent about a 7a/ticula/ case b< citin4 a 4ene/al
7/inci7le that stands in fa/ 4/eate/ need of su77o/t than does the 7a/ticula/
;ud46ent
". Candidate1 The 4o3e/n6ent s7ends L!$$ 6illion 6o/e each <ea/ 7/o6otin4
hi4hwa< safet< than it s7ends co6batin4 ci4a/ette s6o0in4. But each <ea/ 6an<
6o/e 7eo7le die f/o6 s6o0in4A/elated diseases than die in hi4hwa< accidents. So
the 4o3e/n6ent would sa3e li3es b< shiftin4 funds f/o6 hi4hwa< safet< 7/o4/a6s
to antis6o0in4 7/o4/a6s.
The flawed /easonin4 in which one of the followin4 a/4u6ents 6ost closel<
7a/allels the flawed /easonin4 in the candidate2s a/4u6ent=
>A? The 4o3e/n6ent enfo/ces the s7eed li6it on f/eewa<s 6uch 6o/e closel<
than on tollwa<s. But 6an< 6o/e 7eo7le die each <ea/ in auto accidents on
f/eewa<s than die in auto accidents on tollwa<s. So the 4o3e/n6ent would
sa3e li3es b< shiftin4 funds f/o6 enfo/ce6ent of s7eed li6its on f/eewa<s to
enfo/ce6ent of s7eed li6its on tollwa<s.
>B? A ce/tain 7/ofessional 6usician s7ends se3e/al ti6es as 6an< hou/s
7/acticin4 4uita/ as she s7ends 7/acticin4 sa8o7hone. But she is hi/ed 6uch
6o/e often to 7la< sa8o7hone than to 7la< 4uita/B so she would inc/ease he/
nu6be/ of 7la<in4 en4a4e6ents b< s7endin4 less ti6e 7/acticin4 4uita/ and
6o/e ti6e 7/acticin4 sa8o7hone.
>C? Auto6obiles bu/n 6o/e 4as 7e/ 6inute on hi4hwa<s than on /esidential
st/eets. But the< 4et fewe/ 6iles 7e/ 4allon on /esidential st/eets. The/efo/eB
4as would be sa3ed b< d/i3in4 less on /esidential st/eets and 6o/e on
hi4hwa<s.
>D? The local swi6 tea6 s7ends 6an< 6o/e hou/s 7/acticin4 the bac0st/o0e than
it s7ends 7/acticin4 the b/eastst/o0e. But the tea62s la7 ti6es fo/ the
b/eastst/o0e a/e 6uch bette/ than its ti6es fo/ the bac0st/o0eB so the tea6
would win 6o/e swi6 6eets if it s7ent less ti6e 7/acticin4 the bac0st/o0e
and 6o/e ti6e 7/acticin4 the b/eastst/o0e.
>E? Ban0s ha3e a hi4he/ 7/ofit 6a/4in on loans that ha3e a hi4h inte/est /ate than
on loans that ha3e a low inte/est /ate. But bo//owe/s a/e willin4 to bo//ow
la/4e/ su6s at low /ates than at hi4h /ates. The/efo/eB ban0s would be 6o/e
7/ofitable if the< 4a3e 6o/e loans on low /ates and fewe/ loans at hi4h /ates.
#. A 7e/son2s failu/e to 0ee7 a 7/o6ise is w/on4 onl< ifB fi/stB doin4 so ha/6s the
one to who6 the 7/o6ise is 6ade andB secondB all of those who disco3e/ the
failu/e to 0ee7 the 7/o6ise lose confidence in the 7e/son2s abilit< to 0ee7
7/o6ises.
,hich one of the followin4 ;ud46ents 6ost closel< confo/6s to the 7/inci7le
abo3e=
>A? Ann 0e7t he/ 7/o6ise to /e7a< 5elicia the 6one< she owned he/. 5u/the/B this
con3inced e3e/<one who 0new Ann that she is t/ustwo/th<. ThusB Ann2s
%%# 'SAT
0ee7in4 he/ 7/o6ise was not w/on4.
>B? +onathan too0 an oath of sec/ec< conce/nin4 the co/7o/ation2s technical
sec/etsB but he sold the6 to a co67etito/. His action was w/on4 e3en thou4h
the co/7o/ation intended that he lea0 these sec/etes to its co67etito/s.
>C? Geo/4e 7/o6ised to /e7a< -ei0o the 6one< he owed he/. Howe3e/B Geo/4e
was unable to 0ee7 his 7/o6ise to -ei0o and as a /esultB -ei0o suffe/ed a
se/ious financial loss. ThusB Geo/4e2s failu/e to 0ee7 his 7/o6ise was w/on4.
>D? Because he lost his ;obB Ca/lo was unable to /e7a< the 6one< he 7/o6ised to
Mi/ia6. Howe3e/B Mi/ia6 did not need this 6one< no/ did she lose
confidence in Ca/lo2s abilit< to 0ee7 7/o6ises. SoB Ca/lo2s failu/e to 0ee7 his
7/o6ise to Mi/ia6 was not w/on4.
>E? Eli9abeth 7/o6ised to /etu/n the boo0 she bo//owed f/o6 Ste3en within a
wee0. But she was unable to do so because she beca6e acutel< ill. )ot
0nowin4 thisB Ste3en lost confidence in he/ abilit< to 0ee7 a 7/o6ise. SoB
Eli9abeth2s failu/e to /etu/n the boo0 to Ste3en was w/on4.
!. The end of an action is the intended outco6e of the action and not a 6e/e b<A
7/oduct of the actionB and the end2s 3alue is thus the onl< /eason fo/ the action. So
while it is t/ue that not e3e/< end2s 3alue will ;ustif< an< 6eansB and e3enB
7e/ha7sB that the/e is no end whose 3alue will ;ustif< e3e/< 6eansB it is clea/ that
nothin4 will ;ustif< a 6eans e8ce7t an end2s 3alue.
,hich one of the followin4 6ost accu/atel< e87/esses the 6ain conclusion of the
a/4u6ent=
>A? The 3alue of so6e ends 6a< ;ustif< an< 6eans.
>B? (ne can alwa<s ;ustif< a 4i3en action b< a77eal to the 3alue of its intended
outco6e.
>C? (ne can ;ustif< an action onl< b< a77eal to the 3alue of its intended outco6e.
>D? (nl< the 3alue of the b<A7/oducts of an action can ;ustif< that action.
>E? )othin4 can ;ustif< the intended outco6e of an action e8ce7t the 3alue of that
action2s actual outco6es.
TEST %
SECTI() II
1. Is<chiat/ist1 ,e a/e lea/nin4 that neu/oche6ical i6balances can cause beha3io/
/an4in4 f/o6 e8t/e6e 6ental illness to less se/ious but i//itatin4 beha3io/ such as
obsessi3e fantasi9in4B 7etulanceB o/ e6ba//ass6ent. These findin4s will 7/o6ote
co67assion and tole/ance when loo0in4 at a 6ental illnessB @ui/0B o/ 6e/e
diffe/ence between two 7e/sonsB since bein4 6entall< health< can now be4in to
be seen as si67l< ha3in4 the sa6e neu/oche6ical balances as 6ost 7eo7le.
GMAT . 'SAT C- %%!
,hich one of the followin4 6ost accu/atel< e87/esses the conclusion of the
7s<chiat/ist2s a/4u6ent=
>A? Dnde/standin4 the /ole of the neu/oche6ical in beha3io/ will foste/ e67ath<
towa/d othe/s.
>B? )eu/oche6ical i6balances can cause 6ental illness and othe/ beha3io/s.
>C? )eu/oche6ical balances and i6balances a/e the 6ain dete/6inants of 6ental
beha3io/.
>D? Bein4 6entall< health< is a 6atte/ of ha3in4 the sa6e neu/oche6ical
balances as 6ost 7eo7le.
>E? Ad3ances in neu/oche6ist/< enhance ou/ theo/ies of 6ental illness.
. )o one wants this ;ob as 6uch as +oshua doesB but he is not a77l<in4 fo/ it. It
follows that the/e will not be an< a77licants no 6atte/ how hi4h the sala/< that is
bein4 offe/ed.
>A? Beth 0nows bette/ than an<one else how to s7ot e//o/s in a co67ute/
7/o4/a6B <et e3en she has not found an< in this 7/o4/a6 so fa/. So it is clea/
that the e//o/s 6ust all be in the /est of the 7/o4/a6.
>B? If an<one can deci7he/ this insc/i7tionB it is I/ofesso/ Al3a/e9B but she is so
in3ol3ed with he/ new /esea/ch that it will be i67ossible to inte/est he/ in
this so/t of tas0. The/efo/eB all we can do now is ho7e to find so6eone else.
>C? Althou4h he has the st/on4est 6oti3e of an<one fo/ bu<in4 Anna2s 7lot of
landB Manf/ed is not 7u/suin4 the 6atte/. The/efo/eB /e4a/dless of how low a
7/ice Anna is 7/e7a/ed to acce7tB she will be loo0in4 fo/ a bu<e/ in 3ain.
>D? The 7e/son initiall< 6ost inte/ested in obtainin4 the cont/act was M/. Moo/eB
but he of all 7eo7le suddenl< withd/ew his bid. This 6eans thatB no 6atte/
how discou/a4ed the othe/ bidde/s had beenB the< will now /edouble thei/
effo/ts.
>E? Th/ee ti6es Iaul would ha3e li0ed to ta0e ad3anta4e of a s7ecial 3acation
7ac0a4e fo/ hi6self and his fa6il<B but each ti6e he was indis7ensable at the
facto/< ;ust then. So the 6o/e senio/it< Iaul ac@ui/esB the 4/eate/ a/e the
const/aints on his 7e/sonal life.
". Man< 7eo7le li6it the inta0e of calo/ies and choleste/ol in thei/ diet in o/de/ to
lose wei4ht and /educe the le3el of choleste/ol in thei/ blood. ,hen a 7e/son
loses wei4htB the fat cells in that 7e/son2s bod< dec/ease in si9e but not in nu6be/.
As the< dec/ease in si9eB fat cells s7ill the choleste/ol the< contain into the
bloodst/ea6. The/efo/eB a 7e/son who 4oes on a lowAcalo/ieB lowAcholeste/ol
dietCCCCCC
>A? 6i4ht at fi/st ha3e an inc/eased le3el of choleste/ol in his o/ he/ blood
%%6 'SAT
>B? will not lose wei4ht an< faste/ than will a 7e/son whose diet is hi4h in
calo/ies
>C? 6i4ht lose 6o/e wei4ht b< 4oin4 on a lowAcalo/ieB hi4hAcholeste/ol diet than
b< 4oin4 on the lowAcalo/ieB lowAcholeste/ol diet
>D? will not dec/ease the si9e of his o/ he/ fat cells
>E? will both dec/ease the le3el of choleste/ol in his o/ he/ blood and 4ain wei4ht
Questions 4-5
Ad3ances in 7hotoco7<in4 technolo4< allow c/i6inals with no 7/intin4 e87e/tise to
counte/feit 7a7e/ cu//enc<. (ne standa/d anticounte/feitin4 techni@ueB 6ic/o7/intin4B
7/ints 7a7e/ cu//enc< with tin< desi4ns that cannot be 7hotoco7ied distinctl<.
Althou4h counte/feits of 6ic/o7/inted cu//enc< can be detected easil< b< e87e/tsB
such counte/feits often ci/culate widel< befo/e bein4 detected. An alte/nati3eB thou4h
6o/e costl<B 7/intin4 techni@ue would 7/int cu//enc< with a s7ecial in0. Cu//enc<
7/inted with the in0 would chan4e colo/ de7endin4 in how o/dina/< li4ht st/i0es itB
whe/eas 7hotoco7ied counte/feits of such cu//enc< would not. Because this techni@ue
would allow an<one to detect 7hotoco7ied counte/feit cu//enc< easilA? ,hen an anticounte/feitin4 techni@ue de7ends on the detection of
counte/feits b< e87e/tsB the cost of ins7ection b< e87e/ts adds si4nificantl< to
the cost to societ< of that techni@ue.
>B? 5o/ an< anticounte/feitin4 techni@ue to be effecti3eB the e8istence of
anticounte/feitin4 techni@ues should be widel< b/oadcastB but the 6ethod b<
which counte/feits a/e detected should be 0e7t sec/et.
>C? The 7/ocess of 6ic/o7/intin4 7a7e/ cu//enc< in3ol3es fewe/ ste7s than does
the 7/intin4 of 7a7e/ cu//enc< with the s7ecial in0.
>D? Befo/e 7hotoco7<in4 technolo4< e8istedB 6ost counte/feits of 7a7e/ cu//enc<
we/e acco67lished b< 6aste/ en4/a3e/s.
>E? Man< c/i6inals do not ha3e access to the ad3anced 7hotoco7ie/s that a/e
needed to 7/oduce counte/feits of 6ic/o7/inted 7a7e/ cu//enc< that cashie/s
will acce7t as /eal.
!. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< unde/6ines the a/4u6ent=
>A? The lon4e/ the inte/3al between the ti6e a counte/feit bill 7asses into
ci/culation and the ti6e the counte/feit is detectedB the 6o/e difficult it is fo/
law enfo/ce6ent of officials to a77/ehend the counte/feite/.
>B? So7histicated counte/feite/s could 7/oduce cu//enc< 7/inted with the s7ecial
in0 but cannot du7licate 6ic/o7/inted cu//enc< e8actl<.
>C? 5u/the/ ad3ances in 7hotoco7<in4 technolo4< will d/a6aticall< inc/ease the
GMAT . 'SAT C- %%%
le3el of detail that 7hotoco7ies can /e7/oduce.
>D? The la/4est @uantities of counte/feit cu//enc< now ente/in4 ci/culation a/e
7/oduced b< o/dina/< c/i6inals who en4a4e in counte/feitin4 onl< b/iefl<.
>E? It is 3e/< difficult to 6a0e accu/ate esti6ates of what the costs to societ<
would be if la/4e a6ounts of counte/feit cu//enc< ci/culated widel<.
6. (ne test to dete/6ine whethe/ a 7e/son has been infected with tube/culosis
consists of in;ectin4 the 7e/son with 7/oteins e8t/acted f/o6 the tube/culosis
bacte/iu6. (nce a 7e/son has been infected b< a bacte/iu6B the 7e/son2s i66une
s<ste6 subse@uentl< /eco4ni9es ce/tain 7/oteins 7/esent in that bacte/iu6 and
attac0s the bacte/iu6. This /eco4nition also ta0es 7lace in the test and /esults in a
s0in i//itation at the in;ection site. Hence the 7h<sicians who desi4ned the test
/easoned that an<one who /eacts in this 6anne/ to an in;ection with the
tube/culosis 7/oteins has been infected with tube/culosis.
,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion on which the 7h<sicians2 /easonin4
de7ends=
>A? All of the 7/oteins 7/esent in diseaseAcausin4 bacte/ia can be /eco4ni9ed b<
the bod<2s i66une s<ste6.
>B? 'ocali9ed s0in i//itations a/e a cha/acte/istic s<67to6 of tube/culosis in 6ost
7eo7le.
>C? The abilit< of the 7/oteins 7/esent in the tube/culosis bacte/iu6 to t/i44e/ the
s0in i//itation is e8clusi3e to that bacte/iu6.
>D? So6e 7eo7le who ha3e been in;ected with 7/oteins e8t/acted f/o6 the
tube/culosis bacte/iu6 will cont/act tube/culosis as a /esult of the in;ection.
>E? The bod<2s i66une s<ste6 cannot /eco4ni9e infectious bacte/ia unless the/e
a/e sufficient @uantities of the bacte/ia to cause o3e/t s<67to6s of disease.
%. Gene/ations of Eu/o7eanAhisto/< students ha3e been tau4ht that a 7olitical
assassination caused the 5i/st ,o/ld ,a/. ,ithout so6e @ualificationB howe3e/B
this teachin4 is bound to 6isleadB since the wa/ would not ha3e ha77ened without
the t/eaties and alliances that we/e al/ead< in effect and the 6ilita/< fo/ce that
was al/ead< a6assed. These we/e the dee7e/ causes of the wa/B whe/eas the
assassination was a cause onl< in a t/i3ial sense. It was li0e the indi3idual s7a/0
that ha77ens to i4nite a confla4/ation that wasB in the 7/e3ailin4 conditionsB
ine3itable.
,hich one of the followin4 6ost accu/atel< /estates the 6ain 7oint of the
7assa4e=
>A? The assassination did not cause the wa/B since the assassination was onl< the
last in a chain of e3ents leadin4 u7 to the wa/B each of which had e@ual clai6
to bein4 called its Ecause.F
>B? The wa/ was destined to ha77enB since the cou/se of histo/< u7 to that 7oint
could not ha3e been alte/ed.
%%8 'SAT
>C? Thou4h the state6ent that the assassination caused the wa/ is t/ueB the te/6
EcauseF 6o/e funda6entall< a77lies to the conditions that 6ade it 7ossible
fo/ that e3ent to sta/t the wa/.
>D? If the assassination had occu//ed when it did but less 6ilita/< fo/ce had at that
ti6e been a6assedB then the wa/2s outb/ea0 6i4ht ha3e been conside/abl<
dela<ed o/ the wa/ 6i4ht not ha3e occu//ed at all.
>E? Althou4h the conditions 7/e3ailin4 at the ti6e the wa/ sta/ted 6ade wa/
ine3itableB if the wa/ had not been t/i44e/ed b< the assassination it would not
ha3e ta0en the cou/se with which students of histo/< a/e fa6ilia/.
8. Toddle/s a/e not bein4 6alicious when the< bite 7eo7le. 5o/ e8a67leB a child 6a<
want a toA? Bitin4 7eo7le is so6eti6es a wa< fo/ toddle/s to t/< to sol3e 7/oble6s.
>B? Toddle/s so6eti6es en4a4e in bitin4 7eo7le in o/de/ to 4et attention f/o6
adults.
>C? Toddle/s 6ista0enl< belie3e that bitin4 7eo7le is 3iewed as acce7table
beha3io/ b< adults.
>D? Toddle/s do not /eco4ni9e that b< bitin4 7eo7le the< often thwa/t thei/ own
ends.
>E? -eso/tin4 to bitin4 7eo7le is in so6e cases an effecti3e wa< fo/ toddle/s to 4et
what the< want.
&. Consu6e/ ad3ocate1 'ast <ea/2s wo/ldwide ala/6 about a co67ute/ E3i/usFKa
su//e7titiousl< int/oduced co67ute/ 7/o4/a6 that can dest/o< othe/ 7/o4/a6s and
dataKwas a f/aud. Co67anies sellin4 7/o4/a6s to 7/otect co67ute/s a4ainst such
3i/uses /aised wo/ldwide conce/n about the 7ossibilit< that a dest/ucti3e 3i/us
would be acti3ated on a ce/tain date. The/e was 6o/e s6o0e than fi/eB howe3e/B
onl< about a thousand cases of da6a4e we/e /e7o/ted a/ound the wo/ld.
Multitudes of anti3i/us 7/o4/a6s we/e soldB so the co67anies2 wa/nin4 was
clea/l< onl< an effo/t to sti6ulate sales.
The /easonin4 in the consu6e/ ad3ocate2s a/4u6ent is flawed because this
a/4u6ent
>A? /estates its conclusion without atte67tin4 to offe/ a /eason to acce7t it
>B? fails to ac0nowled4e that anti3i/us 7/o4/a6s 6i4ht 7/otect a4ainst 3i/uses
othe/ than the 7a/ticula/ one desc/ibed
>C? asse/ts that the occu//ence of one e3ent afte/ anothe/ shows that the ea/lie/
e3ent was the cause of the late/ one
>D? used infla66ato/< lan4ua4e as a substitute fo/ 7/o3idin4 an< e3idence
>E? o3e/loo0s the 7ossibilit< that the 7/otecti3e ste7s ta0en did wo/0 andB fo/
GMAT . 'SAT C- %%&
6an< co67ute/B 7/e3ented the 3i/us f/o6 causin4 da6a4e
1$. Insects can see ult/a3iolet li4ht and a/e 0nown to identif< i67o/tant food sou/ces
and 6atin4 sites b< sensin4 the cha/acte/istic 7atte/ns of ult/a3iolet li4ht that
these thin4s /eflect. Insects a/e also att/acted to 3lo,osus s7ide/websB which
/eflect ult/a3iolet li4ht. ThusB insects a/e 7/obabl< att/acted to these webs because
of the s7ecific 7atte/ns of ult/a3iolet li4ht that these webs /eflect.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ts the a/4u6ent=
>A? ,hen webs of 6an< diffe/ent s7ecies of s7ide/ we/e illu6inated with a
unifo/6 sou/ce of white li4ht containin4 an ult/a3iolet co67onentB 6an< of
these webs did not /eflect the ult/a3iolet li4ht.
>B? ,hen the sil0s of s7ide/s that s7in sil0 onl< fo/ linin4 bu//ows and co3e/in4
e44s we/e illu6inated with white li4ht containin4 an ult/a3iolet co67onentB
the sil0s of these s7ide/s /eflected ult/a3iolet li4ht.
>C? ,hen webs of the co67a/ati3el< /ecentl< e3ol3ed co66on 4a/den s7ide/
we/e illu6inated with white li4ht containin4 an ult/a3iolet co67onentB onl<
ce/tain 7o/tions of these webs /eflected ult/a3iolet li4ht.
>D? ,hen Droso0hila f/uit flies we/e 7laced befo/e a 3lo,osus web and a
s<nthetic web of si6ila/ 7atte/n that also /eflected ult/a3iolet li4ht and both
webs we/e illu6inated with white li4ht containin4 an ult/a3iolet co67onentB
6an< of the f/uit flies flew to the 3lo,osus web.
>E? ,hen Droso0hila f/uit flies we/e 7laced befo/e two 3lo,osus websB one
illu6inated with white li4ht containin4 an ult/a3iolet co67onent and one
illu6inated with white li4ht without an ult/a3iolet co67onentB the 6a;o/it<
flew to the ult/a3iolet /eflectin4 web.
11. The Habitat Conse/3ation Ilan >HCI? is based on a law that allows de3elo7e/s to
use land inhabited b< endan4e/ed s7ecies in e8chan4e fo/ a 7/o6ise to 7/ese/3e
c/itical habitat o/ 7/o3ide /e7lace6ent land nea/b<. So6e indi3iduals of
endan4e/ed s7ecies a/e lost in /etu/n fo/ assu/ances b< the owne/ o/ de3elo7e/
that habitat fo/ those /e6ainin4 ani6als will be 7/otected. En3i/on6entalists a/e
7leased that HCIs allowed the6 to win concessions f/o6 de3elo7e/s who would
othe/wise i4no/e /a/el< enfo/ced en3i/on6ental laws. Satisfied 7/o7e/t< owne/s
7/efe/ HCIs to 6o/e /est/icti3e 7/ohibitions of land use.
The situation desc/ibed abo3e 6ost closel< confo/6s to which one of the
>A? In o/de/ to a3oid 7/ot/acted le4al battles en3i/on6entalists should
co67/o6ise with de3elo7e/s.
>B? De3elo7e/s should adhe/e onl< to those en3i/on6ental laws that a/e not
o3e/bu/denso6e.
>C? 'aws should not be desi4ned to se/3e the inte/ests of all the 7a/ties conce/ned
since the< a/e often so wea0 that no one2s inte/est is se/3ed well.
%8$ 'SAT
>D? 'aws should be fashioned in such a wa< as to /econcile the inte/ests of
de3elo7e/s and en3i/on6entalists.
>E? The 6ost effecti3e 6eans of 7/ese/3in4 endan4e/ed s7ecies is to /ef/ain f/o6
alienatin4 7/o7e/t< owne/s.
1. It has lon4 been thou4ht that li9a/ds e3ol3es f/o6 a 4/ou7 of a67hibians called
anth/acosau/sB no fossils of which ha3e been found in an< /oc0s olde/ than "$$
6illion <ea/s. Howe3e/B a fossil of a li9a/d was /ecentl< found that is esti6ated to
be "#$ 6illion <ea/s old. 'i9a/ds could not ha3e e3ol3ed f/o6 c/eatu/es that did
not e8ist until afte/ the fi/st li9a/ds. The/efo/eB li9a/ds did not ha3e e3ol3ed f/o6
anth/acosau/s.
An assu67tion 6ade in the a/4u6ent is that the/e a/e no
>A? un0nown anth/acosau/ fossils olde/ than "#$ 6illion <ea/s
>B? un0nown li9a/d fossils olde/ than "#$ 6illion <ea/s
>C? 0nown li9a/d fossils that 7/edate so6e anth/acosau/ fossils
>D? 0nown anth/acosau/ fossils that 7/edate so6e li9a/d fossils
>E? 0nown li9a/d fossils whose a4e is unce/tain
Questions 13-14
)u6is6atist1 In 6edie3al S7ainB 6ost 4old coins we/e 6inted f/o6 4old 6ined in
,est Af/icaB in the a/ea that is now Sene4al. The 4old 6ined in this /e4ion was the
7u/est 0nown. Its 4old content of & 7e/cent allowed coins to be 6inted without
/efinin4 the 4oldB and indeed coins 6inted f/o6 this sou/ce of 4old can be /eco4ni9ed
because the< ha3e that 4old content. The 6ints could /efine 4old and 7/oduced othe/
0inds of coins that had 6uch 7u/e/ 4old contentB but the Sene4alese 4old was ne3e/
/efined.
1". ,hich one of the followin4 infe/ences about 4old coins 6inted in 6edie3al S7ain
is 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ted b< the info/6ation the nu6is6atist 4i3es=
>A? Coins 6inted f/o6 Sene4alese 4old all contained the sa6e wei4htB as well as
the sa6e 7/o7o/tion of 4old.
>B? The sou/ce of so6e /efined 4old f/o6 which coins we/e 6inted was
un/efined 4old with a 4old content of less than & 7e/cent.
>C? Two coins could ha3e the sa6e 6oneta/< 3alue e3en thou4h the< diffe/ed
f/o6 each othe/ in the 7e/centa4e of 4old the< contained.
>D? )o 4old coins we/e 6inted that had a 4old content of less than & 7e/cent.
>E? The onl< un/efined 4old f/o6 which coins could be 6inted was Sene4alese
4old.
1#. As a 7/eli6ina/< to ne4otiatin4 7/icesB 6e/chants sellin4 4oods often s7ecified
that 7a<6ent should be in the coins 6inted f/o6 Sene4alese 4old. ,hich one of
the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost hel7s to e87lain this 7/efe/ence=
GMAT . 'SAT C- %81
>A? Because /efined 4old 3a/ied conside/abl< in 7u/itB? Du/in4 this 7e/iod 6ost da<AtoAda< t/adin4 was conducted usin4 sil3e/ coinsB
thou4h 4old coins we/e used fo/ costl< t/ansactions and lon4Adistance
co66e/ce.
>C? The 6ints we/e able to dete/6ine the 7u/itD? Since 4old coins2 6oneta/< 3alue /ested on the 4old the< containedB 7a<6ents
we/e f/e@uentl< 6ade usin4 coins 6inted in se3e/al diffe/ent count/ies.
>E? Me/chants obtainin4 4old to /esell fo/ use in ;ewel/< could not sell the 6etal
unless it was fi/st /efined.
1!. So6e 7lants ha3e e8t/e6el< sensiti3e biolo4ical the/6o6ete/s. 5o/ e8a67leB the
lea3es of /hododend/ons cu/l when the te67e/atu/e of the ai/ a/ound the6 is
below $>Celsius?. Si6ila/l<B 6atu/e c/ocus blosso6s o7en in te67e/atu/es
abo3e . So so6eone who si6ultaneousl< obse/3ed /hododend/ons with
uncu/led lea3esB c/ocuses with 6atu/e but uno7ened blosso6sB and a
the/6o6ete/ showin4 1 could dete/6ine that the the/6o6ete/2s /eadin4 was
accu/ate to within 7lus o/ 6inus 1.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< unde/6ines the /easonin4
abo3e=
>A? )eithe/ /hododend/ons no/ c/ocuses bloo6 fo/ 6o/e than a few wee0s each
<ea/B and the blosso6s of /hododend/ons 4/owin4 in an< a/ea do not a77ea/
until at least se3e/al wee0s afte/ c/ocuses 4/owin4 in that a/ea ha3e ceased to
bloo6.
>B? Man< 7eo7le find it un7leasant to be outdoo/s fo/ lon4 7e/iods when the
te67e/atu/e is at o/ about 1.
>C? The cli6ate and soil conditions that fa3o/ the 4/owth of /hododend/ons a/e
also fa3o/able to the 4/owth of c/ocuses.
>D? Ai/ te67e/atu/e su//oundin4 /hododend/onsB which can 4/ow 1 feet tallB is
li0el< to diffe/ f/o6 ai/ te67e/atu/e su//oundin4 c/ocusesB which a/e
no/6all< onl< a few inches hi4hB b< 6o/e than 1B e3en if the two 7lants
a/e 4/owin4 side b< side.
>E? Ce/tain t<7es of the/6o6ete/s that a/e co66onl< used to 6easu/e outdoo/
te67e/atu/es can be e8t/e6el< accu/ate in 6ode/ate te67e/atu/e /an4es but
6uch less accu/ate in wa/6e/ o/ colde/ te67e/atu/e /an4e.
16. Iolitical scientist1 The disse6ination of 7olitical theo/ies is in 7/inci7le able to
cause chan4e in e8itin4 social st/uctu/es. Howe3e/B all 7olitical theo/ies a/e
fo/6ulated in the educationall< 7/i3ile4ed settin4 of the uni3e/sit<B leadin4 to
con3oluted lan4ua4e that is alienatin4 to 6an< indi3iduals outside acade6ia who
would be i67o/tant a4ents of chan4e. It follows thatB with /es7ect to 7olitical
%8 'SAT
theo/A? Ie/sons outside acade6ic settin4s a/e the 6ost i67o/tant a4ents of chan4e to
the social st/uctu/e.
>B? Ie/sons within acade6ic settin4s who fo/6ulate 7olitical theo/ies atte67t to
chan4e e8istin4 social st/uctu/e.
>C? Ie/sons outside acade6ic settin4s a/e bette/ left out of the initial fo/6ulation
of 7olitical theo/ies.
>D? Ie/sons outside acade6ic settin4s stand to 4ain 6o/e f/o6 the disse6ination
of 7olitical theo/ies than 7e/sons inside.
>E? Ie/sons within acade6ic settin4s a/e less willin4 o/ less able than 7e/sons
outside to w/ite in a st/ai4htfo/wa/d wa<.
1%. )icotine has lon4 been 0nown to cause hea/t attac0s and hi4h blood 7/essu/e. :et
a /ecent stud< has shown that the incidence of hea/t attac0s and hi4h blood
7/essu/e is si4nificantl< hi4he/ a6on4 ci4a/ette s6o0e/s who do not chew
tobacco than a6on4 nons6o0e/s e87osed to an e@ual a6ount of nicotine th/ou4h
tobacco chewin4.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB hel7s 'EAST to /esol3e the a77a/ent
>A? Ieo7le who s6o0e but do not chew tobacco tend to e8e/cise less than those
who chew tobacco but do not s6o0e.
>B? Che6icals othe/ than nicotine 7/esent in chewin4 tobacco but not 7/esent in
ci4a/ette s6o0e 6iti4ate the effects that nicotine has on the ca/dio3ascula/
s<ste6.
>C? Ieo7le who chew tobacco but do not s6o0e tend to ha3e healthie/ diets than
those who s6o0e but do not chew tobacco.
>D? Che6icals othe/ than nicotine 7/esent in chewin4 tobacco but not 7/esent in
ci4a/ette s6o0e can cause cance/.
>E? Che6icals othe/ than nicotine 7/esent in ci4a/ette s6o0e but not 7/esent in
chewin4 tobacco /aise blood 7/essu/e.
18. I/esident of Cent/al Su77l< Co67an<1 I/ofits a/e at an allAti6e low this fiscal
<ea/ because of dec/eased de6and fo/ ou/ 7/oducts. If this situation continuesB
the co67an< 6a< ha3e to decla/e ban0/u7tc<. So it is i67o/tant to 7/e3ent an<
fu/the/ dec/ease in 7/ofits. Conse@uentl<B the onl< o7tions a/e to /educe 7laned
e87ansion o/ to eli6inate so6e less 7/ofitable e8istin4 o7e/ations.
,hich one of the followin4 6ost accu/atel< desc/ibes a flaw in the co67an<
7/esident2s /easonin4=
>A? It 7/esu6es without 4i3in4 ;ustification that su/3i3al of the co67an< has been
a 4ood thin4.
GMAT . 'SAT C- %8"
>B? It does not ta0e into account that the/e a/e alte/nati3es to decla/in4 the
ban0/u7tc<.
>C? It 7/esu6es without 4i3in4 ;ustification that onl< dec/eased de6and can e3e/
be the cause of dec/eased 7/ofits.
>D? It does not allow fo/ the 7ossibilit< that 7/ofits will dec/ease onl< sli4htl<
du/in4 the ne8t fiscal <ea/.
>E? It does not ta0e into account that the/e 6a< be othe/ wa<s to sto7 the dec/ease
in 7/ofits.
1&. In all 6a66alian s7eciesB the 7e/iod of a <oun4 6a66al2s life in which it is
6ost f/e@uentl< 7la<ful coincides with the 7e/iods of 6ost /a7id 4/owth of the
neu/al connections in the 6a66al2s b/ain that 4i3e /ise to 3a/ious co67le8
7atte/ns of 6o3e6entB 7ostu/eB and social /es7onse. IndeedB the neut/al
connections c/eated b< f/e@uent 7la< du/in4 this 7e/iod late/ beco6e
indis7ensable fo/ the 6a66al2s su/3i3al and wellAbein4 as an adult.
The state6ents abo3eB if t/ueB se/3e 'EAST well as e3idence fo/ which one of the
followin4=
>A? :oun4 6a66als of s7ecies that a/e 7/e<ed on b< othe/ ani6als a/e li0el< to
en4a4e in fo/6s of sudden 6oc0 fli4htB boltin4 awa< f/o6 locations whe/e
no 7/edato/s a/e to be found.
>B? The <oun4 7/edato/s of non6a66alian s7ecies such as fishB /e7tilesB and
bi/ds do not no/6all< en4a4e in 7la<ful beha3io/ that se/3es the function
se/3ed b< 7la< in the de3elo76ent of <oun4 6a66als.
>C? Adult 6a66als a/e 6o/e li0el< to en4a4e in inte/acti3e 7la< with thei/ <oun4
if the< en4a4ed in si6ila/ fo/6s of 7la< when the< the6sel3es we/e <oun4.
>D? Ma66als that cannot en4a4e in ce/tain co66on fo/6s of 7la< when <oun4
a/e li0el< to show ce/tain deficits that li6it thei/ subse@uent success as
adults.
>E? :oun4 6a66als of 7/edato/< s7ecies tend to 7/actice in thei/ 7la< inoffensi3e
3e/sions of 6otions and actions that a/e useful in findin4 and catchin4 7/e<
when these 6a66als beco6e adults.
$. Ih<sicist1 Dete/6inis6 is the 3iew that e3e/< e3ent has a 7/ecedin4 cause
sufficient fo/ its occu//ence. That isB if dete/6inis6 is t/ueB then the e3ents that
a/e 7/esentl< occu//in4 could not ha3e failed to occu/ 4i3en the state of the
uni3e/se a 6o6ent a4o. Dete/6inis6B howe3e/B is false because it is i67ossible
to 0now the co67lete state of the uni3e/se at an< 4i3en ti6e since it is i67ossible
to 6easu/e accu/atel< both the 7osition and 3elocit< of an< 4i3en subato6ic
7a/ticle at a 7a/ticula/ ti6e.
The 7h<sicist2s /easonin4 is 6ost 3ulne/able to c/iticis6 on which one of the
followin4 4/ounds=
>A? That it is i67ossible to 6easu/e accu/atel< both the 7osition and 3elocit< of
%8# 'SAT
an< 4i3en subato6ic 7a/ticle does not i67l< that it is i67ossible to 0now
eithe/ the 7osition o/ 3elocit< of all subato6ic 7a/ticles.
>B? That the co67lete state of the uni3e/se at an< 4i3en ti6e is un0nowable does
not i67l< that the states at that ti6e of the indi3idual subato6ic 7a/ticles
6a0in4 it u7 a/e un0nowable.
>C? That it is i67ossible to 6easu/e accu/atel< both the 7osition and 3elocit< of
an< 4i3en subato6ic 7a/ticle at a 7a/ticula/ ti6e does not i67l< that its
7osition o/ 3elocit< cannot be accu/atel< 6easu/ed se7a/atel<.
>D? That it is i67ossible to 0now the co67lete state of the uni3e/se at an< 4i3en
ti6e does not i67l< that the/e is no co67lete state of the uni3e/se at that
ti6e.
>E? That the 7osition and 3elocit< of an< 4i3en subato6ic 7a/ticle cannot be
;ointl< 6easu/ed with accu/ac< does not i67l< that this is the case fo/ the
7osition and 3elocit< of all subato6ic 7a/ticles.
1. If this 7a/0in4 7olic< is un7o7ula/ with the facultA? ,e should atte67t to 7o7ula/i9e this 7a/0in4 7olic< a6on4 eithe/ the facult<
o/ students.
>B? ,e should 6odif< this 7a/0in4 7olic< onl< if this will not /educe its
7o7ula/it< a6on4 students.
>C? ,e should 6odif< this 7a/0in4 7olic< if 6odification will not /educe its
7o7ula/it< with the facult<.
>D? If this 7a/0in4 7olic< is 7o7ula/ a6on4 studentsB then we should ado7t a new
7olic<.
>E? If this 7a/0in4 7olic< is 7o7ula/ with the facult<B then we should ado7t a new
7olic<.
. It is absu/d idea that whate3e/ a/tistic endea3o/ the 4o3e/n6ent /efuses to su77o/t
it does not allowB as one can see b< /e7h/asin4 the state6ent to /ead1 )o one is
allowed to c/eate a/t without a 4o3e/n6ent subsid<.
The 7atte/n of /easonin4 in which one of the followin4 is 6ost si6ila/ to that in
the a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? The clai6 that an< d/i3e/ who is not a//ested does not b/ea0 the law is
absu/dB as one can see b< /ewo/din4 it1 E3e/< d/i3e/ who b/ea0s the law 4ets
a//ested.
>B? The clai6 that an< d/i3e/ who is not a//ested does 6ot b/ea0 the law is
absu/dB as one can see b< /ewo/din4 it1 E3e/< d/i3e/ who 4ets a//ested has
b/o0en the law.
>C? The notion that e3e/< scientist who is su77o/ted b< a 4o3e/n6ent 4/ant will
GMAT . 'SAT C- %8!
be successful is absu/dB as one can see b< /ewo/din4 it1 )o scientist who is
successful is so without a 4o3e/n6ent 4/ant.
>D? The notion that e3e/< scientist who is su77o/ted b< a 4o3e/n6ent 4/ant will
be successful is absu/dB as one can see b< /ewo/din4 it1 )o scientist lac0in4
4o3e/n6ental su77o/t will be successful.
>E? The notion that e3e/< scientist who has been su77o/ted b< a 4o3e/n6ent 4/ant
will be successful is absu/dB as one can see b< /ewo/din4 it1 )o scientist is
allowed to do /esea/ch without a 4o3e/n6ent 4/ant.
". Iolitician1 )obod< can den< that ho6elessness is a 7/oble6B <et the/e see6s to
be little a4/ee6ent on how to sol3e it. (ne thin4B howe3e/B is clea/1 i4no/in4 the
7/oble6 will not 6a0e it 4o awa<. (nl< if the 4o3e/n6ent ste7s in and 7/o3ides
the ho6eless with housin4 will this 7/oble6 disa77ea/B and this necessitates
inc/eased ta8ation. 5o/ this /easonB we should /aise ta8es.
,hich one of the followin4 7/inci7lesB if 3alidB 6ost su77o/ts the 7olitician2s
a/4u6ent=
>A? (nl< if a 6easu/e is /e@ui/ed to sol3e a 7/oble6B should it be ado7ted.
>B? (nl< if a 6easu/e is sufficient to sol3e a 7/oble6B should it be ado7ted.
>C? If a 6easu/e is /e@ui/ed to sol3e a 7/oble6B it should be ado7ted.
>D? If a 6easu/e is sufficient to sol3e a 7/oble6B then it should be ado7ted.
>E? If a 6easu/e is sufficient to sol3e a 7/oble6B an< ste7s necessitated b< that
6easu/e should be ado7ted.
#. T/ade official1 Count/< H dese/3es econo6ic /et/ibution fo/ its 7/otectionis6.
Howe3e/B it is c/ucial that we /eco4ni9e that the/e a/e o3e//idin4 conside/ations in
this case. ,e should still sell to H the a4/icultu/al e@ui76ent it o/de/ed1 the/e is
hi4h de6and in ou/ count/< fo/ a4/icultu/al i67o/ts f/o6 H.
The a/4u6ent de7ends on assu6in4 which one of the followin4 7/inci7les=
>A? A4/icultu/al co67onents of inte/national t/ade a/e 6o/e i67o/tant than
nona4/icultu/al co66odities.
>B? The abilit< to 0ee7 7o7ula/ 7/oducts a3ailable do6esticall< is less i67o/tant
than ou/ bein4 able to ente/ inte/national 6a/0et.
>C? ,e should ne3e/ ;eo7a/di9e the inte/ests of ou/ 7eo7le to 7unish a
7/otectionist count/<.
>D? In 6ost casesB 7unishin4 a 7/otectionist count/< should ha3e 7/io/it< o3e/ the
inte/ests of ou/ 7eo7le.
>E? ,e should balance the ;ustice of an action with the conse@uences fo/ ou/
inte/ests of unde/ta0in4 that action.
!. +ac02s aunt 4a3e hi6 he/ willB as0in4 hi6 to 6a0e it 7ublic when she diedG he
7/o6ised to do so. Afte/ he/ deathB +ac0 loo0ed at the will1 it sti7ulated that all
he/ 6one< 4o to he/ f/iend Geo/4e. +ac0 0new that if he 6ade the will 7ublicB
%86 'SAT
Geo/4e would s@uande/ the 6one< benefitin4 neithe/ Geo/4e no/ an<one else.
+ac0 also 0new that if he did not 6a0e the will 7ublicB the 6one< would 4o to his
own 6othe/B who would use it to benefit he/self and othe/sB ha/6in4 no one.
Afte/ /eflectionB he decided not to 6a0e the will 7ublic.
,hich one of the followin4 7/inci7lesB if 3alidB would /e@ui/e +ac0 to act as he
did in the situation desc/ibed=
>A? Duties to fa6il< 6e6be/s ta0e 7/io/it< o3e/ duties to 7eo7le who a/e not
fa6il< 6e6be/s.
>B? *iolatin4 a 7/o6ise is i67e/6issible whene3e/ doin4 so would beco6e
0nown b< othe/s.
>C? (ne 6ust choose an alte/nati3e that benefits so6e and ha/6s no one o3e/ an
alte/nati3e that ha/6s so6e and benefits no one.
>D? ,hen faced with alte/nati3es it is obli4ato/< to choose whiche3e/ one will
benefit the 4/eatest nu6be/ of 7eo7le.
>E? A 7/o6ise beco6es nonbindin4 when the 7e/son to who6 the 7/o6ise was
6ade is no lon4e/ li3in4.
SECTI() I*
1. Ta87a<e/1 5o/ the last ten <ea/sB Met/o Cit<2s b/id4eA6aintenance bud4et of L1
6illion annuall< has been a 7/i6e e8a67le of fiscal i//es7onsibilit<. In a wellA/un
b/id4e 7/o4/a6B the cit< would s7end L1! 6illion a <ea/ on 6aintenanceB which
would 7/e3ent se3e/e dete/io/ationB thus li6itin4 ca7ital e87enses fo/ needed
b/id4e /econst/uction to L1$ 6illion. Howe3e/B as a /esult of its atte67t to
econo6i9eB the cit< is now faced with s7endin4 L#$$ 6illion o3e/ two <ea/s on
e6e/4enc< /econst/uction of its b/id4es.
The 6ain 7oint of the ta87a<e/2s a/4u6ent is that Met/o Cit<
>A? should ha3e bud4eted substantiall< 6o/e 6one< fo/ 6aintenance of its
b/id4es
>B? would ha3e had a wellA/un b/id4e 7/o4/a6 of it had s7ent 6o/e 6one< fo/
/econst/uction of its b/id4es
>C? is s7endin4 6o/e than it needs to on 6aintenance of its b/id4es
>D? is econo6i9in4 on its b/id4e 7/o4/a6 to sa3e 6one< in case of e6e/4encies
>E? has b/id4es that a/e 6o/e e87ensi3e to 6aintain than the< we/e to build
. Twent< 7/ofessional inco6eAta8 ad3iso/s we/e 4i3en identical /eco/ds f/o6
which to 7/e7a/e an inco6eAta8 /etu/n. The ad3iso/s we/e not awa/e that the<
we/e dealin4 with fictitious /eco/ds co67iles b< a financial 6a4a9ine. )o two of
the co67leted ta8 /etu/ns a4/eed with each othe/B and onl< one was technicall<
co//ect.
GMAT . 'SAT C- %8%
If the info/6ation abo3e is co//ectB which one of the followin4 conclusion can be
7/o7e/l< d/awn on the basis of it=
>A? (nl< one out of e3e/< twent< inco6eAta8 /etu/ns 7/e7a/ed b< an< 4i3en
7/ofessional inco6eAta8 ad3iso/ will be co//ect.
>B? The fact that a ta8 /etu/n has been 7/e7a/ed b< a 7/ofessional inco6eAta8
ad3iso/ 7/o3ides no 4ua/antee that the ta8 /etu/n has been co//ectl< 7/e7a/ed.
>C? In o/de/ to ensu/e that ta8 /etu/ns a/e co//ectB it is necessa/< to hi/e
7/ofessional inco6eAta8 ad3iso/ to 7/e7a/e the6.
>D? All 7/ofessional inco6eAta8 ad3iso/s 6a0e 6ista0es on at least so6e of the
ta8 /etu/ns the< 7/e7a/e.
>E? Ieo7le a/e 6o/e li0el< to ha3e an inco//ectl< 7/e7a/ed ta8 /etu/n if the<
7/e7a/e thei/ own ta8 /etu/ns than if the< hi/e a 7/ofessional inco6eAta8
ad3iso/.
". The 6ana4e/ of a nuclea/ 7owe/ 7lant defended the clai6 that the 7lant was safe
b< /e3ealin4 its /ate of in;u/< fo/ cu//ent wo/0e/s1 onl< ". in;u/ies 7e/ $$B$$$
hou/s of wo/0B a /ate less than half the national a3e/a4e fo/ all indust/ial 7lants.
The 6ana4e/ clai6ed thatB the/efo/eB b< the standa/d of how 6an< in;u/ies occu/B
the 7lant was safe/ than 6ost othe/ 7lants whe/e the e67lo<ees could wo/0.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost calls into @uestion the 6ana4e/2s clai6=
>A? ,o/0e/s at nuclea/ 7owe/ 7lants a/e /e@ui/ed to /ecei3e e8t/a t/ainin4 in
safet< 7/ecautions on thei/ own ti6e and at thei/ own e87ense.
>B? ,o/0e/s at nuclea/ 7owe/ 7lants a/e /e@ui/ed to /e7o/t to the 6ana4e/ an<
cases of accidental e87osu/e to /adiation.
>C? The e87osu/e of the wo/0e/s to /adiation at nuclea/ 7owe/ 7lants was within
le3els the 4o3e/n6ent conside/s safe.
>D? ,o/0e/s at nuclea/ 7owe/ 7lants ha3e filed onl< a few lawsuits a4ainst the
6ana4e6ent conce/nin4 unsafe wo/0in4 conditions.
>E? Medical 7/oble6s a/isin4 f/o6 wo/0 at a nuclea/ 7owe/ 7lant a/e unusual in
that the< a/e not li0el< to a77ea/ until afte/ an e67lo<ee has left e67lo<6ent
at the 7lant.
#. Colu6nist1 The count/< is 7/esentl< debatin4 le4islation thatB if 7assedB would
fo/ce 6anufactu/e/s to inc/ease the nu6be/ of 7aid 3acation da<s fo/ e67lo<eesB
to 7a< hi4he/ o3e/ti6e wa4esB and to 7a< all da<Aca/e e87enses fo/ child/en of
each e67lo<ee. This le4islation is bein4 su77o/ted b< 6e6be/s of 4/ou7s that
ha3e /eso/ted to 3iolent tactics in the 7astB and b< indi3iduals who a/e facin4
indict6ent on ta8Ae3asion cha/4es. ,e 6ust defeat this le4islation and what it
stands fo/.
The colu6nist2s a/4u6ent is flawed because it
>A? attac02s le4islation b< callin4 into @uestion the inte4/it< of the o/i4inato/s of
the le4islation
%88 'SAT
>B? assails le4islation on the basis of the @uestionable cha/acte/ of su77o/te/s of
the le4islation
>C? atte67ts to disc/edit le4islation b< a77ealin4 to 7ublic senti6ent fo/ those
who would be ad3e/sel< affected
>D? 7/esu77oses that le4islation is bad le4islation whene3e/ it has onl< a s6all
nu6be/ of su77o/te/s outside the count/<2s national le4islati3e bod<
>E? /e;ects le4islation on the 4/ound that its su77o/te/s a/e inconsistentl< in
see0in4 to 7lace bu/dens on 6anufactu/e/s u7on whose business success the
su77o/te/s de7end
!. If the i3o/< t/ade continuesB e87e/ts belie3eB the ele7hant will soon beco6e
e8tinct in Af/icaB because 7oachin4 is /ife in 6an< a/eas. A total ban on i3o/<
t/adin4 would 7/obabl< 7/e3ent the e8tinction. Howe3e/B the count/< of
Qi6babweKwhich has 3i/tuall< eli6inated 7oachin4 within its bo/de/s and
which /elies on inco6e f/o6 ca/efull< cullin4 ele7hant he/ds that th/eaten to
beco6e too bi4Kob;ects to such a ban. Qi6babwe holds that the 7/oble6 lies not
with the i3o/< t/ade but with the conse/3ation 7olicies of othe/ count/ies.
,hich one of the followin4 7/inci7les fo/6s a lo4ical basis fo/ Qi6babwe2s
ob;ection to a ban=
>A? Inte/national 6easu/es to co//ect a 7/oble6 should not ad3e/sel< affect
count/ies that a/e not /es7onsible fo/ the 7/oble6.
>B? 5/eedo6 of t/ade is not a /i4ht but a conse@uence of a4/ee6ents a6on4
nations.
>C? -es7ectin4 a count/<2s so3e/ei4nt< is 6o/e i67o/tant than 7/e3entin4 the
e8tinction of a s7ecies.
>D? I/ohibitions affectin4 se3e/al count/ies should be enfo/ced b< a su7/anational
a4enc<.
>E? Effecti3e conse/3ation cannot be achie3ed without eli6inatin4 7oachin4.
6. The 6ale sa4e 4/ouse has ai/ sacs that when not inflatedB lie hidden beneath the
4/ouse2s nec0 feathe/s. Du/in4 its s7/in4 cou/tshi7 /itualB the 6ale sa4e 4/ouse
inflates these ai/ sacs and dis7la<s the6 to the fe6ale sa4e 4/ouse. So6e
scientists h<7othesi9e that this cou/tshi7 /itual se/3es as a 6eans fo/ fe6ale sa4e
4/ouse to select health< 6ates.
,hich one of the followin4B if /ueB 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ts the scientists2
h<7othesis=
>A? So6e fe6ale sa4e 4/ouse 6ate with unhealth< 6ale sa4e 4/ouse.
>B? ,hen diseased 6ale sa4e 4/ouse we/e t/eated with antibioticsB the< we/e not
selected b< fe6ale sa4e 4/ouse du/in4 the cou/tshi7 /itual.
>C? So6e health< 6ale sa4es 4/ouse do not inflate thei/ ai/ sacs as 7a/t of the
cou/tshi7 /itual.
>D? Male sa4e 4/ouse a/e 7/one to 7a/asitic infections that e8hibit s<67to6s
GMAT . 'SAT C- %8&
3isible on the bi/ds2 ai/ sacs.
>E? The sa4e 4/ouse is co66onl< afflicted with a st/ain of 6ala/ia that tends to
chan4e as the o/4anis6 that causes it unde/4oes 6utation.
%. Consu6e/s will be hu/t b< the new lowe/ ceilin4 on halibut catches. Gi3en the
law of su77l< and de6and these /est/ictions a/e li0el< to /esult in an inc/ease in
the 7/ice of the fish.
,hich one of the followin4B if assu6edB would do 6ost to ;ustif< the clai6 that
the 7/ice of halibut will inc/ease=
>A? The de6and fo/ halibut will not dec/ease substantiall< afte/ the new
/est/ictions a/e i67osed.
>B? The/e is a connection between the su77l< of halibut and the de6and fo/ it.
>C? The lost 7/oduction of halibut will not be /e7laced b< inc/eased 7/oduction of
othe/ fish.
>D? The de6and fo/ othe/ fish will be affected b< the new /est/ictions.
>E? The a6ount of halibut consu6ed /e7/esents a 3e/< s6all 7/o7o/tion of all fish
consu6ed.
8. Mnowled4e of an ancient lan4ua4e is essential fo/ /eadin4 o/i4inal ancient
docu6ents. Most ancient histo/ical docu6entsB howe3e/B ha3e been t/anslated
into 6ode/n lan4ua4esB so schola/s of ancient histo/< can /ead the6 fo/ thei/
/esea/ch without lea/nin4 ancient lan4ua4es. The/efo/eB as7i/ants to ca/ee/s as
ancient histo/< schola/s no lon4e/ need to ta0e the ti6e to lea/n ancient
lan4ua4es.
The a/4u6ent is 3ulne/able to c/iticis6 on which one of the followin4 4/ounds=
>A? It concludes that so6ethin4 is ne3e/ necessa/< on the 4/ounds that it is not
alwa<s necessa/<.
>B? A state6ent of fact is t/eated as if it we/e 6e/el< a state6ent of o7inion.
>C? The conclusion is no 6o/e than a /estate6ent of the e3idence 7/o3ides as
su77o/t of that conclusion.
>D? The ;ud46ent of e87e/ts is a77lied to a 6atte/ in which thei/ e87e/tise is
i//ele3ant.
>E? So6e of the e3idence 7/esented in su77o/t of the conclusion is inconsistent
with othe/ e3idences 7/o3ided.
Questions 9-10
The Boa/d of T/ustees of the 5ede/ici A/t Museu6 has decided to sell so6e wo/0s
f/o6 its collection in o/de/ to /aise the funds necessa/< to /efu/bish its 4alle/ies.
Althou4h this 6a< see6 li0e a d/astic /e6ed<B the cu/ato/ had lon4 6aintained that
a6on4 the 7aintin4s that the late Ms. 5ede/ici collected fo/ the 6useu6 we/e se3e/al
unsuccessful i66atu/e wo/0s b< -enoi/ and Ce9anne that should be sold because
the< a/e of infe/io/ @ualit< and so add nothin4 to the o3e/all @ualit< of the 6useu62s
%&$ 'SAT
collection. HenceB the boa/d2s action will not det/act f/o6 the 6useu62s collection.
&. The conclusion d/awn de7ends on which one of the followin4 assu67tion=
>A? A/t s7eculato/s a/e unable to distin4uish an infe/io/ 7aintin4 b< -enoi/ f/o6 a
6aste/7iece b< hi6.
>B? All of the 7aintin4s that the boa/d of t/ustee sells will be a6on4 those that the
cu/ato/ /eco66ends sellin4.
>C? All of the 7aintin4s b< -enoi/ and Ce9anne that a/e owned b< the 5ede/ici A/t
Museu6 we/e 7u/chased b< Ms. 5ede/ici he/self.
>D? (nl< an a3id collecto/ of 7aintin4s b< Ce9anne would be willin4 to 7a< a
hi4h 7/ice fo/ ea/l< wo/0s b< this a/tist.
>E? A 4/eat wo/0 of a/t can be t/ul< a77/eciated onl< if it is dis7la<ed in a
ca/efull< desi4ned and wellA6aintained 4alle/<.
1$. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost wea0en the a/4u6ent=
>A? The di/ecto/s of an a/t 6useu6 can 4ene/all< /aise funds fo/ /efu/bishin4 the
buildin4 in which the 6useu62s collection is housed b< 6eans othe/ than
sellin4 7a/ts of its collection.
>B? The @ualit< of an a/t collection is dete/6ined not ;ust b< the @ualit< of its
7aintin4sB but b< what de3elo76ent of the a/tistic talent and ideas of the
a/tists /e7/esented.
>C? The i66atu/e wo0s b< -enoi/ and Ce9anne that we/e 7u/chased b< Ms.
5ede/ici we/e at that ti6e thou4ht b< so6e c/itics to be uni67o/tant ;u3enile
wo/0s.
>D? Those 7eo7le who s7eculate in a/t b< 7u/chasin4 a/two/0s 6e/el< to sell the6
at 6uch hi4he/ 7/ices welco6e inflation in the a/t 6a/0etB but cu/ato/s of a/t
6useu6 /e4/et the inflation in the a/t 6a/0et.
>E? The best wo/0 of a 4/eat a/tist de6ands 6uch hi4he/ 7/ices in the a/t 6a/0et
than the wo/st wo/0 of that sa6e a/tist.
11. Ta0en to4ethe/B so6e B$$$ stoc0s /eco66ended on a 7o7ula/ tele3ision show
o3e/ the cou/se of the 7ast 1 <ea/s b< the show2s 4uestsB 6ost of who6 a/e
successful consultants fo/ 6ultibillionAdolla/ stoc0 7o/tfoliosB 7e/fo/6ed less
successfull< than the 6a/0et as a whole fo/ this 1A<ea/ 7e/iod. So clea/lA? Ta0en to4ethe/B the stoc0s /eco66ended on the tele3ision show 7e/fo/6ed
bette/ than the 6a/0et as a whole fo/ the 7ast <ea/.
>B? Ta0en to4ethe/B the stoc0s /eco66ended on the tele3ision show 7e/fo/6ed
bette/ fo/ the 7ast 1A<ea/ 7e/iod than stoc0 7o/tfolios that we/e actuall<
selected b< an< othe/ 6eans.
>C? Ie/fo/6ance of the stoc0s /eco66ended on the tele3ision show was
GMAT . 'SAT C- %&1
6easu/ed b< stoc0 di3idendsB whe/eas the 7e/fo/6ance of the 6a/0et as a
whole was 6easu/ed b< chan4e in sha/e 3alue.
>D? Ie/fo/6ance of the stoc0s /eco66ended on the tele3ision show was
6easu/ed inde7endentl< b< a nu6be/ of anal<stsB and the /esults of the all
the 6easu/e6ents concu//ed.
>E? The stoc0 7o/tfolios fo/ which the 4uests we/e consultants 7e/fo/6ed bette/
fo/ the 7ast 1A<ea/ 7e/iod than the 6a/0et as a whole.
1. The school 7/inci7al insisted that student failu/es a/e caused b< bad teachin4. In a
/elati3el< sho/t ti6e failin4 4/ades disa77ea/ed f/o6 the school. The 7/inci7al
ha77il< /eco4ni9ed this as e3idence that the teachin4 had i67/o3ed at the school.
The flawed 7atte/n of /easonin4 in the abo3e is 6ost si6ila/ to that in which one
of the followin4=
>A? The nut/itionist insisted that the wei4ht 4ain that tea6 6e6be/s co67lained
of was caused b< o3e/eatin4. In a b/ief ti6e all the 6e6be/s sto77ed
o3e/eatin4. The nut/itionist was 7leased to conclude that the< had sto77ed
4ainin4 wei4ht.
>B? The 6ana4e/ insisted that the wo/0e/s who filed co67laints had too 6an<
diffe/ence tas0s. The 6ana4e/ si67lified the ;obsB and co67lains sto77ed.
The 6ana4e/ ha77il< concluded that the wo/0in4 en3i/on6ent had been
i67/o3ed.
>C? The nut/itionist insisted that the wei4ht 4ain that tea6 6e6be/s co67lained
of was 6e/el< in thei/ i6a4ination. Me6be/s we/e 4i3en wei4ht cha/ts fo/
the last th/ee 6onths. The nut/itionist was 7leased to conclude that the
co67laints of wei4ht 4ain had sto77ed.
>D? The 6ana4e/ insisted that the wo/0e/s who filed co67laints did not ha3e
enou4h to do. Soon the/e we/e no 6o/e co67laints filed. The 6ana4e/ was
7leased to conclude that the wo/0e/s we/e now 7/oducti3el< fillin4 thei/
ti6e.
>E? The nut/itionist insisted that the wei4ht 4ain that tea6 6e6be/s co67lained
of was cause b< thei/ thin0in4 of food too often. The nut/itionist was ha77<
to conclude that the wei4ht 4ain had sto77ed once the tea6 6e6be/s
/e7o/ted that the< had sto77ed thin0in4 of food so often.
1". Dnli0e othe/ 7/i6/osesB selfA7ollinatin4 7/i6/oses do not need to /el< on insects
fo/ 7ollination. In 6an< <ea/s insect 7ollinato/s a/e sca/ceB and in those <ea/s a
t<7ical nonAselfA7ollinatin4 7/i6/ose 7/oduces fewe/ seeds than does a t<7ical
selfA7ollinatin4 7/i6/ose. In othe/ <ea/sB seed 7/oduction is a77/o8i6atel< e@ual.
ThusB selfA7ollinatin4 7/i6/oses ha3e the ad3anta4e of hi4he/ a3e/a4e seed
7/oduction. Aside f/o6 seed 7/oductionB these selfA7ollinatin4 7/i6/oses a/e
indistin4uishable f/o6 nonAselfA7ollinatin4 7/i6/oses. )e3e/thelessB selfA
7ollinatin4 7/i6/ose 7lants /e6ain /a/e a6on4 7/i6/oses.
%& 'SAT
>A? Insects that collect 7ollen f/o6 7/i6/oses do not disc/i6inate between selfA
7ollinatin4 7/i6/oses and nonAselfA7ollinatin4 7/i6/oses.
>B? ,hen insect 7ollinato/s a/e sca/ceB nonAselfA7ollinatin4 7/i6/oses 7/oduce
la/4e/ seeds that a/e 6o/e li0el< to 4e/6inate than a/e seeds f/o6 selfA
7ollinatin4 7/i6/oses.
>C? SelfA7ollinatin4 7/i6/oses that a/e located in a/eas with few insects 7/oduce
no fewe/ seeds than do selfA7ollinatin4 7/i6/oses that a/e located in a/eas
with 6an< insects.
>D? Man< 7/i6/oses a/e located in a/eas in which the soil conditions that a/e
o7ti6al fo/ seed 4e/6ination a/e not 7/esent.
>E? SelfA7ollinatin4 7/i6/oses can be assisted b< insects du/in4 7ollination but do
not /e@ui/e the assistance of insects to be 7ollinated.
1#. ,e ha3e a 6o/al obli4ation not to dest/o< boo0sB e3en if the< belon4 to us. The
/eason is @uite si67le1 If 7/ese/3edB boo0s will al6ost ce/tainl< cont/ibute to the
intellectual and e6otional en/ich6ent of futu/e 4ene/ations.
,hich one of the followin4 6ost accu/atel< e87/esses the 7/inci7le unde/l<in4
the a/4u6ent=
>A? It is 6o/all< incu6bent u7on us to de3ote effo/t to 7e/fo/6in4 actions that
ha3e at least so6e chance of i67/o3in4 othe/ 7eo7le2s li3es.
>B? ,e a/e 6o/all< obli4ated to 7/ese/3e an<thin4 that 7ast 4ene/ations had
7/ese/3ed fo/ ou/ intellectual and e6otional en/ich6ent.
>C? The 6o/al co66it6ents we ha3e to futu/e 4ene/ations su7e/sede the 6o/al
co66it6ents we ha3e to the 7/esent 4ene/ation.
>D? ,e a/e 6o/all< obli4ated not to dest/o< an<thin4 that will 6ost li0el< en/ichB
eithe/ intellectuall< o/ e6otionallE? Bein4 6o/all< obli4ated not to dest/o< so6ethin4 /e@ui/es that we be
/easonabl< assu/ed that that thin4 will lead to the bette/6ent of so6eone we
0now.
1!. The southe/n half of a ce/tain /e4ion of the ea/th was co3e/ed enti/el< b< wate/
du/in4 the C/etaceous 7e/iodB the last %! 6illion <ea/s of the Meso9oic e/aB the
e/a when dinosau/s /oa6ed the ea/th. Dinosau/s li3ed onl< on land. ThusB
Ilesiosau/sKswi66in4 /e7tile that li3ed du/in4 the C/etaceous 7e/iod
e8clusi3el<Kwe/e not dinosau/s. )o sin4le s7ecies of dinosau/ li3ed th/ou4hout
the enti/e Meso9oic e/a.
If the state6ents in the 7assa4e a/e t/ueB each of the followin4 could be t/ue
EHCEIT1
>A? Dinosau/s inhabited the no/the/n half of the /e4ion th/ou4hout the enti/e
Meso9oic e/a.
>B? Ilesiosau/s did not inhabit the southe/n half of the /e4ion du/in4 the
GMAT . 'SAT C- %&"
C/etaceous 7e/iods.
>C? Ilesiosau/s did not inhabit the southe/n half of the /e4ion befo/e the
C/etaceous 7e/iod.
>D? Dinosau/s did not inhabit the no/the/n half of the /e4ion du/in4 the
C/etaceous 7e/iod.
>E? Dinosau/s inhabited the southe/n half of the /e4ion th/ou4hout the enti/e
Meso9oic e/a.
16. Essa<ist1 ,isdo6 and intelli4ence a/e desi/able @ualities. Howe3e/B bein4
intelli4ent does not i67l< that one is wiseB no/ does bein4 wise i67l< that one is
intelli4ent. In 6< own e87e/ienceB the 7eo7le I 6eet ha3e one o/ the othe/ of
these @ualities but not both.
If the essa<ist2s state6ents a/e t/ueB the6 each of the followin4 could be t/ue
EHCEIT1
>A? Most 7eo7le a/e neithe/ intelli4entB no/ wise.
>B? Most 7eo7le a/e both intelli4ent and wise.
>C? )o one is both wise and intelli4ent.
>D? )o one is eithe/ wise o/ intelli4ent.
>E? Man< 7eo7le a/e intelli4ent and <et lac0 wisdo6.
1%. Conce/ned citi9en1 The 6a<o/B an outs7o0en c/itic of the 7/o7osed /esto/ation of
cit< hallB is /i4ht when he notes that the buildin4 is outdatedB but that the
/esto/ation would be e87ensi3e at a ti6e when the bud4et is al/ead< ti4ht. ,e
cannot affo/d such a lu8u/< ite6 in this ti6e of financial /est/aintB he sa<s.
Howe3e/B I /es7ectfull< disa4/ee. The buildin4 7/o3ides the last /e6ainin4 lin0 to
the da<s of the cit<2s foundin4B and 7/ese/3in4 a sense of 6unici7al histo/< is
c/ucial to 6aintainin4 /es7ect fo/ ou/ cit< 4o3e/n6ent and its autho/it<. So to the
@uestionB ECan we /eall< affo/d to=F I can onl< /es7ondB ECan we affo/d not to=F
,hich one of the followin4 6ost accu/atel< cha/acte/i9es a flaw in the conce/ned
citi9en2s a/4u6ent=
>A? The a/4u6ent is solel< an e6otional a77eal to histo/<.
>B? The a/4u6ent a6bi4uousl< uses the wo/d Eaffo/d.F
>C? The a/4u6ent ina77/o7/iatel< a77eals to the autho/it< of the 6a<o/.
>D? The a/4u6ent inco//ectl< 7/esu6es that the /esto/ation would be e87ensi3e.
>E? The a/4u6ent ina77/o7/iatel< /elies on the e6otional connotations of wo/ds
such as EoutdatedF and Elu8u/<.F
18. (b3iouslA? An< o/4anis6 that can e87e/ience 7ain can be 6ist/eated.
%&# 'SAT
>B? (nl< o/4anis6s that ha3e ne/3ous s<ste6s can e87e/ience 7ain.
>C? An< o/4anis6 that has a ne/3ous s<ste6 can e87e/ience 7ain.
>D? (nl< o/4anis6s that can e87e/ience 7ain can be 6ist/eated.
>E? An< o/4anis6 that has a ne/3ous s<ste6 can be 6ist/eated.
1&. Ine91 In these 7oo/ econo6ic ti6esB 7eo7le want to be su/e the< a/e 4ettin4 4ood
3alue fo/ thei/ 6one<. I 7/edict 7eo7le would be 6o/e willin4 to bu< anti@ues at
ou/ fai/ if we fi/st ha3e the ob;ects ins7ected b< 7/ofessional a77/aise/s who
would /e6o3e an< ob;ects of @uestionable authenticit<.
Ani0a1 I disa4/ee with <ou/ 7/ediction. (u/ custo6e/s al/ead< a/e anti@ues
e87e/ts. 5u/the/6o/eB hi/in4 7/ofessional a77/aise/s would 7ush u7 ou/ costs
conside/ablA? indicatin4 that a 7a/ticula/ 7lan would ha3e an effect cont/a/< to the
antici7ated effect
>B? clai6in4 that a 7a/ticula/ 7lan should not be ado7ted becauseB while effecti3eB
it would ha3e at least one undesi/able conse@uence
>C? a/4uin4 that an alte/nati3e 7lan could achie3e a desi/ed /esult 6o/e easil<
than the 7lan o/i4inall< 7/o7osed
>D? @uestionin4 the assu67tion that autho/ities a/e a3ailable who ha3e s7ecial
0nowled4e of the 7/oble6 unde/ discussion
>E? offe/in4 a counte/e8a67le in o/de/ to show that a 7a/ticula/ 4ene/al clai6 is
too b/oadl< stated
$. In so6e illAconside/ed 7o7ula/i9ations of inte/estin4 cu//ent /esea/chB it is a/4ued
that hi4he/ a7es ha3e the ca7acit< fo/ lan4ua4e but ha3e ne3e/ 7ut it to useKa
/e6a/0able biolo4ical 6i/acleB 4i3en the eno/6ous selectional ad3anta4e of e3en
6ini6al lin4uistic s0ills. It is /athe/ li0e clai6in4 that so6e ani6al has win4s
ade@uate fo/ fli4ht but has ne3e/ thou4ht to fl<.
,hich one of the followin4 is 6ost si6ila/ in its /easonin4 to the a/4u6ent
abo3e=
>A? A/4uin4 that the/e a/e so6e hu6ans who ne3e/ slee7 is /athe/ li0e
disco3e/in4 a s7ecies of lion that does not eat 6eat.
>B? A/4uin4 that Ea/th has been 3isited b< aliens f/o6 oute/ s7ace is /athe/ li0e
clai6in4 that ea/l< e87lo/e/s had 3isited )o/th A6e/ican but ne3e/ founded
cities.
>C? A/4uin4 that the hu6an b/ain has tele0inetic 7owe/s that no hu6ans ha3e
e3e/ e8e/cised is /athe/ li0e a/4uin4 that so6e insect has le4s but ne3e/ uses
the6 to wal0.
>D? Clai6in4 that so6e 7eo7le /aised tobacco but did not s6o0e it is /athe/ li0e
clai6in4 that a societ< that 0new how to b/ew alcohol ne3e/ d/in0 it.
GMAT . 'SAT C- %&!
>E? A/4uin4 that not all 7eo7le with ca/s will d/i3e the6 is /athe/ li0e clai6in4
that hu6ans in3ented 4asoline lon4 befo/e the< used it as fuel fo/
t/ans7o/tation.
Questions !1-!!
Sa/ah1 so6e schools see0 to foste/ a habit of 3oluntee/in4 in thei/ students b<
/e@ui/in4 the6 to 7e/fo/6 co66unit< se/3ice. But since a 7e/son who has been
fo/ced to do so6ethin4 has not /eall< 3oluntee/ed and since the habit of 3oluntee/in4
cannot be said to ha3e been foste/ed in a 7e/son who has not <et 3oluntee/ed fo/
an<thin4B the/e is no wa< this 7olic< can succeed b< itself.
Iaul1 I disa4/ee. So6e students fo/ced to 7e/fo/6 co66unit< se/3ice ha3e en;o<ed it
so 6uch that the< subse@uentl< actuall< 3oluntee/ to do so6ethin4 si6ila/. In such
casesB the 7olic< can clea/l< be said to ha3e foste/ed a habit of 3oluntee/in4.
1. Iaul /es7onds to Sa/ah2s a/4u6ent usin4 which one of the followin4
a/4u6entati3e techni@ues=
>A? He a/4ues that Sa/ah is assu6in4 ;ust what she sets out to 7/o3e.
>B? He a/4ues that Sa/ah2s conce7tion of what it 6eans to 3oluntee/ e8cludes
ce/tain acti3ities that ou4ht to be conside/ed instances of 3oluntee/in4.
>C? He int/oduces conside/ations that call into @uestion one of Sa/ah2s
assu67tions.
>D? He @uestions Sa/ah2s 6oti3es fo/ ad3ancin4 an a/4u6ent a4ainst the school
7olic<.
>E? He a/4ues that a 7olic< Sa/ah fails to conside/ could acco67lish the sa6e ai6
as the 7olic< that Sa/ah conside/s.
. The 6ain 7oint at issue between Sa/ah and Iaul is whethe/
>A? the/e a/e an< ci/cu6stances unde/ which an indi3idual fo/ced to 7e/fo/6 a
tas0 can co//ectl< be said to ha3e 4enuinel< 3oluntee/ed to 7e/fo/6 that tas0
>B? bein4 fo/ced to 7e/fo/6 co66unit< se/3ice can 7/o3ide en;o<6ent to the
indi3idual who is fo/ced to 7e/fo/6 such se/3ice
>C? bein4 fo/ced to 7e/fo/6 co66unit< de3ice can b< itself encou/a4e a 4enuine
habit of 3oluntee/in4 in those students who a/e fo/ced to 7e/fo/6 such
se/3ice
>D? it is 7ossible fo/ school to de3elo7 7olicies that foste/ the habit of
3oluntee/in4 in thei/ students
>E? students who de3elo7 a habit of 3oluntee/in4 while in school a/e inclined to
7e/fo/6 co66unit< se/3ice late/ in thei/ li3es
". (nl< co67ute/ scientists unde/stand the a/chitectu/e of 7e/sonal co67ute/sB and
onl< those who unde/stand the a/chitectu/e of 7e/sonal co67ute/s a77/eciate the
ad3ances in technolo4< 6ade in the last decade. It follows that onl< those who
a77/eciate these ad3ances a/e co67ute/ scientists.
%&6 'SAT
,hich one of the followin4 6ost accu/atel< desc/ibes a flaw in the /easonin4 in
the a/4u6ent=
>A? The a/4u6ent contains no stated o/ i67lied /elationshi7 between co67ute/
scientists and those who a77/eciate the ad3ances in technolo4< in the last
decade.
>B? The a/4u6ent i4no/es the fact that so6e co67ute/ scientists 6a< not
a77/eciate the ad3ances in technolo4< 6ade in the last decade.
>C? The a/4u6ent i4no/es the fact that co67ute/ scientists 6a< a77/eciate othe/
thin4s besides the ad3ances in technolo4< 6ade in the last decade.
>D? The 7/e6ises of the a/4u6ent a/e stated in such a wa< that the< e8clude the
7ossibilit< of d/awin4 an< lo4ical conclusion.
>E? The 7/e6ises of the a/4u6ent 7/esu77ose that e3e/<one unde/stands the
a/chitectu/e of 7e/sonal co67ute/s.
#. Sociolo4ist1 -esea/ch showsB cont/a/< to 7o7ula/ o7inionB thatB all othe/ thin4s
bein4 e@ualB 6ost 7eo7le who ha3e 7ets a/e less ha77< than 6ost 7eo7le who do
not. The/efo/eB an< 7e/son who wants to be as ha77< as 7ossible would do well to
conside/ not ha3in4 a 7et.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< wea0ens the sociolo4ist2s
a/4u6ent=
>A? So6e 7eo7le who ha3e 7ets a/e ha77ie/ than 6ost 7eo7le who do not.
>B? Most 7eo7le who ha3e no 7ets occasionall< wish that the< had 7ets.
>C? Most 7eo7le who ha3e 7ets a/e /easonabl< ha77<.
>D? Most 7eo7le who ha3e 7ets feel ha77ie/ because the< ha3e 7ets.
>E? All 7eo7le who ha3e no 7ets ad6it to feelin4 unha77< so6eti6es.
!. The dwa/f 6as0ed owlB a /a/e 6i4/ato/< bi/d of 7/e<B no/6all< 6a0es its winte/
ho6e on the Ba;a 7eninsulaB whe/e it nests in the s7in< cactus. In factB the/e a/e
no othe/ suitable nestin4 sites fo/ the dwa/f 6as0ed owl on the Ba;a 7eninsula.
But a bli4ht last s7/in4 dest/o<ed all of the s7in< cacti on the Ba;a 7eninsula. So
unless ste7s a/e ta0en to /eestablish the s7in< cactus 7o7ulationB the dwa/f
6as0ed owl will not 6a0e its ho6e on the Ba;a 7eninsula this winte/.
>A? )o bi/ds of 7/e< othe/ than the dwa/f 6as0ed owl nest in the s7in< cactus.
>B? If the Ba;a 7eninsula contains s7in< cactiB then the dwa/f 6as0ed owl 6a0es
its winte/ ho6e the/e.
>C? (n occasion the dwa/f 6as0ed owl has been 0nown to 6a0e its winte/ ho6e
fa/ f/o6 its no/6al 6i4/ato/< /oute.
>D? The dwa/f 6as0ed owl will not 6a0e its winte/ ho6e on the Ba;a 7eninsula
onl< if that /e4ion contains no s7in< cacti.
>E? Suitable nestin4 sites 6ust be 7/esent whe/e the dwa/f 6as0ed owl 6as0ed its
GMAT . 'SAT C- %&%
winte/ ho6e.
6. At ni4htB a floc0 of c/ows will 4ene/all< 7e/ch close to4ethe/ in a s6all 7laceK
often a 7iece of wooded landKcalled a /oost. Each 6o/nin4B the c/ows lea3e the
/oost and fan out in s6all 4/ou7s to hunt and sca3en4e the su//oundin4 a/ea. 5o/
6ost floc0sB the c/ow2s huntin4 e8tends as fa/ as 1$$ to 1"$ 0ilo6ete/s >6$ to 8$
6iles? f/o6 the /oost. )o/6allfi3e 6iles? awa<.
(f the followin4 clai6sB which one can 6ost ;ustifiabl< be /e;ected on the basis
of the state6ent abo3e=
>A? C/ows will abandon thei/ /oost site onl< in /es7onse to inc/ease in the
7o7ulation of the floc0.
>B? ,hen the/e is a sho/ta4e of food in the a/ea in which a floc0 of c/ows
no/6all< hunts and sca3en4esB so6e 6e6be/s of the floc0 will be4in to hunt
and sca3en4e outside that a/ea.
>C? Most of the huntin4 and sca3en4in4 that c/ows do occu/s 6o/e than ei4ht
0ilo6ete/s >fi3e 6iles? f/o6 thei/ /oost.
>D? (nce a floc0 of c/ows has settled on a new /oost siteB it is e8t/e6el< difficult
to fo/ce it to abandon that site fo/ anothe/.
>E? ,hen a floc0 of c/ows 6o3es to a new /oost siteB it 4ene/all< does so because
the a/ea in which it has hunted and sca3en4ed has been de7leted of food
sou/ces.
TEST 8
SECTI() II
1. Insu/ance that was to beco6e effecti3e at & A.M. on a ce/tain date was ta0en out
on the life of a fli4ht attendant. He died on that date at 1$ A.M. local ti6eB which
was two hou/s befo/e & A.M. in the ti6e 9one whe/e the 7olic< had been
7u/chased. The insu/ance co67an< contended that the 7olic< had not beco6e
effecti3eG a /e7/esentati3e of the fli4ht attendant2s beneficia/<B his 6othe/B
counte/ed b< a/4uin4 that the 7olic< a6ount should be 7aid because the attendant
had been his 6othe/2s sole su77o/tB and she was ill.
The /e7/esentati3e2s a/4u6ent is flawed as a counte/ to the insu/ance co67an<2s
contention because
>A? the conclusion is no 6o/e than a 7a/a7h/ase of e3idence offe/ed in su77o/t of
it
>B? it a77eals to the e6otion of 7it< /athe/ than add/essin4 the issue /aised
>C? it 6a0es an unwa//anted distinction between fa6il< obli4ations and business
%&8 'SAT
obli4ations
>D? it substitutes an attac0 on a 7e/son fo/ the 4i3in4 of /easons
>E? a cause and its effect a/e 6ista0en fo/ each othe/
. (nce a child2s i6a4ination beco6es de3elo7edB a host of i6a4ina/< c/eatu/es
6a< to/6ent the child. But this newl< de3elo7ed co4niti3e ca7acit< 6a< also be
used to /ende/ these c/eatu/es ha/6less. 5o/ instanceB a child2s new to< 6a< be
i6a4ined as an allA? So6e newl< de3elo7ed ca7acities onl< 4i3e /ise to 7/oble6s.
>B? So6eti6es the cause of a 7/oble6 6a< also 7/o3ide its solution.
>C? Child/en a/e not able to distin4uish between /eal and i6a4ina/< th/eats.
>D? The 6ost effecti3e wa< fo/ child/en to add/ess thei/ fea/s is to ac0nowled4e
the6.
>E? Most 7/oble6s associated with childA/ea/in4 can be sol3ed with a little
i6a4ination.
". T/isha1 Toda<2s fa6il< is declinin4 in its abilit< to ca//< out its functions of childA
/ea/in4 and 7/o3idin4 stabilit< fo/ adult life. The/e 6ust be a /etu/n to the
t/aditional 3alues of co66it6ent and /es7onsibilit<.
+e/od1 ,e ou4ht to lea3e what is 4ood enou4h alone. Conte67o/a/< fa6ilies 6a<
be less stable than t/aditionallA? ade@uate as it is
>B? chan4in4 o3e/ ti6e
>C? 3alued b< 6ost 7eo7le
>D? not 4oin4 to su/3i3e
>E? no lon4e/ t/aditional
#. Iolitician I1 M< o77onent clai6s that the 4o3e/n6ent is obli4ated to /aise ta8es
to inc/ease fundin4 fo/ schools and health ca/e. Because /aisin4 ta8es to inc/ease
fundin4 fo/ schools and health ca/e would 6a0e ta87a<e/s u7set o3e/ thei/ loss of
bu<in4 7owe/B 6< o77onent is si67l< 6ista0en.
Iolitician I2s /easonin4 is @uestionable because it in3ol3es
>A? 7/esu77osin4 that a clai6 is 6ista0en on the 4/ounds that the 7e/son
defendin4 it ad3ocates othe/ un7o7ula/ 3iews
>B? assu6in4 that a clai6 is false on the 4/ounds that the 7e/son defendin4 it is of
@uestionable cha/acte/
>C? concludin4 that a 3iew is false on the 4/ounds that its i67le6entation would
GMAT . 'SAT C- %&&
lead to unha77iness
>D? a77ealin4 to wholl< i//ele3ant issues to deflect attention awa< f/o6 the /eal
issue
>E? insistin4 that an obli4ation e8ists without offe/in4 an< e3idence that e8ists
!. In defendin4 the H<7e/ion School of +ou/nalis6 f/o6 cha/4es that its 7/o4/a6 is
of little o/ no 3alue to its studentsB the dean of the school 7ointed to this /ecent
success in 7lacin4 students1 6! 7e/cent of its 4/aduates went on to inte/nshi7s o/
;obs in 7/int o/ b/oadcast ;ou/nalis6.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< unde/6ines the defense
offe/ed b< the dean=
>A? Mo/e than half of the school2s students ca6e f/o6 ;obs in ;ou/nalis6 to
i67/o3e thei/ s0ills.
>B? So6e news7a7e/ edito/s do not /e4a/d ;ou/nalis6 school as a necessa/< 7a/t
of the t/ainin4 of a ;ou/nalist.
>C? The nu6be/ of cities with 6o/e than one 6a;o/ news7a7e/ has declined
sha/7l< o3e/ the last ! <ea/s.
>D? The 7/o4/a6 offe/ed b< the H<7e/ion School of +ou/nalis6 is si6ila/ in
@ualit< and content to those offe/ed b< its 7ee/ institutions.
>E? The 7/o7o/tion of a77licants to the H<7e/ion School of +ou/nalis6 that a/e
ad6itted is lowe/ than it was the <ea/s a4o.
6. The la/4est 3olcano on Ma/s /ises 6 Milo6ete/s abo3e the su//oundin4 7lain and
co3e/s an a/ea /ou4hl< the si9e of -o6ania. E3en if the Ea/th2s 4/a3it< we/e as
low as the 4/a3it< of Ma/sB no 3olcano of such si9e could e8ist on Ea/thB fo/ the
Ea/th2s c/ustB althou4h of essentiall< the sa6e co67osition as that of the Ma/sB is
too thin to su77o/t e3en a s6all f/action of that 6ass and would buc0le unde/ itB
causin4 the 6ountain to sin0.
If the state6ents abo3e a/e t/ueB which of followin4 6ust also be t/ue on the basis
of the6=
>A? The su/face of Ma/s is less sub;ect to fo/ces of e/osion than is the su/face of
the Ea/th.
>B? The hi4hest 3olcanoes on Ma/s occu/ whe/e its c/ust is thic0est.
>C? (n a3e/a4eB 3olcanoes on Ma/s a/e hi4he/ than those on Ea/th.
>D? The c/ust of Ma/sB at least at ce/tain 7oints on the 7lanetB is thic0e/ than the
c/ust of the Ea/th.
>E? At least so6e of Ea/th2s 3olcanoes would be la/4e/ than the< actuall< a/e if
the Ea/th2s c/ust we/e thic0e/ than it is.
%. S7ea0e/s of the Ca/onian lan4ua4e constitute a 6ino/it< of the 7o7ulation in
se3e/al la/4e count/ies. An inte/national bod< has /eco66ended that the /e4ions
whe/e Ca/onianAs7ea0e/s li3e be 4/anted autono6< as an inde7endent nation in
8$$ 'SAT
which Ca/onianAs7ea0e/s would fo/6 a 6a;o/it<. But Ca/onianAs7ea0e/s li3e in
se3e/alB wildl< scatte/ed a/eas that cannot be united within a sin4le continuous
bounda/< while at the sa6e ti6e allowin4 Ca/onianAs7ea0e/s to be the 6a;o/it<
7o7ulation. HenceB the /eco66endation cannot be satisfied.
The a/4u6ent /elies on which one of the followin4 assu67tions=
>A? A nation once e8isted in which Ca/onianAs7ea0e/s fo/6ed the 6a;o/it< of the
7o7ulation.
>B? Ca/onianAs7ea0e/s tend to 7e/cei3e the6sel3es as constitutin4 a sin4le
co66unit<.
>C? The /eco66endation would not be satisfied b< the c/eation of a nation
fo/6ed of disconnected /e4ions.
>D? The new Ca/onian nation will not include as citi9ens an<one who does not
s7ea0 Ca/onian.
>E? In 6ost nations se3e/al diffe/ent lan4ua4es a/e s7o0en.
8. Sociolo4ist1 The welfa/e state cannot be successfull< i67le6ented because it
/ests on the assu67tion that hu6an bein4s a/e unselfishKa see6in4l< false
assu67tion. The welfa/e state is feasible onl< if wa4e ea/ne/s a/e 7/e7a/ed to
ha3e thei/ ha/dAea/ned funds used to hel7 othe/s in 4/eate/ needB and that /e@ui/es
an unselfish attitude. But 7eo7le innatel< see0 thei/ own wellAbein4B es7eciall<
when the inte/ests of othe/s th/eaten it.
sociolo4ist2s a/4u6ent=
>A? The welfa/e state will not wo/0.
>B? The welfa/e state unfai/l< as0s those who wo/0 ha/d to hel7 those in 4/eate/
need.
>C? The assu67tion that hu6an bein4s a/e unselfish is false.
>D? The inte/ests of the less fo/tunate i67in4e on the inte/ests of othe/s.
>E? The welfa/e state /elies on the 4ene/osit< of wa4e ea/ne/s.
&. Ea/l< 7encil leads we/e 6ade of solid 4/a7hite 6ined in Cu6be/landB in B/itain.
Mode/n 6ethods of 6anufactu/in4 7encil leads f/o6 7owde/ed 4/a7hite a/e the
/esult of /esea/ch s7onso/ed b< the 4o3e/n6ent of 5/ance in the 1%&$sB when
5/ance was at wa/ with B/itain and thus had no access to Cu6be/land 4/a7hite.
The info/6ation abo3e 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ts which one of the followin4=
>A? The wo/ld2s onl< de7osit of 4/a7hite suitable fo/ 6anufactu/e of 7encils is in
Cu6be/landB in B/itain.
>B? In the 1%&$sB 5/ance2s 4o3e/n6ent did not 0now of an< accessible sou/ce of
solid 4/a7hite a77/o7/iate to 6eet 5/ance2s need fo/ 7encils.
>C? (ne of the causes of wa/ between 5/ance and B/itain in the 1%&$s was the
B/itish 4o3e/n6ent2s atte67t to li6it the a6ount of Cu6be/land 4/a7hite
GMAT . 'SAT C- 8$1
bein4 e87o/ted to 5/ance.
>D? Go3e/n6entAs7onso/ed /esea/ch f/e@uentl< 4i3es /ise to in3entions that a/e of
4/eat benefit to societ<.
>E? E3en toda<B all 7encil leads contain Cu6be/land 4/a7hite.
Questions 10-11
Co66e/cial 7assen4e/ ai/7lanes can be e@ui77ed with a collisionAa3oidance /ada/
s<ste6 that 7/o3ide with info/6ation about the 7/o8i6it< of othe/ ai/7lanes. Because
the s<ste6 wa/ns 7ilots to ta0e e3asi3e action when it indicates a 7ossible collisionB
7assen4e/s a/e safe/ on ai/7lanes e@ui77ed with the s<ste6 than on co67a/able
ai/7lanes not so e@ui77edB e3en thou4h the s<ste6 f/e@uentl< wa/6s 7ilots to e3ade
7hanto6 ai/7lanes.
1$. ,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion on which the a/4u6ent de7ends=
>A? Iassen4e/s feel no safe/ on ai/7lanes e@ui77ed with the /ada/ s<ste6 than on
co67a/able ai/7lanes not so e@ui77ed.
>B? ,a/nin4s 4i3en b< a collisionAa3oidance s<ste6 about 7hanto6 ai/7lanes a/e
not caused b< disto/ted /ada/ si4nals.
>C? The f/e@uenc< of in3alid wa/nin4s will not cause 7ilots /outinel< to dis/e4a/d
the s<ste62s wa/nin4s.
>D? Co66e/cial 7assen4e/ ai/7lanes a/e not the onl< 7lanes that can be e@ui77ed
with collisionAa3oidance s<ste6.
>E? The 4/eatest safet< /is0 fo/ 7assen4e/s t/a3elin4 on co66e/cial 7assen4e/
ai/7lanes is that of a 6idai/ collision.
11. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost st/en4thens the a/4u6ent=
>A? E3asi3e action ta0en in /es7onse to the s<ste62s wa/nin4 7oses no /is0 to the
7assen4e/s.
>B? Co66e/cial 7assen4e/ ai/7lanes a/e in 4/eate/ dan4e/ of collidin4 with othe/
ai/7lanes while on the 4/ound than the< a/e while on fli4ht.
>C? Co66e/cial 7assen4e/ ai/7lanes a/e /a/el< in3ol3ed in collisions while in
fli4ht.
>D? A stud< b< 4/oundAbased ai/ t/affic cont/olle/s found than 6" 7e/cent of the
wa/nin4s b< the s<ste6 we/e in3alid.
>E? The collisionAa3oidance /ada/ s<ste6 is /un b< a co67ute/i9ed de3ice on the
7lane that scans the s0< and calculates the distances between 7lanes.
1. The hi4he/ the a3e/a4e fat inta0e a6on4 the /esidents of a count/<B the hi4he/ the
incidence of cance/ in that count/<G the lowe/ the a3e/a4e fat inta0eB the lowe/ the
incidence of cance/. So indi3iduals who want to /educe thei/ /is0 of cance/ should
/educe thei/ fat inta0e.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost wea0en the a/4u6ent=
8$ 'SAT
>A? The diffe/ences in a3e/a4e fat inta0e between count/ies a/e often due to the
3a/<in4 6a0eu7 of t/aditional diets.
>B? The count/ies with a hi4h a3e/a4e fat inta0e tend to be a6on4 the wealthiest
in the wo/ld.
>C? Cance/ is a 7/o6inent cause of death in count/ies with a low a3e/a4e fat
inta0e.
>D? The count/ies with hi4h a3e/a4e fat inta0e a/e also the count/ies with hi4hest
le3els of en3i/on6ental 7ollution.
>E? An indi3idual /esident of a count/< whose 7o7ulation has a hi4h a3e/a4e fat
inta0e 6a< ha3e a diet with a low fat inta0e.
1". A local tele3ision station is conside/in4 a 7lan to c/eate a 7anel of child
7s<cholo4ists to /e3iew 7/o4/a6s in ad3ance of thei/ ai/in4 and /ate the le3el of
3iolence. A 7/o4/a6 that 7o/t/a<s a hi4h le3el of 3iolence would be listed in
news7a7e/s with fou/ 4uns afte/ the title. (n the othe/ handB if a show has little
3iolenceB one 4un would a77ea/ afte/ its listin4. The station belie3es that this
/e6ed< would fo/ewa/n 7a/ents about the le3el of 3iolence in an< 4i3en 7/o4/a6.
,hich one of the followin4 6ust the tele3ision station assu6e in o/de/ to
conclude that the 7lan will 6eet its stated 7u/7ose=
>A? Ia/ents would /ead and 7a< attention to the /atin4s listed in the news7a7e/s.
>B? The/e would be fewe/ shows /ated with one 4un than with fou/ 4uns.
>C? The /atin4 s<ste6 desc/ibed in the 7assa4e is the 6ost effecti3e s<ste6
a3ailable.
>D? The local tele3ision station has an obli4ation to fo/ewa/n 7a/ents of the le3el
of 3iolence in tele3ision shows.
>E? Tele3ision 7/oduce/s of 7/o4/a6s /ated as ha3in4 hi4h le3els of 3iolence
would 6a0e an effo/t to /educe those le3els.
1#. The co66on ancesto/s of Aust/alian landA and t/eeAdwellin4 0an4a/oos had
7/ehensile >4/as7in4? tails and lon4 o77osable thu6bsB att/ibutes that a/e wellA
ada7ted to t/eeAdwellin4 but offe/ 0an4a/oos few ad3anta4es on land. It is ha/dl<
su/7/isin4B the/efo/eB that landAdwellin4 0an4a/oos e3entuall< lost these
att/ibutesG what is 7u99lin4 is the fact that all 6ode/n t/eeAdwellin4 0an4a/oos
now lac0 the6 as well.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost hel7s e87lain the 7u99lin4 fact cited
abo3e=
>A? Mode/n t/eeAdwellin4 0an4a/oos 6ust bac0 down t/ee t/un0s slowl< and
ca/efullB? Mode/n t/eeAdwellin4 0an4a/oos a/e s6alle/ than 6ost 6ode/n landAdwellin4
0an4a/oos but la/4e/ than thei/ co66on ancesto/s.
>C? Mode/n t/eeAdwellin4 0an4a/oos2 tails cannot 4/as7 b/anchesB but the< a/e
GMAT . 'SAT C- 8$"
so6ewhat lon4e/ and 6o/e fle8ible than those of 6ode/n landAdwellin4
0an4a/oos.
>D? Mode/n t/eeAdwellin4 0an4a/oos a/e descended f/o6 s7ecies of landAdwellin4
0an4a/oos that had been landAdwelle/s fo/ 6an< 4ene/ations befo/e 6ode/n
t/eeAdwellin4 0an4a/oos sta/ted to de3elo7.
>E? Mode/n t/eeAdwellin4 0an4a/oos ha3e s6alle/ and wea0e/ hind le4s than
6ode/n landAdwellin4 0an4a/oosB and the< 6o3e 6o/e slowl< on land than
do 6ode/n landAdwellin4 0an4a/oos.
1!. Edito/ialist1 Societ< is obli4ed to bestow the 7/i3ile4es of adulthood u7on its
6e6be/s once the< a/e 6atu/e enou4h to acce7t the co//es7ondin4
/es7onsibilities. But science has established that 7h<siolo4ical de3elo76ent is
co67leted in 6ost 7e/sons b< a4e se3enteen. Since this 6atu/in4 7/ocess has
been co67leted b< 6ost se3enteenA<ea/AoldsB the/e is no /eason not to 4/ant these
citi9ens all of 7/i3ile4es of adulthood.
The edito/ialist2s a/4u6ent is 6ost 3ulne/able to c/iticis6 on the 4/ound that it
>A? assu6es that it is t/<in4 to 7/o3e
>B? too hastil< /eaches a 4ene/al conclusion on the basis of a few e8a67les
>C? e@ui3ocates with /es7ect to a cent/al conce7t
>D? too /eadil< acce7ts acclai6 b< a77eal to ina77/o7/iate autho/it<
>E? i4no/es the fact that so6e 7eo7le a/e 6atu/e at a4e si8teen
16. E3e/< new 7la< that /uns fo/ 6o/e than th/ee 6onths is eithe/ a co66e/cial o/ a
c/itical success. 'ast <ea/B all new 7la<s that we/e c/itical successes we/e also
co66e/cial successes. The/efo/eB e3e/< new 7la< that /an fo/ 6o/e than th/ee
6onths last <ea/ was co66e/cial success.
The 7atte/n of /easonin4 in which one of the followin4 a/4u6ents is 6ost si6ila/
>A? Most new /estau/ants a/e eithe/ 4ood 7ublicit< o/ a 4ood location in o/de/ to
succeed. But 6ost /estau/ants with a 4ood location also /ecei3e 4ood
7ublicit<. HenceB a /estau/ant that has a 4ood location is 4ua/anteed to
succeed.
>B? E3e/< bestAsellin4 coo0boo0 7ublished last <ea/ is both well w/itten and
contains beautiful 7hoto4/a7hs. The coo0boo0 C<nthia Cle3eland 7ublished
last <ea/ is well w/itten and contains beautiful 7hoto4/a7hs. The/efo/eB
Cle3eland2 coo0boo0 is a best selle/.
>C? All students at the 5/ee6an School of Coo0in4 stud< eithe/ desse/ts o/ sou7s
in thei/ second <ea/. This <ea/B all 5/ee6an students stud<in4 sou7s a/e also
stud<in4 desse/ts. The/efo/eB e3e/< secondA<ea/ students at 5/ee6an is
stud<in4 desse/ts this <ea/.
>D? Chefs who beco6e celeb/ities eithe/ o7en thei/ own /estau/ants o/ w/ite
boo0s about thei/ c/aftB but not both. +ohn Endicott is a celeb/ated chef who
8$# 'SAT
o7ened his own /estau/ant. The/efo/eB Endicott does not w/ite boo0s about
his c/aft.
>E? E3e/< cate/in4 se/3ice in ,oodside Townshi7 will acce7t both /esidential and
business cate/in4 assi4n6ents. Ie44<2s 5ine 5oods is a cate/in4 se/3ice that
will not acce7t business cate/in4 assi4n6ents. HenceB Ie44<2s 5ine 5oods is
not in ,oodside Townshi7s.
1%. Co66issione/1 I ha3e been inco//ectl< c/itici9ed fo/ ha3in4 6ade 6< decision on
the 7owe/ 7lant issue 7/e6atu/el<. I based 6< decision on the /e7o/t 7/e7a/ed b<
the nei4hbo/hood association and althou4h I ha3e not studied it tho/ou4hl<B I a6
su/e that the info/6ation it contains is accu/ate. Mo/eo3e/B <ou 6a< /ecall that
when I /ecei3ed in7ut f/o6 the nei4hbo/hood association on ;ail /elocationB I
a4/eed with its /eco66endation.
The co66issione/2s a/4u6ent is 'EAST 3ulne/able to which one of the
followin4 c/iticis6=
>A? It ta0es fo/ 4/anted that the association2s info/6ation is not disto/ted b< bias.
>B? It d/aws a conclusion about the /eco66endations of the association f/o6
inco67lete /ecollections.
>C? It ta0es fo/ 4/anted that the association2s /e7o/t is the onl< di/ect e3idence that
needed to be conside/ed.
>D? It hastil< concludes that the association2s /e7o/t is accu/ate without ha3in4
studied it in detail.
>E? It ta0es fo/ 4/anted that a4/eein4 with the association2s 7ast /eco66endation
hel7s ;ustif< a4/eein4 with its cu//ent /eco66endation.
18. Each child in a 4/ou7 of <oun4 child/en /ead aloud both a sho/t 7a/a4/a7h and a
list of /ando6l< o/de/ed wo/ds f/o6 the 7a/a4/a7h. The 6o/e e87e/ienced
/eade/s a6on4 the6 6ade fewe/ 7/onunciation e//o/s in whiche3e/ tas0 the<
7e/fo/6ed secondB whethe/ it was the list o/ the 7a/a4/a7h. The o/de/ in which
the two tas0s we/e 7e/fo/6edB howe3e/B had no effect on the 7e/fo/6ance of
be4innin4 /eade/sB who alwa<s 6ade fewe/ 7/onunciation e//o/s when /eadin4 the
7a/a4/a7h than when /eadin4 the list.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost hel7s to e87lain wh< the o/de/ in which
the tas0s we/e 7e/fo/6ed was not si4nificant fo/ the be4innin4 /eade/s=
>A? Because se3e/al wo/ds we/e used 6o/e than once in the 7a/a4/a7h but onl<
once in the listB the list was sho/te/ than the 7a/a4/a7h.
>B? In /eadin4 the 7a/a4/a7hB the 6o/e e87e/ienced /eade/s we/e bette/ at usin4
conte8t to 4uess at difficult wo/ds than we/e the be4innin4 /eade/s.
>C? The 6o/e e87e/ienced /eade/s sounded out difficult wo/dsB while the
be4innin4 /eade/s /elied solel< on conte8t to 4uess at difficult wo/ds.
>D? Both tas0s used the sa6e wo/dsB so that the wo/ds the child/en /ead in
whiche3e/ tas0 was 7e/fo/6ed fi/st would be /eco4ni9ed in the second tas0.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 8$!
>E? The be4innin4 /eade/s 6ade 6o/e 7/onunciation e//o/s than the 6o/e
e87e/ienced /eade/s did in /eadin4 both the 7a/a4/a7h and the list.
1&. Anth/o7olo4ist1 *iolence is an e8t/e6e fo/6 of a44/essionB and is distinct f/o6
the selfAe87/ession sufficient fo/ su/3i3al unde/ no/6al conditions. Hu6an bein4s
in ce/tain situations /eact to un7leasant sti6uli with 3iolenceKbut onl< because
the< a/e conditioned b< thei/ cultu/e to /eact in this 6anne/.
Each of the followin4 can be lo4icall< infe//ed f/o6 the anth/o7olo4ist2s
state6ents EHCEIT1
>A? )ot all a44/ession is 3iolent.
>B? The selfAe87/ession /e@ui/ed fo/ su/3i3al is 4ene/all< nona44/essi3e.
>C? So6e beha3io/s a/e influenced b< the cultu/es in which hu6an bein4s li3e.
>D? In no/6al ci/cu6stanceB hu6an bein4s can su/3i3e b< /es7ondin4
non3iolentl<.
>E? *iolent beha3io/ is a 7/oduct of one2s cultu/al en3i/on6ent.
$. Ma/tha2s f/iendB who is 3e/< 0nowled4eable about edible flowe/sB told Ma/tha
that the/e a/e no edible daisiesB at least not an< that a/e 7alatable. Ma/thaB
howe3e/B /easons that since the/e a/e daisies that a/e a 0ind of ch/<santhe6u6
and since the/e a/e edible ch/<santhe6u6s that a/e @uite 7alatableB what he/
f/iend told he/ 6ust be inco//ect.
,hich one of the followin4 has a flawed 7atte/n of /easonin4 6ost li0e that in
Ma/tha2s /easonin4=
>A? +eanne is a 6e6be/ of the cit< cho/usB and the cit< cho/us is /enowned. So
+eanne is an e8cellent sin4e/.
>B? -olfe belon4s to the lib/a/< /eadin4 4/ou7B and all 6e6be/s of that 4/ou7 a/e
a3id /eade/s. So -olfe is an a3id /eade/.
>C? So6e of )o/i0o2s siste/s a/e on the debate tea6B and so6e 6e6be/s of the
debate tea6 a/e 7oo/ students. So at least one of )o/i0o2s siste/s 6ust be a
7oo/ student.
>D? Most of 'eo2s f/iends a/e 4ood swi66e/sB and @uite st/on4. So it is li0el< that
at least so6e of 'eon2s f/iends a/e @uite st/on4.
>E? Man< of Te/esa2s collea4ues ha3e w/itten boo0s. Most of the boo0s the< ha3e
w/itten a/e on 4ood w/itin4. So so6e of Te/esa2s collea4ues a/e 4ood
w/ite/s.
1. Atto/ne< fo/ Qie4le/1 M< client continued to do consultin4 wo/0 between the ti6e
of his a//est fo/ atte67ted 6u/de/ and the sta/t of this t/ial. But I contend that
Qie4le/ was insane at the ti6e that he fi/ed the shot. This is the onl< /easonable
conclusion to d/aw f/o6 the fact that the accuse/s ha3e sub6itted no e3idence
that he was sane at the ti6e he 7ulled the t/i44e/B onl< that he was sane so6e ti6e
afte/ he did so.
8$6 'SAT
,hich one of the followin4 6ost accu/atel< desc/ibes a flaw in the /easonin4 of
Qie4le/2s atto/ne<=
>A? It 7/esu6es that bein4 a wellAeducated 7/ofessional is /ele3ant to bein4 4uilt<
o/ innocent.
>B? It concludes on the basis of e3idence a4ainst Qie4le/2s bein4 sane that the/e is
a lac0 of e3idence fo/ Qie4le/2s bein4 sane.
>C? It fails to conside/ that Qie4le/ 6i4ht ha3e been insane when he wo/0ed as a
consultant.
>D? It 7/esu6es that whethe/ one is sane is /ele3ant to whethe/ one is 6o/all<
/es7onsible fo/ one2s actions.
>E? It fails to conside/ the 7ossibilit< that Qie4le/2s bein4 sane afte/ the shootin4
is an indication that he was sane at the ti6e of the shootin4.
. Most students a/e bo/ed b< histo/< cou/ses as the< a/e usuall< tau4htB 7/i6a/il<
because a la/4e a6ount of ti6e is s7ent teachin4 dates and statistic. The best wa<
to teach histo/A? (ne should a3oid bo/in4 one2s students when teachin4 a histo/< cou/se.
>B? It is not inco67atible with the attainable 4oals of teachin4 histo/< to s7end
3e/< little class ti6e on dates and statistics.
>C? It is 7ossible to /ecount the li3es of histo/ical fi4u/es without /efe//in4 to
dates and statistics.
>D? It is co67atible with the attainable 4oals of teachin4 histo/< to s7end 6ost
class ti6e /ecountin4 the li3es of histo/ical fi4u/es.
>E? Students a/e 6o/e bo/ed b< histo/< cou/ses as the< a/e usuall< tau4ht than
the< would be b< cou/ses that s7end 6ost class ti6e /ecountin4 the li3es of
histo/ical fi4u/es.
". In a ce/tain 6unici7alit<B a ;ud4e o3e/tu/ned a sus7ect2s con3iction fo/ 7ossession
of an ille4al wea7on. The sus7ect had fled u7on seein4 7olice and subse@uentl<
disca/ded the ille4al wea7on afte/ the 7olice 4a3e chase. The ;ud4e /easoned as
follows1 the onl< cause fo/ the 7olice 4i3in4 chase was the sus7ect2s fli4htG b<
itselfB fli4ht f/o6 the 7olice does not c/eate a /easonable sus7icion of a c/i6inal
actG e3idence collected du/in4 an ille4al chase is inad6issibleG the/efo/eB the
e3idence in this case was inad6issible.
,hich one of the followin4 7/inci7lesB if 3alidB 6ost hel7s to ;ustif< the ;ud4e2s
decision that the e3idence was inad6issible=
>A? 5li4ht f/o6 the 7olice could c/eate a /easonable sus7icion of a c/i6inal act as
lon4 as othe/ si4nificant facto/s a/e in3ol3ed.
>B? Ieo7le can le4all< flee f/o6 the 7olice onl< when those 7eo7le a/e not
in3ol3ed in a c/i6inal act at the ti6e.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 8$%
>C? Iolice can le4all< 4i3e chase to a 7e/son onl< when the 7e/son2s actions ha3e
c/eated a /easonable sus7icion of a c/i6inal act.
>D? 5li4ht f/o6 the 7olice should not itself be conside/ed a c/i6inal act.
>E? In all cases in which a 7e/son2s actions ha3e c/eated a /easonable sus7icion of
a c/i6inal actB 7olice can le4all< 4i3e chase to that 7e/son.
Questions !4-!5
Monica1 The scul7tu/e co66issioned fo/ ou/ town 7la9a has been sco/ned b< the
7ublic e3e/ since it went u7. But since the 7eo7le in ou/ town do not 0now 3e/< 6uch
about conte67o/a/< a/tB the un7o7ula/it< of the wo/0 sa<s nothin4 about its a/tistic
6e/it and thus 4i3es no /eason fo/ /e6o3in4 it.
Hecto/1 :ou 6a< be /i4ht about what the scul7tu/e2s 7o7ula/it< 6eans about its
a/tistic 6e/it. Howe3e/B a wo/0 of a/t that was co66issioned fo/ a 7ublic s7ace ou4ht
to benefit the 7ublicB and 7o7ula/ o7inion is ulti6atel< the onl< wa< of dete/6inin4
what the 7ublic feels is to its benefit. ThusB if 7ublic o7inion of this scul7tu/e is what
<ou saA? Iublic o7inion of a wo/0 of a/t is an i67o/tant conside/ation in dete/6inin4
the wo/02s a/tistic 6e/it.
>B? ,o/0s of a/t co66issioned fo/ 7ublic s7aces ou4ht at least to ha3e sufficient
a/tistic 6e/it to benefit the 7ublic.
>C? The onl< /eason fo/ /e6o3in4 a wo/0 of a/t co66issioned fo/ a 7ublic s7ace
would be that the balance of 7ublic o7inion is a4ainst the wo/0.
>D? The scul7tu/e cannot benefit the 7ublic b< /e6ainin4 in the town 7la9a unless
the scul7tu/e has a/tistic 6e/it.
>E? In dete/6inin4 whethe/ the scul7tu/e should /e6ain in the town 7la9aB the
a/tistic 6e/it of the scul7tu/e should be cent/al conside/ation.
!. The a/4u6ent Hecto/ 6a0es in /es7ondin4 to Monica de7ends on the assu67tion
that
>A? no 6atte/ what the 7ublic2s o7inion is on an issue affectin4 the 7ublic 4oodB
that 7ublic o7inion ou4ht to be acted onB e3en thou4h the o7inion 6a< not be
a 0nowled4eable one
>B? Monica2s assess6ent of the 7ublic2s o7inion of the scul7tu/e is accu/ate
>C? if the scul7tu/e had a/tistic 6e/itB then e3en a 7ublic that was not
0nowled4eable about 6ode/n a/t would not sco/n the scul7tu/e
>D? wo/0s of a/t co66issioned fo/ 7ublic s7aces ou4ht not to be e87ected to ha3e
a/tistic 6e/it
>E? if the 7ublic feels that it does not benefit f/o6 the scul7tu/eB this shows that
the 7ublic does not in fact benefit f/o6 the scul7tu/e
8$8 'SAT
SECTI() III
Questions 1-!
5/o6 the tenth centu/< until a/ound the <ea/ 1!$$B the/e we/e )o/se settle/s li3in4 in
G/eenland. Du/in4 that ti6eB a3e/a4e <ea/l< te67e/atu/es fell sli4htl< wo/ldwideB and
so6e 7eo7le clai6 that this te67e/atu/e d/o7 wi7ed out the )o/se settle6ents b<
/ende/in4 G/eenland too cold fo/ hu6an habitation. But this e87lanation cannot be
co//ectB because Inuit settle/s f/o6 )o/th A6e/icaB who we/e li3in4 in G/eenland
du/in4 the ti6e the )o/se settle/s we/e the/eB continued to th/i3e lon4 afte/ 1!$$.
1. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost hel7s e87lain wh< the )o/se settle6ents
in G/eenland disa77ea/ed while the Inuit settle6ents su/3i3ed=
>A? The d/o7 in a3e/a4e <ea/l< te67e/atu/e was s6alle/ in G/eenland than it was
in the wo/ld as a whole.
>B? The )o/se settle/s2 dietB unli0e that of the InuitB was based 7/i6a/il< on
li3estoc0 and c/o7s that we/e unable to su/3i3e the te67e/atu/e d/o7.
>C? The/e we/e settle6ents in )o/th A6e/ica du/in4 the fifteenth centu/< that
we/e 6ost li0el< founded b< )o/se settle/s who had co6e f/o6 G/eenland.
>D? The Inuit and the )o/se settle6ents we/e t<7icall< established in coastal
a/eas.
>E? The )o/se co66unit< in )o/wa< continued to th/i3e lon4 afte/ 1!$$.
. ,hich one of the followin4 is a techni@ue of /easonin4 used in the state6ent=
>A? den<in4 the /ele3ance of an analo4<
>B? 7/oducin4 e3idence that is inconsistent with the clai6 bein4 o77osed
>C? 7/esentin4 an alte/nati3e e87lanation that 7u/7o/ts to account fo/ 6o/e of the
0nown facts
>D? citin4 a 4ene/al /ule that unde/6ines the clai6 bein4 o77osed
>E? /edefinin4 a te/6 in a wa< that is fa3o/able to the a/4u6ent2s conclusion
". E3en thou4h t/adin4 in i3o/< has been outlawed b< inte/national a4/ee6entB so6e
7iano 6a0e/s still use i3o/<B often obtained ille4all<B to co3e/ 7iano 0e<s.
-ecentl<B e87e/ts ha3e de3ised a s<nthetic i3o/< thatB unli0e ea/lie/ i3o/<
substitutesB has found fa3o/ with conce/t 7ianists th/ou4hout the wo/ld. But
because 7iano 6a0e/s ha3e ne3e/ been 6a;o/ consu6e/s of i3o/<B the
de3elo76ent of the s<nthetic i3o/< will the/efo/e 7/obabl< do little to hel7 cu/b
the 0illin4 of ele7hantsB f/o6 whose tus0s 6ost natu/al i3o/< is obtained.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost hel7s to st/en4then the a/4u6ent=
>A? Most 7eo7le who 7la< the 7iano but a/e not conce/t 7ianists can nonetheless
easil< distin4uish between the new s<nthetic i3o/< and infe/io/ i3o/<
GMAT . 'SAT C- 8$&
substitutes.
>B? The new s<nthetic i3o/< can be 6anufactu/ed to /ese6ble in colo/ and
su/face te8tu/e an< of the 3a/ious t<7es of natu/al i3o/< that ha3e
co66e/cial uses.
>C? (the/ natu/al 7/oducts such as bone o/ to/toise shell ha3e not 7/o3en to be
acce7table substitutes fo/ natu/al i3o/< in 7iano 0e<s.
>D? The 6ost co66on use fo/ natu/al i3o/< is in o/na6ental ca/3in4sB which a/e
7/i9ed not onl< fo/ the @ualit< of thei/ wo/06anshi7 but also fo/ the
authenticit< of thei/ 6ate/ials.
>E? It costs si4nificantl< less to 7/oduce the new s<nthetic i3o/< than it does to
7/oduce an< of the i3o/< substitutes that scientists had de3elo7ed 7/e3iousl<.
#. The 4o3e/n6ent has s7ent hea3il< to clean 4/ound wate/ conta6inated b< to8ic
che6ical s7ills. :et not e3en one s7ill site has been co67letel< cleanedB and
indust/ial accidents a/e s7illin4 6o/e to8ic che6icals annuall< than a/e bein4
cleaned u7. Mo/e of the 4o3e/n6ent2s bud4et should be /edi/ected to 7/e3entin4
s7ills. Since 7/e3ention is fa/ 6o/e effecti3e than cleanu7B it 6a0es little sense
that the enti/e annual bud4et fo/ 7/e3ention is less than the a6ount s7ent annuall<
on one t<7ical cleanu7 site.
The 7/o7osal about how the 4o3e/n6ent2s bud4et should be /edi/ected 7la<s
>A? It /e7/esents an unsu77o/ted s7eculation.
>B? It both su77o/ts anothe/ clai6 in the a/4u6ent and is su77o/ted b< othe/s.
>C? It is the clai6 that the a/4u6ent as a whole is st/uctu/ed to su77o/t.
>D? It is a 7/esu77osition on which the a/4u6ent is e87licitl< based.
>E? It 7/esents an ob;ection to anothe/ 7/o7osal 6entioned in the a/4u6ent.
!. Consu6e/1 I would li0e to ha3e the featu/es contained in the latest u74/ade to
<ou/ co67ute/ softwa/e 7ac0a4eB but I a6 lee/< of installin4 the u74/ade because
a f/iend has told 6e he had a 7/oble6 with it.
Co67an< /e7/esentati3e1 ,e ha3e dist/ibuted nea/l< "B$$$ co7ies of the u74/ade
and we ha3e /ecei3ed fewe/ than 1$$ calls sa<in4 that it has caused 7/oble6s. So
it is 3e/< unli0el< that <ou will e87e/ience an< 7/oble6s with the u74/ade.
The /easonin4 in the co67an< /e7/esentati3e2s a/4u6ent is 6ost 3ulne/able to
c/iticis6 because it fails to conside/ the 7ossibilit< that
>A? the co67an< will issue anothe/ u74/ade that co//ect the 7/oble6s with the
cu//ent u74/ade
>B? so6e of the 7/oble6s 7eo7le ha3e e87e/ienced with the u74/ade ha3e been
@uite se/ious
>C? a si4nificant nu6be/ of 7eo7le ha3e e87e/ienced 7/oble6s with the u74/ade
but ha3e not /e7o/ted the6
81$ 'SAT
>D? the consu6e/ will e87e/ience softwa/e 7/oble6s if the u74/ade is not
installed
>E? so6e of the /e7o/ted 7/oble6s we/e a /esult of use/s failin4 to follow
inst/uctions
6. 5i/st le4islato/1 Medical /esea/ch is 7/edo6inantl< done on 4/ou7s of 7atients that
include onl< 6en. 5o/ e8a67leB the effects of coffee d/in0in4 on health a/e
e3aluated onl< fo/ 6enB and studies a/e lac0in4 on ho/6one t/eat6ents fo/ olde/
wo6en. Go3e/n6entAs7onso/ed 6edical /esea/ch should be /e@ui/ed to include
studies of wo6en.
Second le4islato/1 Conside/ations of 6aleRfe6ale balance such as this a/e
ina77/o7/iate with /es7ect to /esea/chG the< ha3e no 7lace in science.
,hich one of the followin4 /e;oinde/sB if t/ueB 6ost di/ectl< counte/s the second
le4islato/2s ob;ection=
>A? Go3e/n6entAs7onso/ed /esea/ch is su77o/ted b< all ta87a<e/sB both 6ale and
fe6ale.
>B? Se/3in4 as a sub;ect fo/ 6edical /esea/ch can 7/o3ide a 7atient access to new
t/eat6ents but also can sub;ect the 7atient to /is0s.
>C? Go3e/n6entAs7onso/ed 6edical /esea/ch is often done in 6ilita/< hos7itals o/
7/isons that hold onl< 6ale /esidents.
>D? The t/ainin4 of 6ale and fe6ale scientists does not diffe/ acco/din4 to thei/
se8.
>E? -est/iction to 6ales of the 7atient base on which data a/e collected /esults in
inade@uate science.
%. 'ac0 of e8e/cise 7/oduces the sa6e o/ si6ila/ bodil< effects as a4in4. In factB the
7h<sical chan4es that acco67an< a4in4 can often be slowed down b< a77/o7/iate
e8e/cise. )o d/u4B howe3e/B holds an< 7/o6ise fo/ slowin4 down the chan4es
associated with a4in4. The/efo/eB CCCCCC
,hich one of the followin4 7/o3ides a lo4ical co67letion to the 7assa4e abo3e=
>A? ta0in4 d/u4s has the sa6e effect on a4in4 as does a lac0 of e8e/cise
>B? 7eo7le who do not e8e/cise a/e li0el< to need d/u4s to sustain thei/ health
>C? a77/o7/iate e8e/cise can 7/e3ent the 7h<sical chan4es associated with a4in4
>D? 7eo7le who do not e8e/cise when the< a/e <oun4 will 4ain few benefits f/o6
be4innin4 to e8e/cise at a late a4e
>E? if the 7h<sical chan4es of a4in4 a/e to be slowedB it is 6o/e 7/actical to /el<
on e8e/cise than on d/u4s
8. G/asses and wood< 7lants a/e 7lanted on di/t e6ban06ents to 0ee7 the
e6ban06ents f/o6 e/odin4. The e6ban06ents a/e 6owed to 0ee7 the 4/asses
f/o6 4/owin4 too tallG as a /esultB cli77in4s 7ile u7. These 7iles of cli77in4s
s6othe/ the wood< 7lantsB causin4 thei/ /ootsB which se/3e to 0ee7 the
GMAT . 'SAT C- 811
e6ban06ents f/o6 e/odin4B to /otG the< also att/act /odents that bu//ow into the
di/t and da6a4e the wood< 7lant2s /oots. The/efo/eB b/in4in4 in 7/edato/s to
e/adicate the /odents will 7/e3ent e/osion of the e6ban06ents.
,hich one of the followin4 is an e//o/ of /easonin4 in the a/4u6ent=
>A? Two e3ents that 6e/el< coAoccu/ a/e t/eated as if one caused the othe/.
>B? A hi4hl< 4ene/al 7/o7osal is based onl< on an un/e7/esentati3e set of facts.
>C? The conclusion is no 6o/e than a /estate6ent of one of the 7ieces of e3idence
7/o3ided to su77o/t it.
>D? (ne 7ossible solution to a 7/oble6 is clai6ed to be the onl< 7ossible solution
to that 7/oble6.
>E? An action that would eli6inate one cause of a 7/oble6 is t/eated as if it would
sol3e the enti/e 7/oble6.
&. Scientific and technolo4ical disco3e/ies ha3e conside/able effects on the
de3elo76ent of an< societ<. It follows that 7/edictions of the futu/e condition of
societies in which scientific and technolo4ical disco3e/< is 7a/ticula/l< f/e@uent
a/e 7a/ticula/l< unt/ustwo/th<.
>A? I/edictions of scientific and technolo4ical disco3e/iesB o/ 7/edictions of thei/
effectsB ha3e ha/6ful conse@uences in so6e societies.
>B? The de3elo76ent of a societ< /e@ui/es scientific and technolo4ical
disco3e/ies.
>C? 5o/ecasts of scientific and technolo4ical disco3e/iesB o/ fo/ecasts of thei/
effectsB a/e not enti/el< /eliable.
>D? An ad3anced scientific and technolo4ical societ< f/e@uentl< benefits f/o6
new disco3e/ies.
>E? It is not as difficult to 7/edict scientific and technolo4ical disco3e/ies in a
technolo4icall< 6o/e ad3anced societ< as it is in a technolo4icall< less
ad3anced societ<.
1$. Ti/es 6a<be eithe/ unde/inflatedB o3e/inflatedB o/ neithe/. ,e a/e 7/ett< safe in
assu6in4 that unde/inflation o/ o3e/inflation of ti/es ha/6s thei/ t/ead. Afte/ allB
no one has been able to show that these do not ha/6 ti/e t/ead.
,hich one of the followin4 6ost accu/atel< desc/ibes a flaw in the a/4u6ent2s
/easonin4=
>A? The a/4u6ent assu6es what it atte67tin4 to de6onst/ate.
>B? The a/4u6ent o3e/loo0s that what is not in 7/inci7le susce7tible to 7/oof
6i4ht be false.
>C? The a/4u6ent fails to s7ecif< how it is that unde/inflation o/ o3e/inflation
ha/6s ti/e t/ead.
>D? The a/4u6ent /e;ects the 7ossibilit< that what has not been 7/o3en is
81 'SAT
ne3e/theless t/ue.
>E? The a/4u6ent fails to 7/ecisel< define the te/6s Eunde/inflationF and
Eo3e/inflation.F
11. 'inse< has been ;ud4ed to be a bad son4w/ite/ si67l< because he/ l</ics t<7icall<
a/e dis;ointed and sub;ecti3e. This ;ud46ent is ill foundedB howe3e/B since the
w/itin4s of 6an< 6ode/n no3elists t<7icall< a/e dis;ointed and sub;ecti3e and <et
these no3elists a/e widel< held to be 4ood w/ite/s.
>A? Dis;ointed and sub;ecti3e w/itin4 has a co67a/able effect in 6ode/n no3els
and in son4s.
>B? So6e /eade/s do not a77/eciate the subtleties of the dis;ointed and sub;ecti3e
st<le ado7ted b< 6ode/n no3elists.
>C? Son4 l</ics that a/e dis;ointed and sub;ecti3e ha3e at least as 6uch na//ati3e
st/uctu/e as an< othe/ son4 l</ics do.
>D? A dis;ointed and sub;ecti3e st<le of w/itin4 is usuall< 6o/e suitable fo/ no3els
and son4 l</ics than it is fo/ an< othe/ w/itten wo/0s.
>E? The @ualit< of 'inse<2s son4s is bette/ ;ud4ed b< @ualit< of thei/ l</ics than
b< the @ualit< of thei/ 6usical fo/6.
1. The 'e3antKthe a/ea that bo/de/s the easte/n Medite//aneanKwas hea3il<
7o7ulated in 7/ehisto/ic ti6es. The southe/n 'e3ant was abandoned about 6B$$$
<ea/s a4oB althou4h the no/the/n 'e3antB which sha/ed the sa6e cli6ateB
/e6ained hea3il< 7o7ulated. -ecentl< a/chaeolo4ists ha3e h<7othesi9ed that the
sudden de7o7ulation in the southe/n 'e3ant was due to an econo6ic colla7se
/esultin4 f/o6 defo/estation.
If the state6ents abo3e a/e t/ue and the a/chaeolo4ists2 h<7othesis is co//ectB
which one of the followin4 CA))(T be t/ue=
>A? The shee7 and 4oats he/ded b< the 7eo7les of the southe/n 'e3ant until 6B$$$
<ea/s a4o 4/a9ed e8tensi3el< on the seedlin4s and sa7lin4s of indi4enous
t/ess s7ecies.
>B? T/ees we/e used in the 7/oduction of li6e 7laste/sB a buildin4 6ate/ial used
e8tensi3el< th/ou4hout the southe/n 'e3ant until 6B$$$ <ea/s a4o.
>C? (/4anic /e6ains f/o6 the no/the/n 'e3ant /eliabl< indicate that t/ee s7ecies
flou/ished the/e without inte//u7tion du/in4 the 7e/iod when the southe/n
'e3ant was bein4 abandoned.
>D? Ca/bon datin4 of o/4anic /e6ains f/o6 the southe/n 'e3ant /eliabl<
de6onst/ates that the/e we/e no fo/ests 7/esent in that a/ea 7/io/ to 6B$$$
<ea/s a4o.
>E? Since the/e a/e few t/aces of eithe/ @ua//ied stone o/ of 6ud b/ic0 in buildin4s
e8ca3ated in the southe/n 'e3antB it is li0el< that the buildin4s built the/e
7/io/ to 6B$$$ <ea/s a4o we/e 6ade al6ost enti/el< of ti6be/.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 81"
1". Dsin4 /ational a/4u6ent in ad3e/tise6ents does not 7e/suade 7eo7le to bu< the
7/oducts bein4 ad3e/tised. The/efo/eB ad3e/tise/s who /e7lace /ational a/4u6ent
with non/ational a77eals to e6otion in ad3e/tise6ents will 7e/suade 7eo7le to
bu< the 7/oducts bein4 ad3e/tised.
,hich one of the followin4 contains flawed /easonin4 6ost si6ila/ to the flawed
>A? Ieo7le who as0 othe/s fo/ fa3o/s a/e /efused. The/efo/eB an<one who has not
had the e87e/ience of bein4 /efused has ne3e/ as0ed fo/ a fa3o/.
>B? In the 7astB 7eo7le who ha3e t/ied to sol3e thei/ 7/oble6s b< discussin4 the6
ha3e often failed. The/efo/eB in the futu/eB 7eo7le who t/< to sol3e thei/
7/oble6s b< discussin4 the6 will often fail.
>C? Dsin4 a co67ute/ has not i67/o3ed students2 w/itin4 s0ills. ThusB students
should not t/< to i67/o3e thei/ w/itin4 s0ills b< usin4 a co67ute/.
>D? A 7e/son who does not ha3e 7ositi3e lette/s of /efe/ence cannot 4et a 4ood
;ob. The/efo/eB the bette/ the lette/s of /efe/ence a 7e/son hasB the bette/ the
;ob that 7e/son will 4et.
>E? Ieo7le ne3e/ lea/n to 7/o4/a6 a co67ute/ b< /eadin4 7oo/l< w/itten
di/ections. The/efo/eB if 7eo7le /ead wellAw/itten di/ectionsB the< will lea/n
to 7/o4/a6 a co67ute/.
1#. A co66e/cial insect t/a7 consists of a s6all bo8 containin4 7esticide 6i8ed with
4lucoseB a sweet substance 0nown to att/act insect 7ests. :et in households whe/e
this t<7e of t/a7 has been used /e4ula/l< fo/ the 7ast se3e/al <ea/sB /ecentl<
installed t/a7s a/e fa/ less effecti3e in eli6inatin4 insect 7ests than we/e t/a7s of
that t<7e installed se3e/al <ea/s a4o. -esea/ch scientists ha3e h<7othesi9ed that
t/a7s in those households dec/eased in effecti3eness because successi3e
4ene/ations of the 7ests de3elo7ed a /esistance to the 7esticide in the t/a7s.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< unde/6ines the h<7othesis=
>A? In households whe/e the t/a7s ha3e been used /e4ula/lB? E3en when onl< a few indi3iduals out an enti/e 4ene/ation of insects su/3i3e
the effects of a 7esticideB the offs7/in4 of those indi3iduals a/e usuall<
/esistant to that 7esticide.
>C? Afte/ eatin4 4lucose 6i8ed with the 7esticideB insects that li3e in households
that do not use the t/a7 tend to die in 4/eate/ nu6be/s than do insects f/o6
households whe/e the t/a7s ha3e been used /e4ula/l<.
>D? Afte/ the 6anufactu/e/ of the t/a7s inc/eased the concent/ation of the
7esticide used in the t/a7sB the t/a7s we/e no 6o/e effecti3e in eli6inatin4
household insect 7ests than we/e the o/i4inal t/a7s.
>E? The 0ind of 4lucose used to bait the t/a7s is one of se3e/al diffe/ent 0inds of
4lucose that occu/ natu/all<.
81# 'SAT
1!. A 7e/son2s dieta/< consu67tion of choleste/ol and fat is one of the 6ost
i67o/tant facto/s dete/6inin4 the le3el of choleste/ol in the 7e/son2s blood
>se/u6 choleste/ol?. Se/u6 choleste/ol le3els /ise 7/o7o/tionall< to inc/eased
choleste/ol and fat consu67tion until that consu67tion /eaches a th/esholdB but
once consu67tion of these substances e8ceeds that th/esholdB se/u6 choleste/ol
le3els /ise onl< 4/aduallA? The th/eshold can be lowe/ed b< lowe/in4 the dieta/< consu67tion of
choleste/ol and fat.
>B? Ieo7le who consu6e an a3e/a4e )o/th A6e/ican diet cannot inc/ease thei/
consu67tion of choleste/ol and fat without d/a6aticall< inc/easin4 thei/
se/u6 choleste/ol le3els.
>C? Ieo7le who consu6e half as 6uch choleste/ol and fat as in the a3e/a4e )o/th
A6e/ican diet will not necessa/il< ha3e half the a3e/a4e se/u6 choleste/ol
le3el.
>D? Se/u6 choleste/ol le3els cannot be affected b< nondieta/< 6odifications in
beha3io/ b< nondieta/< 6odifications in beha3io/B such as e8e/cisin4 6o/e
o/ s6o0in4 less.
>E? Ieo7le who consu6e less choleste/ol and fat than the th/eshold cannot /educe
thei/ se/u6 choleste/ol le3els.
16. The /ecentl< ne4otiated )o/th A6e/ican 5/ee T/ade A4/ee6ent a6on4 CanadaB
Me8icoB and the Dnited States is 6isna6edB because it would not /esult in t/ul<
f/ee t/ade. Ada6 S6ithB the econo6ist who fi/st a/ticulated the 7/inci7les of f/ee
t/adeB held that an< obstacle 7laced in the wa< of the f/ee 6o3e6ent of 4oodsB
in3est6entB o/ labo/ would defeat f/ee t/ade. So since unde/ the a4/ee6ent
wo/0e/s would be /est/icted b< national bounda/ies f/o6 see0in4 the best
conditions the< could findB the /esultin4 obst/uction of the flow of t/ade wouldB
f/o6 a f/eeAt/ade 7e/s7ecti3eB be ha/6ful.
>A? /ulin4 out alte/nati3es
>B? usin4 a te/6 in two diffe/ent senses
>C? citin4 a non/e7/esentati3e instance
>D? a77ealin4 to a /ele3ant autho/it<
>E? /es7ondin4 to a diffe/ent issue f/o6 the one 7osed
1%. Ia/ents who wish to 7/o3ide a st/on4 foundation fo/ the 6usical abilit< of thei/
child/en should 7/o3ide the6 with a 4ood 6usical education. Since fo/6al
inst/uction is often a 7a/t a 4ood 6usical educationB 7a/ents who wish to 7/o3ide
this st/on4 foundation need to ensu/e that thei/ child/en /ecei3e fo/6al
GMAT . 'SAT C- 81!
inst/uction.
The /easonin4 is 6ost 3ulne/able to c/iticis6 on the 4/ounds that it fails to
conside/ that
>A? 7a/ents 6i4ht not be the onl< sou/ce of a child2s 6usical education
>B? so6e child/en 6i4ht not be inte/ested in /ecei3in4 a st/on4 foundation fo/
thei/ 6usical abilit<
>C? the/e a/e 6an< e8a67les of 7eo7le with fo/6al inst/uction whose 6usical
abilit< is 7oo/
>D? fo/6al inst/uction 6i4ht not alwa<s be a 7a/t of a 4ood 6usical education
>E? so6e child/en 6i4ht beco6e 4ood 6usicians e3en if the< ha3e not had 4ood
6usical educations
18. A stin4/a< without 7a/asites is healthie/ than it would be if it had 7a/asites.
)e3e/thelessB the lac0 of 7a/asites in stin4/a<s is an indicato/ that the ecos<ste6
in which the stin4/a<s li3e is unde/ en3i/on6ental st/ess such as 7ollution.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost hel7s to /econcile the disc/e7anc<
indicated abo3e=
>A? Du/in4 7a/t of thei/ life c<clesB the 7a/asites of stin4/a<s /e@ui/e as hosts
sh/i67 o/ o<ste/sB which a/e en3i/on6entall< 3ulne/able o/4anis6s.
>B? A stin4/a< is a f/eeA/an4in4 7/edato/ that feeds on s6alle/ o/4anis6s but has
few 7/edato/s itself.
>C? A 7a/asite d/ains 7a/t of the 3italit< of its host b< d/awin4 nou/ish6ent f/o6
the host.
>D? An ecos<ste6 can be conside/ed st/essed if onl< a few s7ecies of 3e/< si67le
o/4anis6s can li3e the/e.
>E? Since the life of 7a/asites de7ends on that of thei/ hostB the< need to li3e
without 0illin4 thei/ host o/ else to /e7/oduce and infect othe/ indi3iduals
befo/e thei/ own host dies.
1&. (3e/ the 7ast $ <ea/sB s0iin4 has beco6e a /elati3el< safe s7o/t due to
i67/o3e6ent in s0i e@ui76ent. The/e has been a !$ 7e/cent d/o7 in the nu6be/
of s0i in;u/ies o3e/ the last $ <ea/s. Clea/l<B howe3e/B the/e ha3e not been
dec/eases in the nu6be/ of in;u/ies in all cate4o/iesB as statistical data /eadil<
showB fo/ althou4h b/o0en le4s and an0le in;u/ies ha3e dec/eased b< an
astoundin4 &$ 7e/centB 0nee in;u/ies now /e7/esent 16 7e/cent of all s0i in;u/iesB
u7 si4nificantl< f/o6 the 11 7e/cent of $ <ea/s a4o.
The /easonin4 in the a/4u6ent is flawed because the a/4u6ent does which one of
the followin4=
>A? It fails to allow fo/ the/e bein4 s0i in;u/ies othe/ than b/o0en le4sB an0le
in;u/iesB and 0nee in;u/ies.
>B? It infe/s dis7a/ate effects f/o6 the sa6e sin4le cause.
816 'SAT
>C? It i4no/es the 7ossibilit< that the nu6be/ of s0ie/s has inc/eased o3e/ the 7ast
$ <ea/s.
>D? It assu6es that an inc/ease in the 7/o7o/tion of 0nee in;u/ies /ules out a
dec/ease in the nu6be/ of 0nee in;u/ies.
>E? It 7/oceeds as thou4h the/e could be a 4/eate/ decease in in;u/ies in each
cate4o/< of in;u/< than the/e is in in;u/ies o3e/all.
$. (nl< 7oet/< cannot be t/anslated wellB and the/efo/e it is 7oets who 7/ese/3e
lan4ua4esB fo/ we would not bothe/ to lea/n a lan4ua4e if we could 4et e3e/<thin4
w/itten in it f/o6 t/anslation. SoB since we cannot witness the beaut< of 7oet/<
e8ce7t in the lan4ua4e in which it is co67osedB we ha3e 6oti3ation to lea/n the
lan4ua4e.
The info/6ation abo3e 7/o3ides the 'EAST su77o/t fo/ which one of the
followin4=
>A? All non7oetic lite/atu/e can be t/anslated well.
>B? (ne 7u/7ose of w/itin4 7oet/< is to 7/ese/3e the lan4ua4e in which it is
w/itten.
>C? So6e t/anslations do not ca7tu/e all that was e87/essed in the o/i4inal
lan4ua4e.
>D? The beaut< of 7oet/< is not i66ediatel< accessible to 7eo7le who do not
unde/stand the lan4ua4e in which the 7oet/< was w/itten.
>E? Ie/fect t/anslation f/o6 one lan4ua4e to anothe/ is so6eti6es i67ossible.
1. The co67anies that a/e the 7/i6e 7u/chase/s of co67ute/ softwa/e will not bu< a
softwa/e 7ac0a4e if the costs of t/ainin4 staff to use it a/e hi4hB and we 0now that
it is e87ensi3e to teach 7eo7le a softwa/e 7ac0a4e that de6ands the 6e6o/i9ation
of unfa6ilia/ co66ands. As a /esultB to be successfulB co66e/cial co67ute/
softwa/e cannot /e@ui/e use/s to 6e6o/i9e unfa6ilia/ co66ands.
>A? If 6o/e 7/i6e 7u/chase/s of co67ute/ softwa/e bu< a softwa/e 7/oductB that
7/oduct will successful.
>B? Co66e/cial co67ute/s softwa/e that does not /e@ui/e use/s to 6e6o/i9e
unfa6ilia/ co66ands is no 6o/e e87ensi3e than softwa/e that does.
>C? Co66e/cial co67ute/ softwa/e will not be successful unless 7/i6e
7u/chase/s bu< it.
>D? If the initial cost of co67ute/ softwa/e is hi4hB but the cost of t/ainin4 use/s is
lowB 7/i6e 7u/chases will still bu< that softwa/e.
>E? The 6o/e difficult it is to lea/n how to use a 7iece of softwa/eB the 6o/e
e87ensi3e it is to teach a 7e/son to use that softwa/e.
Questions !!-!3
,hene3e/ she conside/s 3otin4 in an election to select one candidate fo/ a 7osition
GMAT . 'SAT C- 81%
and the/e is at least one issue i67o/tant to he/B Ma< uses the followin4 7/inci7le in
choosin4 which cou/se of action to ta0e1 it is acce7table fo/ 6e to 3ote fo/ a candidate
whose o7inions diffe/ f/o6 6ine on at least one issue i67o/tant to 6e whene3e/ I
disa4/ee with each of the othe/ candidates on e3en 6o/e such issuesG it is othe/wise
unacce7table to 3ote fo/ that candidate. In the u7co6in4 6a<o/al electionB the th/ee
candidates a/e 'e4/andB MedinaB and )o/ton. The/e is onl< one issue i67o/tant to
Ma<B and onl< Medina sha/es he/ o7inion on that issue.
. If the state6ents in the 7assa4e a/e t/ueB which one of the followin4 6ust also be
t/ue about Ma<2s cou/se of action in an< election to select one candidate fo/ a
7osition=
>A? If the/e a/e no issues i67o/tant to he/B it is unacce7table fo/ to 3ote fo/ an<
candidate in the election.
>B? If she a4/ees with each of the candidates on 6ost of the issues i67o/tant to
he/B it is unacce7table fo/ he/ to 3ote fo/ an< candidate in the election.
>C? If she a4/ees with a 7a/ticula/ candidate on onl< one issue i67o/tant to he/B it
is unacce7table fo/ he/ to 3ote fo/ that candidate.
>D? If she disa4/ees with each of the candidates on e8actl< th/ee issues i67o/tant
to he/B it is unacce7table fo/ he/ to 3ote fo/ an< candidate in the election.
>E? If the/e a/e 6o/e issues i67o/tant to he/ on which she disa4/ees with a
7a/ticula/ candidate than the/e a/e such issues on which she a4/ees with that
candidateB it is unacce7table fo/ to 3ote fo/ that candidate.
". Acco/din4 to the 7/inci7le stated in the 7assa4eB in the u7co6in4 6a<o/al
election
>A? it is acce7table fo/ Ma< to 3ote fo/ eithe/ Medina o/ 'e4/andB but it is
unacce7table fo/ he/ to 3ote fo/ )o/ton
>B? the onl< unacce7table cou/ses of action a/e fo/ Ma< to 3ote fo/ )o/ton and fo/
he/ to 3ote fo/ 'e4/and
>C? it is unacce7table fo/ Ma< to 3ote fo/ an< of the candidates
>D? the onl< unacce7table cou/se of action is fo/ Ma< to 3ote fo/ Medina
>E? it is acce7table fo/ Ma< to 3ote fo/ an< of the candidates
#. (3e/ the last ! <ea/sB the a3e/a4e 7/ice 7aid fo/ a new ca/ has steadil< inc/eased
in /elation to a3e/a4e indi3idual inco6e. This inc/ease indicates that indi3iduals
who bu< new ca/s toda< s7endB on a3e/a4eB a la/4e/ a6ount /elati3e to thei/
inco6es bu<in4 a ca/ than thei/ counte/7a/ts did ! <ea/s a4o.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost wea0ens the a/4u6ent=
>A? The/e has been a si4nificant inc/ease o3e/ the last ! <ea/s in the 7/o7o/tion
of indi3iduals in households with 6o/e than one wa4e ea/ne/.
>B? The nu6be/ of used ca/s sold annuall< is the sa6e as it was ! <ea/s a4o.
>C? Allowin4 fo/ inflationB a3e/a4e indi3idual inco6e has si4nificantl< declined
818 'SAT
o3e/ the last ! <ea/s.
>D? Du/in4 the last ! <ea/sB annual newAca/ sales and 7o7ulation ha3e both
inc/easedB but newAca/ sales ha3e inc/eased b< a 4/eate/ 7e/centa4e.
>E? Sales to indi3iduals 6a0e u7 a s6alle/ 7/o7o/tion of all newAca/ sales the< did
! <ea/s a4o.
!. C/edit ca/d co67anies ;ustif< cha/4in4 ca/dholde/s additional fees fo/ late
7a<6ents b< asse/tin4 the 7/inci7le that those who e87ose othe/ indi3idualsB
co67aniesB o/ institutions to financial /is0 should 7a< fo/ that /is0B and b<
7ointin4 out that lateA7a<in4 ca/dholde/s 7/esent a 4/eate/ /is0 of default than
othe/ ca/dholde/s. ,ithout late feesB the co67anies a/4ueB the< would ha3e
s7/ead the cost of the /is0 o3e/ all ca/dholde/s.
The 7/inci7le in3o0ed b< the c/edit ca/d co67anies wouldB if establishedB be 6ost
usefull< in3o0ed in which one of the followin4 a/4u6ents=
>A? School autho/ities should use student acti3it< funds to 7a< fo/ studentAcaused
da6a4es to school 7/o7e/t< sinceB e3en thou4h onl< a few students cause
an< si4nificant da6a4eB autho/ities cannot in 6ost instances dete/6ine
which students caused the da6a4e.
>B? Insu/ance co67anies should de6and hi4he/ insu/ance /ates of d/i3e/s of
s7o/ts ca/s than of othe/ d/i3e/sB since s7o/ts ca/ d/i3e/s a/e 6o/e li0el< to
cause accidents and thus a/e 6o/e li0el< to /e@uite the co67anies 7a< 6one<
in clai6s.
>C? 'ib/a/ies should cha/4e hi4h fines fo/ o3e/due boo0sB since if the< did not do
so so6e 7eo7le would 0ee7 boo0s out indefinitelD? Cities should i67ose hi4h fines fo/ litte/in4. The /is0 of bein4 cau4ht litte/in4
is @uite lowB so the fine fo/ those who a/e cau4ht 6ust be co//es7ondin4l<
hi4h in o/de/ to dete/ 7eo7le fo/6 litte/in4.
>E? Munici7alities should use ta8 6one< to 7a< fo/ the 6aintenance of 6unici7al
/oadsB since if indi3iduals 7aid fo/ onl< those /oads the< usedB so6e
i67o/tant /oads in /e6ote a/eas would be inade@uatel< 6aintained.
TEST $$1.6
SECTI() II
1. In his new boo0 on his co67le8 scientific /esea/chB - f/e@uentl< i67utes bad
faith to /esea/che/s disa4/eein4 with hi6. A t/oublin4 as7ect of -2s boo0 is his
stated con3iction that othe/ in3esti4ato/s2 fundin4 sou/ces often dete/6ine what
Efindin4sF those in3esti4ato/s /e7o/t. Add to this that - has often shown hi6self
to be a//o4antB o3e/l< a6bitiousB and so6eti6es 7lain nastA? usin4 an attac0 on the cha/acte/ of the w/ite/ of the boo0 as e3idence that this
7e/son is not co67etent on 6atte/s of scientific substance
>B? ta0in4 it fo/ 4/anted that an in3esti4ato/ is unli0el< to /e7o/t findin4s that a/e
cont/a/< to the inte/ests of those fundin4 the in3esti4ation
>C? dis6issin4 a scientific theo/< b< 4i3in4 a biased account of it
>D? 7/esentin4 as facts se3e/al asse/tions about the boo0 unde/ /e3iew that a/e
based onl< on st/on4 con3iction and would be i67ossible fo/ othe/s to 3e/if<
>E? failin4 to distin4uish between the c/ite/ia of bein4 t/ue and of bein4
sufficientl< inte/estin4 to 6e/it attention
. Ha3in4 an efficientB att/acti3e subwa< s<ste6 6a0es 4ood econo6ic sense. SoB
the cit< needs to 7u/chase new subwa< ca/sB since the cit< should alwa<s do what
6a0es 4ood econo6ic sense.
The conclusion d/awn abo3e follows lo4icall< if which one of the followin4 is
assu6ed=
>A? The cit< should in3est in an efficientB att/acti3e subwa< s<ste6.
>B? CostAeffecti3e subwa< ca/s a/e an inte4/al 7a/t of an efficient subwa< s<ste6.
>C? In3est6ent in new subwa< ca/s 6a0es bette/ econo6ic sense than 6an< of
the othe/ in3est6ent o7tions o7en to the cit<.
>D? )ew subwa< ca/s a/e financiall< affo/dable.
>E? )ew subwa< ca/s a/e /e@ui/ed in o/de/ fo/ the cit< to ha3e a subwa< s<ste6
that is efficient and att/acti3e.
". -estau/ant 6ana4e/1 In /es7onse to /e@uests f/o6 ou/ 7at/ons fo/ 3e4eta/ian 6ain
dishesB we /ecentl< int/oduced th/ee1 an e447lant and 9ucchini casse/ole with
to6atoesB b/own /ice with 6ush/oo6sB and 7otatoes ba0ed with cheese. The fi/st
two a/e f/e@uentl< o/de/edB but no one o/de/s the 7otato dishB althou4h it costs
less than the othe/ two. Clea/lA? concludin4 that two thin4s that occu/ at the sa6e ti6e ha3e a co66on cause
>B? d/awin4 a conclusion that is inconsistent with one 7/e6ise of the a/4u6ent
>C? i4no/in4 7ossible diffe/ences between what 7eo7le sa< the< want and what
the< actuall< choose
>D? atte67tin4 to 7/o3e a clai6 on the basis of e3idence that a nu6be/ of 7eo7le
hold that clai6 to be t/ue
>E? t/eatin4 one of se3e/al 7lausible e87lanations of a 7heno6enon as the onl<
7ossible e87lanation
8$ 'SAT
#. 5o/ newbo/ns of a4e fou/ to si8 wee0s whose 6othe/s ha3e been the 7/i6a/<
ca/e4i3e/sB the followin4 is t/ue1 ,hen the newbo/ns a/e c/<in4 due to hun4e/ o/
othe/ si6ila/ disco6fo/tB 6e/el< hea/in4 the 6othe/2s 3oice will lead to a
te67o/a/< halt in c/<in4B while the 3oices of othe/s do not ha3e this effect.
,hich one of the followin4 is 6ost /easonabl< su77o/ted b< the info/6ation
abo3e=
>A? Babies 6o/e easil< lea/n to /eco4ni9e the 3oices of thei/ 6othe/s than the
3oices of othe/ 7eo7le.
>B? A 6othe/2s 3oice is the fi/st thin4 a bab< lea/ns to /eco4ni9e.
>C? Babies associate the 3oice of the 7/i6a/< ca/e4i3e/ with /elease f/o6
disco6fo/t.
>D? (ften onl< a 7/i6a/< ca/e4i3e/ can 7/o3ide co6fo/t to a newbo/n.
>E? Disco6fo/t in newbo/ns is best /elie3ed b< hea/in4 the 6othe/2s 3oice.
!. Man< ele6enta/< schools ha3e /ecentl< offe/ed co67ute/Aassisted educational
7/o4/a6s. Students2 /eactions afte/ se3e/al <ea/s ha3e been decidedl< 6i8ed.
,he/eas students ha3e found co67ute/s 3e/< useful in stud<in4 a/ith6eticB the<
ha3e found the6 of little hel7 in stud<in4 scienceB and of no hel7 at all with thei/
/eadin4 and w/itin4 s0ills.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost hel7s to e87lain the students2 6i8ed
/eactions=
>A? Students in these schools be4an /eadin4 and doin4 a/ith6etic befo/e lea/nin4
to use co67ute/s.
>B? (f the disci7lines and s0ills 6entionedB the e8actness of a/ith6etic 6a0es it
6ost suitable to co67ute/Aassisted education.
>C? Man< ele6enta/< school teache/s a/e /eluctant to use co67ute/ technolo4< in
thei/ class/oo6s.
>D? :oun4 students a/e 6o/e li0el< to 6aintain inte/est in t/ainin4 7/o4/a6s that
use the newest co67ute/s and 3ideo 4/a7hics than in those that do not.
>E? The ele6enta/< schools ha3e offe/ed 6o/e co67ute/Aassisted 7/o4/a6s in
/eadin4 and w/itin4 than in a/ith6etic and science.
6. The notion that one 6i4ht be ;ustified in beha3in4 i//ationall< in the se/3ice of a
sufficientl< wo/th< end is incohe/ent. 5o/ if such action is ;ustifiedB then one
would be beha3in4 /ationallA? A /e7/esentati3e of the lawB such as a ;ud4e o/ a 7olice office/B ou4ht not to
co66it c/i6es. 5o/ if /e7/esentati3es of the law co66it c/i6esB the< will be
ineffecti3e in 7/e3entin4 c/i6e.
>B? (ne cannot intend to s7ill a 4lass of wate/ accidentall<. S7illin4 it
accidentall< 6eans that the act will not ha3e been done intentionall<.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 81
>C? (ne cannot li3e the 4ood life and be unha77<. If one2s own nei4hbo/s see that
one is unha77D? Docto/s cannot 7e/fo/6 selfAdia4nosisB fo/ the< cannot ob;ecti3el< e3aluate
thei/ own s<67to6sB and thus will be 7/acticin4 7oo/ 6edicine.
>E? (ne ou4ht not to ha3e both a cat and a 4oldfish. The 4oldfish is the natu/al
7/e< of the catB so it is unethical to 7lace it at the cat2s dis7osal.
%. A ce/tain 6o/al s<ste6 holds that 7e/fo/6in4 4ood actions is 7/aisewo/th< onl<
when one o3e/co6es a 7owe/ful te67tation in o/de/ to 7e/fo/6 the6. :et this
sa6e 6o/al s<ste6 also holds that 7e/fo/6in4 4ood actions out of habit is
so6eti6es 7/aisewo/th<.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB does the 6ost to /econcile the a77a/ent
conflict in the 6o/al s<ste6 desc/ibed abo3e=
>A? Ieo7le who 7e/fo/6 4ood actions out of habit ha3e often ac@ui/ed this habit
afte/ <ea/s of ha3in4 /esisted te67tation.
>B? Most 7eo7le face st/on4 6o/al te67tation f/o6 ti6e to ti6e but few 7eo7le
ha3e to endu/e it /e4ula/l<.
>C? Ieo7le 3i/tuall< alwa<s 7e/fo/6 actions the< thin0 a/e 4oodB /e4a/dless of
what othe/ 7eo7le 6a< thin0.
>D? Since it is difficult to tell what is 4oin4 on in anothe/ 7e/son2s 6indB it is
often ha/d to 0now e8actl< how st/on4l< a 7e/son is te67ted.
>E? It is fa/ 6o/e co66on fo/ 7eo7le to 7e/fo/6 4ood actions out of habit than fo/
the6 to do so a4ainst st/on4 te67tation.
8. Conse/3ationist1 The /is0 to ai/7lane 7assen4e/s f/o6 collisions between
ai/7lanes usin4 the ai/7o/t and bi/ds f/o6 the wildlife /efu4e is ne4li4ible. In the
1$ <ea/s since the /efu4e was establishedB onl< $ 7lanes ha3e been da6a4ed in
collisions with bi/dsB and no 7assen4e/ has been in;u/ed as a /esult of such a
collision. The wildlife /efu4e the/efo/e 7oses no safet< /is0.
Iilot1 :ou ne4lect to 6ention that 1% of those $ collisions occu//ed within the
7ast <ea/sB and that the nu6be/ of bi/ds in the /efu4e is /a7idl< inc/easin4. As
the nu6be/ of collisions between bi/ds and ai/7lanes inc/easesB so does the
li0elihood that at least one such collision will /esult in 7assen4e/ in;u/ies.
The 7ilot counte/s the conse/3ationist b<
>A? atte67tin4 to show that the conse/3ationist2s desc/i7tion of the fact is
6isleadin4
>B? @uestionin4 the conse/3ationist2s 6oti3es fo/ /eachin4 a ce/tain conclusion
>C? asse/tin4 that dan4e/ous situations ine3itabl< beco6e 6o/e dan4e/ous with
the 7assa4e of ti6e
>D? disc/editin4 the 6o/al 7/inci7le on which the conse/3ationist2s a/4u6ent is
based
>E? dis7utin4 the accu/ac< of the fi4u/es cited b< the conse/3ationist
8 'SAT
&. A uni3e/sit< stud< /e7o/ted that between 1&%! and 1&8" the len4th of the a3e/a4e
wo/0wee0 in a ce/tain count/< inc/eased si4nificantl<. A 4o3e/n6ental stud<B on
the othe/ handB shows a si4nificant decline in the len4th of the a3e/a4e wo/0wee0
fo/ the sa6e 7e/iod. E8a6ination of the studies showsB howe3e/B that the< used
diffe/ent 6ethods of in3esti4ationG thus the/e is no need to loo0 fu/the/ fo/ an
e87lanation of the diffe/ence in the studies2 /esults.
The a/4u6ent2s /easonin4 is flawed because the a/4u6ent fails to
>A? distin4uish between a stud< 7/oduced fo/ the 7u/7oses of the o7e/ation of
4o3e/n6ent and a stud< 7/oduced as 7a/t of uni3e/sit< /esea/ch
>B? distin4uish between a 6ethod of in3esti4ation and the 7u/7ose of an
in3esti4ation
>C? /eco4ni9e that onl< one of the studies has been 7/o7e/l< conducted
>D? /eco4ni9e that two diffe/ent 6ethods of in3esti4ation can <ield identical
/esults
>E? /eco4ni9e that 3a/<in4 econo6ic conditions /esult in the a3e/a4e wo/0wee0
chan4in4 in len4th
1$. Althou4h the cha/te/ of ,estside School states that the student bod< 6ust include
so6e students with s7ecial educational needsB no students with lea/nin4
disabilities ha3e <et en/olled in the school. The/efo/eB the school is cu//entl< in
3iolation of its cha/te/.
assu6ed=
>A? All students with lea/nin4 disabilities ha3e s7ecial educational needs.
>B? The school cu//entl< has no students with lea/nin4 disabilities.
>C? The school should en/oll students with s7ecial educational needs.
>D? The onl< students with s7ecial educational needs a/e students with lea/nin4
disabilities.
>E? The school2s cha/te/ cannot be 6odified in o/de/ to a3oid its bein4 3iolated.
11. So6e 7s<cholo4ists clai6 thatB in theo/<B the best wa< to unde/stand anothe/
7e/son would be th/ou4h dee7 e67ath<B whe/eb< one would 4ain a di/ect and
co67lete 4/as7 of that 7e/son2s 6oti3ations. But su77ose the< a/e /i4htG then
the/e would be no wa< at all to achie3e unde/standin4B since it is 7s<cholo4icall<
i67ossible to 4ain a di/ect and co67lete 4/as7 of anothe/ 7e/son2s 6oti3ations.
But ob3iousl< one can unde/stand othe/ 7eo7leG thus these 7s<cholo4ists a/e
w/on4.
The a/4u6ent is 6ost 3ulne/able to the c/iticis6 that it
>A? fails to ade@uatel< define the 0e< 7h/ase Edee7 e67ath<F
>B? assu6es so6ethin4 that it late/ deniesB /esultin4 in a cont/adiction
>C? confuses a theo/eticall< best wa< of acco67lishin4 so6ethin4 with the onl<
GMAT . 'SAT C- 8"
wa< of acco67lishin4 it
>D? acce7ts a clai6 on 6e/e autho/itE? fails to conside/ that othe/ 7s<cholo4ists 6a< disa4/ee with the 7s<cholo4ists
cited
1. The fi3e senses ha3e t/aditionall< been 3iewed as distinct <et co67le6enta/<.
Each sense is thou4ht to ha3e its own /an4e of sti6uli that a/e inca7able of
sti6ulatin4 the othe/ sense. Howe3e/B /ecent /esea/ch has disco3e/ed that so6e
7eo7le taste a banana and clai6 that the< a/e tastin4 blueB o/ see a colo/ and sa<
that it has a s7ecific s6ell. This shows that such 7eo7leB called s<nesthesiacsB
ha3e sense that do not /es7ect the usual bounda/ies between the fi3e /eco4ni9ed
senses.
>A? S<nesthesiacs de6onst/ate a 4ene/alB s<ste6atic i67ai/6ent in thei/ abilit< to
use and unde/stand wo/ds.
>B? -ecent e3idence st/on4l< su44ests that the/e a/e othe/ senses besides si4htB
touchB s6ellB hea/in4B and taste.
>C? The 7a/ticula/ wa<s in which senso/< e87e/iences o3e/la7 in s<nesthesiacs
follow a definite 7atte/n.
>D? The s<nesthetic 7heno6enon has been desc/ibed in the le4ends of 3a/ious
cultu/es.
>E? S<nesthesiacs can be te67o/a/il< /id of thei/ s<nesthetic e87e/iences b< the
use of d/u4s.
1". Essa<ist1 (ne of the clai6s of laisse9Afai/e econo6ics is that inc/easin4 the
6ini6u6 wa4e /educes the total nu6be/ of 6ini6u6Awa4e ;obs a3ailable. In a
/ecent stud<B howe3e/B it was found that afte/ an inc/ease in the 6ini6u6 wa4eB
fastAfood /estau/ants 0e7t on /ou4hl< the sa6e nu6be/ of 6ini6u6Awa4e
e67lo<ees as befo/e the inc/ease. The/efo/eB laisse9Afai/e econo6ics is not
enti/el< accu/ate.
The essa<ist2s a/4u6ent de7ends on assu6in4 which one of the followin4=
>A? If 'aisse9Afai/e econo6ics 6a0es an inco//ect 7/ediction about the 6ini6u6
wa4esB then all the doct/ines of laisse9Afai/e econo6ics a/e inaccu/ate.
>B? Mini6u6Awa4e ;ob a3ailabilit< at fastAfood /estau/ants included in the stud<
was /e7/esentati3e of 6ini6u6Awa4e ;ob a3ailabilit< in 4ene/al.
>C? )o stud< has e3e/ found that a business has dec/eased the nu6be/ of its
6ini6u6Awa4e e67lo<ees afte/ an inc/ease in the 6ini6u6 wa4e.
>D? The fastAfood /estau/ants included in the stud< did not inc/ease the a3e/a4e
wa4e 7aid to e67lo<ees.
>E? The national une67lo<6ent /ate did not inc/ease followin4 the inc/ease in the
6ini6u6 wa4e.
8# 'SAT
1#. So6e 7eo7le clai6 that e3e/< hu6an disco3e/< o/ in3ention is an instance of selfA
e87/ession. But what the< see6 to i4no/e is thatB t/i3iall<B an<thin4 we do is selfA
e87/essi3e. SoB until the< can 4i3e us a 6o/e inte/estin4 inte/7/etation of thei/
clai6B we a/e not obli4ed to ta0e thei/ clai6 se/iousl<.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 7/o3ides the 6ost su77o/t fo/ the /easonin4
abo3e=
>A? All clai6s that a/e t/i3ial a/e uninte/estin4.
>B? Most 7eo7le do not ta0e t/i3ial clai6s se/iousl<.
>C? )o clai6s that a/e t/i3ial a/e wo/th< of se/ious conside/ation.
>D? E3e/< clai6 is o7en to both inte/estin4 and uninte/estin4 inte/7/etations.
>E? E3e/< inte/7/etation is eithe/ t/i3ial o/ uninte/estin4.
Questions 15-1&
Ca6e/a 6anufactu/e/s t<7icall< ad3e/tise thei/ 7/oducts b< citin4 the /esolution of
thei/ ca6e/a2 lensesB the /esolution of a lens bein4 the de4/ee of detail the lens is
ca7able of /e7/oducin4 in the i6a4e it 7/o;ects onto the fil6. Diffe/ences between
ca6e/as in this /es7ect a/e i//ele3ant fo/ 7/actical 7hoto4/a7h<B howe3e/B since all
6ode/n lenses a/e so e8cellent that the< 7/o;ect fa/ 6o/e detail onto the fil6 than an<
7hoto4/a7hic fil6 is ca7able of /e7/oducin4 in a de3elo7ed i6a4e.
1!. ,hich one of the followin4 6ost accu/atel< states the 6ain 7oint of the
a/4u6ent=
>A? Ca6e/a 6anufactu/e/s ou4ht to concent/ate on buildin4 othe/ desi/able
@ualities into thei/ ca6e/as2 lensesB /athe/ than concent/atin4 onl< on the
lenses2 /esolution.
>B? A7a/t f/o6 diffe/ences in /esolutionB the/e is no 7/actical diffe/ence a6on4
6ode/n ca6e/as in the @ualit< of the i6a4es that the< 7/oduce.
>C? Ad3e/tised diffe/ences a6on4 ca6e/as in the /esolution of thei/ lenses ha3e
no 7/actical bea/in4 on the ca6e/as2 /elati3e @ualit< as 7hoto4/a7hic tools.
>D? In concent/atin4 thei/ ad3e/tisin4 on the issue of i6a4e @ualitE? Diffe/ences a6on4 7hoto4/a7hic fil6s in the a6ount of detail the< /e7/oduce
ha3e a 6o/e si4nificant effect on the @ualit< of the de3elo7ed i6a4e than do
diffe/ences in the /esolution of ca6e/a lenses.
16. The a/4u6ent de7ends on assu6in4 which one of the followin4=
>A? The definition of the te/6 E/esolutionF does not ca7tu/e an i67o/tant
dete/6inant of the @ualit< of 7hoto4/a7hic inst/u6ents and 6ate/ials.
>B? In dete/6inin4 the a6ount of detail /e7/oduced in the de3elo7ed
7hoto4/a7hic i6a4eB diffe/ences in the /esolutions of a3ailable lenses do not
co67ound the deficiencies of a3ailable fil6.
>C? *a/iations in the 6ethod used to 7/ocess the fil6 do not ha3e an< si4nificant
GMAT . 'SAT C- 8!
effect on the fil62s /esolution.
>D? 5lawless 7hoto4/a7hic techni@ue is needed to achie3e the 6a8i6u6 i6a4e
/esolution 7ossible with the 6ate/ials and e@ui76ent bein4 used.
>E? The onl< facto/s i67o/tant in dete/6inin4 the de4/ee of detail /e7/oduced in
the final 7hoto4/a7hic 7/int a/e the /esolution of the ca6e/a2s lens and the
/esolution of the fil6.
1%. Dieta/< /esea/che/1 A /ecent stud< /e7o/ts that labo/ato/< ani6als that we/e fed
/educedAcalo/ie diets li3ed lon4e/ than labo/ato/< ani6als whose calo/ic inta0e
was not /educed. In /es7onseB so6e docto/s a/e ad3ocatin4 /educedAcalo/ie dietsB
in the belief that )o/th A6e/icans2 life s7ans can the/eb< be e8tended. Howe3e/B
this conclusion is not su77o/ted. 'abo/ato/< ani6als tend to eat 6uch 6o/e than
ani6als in thei/ natu/al habitatsB which leads to thei/ ha3in4 a sho/te/ life
e87ectanc<. -est/ictin4 thei/ diets 6e/el< b/in4s thei/ calo/ic inta0e bac0 to
natu/al o7ti6al le3els and /einstates thei/ no/6al life s7ans.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB would 6ost wea0en the dieta/< /esea/che/2s
a/4u6ent=
>A? )o/th A6e/icansB on a3e/a4eB consu6e a hi4he/ nu6be/ of calo/ies than the
o7ti6al nu6be/ of calo/ies fo/ a hu6an diet.
>B? )o/th A6e/icans with hi4hAfatB lowAcalo/ie diets 4ene/all< ha3e a sho/te/ life
e87ectanc< than )o/th A6e/icans with lowAfatB lowAcalo/ie diets.
>C? )ot all scientific /esults that ha3e i67o/tant i67lications fo/ hu6an health a/e
based on studies of labo/ato/< ani6als.
>D? So6e )o/th A6e/icans who follow /educedAcalo/ie diets a/e lon4Ali3ed.
>E? The/e is a st/on4 co//elation between diet and lon4e3it< in so6e s7ecies of
ani6als.
18. Edito/ialist1 The 7ositions ad3anced b< /adical en3i/on6entalists often contain
h<7otheses that a/e false and 7/o7osals that a/e econo6icall< infeasible. But the/e
is a 7ositi3e /ole to be 7la<ed e3en b< these e8t/e6istsB fo/ the social and 7olitical
ine/tia that attends en3i/on6ental issues is so stubbo/n that e3en s6all a/eas of
7/o4/ess can be 6ade onl< if the 7o7ulace fea/s en3i/on6ental disaste/B howe3e/
untenable the /easons fo/ those fea/s 6a< be.
edito/ialist2s a/4u6ent=
>A? The little 7/o4/ess that has been 6ade in i67/o3in4 the en3i/on6ent is
6ainl< due to the fea/ c/eated b< /adical en3i/on6entalists.
>B? -adical en3i/on6entalistsB b< 7/o6otin4 thei/ 3iewsB sti6ulate 7/o4/ess on
en3i/on6ental issues.
>C? Social and 7olitical ine/tia is 6ost effecti3el< o3e/co6e b< an e8t/e6el<
fea/ful 7o7ulaceB /e4a/dless of whethe/ its fea/s a/e wellAfounded.
>D? -adical en3i/on6entalists often 7ut fo/th untenable 7ositions in o/de/ to
86 'SAT
7/oduce the fea/ that is /e@ui/ed to b/in4 about 6ode/ate /efo/6s.
>E? -adical en3i/on6entalists ad3ocate 7ositions without /e4a/d fo/ factual
su77o/t o/ econo6ic feasibilit<.
1&. Ieo7le should a3oid ta0in4 the antacid calciu6 ca/bonate in doses la/4e/ than
half a 4/a6B fo/ des7ite its ca7acit< to neut/ali9e sto6ach acidsB calciu6
ca/bonate can inc/ease the calciu6 le3el in the blood and thus i67ai/ 0idne<
function. Mo/eo3e/B ;ust half a 4/a6 of it can sti6ulate the 7/oduction of 4ast/inB
sto6ach ho/6one that t/i44e/s acid sec/etion.
>A? Cessation of 4ast/in 7/oduction is a 6o/e effecti3e 6ethod of cont/ollin4
e8cess sto6ach acid than is di/ect neut/ali9ation of sto6ach acid.
>B? Ieo7le who a3oid ta0in4 6o/e than half a 4/a6 of calciu6 ca/bonate a/e less
li0el< than a3e/a4e to suffe/ f/o6 i67ai/ed 0idne< function.
>C? Doses of calciu6 ca/bonate s6alle/ than half a 4/a6 can /educe sto6ach acid
6o/e effecti3el< than 6uch la/4e/ doses do.
>D? Half a 4/a6 of calciu6 ca/bonate can causall< cont/ibute to both the
sec/etion and the neut/ali9ation of sto6ach acids.
>E? I67ai/ed 0idne< function 6a< inc/ease the le3el of calciu6 in the blood.
Questions !0-!1
I/ofesso/ Chan1 The lite/atu/e de7a/t6ent2s unde/4/aduate cou/ses should co3e/ onl<
t/ue lite/a/< wo/0sB and not such f/i3olous 6ate/ial as ad3e/tise6ents.
I/ofesso/ ,i46o/e1 Ad3e/tise6ents 6i4ht o/ 6i4ht not be t/ue lite/a/< wo/0s but the<
do ha3e a 7owe/full< det/i6ental effect on societ<Kla/4el< because 7eo7le cannot
disce/n thei/ /eal 6essa4es. The lite/atu/e de7a/t6ent2s cou/ses 4i3e students the
c/itical s0ills to anal<9e and unde/stand te8ts. The/efo/eB it is the lite/atu/e
de7a/t6ent2s /es7onsibilit< to include the stud< of ad3e/tise6ents in its unde/4/aduate
cou/ses.
$. ,hich one of the followin4 7/inci7les 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ts I/ofesso/
,i46o/e2s a/4u6ent=
>A? Ad3e/tise6ents ou4ht to be f/a6ed in such a wa< that thei/ /eal 6essa4es a/e
i66ediatel< clea/.
>B? An< te8t that is subtl< const/ucted and ca7able of affectin4 7eo7le2s thou4ht
and action ou4ht to be conside/ed a fo/6 of lite/atu/e.
>C? All unde/4/aduate students ou4ht to ta0e at least one cou/se that focuses on
the de3elo76ent of c/itical s0ills.
>D? The lite/atu/e de7a/t6ent2s cou/ses ou4ht to enable students to anal<9e and
unde/stand an< te8t that could ha3e a ha/6ful effect on societ<.
>E? An< 7/ofesso/ teachin4 an unde/4/aduate cou/se in the lite/atu/e de7a/t6ent
ou4ht to be f/ee to choose the 6ate/ial to be co3e/ed in that cou/se.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 8%
1. ,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion on which I/ofesso/ ,i46o/e2s
a/4u6ent de7ends=
>A? Te8ts that a/e t/ue lite/a/< wo/0s ne3e/ ha3e a det/i6ental effect on societ<.
>B? Cou/ses offe/ed b< the lite/atu/e de7a/t6ent cannot include both t/ue lite/a/<
wo/0s and 6ate/ial such as ad3e/tise6ent.
>C? Students who ta0e cou/ses in the lite/atu/e de7a/t6ent do not 4et f/o6 those
cou/ses othe/ s0ills besides those needed to anal<9e and unde/stand te8ts.
>D? 5o/6s of ad3e/tisin4 that con3e< thei/ 6essa4e enti/el< th/ou4h 3isual
i6a4es do not ha3e a det/i6ental effect on societ<.
>E? The lite/atu/e de7a/t6ent2s /es7onsibilit< is not li6ited to teachin4 students
how to anal<9e t/ue lite/a/< wo/0s.
. Sociolo4ist1 So6e 7eo7le a/4ue that ca7ital 7unish6ent fo/ theft was an essential
7a/t of the labo/ disci7line of B/itish ca7italis6. C/itics of such a 3iew a/4ue that
6o/e 7eo7le we/e e8ecuted fo/ theft in 7/eindust/ial En4land than we/e e8ecuted
in En4land afte/ indust/iali9ation. But such a c/iticis6 o3e/loo0s the fact that
indust/iali9ation and ca7italis6 a/e two 3e/< diffe/ent social 7heno6enaB and that
the latte/ 7/edated the fo/6e/ b< se3e/al centu/ies.
7assa4e b< the 7oint that ca7italis6 and indust/iali9ation a/e distinct=
>A? It is cited as so6e e3idence a4ainst the clai6 that ca7ital 7unish6ent fo/ theft
was an essential 7a/t of the labo/ disci7line of B/itish ca7italis6.
>B? It is cited as a di/ect cont/adiction of the clai6 that ca7ital 7unish6ent fo/
theft was an essential 7a/t of the labo/ disci7line of B/itish ca7italis6.
>C? It is an atte67t to conclusi3el< 7/o3e the clai6 that ca7ital 7unish6ent fo/
theft was an essential 7a/t of the labo/ disci7line of B/itish ca7italis6.
>D? It is cited as a fact su77o/tin4 the c/itics of the 3iew that ca7ital 7unish6ent
fo/ theft was an essential 7a/t of the labo/ disci7line of B/itish ca7italis6.
>E? It is an atte67t to unde/6ine the c/iticis6 cited a4ainst the clai6 that ca7ital
7unish6ent fo/ theft was an essential 7a/t of the labo/ disci7line of B/itish
ca7italis6.
". To be ho//ificB a 6onste/ 6ust be th/eatenin4. ,hethe/ o/ not it 7/esents
7s<cholo4icalB 6o/alB o/ social dan4e/sB o/ t/i44e/s endu/in4 infantile fea/sB if a
6onste/ is 7h<sicall< dan4e/ous then it is th/eatenin4. In factB e3en a 7h<sicall<
beni4n 6onste/ is ho//ific if it ins7i/es /e3ulsion.
,hich one of the followin4 lo4icall< follows f/o6 the state6ents abo3e=
>A? An< ho//o/Asto/< 6onste/ that is th/eatenin4 is also ho//ific.
>B? A 6onste/ that is 7s<cholo4icall< dan4e/ousB but that does not ins7i/e
/e3ulsionB is not ho//ific.
>C? If a 6onste/ t/i44e/s infantile fea/s but is not 7h<sicall< dan4e/ousB then it is
not ho//ific.
88 'SAT
>D? If a 6onste/ is both ho//ific and 7s<cholo4icall< th/eatenin4B then it does not
ins7i/e /e3ulsion.
>E? All 6onste/s that a/e not 7h<sicall< dan4e/ousB but that a/e 7s<cholo4icall<
dan4e/ous and ins7i/e /e3ulsionB a/e th/eatenin4.
#. 'aw<e/1 The defendant wanted to clea/ the snow off his ca/ and in doin4 so
0noc0ed snow on the sidewal0. This sa6e snow 6elted and /ef/o9eB fo/6in4 ice
on which the 7laintiff fellB b/ea0in4 he/ hi7. ,e a/4ue that the defendant
6aliciousl< ha/6ed the 7laintiffB because 6alice is intention to cause ha/6 and
the defendant intentionall< /e6o3ed the snow f/o6 his ca/ and 7ut it on the
sidewal0B whichB unbe0nownst to the defendant at the ti6eB would subse@uentl<
cause the in;u/< suffe/ed b< the 7laintiff.
The flawed /easonin4 in which one of the followin4 is 6ost si6ila/ to that in the
law<e/2s a/4u6ent=
>A? Alice as0ed he/ siste/ to lie in cou/t. Dnbe0nownst to Alice2s siste/B l<in4 in
cou/t is a4ainst the law. So what Alice as0ed he/ siste/ to do was ille4al.
>B? B/uce wanted to eat the 6ince6eat 7ie. Dnbe0nownst to B/uceB the
6ince6eat 7ie was 7oisonous. So B/uce wanted to eat 7oison.
>C? Che/<l deni4/ated the wine. Che/<l2s siste/ had 7ic0ed out the wine. So
thou4h she 6a< not ha3e /eali9ed itB Che/<l indi/ectl< deni4/ated he/ siste/.
>D? Deon had lunch with Ms. (s4ood. Dnbe0nownst to DeonB Ms. (s4ood is
4ene/all< thou4ht to be an indust/ial s7<. So Deon had lunch with an
indust/ial s7<.
>E? Edwina bou4ht a ca/ f/o6 M/. :anc<B then /esold it. Dnbe0nownst to EdwinaB
M/. :anc< had stolen the ca/. So Edwina sold a stolen ca/.
!. Althou4h woodAbu/nin4 sto3es a/e 6o/e efficient than o7en fi/e7lacesB the< a/e
also 6o/e dan4e/ous. The s6o0e that woodAbu/nin4 sto3es /elease u7 the
chi6ne< is coole/ than the s6o0e f/o6 an o7en fla6e. Thus it t/a3els 6o/e
slowl< and de7osits 6o/e c/eosoteB a fla66able substance that can clo4 a
chi6ne<Ko/ wo/seB i4nite inside it.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< wea0ens the au46ent=
>A? The 6ost efficient woodAbu/nin4 sto3es 7/oduce less c/eosote than do 6an<
o7en fi/e7laces.
>B? The a6ount of c/eosote 7/oduced de7ends not onl< on the t<7e of fla6e but
on how often the sto3e o/ fi/e7lace is used.
>C? (7en fi/e7laces 7ose 6o/e /is0 of se3e/e accidents inside the ho6e than do
woodAbu/nin4 sto3es.
>D? (7en fi/e7laces also 7/oduce a la/4e a6ount of c/eosote /esidue.
>E? Ho6eowne/s in wa/6 cli6ates /a/el< use fi/e7laces o/ woodAbu/nin4 sto3es.
SECTI() III
GMAT . 'SAT C- 8&
1. If a docto/ 4i3es a 7atient onl< a few o7tions fo/ lifest<le 6odificationB the 7atient
is 6o/e li0el< to adhe/e to the docto/2s ad3ice than if the docto/ 4i3es the 7atient
6an< o7tions.
,hich one of the followin4 6ost accu/atel< e87/esses the 7/inci7le illust/ated
abo3e=
>A? Ieo7le a/e es7eciall< li0el< to i4no/e the ad3ice the< 4et f/o6 docto/s if the<
a/e confused about that ad3ice.
>B? Ieo7le disli0e calculatin4 the best of a 3a/iet< of choices unless the< can see
a clea/ diffe/ence a6on4 the benefits that would /esult f/o6 each choice.
>C? The tendenc< 7eo7le ha3e to alte/ thei/ beha3io/ 3a/ies in3e/sel< with the
nu6be/ of alte/nati3es a3ailable to the6 fo/ beha3io/ 6odification.
>D? Most 7eo7le a/e unli0el< to follow thei/ docto/2s ad3ice unless the< can
3i3idl< i6a4ine the conse@uences of not followin4 the ad3ice.
>E? In 4ettin4 4ood /esultsB the cla/it< with which a docto/ inst/ucts a 7atient is of
e@ual i67o/tance to the accu/ac< of the docto/2s dia4nosis on which the
inst/uction is based.
. To ac@ui/e a bette/ unde/standin4 of the st/uctu/e and de3elo76ent of the hu6an
7e/sonalitA? The actions of hu6ans and ani6als a/e belie3ed to be 6oti3ated b< si6ila/
instinctsB but these instincts a/e easie/ to disce/n in ani6als.
>B? The law fo/bids ce/tain e87e/i6ents on hu6ans but 7e/6its the6 on ani6als.
>C? It is 4ene/all< less e87ensi3e to 7e/fo/6 e87e/i6ents on ani6als than it is to
7e/fo/6 the6 on hu6ans.
>D? I/o7e/ unde/standin4 of hu6an 7e/sonalit< is thou4ht to 7/o3ide a 6odel fo/
bette/ unde/standin4 the 7e/sonalit< of ani6als.
>E? 5ield obse/3ations of the beha3io/ of <oun4 ani6als often ins7i/e insi4htful
h<7otheses about hu6an 7e/sonalit< de3elo76ent.
". Si4ato0a disease d/asticall< /educes the <ield of banana t/ees and is e7ide6ic
th/ou4hout the a/eas of the wo/ld whe/e bananas a/e 4/own. The fun4us that
causes the disease can be cont/olled with fun4icidesB but the fun4icides can 7ose
a health ha9a/d to 7eo7le li3in4 nea/b<. The fun4icides a/e thus unsuitable fo/
s6all banana 4/o3es in 7o7ulated a/eas. 5o/tunatel<B 6ost la/4e banana
7lantations a/e in locations so isolated that fun4icides can be used safel< the/e.
The/efo/eB 6ost of the wo/ld2s banana c/o7 is not se/iousl< th/eatened b<
Si4ato0a disease.
8"$ 'SAT
>A? It will e3entuall< be 7ossible to b/eed st/ains of bananas that a/e /esistant to
Si4ato0a disease.
>B? 'a/4e 7lantations 7/oduce 6ost o/ all of the wo/ld2s bananas.
>C? Si4ato0a disease s7/eads 6o/e slowl< on la/4e 7lantations than in s6all
banana 4/o3es.
>D? Si4ato0a disease is the onl< disease that th/eatens bananas on a wo/ldwide
scale.
>E? Most of the banana t/ees that ha3e not been e87osed to the Si4ato0a fun4us
4/ow in s6all banana 4/o3es.
#. A 4/ou7 of 1B$$$ students was /ando6l< selected f/o6 th/ee hi4h schools in a
6ediu6Asi9ed cit< and as0ed the @uestionB EDo <ou 7lan to finish <ou/ hi4h
school education=F Mo/e than 8& 7e/cent answe/ed E:es.F This shows that the
o3e/whel6in4 6a;o/it< of students want to finish hi4h schoolB and that if the
national d/o7out /ate a6on4 hi4h school students is hi4hB it cannot be due to a
lac0 of desi/e on the 7a/t of the students.
The /easonin4 of the a/4u6ent abo3e is @uestionable because the a/4u6ent
>A? fails to ;ustif< its 7/esu67tion that 8& 7e/cent is an o3e/whel6in4 6a;o/it<
>B? atte67ts to d/aw two conflictin4 conclusions f/o6 the /esults of one su/3e<
>C? o3e/loo0s the 7ossibilit< that the/e 6a< in fact not be a hi4h d/o7out /ate
a6on4 hi4h school students
>D? cont/adicts itself b< ad6ittin4 that the/e 6a< be a hi4h d/o7out /ate a6on4
students while clai6in4 that 6ost students want to finish hi4h school
>E? t/eats hi4h school students f/o6 a 7a/ticula/ 6ediu6Asi9ed cit< as if the< a/e
/e7/esentati3e of hi4h school students nationwide
!. Colu6nist1 A de6oc/atic societ< cannot e8ist unless its citi9ens ha3e established
st/on4 bonds of 6utual t/ust. Such bonds a/e fo/6ed and st/en4thened onl< b<
7a/tici7ation in ci3ic o/4ani9ationsB 7olitical 7a/tiesB and othe/ 4/ou7s outside the
fa6il<. It is ob3ious then that wides7/ead /eliance on 6o3ies and elect/onic
6edia fo/ ente/tain6ent has an inhe/entl< co//osi3e effect on de6oc/ac<.
,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion on which the colu6nist2s a/4u6ent
de7ends=
>A? An<one who /elies on 6o3ies and elect/onic 6edia fo/ ente/tain6ent is
unable to fo/6 a st/on4 bond of 6utual t/ust with a citi9en.
>B? Ci3ic o/4ani9ations cannot usefull< ad3ance thei/ 4oals b< usin4 elect/onic
6edia.
>C? )ews7a7e/s and othe/ fo/6s of 7/int 6edia st/en4thenB /athe/ than wea0enB
de6oc/atic institutions.
>D? -el<in4 on 6o3ies and elect/onic 6edia fo/ ente/tain6ent 4ene/all< 6a0es
GMAT . 'SAT C- 8"1
7eo7le less li0el< to 7a/tici7ate in 4/ou7s outside thei/ fa6ilies.
>E? Ieo7le who /el< on 6o3ies and elect/onic 6edia fo/ ente/tain6ent a/e
4ene/all< close/ to thei/ fa6ilies than a/e those who do not.
6. Standa/d a/chaeolo4ical techni@ues 6a0e it 7ossible to dete/6ine the a4e of
an<thin4 containin4 3e4etable 6atte/B but onl< if the ob;ect is f/ee of 6ine/als
containin4 ca/bon. I/ehisto/ic a/tists 7ainted on li6estone with 7i46ents
co67osed of 3e4etable 6atte/B but it is i67ossible to collect sa67les of this
7/ehisto/ic 7aint without /e6o3in4 li6estoneB a 6ine/al containin4 ca/bonB with
the 7aint. The/efo/eB it is not 7ossible to dete/6ine the a4e of 7/ehisto/ic 7aintin4s
on li6estone usin4 standa/d a/chaeolo4ical techni@ues.
>A? The/e e8ist se3e/al diffe/ent techni@ues fo/ collectin4 sa67les of 7/ehisto/ic
7i46ents on li6estone.
>B? 'abo/ato/< 7/ocedu/es e8ist that can /e6o3e all the li6estone f/o6 a sa67le
of 7/ehisto/ic 7aint on li6estone.
>C? The a4e of the li6estone itself can be dete/6ined f/o6 sa67les that contain
no 3e4etableAbased 7aint.
>D? I/ehisto/ic a/tists did not use an<thin4 othe/ than 3e4etable 6atte/ to 6a0e
thei/ 7aints.
>E? The 7/o7o/tion of ca/bon to othe/ ele6ents in li6estone is the sa6e in all
sa67les of li6estone.
Questions '-8
D/. +ones1 The new technolo4< dubbed Etele6edicineF will 7/o3ide sustained
i67/o3e6ent in at least /u/al 7atient ca/e since it allows /u/al 7h<sicians to tele3ise
6edical e8a6inations to s7ecialists who li3e at 4/eat distancesKs7ecialists who will
thus be able to 7/o3ide ad3ice the /u/al 7atient would othe/wise not /ecei3e.
D/. Ca/abella1 )ot so. Tele6edicine 6i4ht hel7 /u/al 7atient ca/e initiall<. Howe3e/B
s6all hos7itals will soon /eali9e that the< can 6ini6i9e e87enses b< /e7lacin4
7h<sicians with technicians who can use tele6edicine to t/ans6it e8a6inations to
la/4e 6edical cente/sB /esultin4 in fewe/ 7atients bein4 able to /ecei3e t/aditionalB
di/ect 6edical e8a6inations. E3entuall<B it will be the /a/e indi3idual who e3e/ 4ets
t/ul< 7e/sonal attention. HenceB /u/al as well as u/ban 7atient ca/e will suffe/.
%. which one of the followin4 is a 7oint at issue between D/. +ones and D/.
Ca/abella=
>A? whethe/ 6edical s7ecialists in 4ene/al offe/ bette/ ad3ice than /u/al
7h<sicians
>B? whethe/ tele6edicine technolo4< will be installed onl< in /u/al hos7itals and
/u/al 6edical cente/s
>C? whethe/ tele6edicine is li0el< to be widel< ado7ted in /u/al a/eas in futu/e
8" 'SAT
<ea/s
>D? whethe/ the 7atients who 6ost need the ad3ice of 6edical s7ecialists a/e
li0el< to /ecei3e it th/ou4h tele6edicine
>E? whethe/ the technolo4< of tele6edicine will benefit /u/al 7atients in the lon4
/un
8. D/. Ca/abella uses which one of the followin4 st/ate4ies in /es7ondin4 to D/.
+ones=
>A? listin4 a set of conside/ations to show that a 7/esc/ibed t/eat6ent that see6s
to be benefitin4 a 7atient in fact ha/6s that 7atient
>B? desc/ibin4 the a77lication of the technolo4< discussed b< D/. +ones as one
ste7 that initiates a 7/ocess that leads to an undesi/able end
>C? citin4 e3idence that D/. +ones lac0s the 7/ofessional t/ainin4 to ;ud4e the case
at issue
>D? in3o0in4 6edical statistics that cast doubt on the 7/e6ises used in D/. +ones2s
a/4u6ent
>E? 7/o3idin4 4/ounds fo/ dis6issin4 D/. +ones2s inte/7/etation of a 0e< te/6 in
6edical technolo4<
&. 'ines can be 7a/allel in a Euclidean s<ste6 of 4eo6et/<. But the nonAEuclidean
s<ste6 of 4eo6et/< that has the 6ost e67i/ical 3e/ification is /e4a/ded b< se3e/al
7/o6inent 7h<sicists as co//ectl< desc/ibin4 the uni3e/se we inhabit. If these
7h<sicists a/e /i4htB in ou/ uni3e/se the/e a/e no 7a/allel lines.
,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion that is /e@ui/ed b< the a/4u6ent=
>A? The/e a/e no 7a/allel lines in the nonAEuclidean s<ste6 of 4eo6et/< that has
the 6ost e67i/ical 3e/ification.
>B? Most 7h<sicists ha3e not doubted the 3iew that the uni3e/se is co//ectl<
desc/ibed b< the nonAEuclidean s<ste6 of 4eo6et/< that has the 6ost
e67i/ical 3e/ification.
>C? The/e a/e no 7a/allel lines in e3e/< nonAEuclidean s<ste6 of 4eo6et/< that
has an< e67i/ical 3e/ification.
>D? The uni3e/se is co//ectl< desc/ibed b< the nonAEuclidean s<ste6 of 4eo6et/<
that has the 6ost e67i/ical 3e/ification if 7/o6inent 7h<sicists 6aintain that
it is.
>E? (nl< 7h<sicists who a/e not 7/o6inent doubt the 3iew that the uni3e/se is
co//ectl< desc/ibed the nonAEuclidean s<ste6 of 4eo6et/< that has the 6ost
e67i/ical 3e/ification.
1$. Ihiloso7he/1 Ieo7le a/e not intellectuall< well suited to li3e in la/4eB bu/eauc/atic
societies. The/efo/eB 7eo7le can find ha77inessB if at allB onl< in s6alle/ 7olitical
units such as 3illa4es.
The /easonin4 in the 7hiloso7he/2s a/4u6ent is flawed because the a/4u6ent
GMAT . 'SAT C- 8""
ta0es fo/ 4/anted that
>A? no one can e3e/ be ha77< li3in4 in a societ< in which she o/ he is not
intellectuall< well suited to li3e
>B? the 7/i6a/< 7u/7ose of s6all 7olitical units such as 3illa4es is to 6a0e 7eo7le
ha77<
>C? all societies that a/e 7la4ued b< e8cessi3e bu/eauc/ac< a/e la/4e
>D? an<one who li3es in a 3illa4e o/ othe/ s6all 7olitical unit that is not
e8cessi3el< bu/eauc/atic can find ha77iness
>E? e3e/<one is willin4 to li3e in 3illa4es o/ othe/ s6all 7olitical units
11. The 7/esent 4oal of the field of 6edicine see6s to be to e8tend life indefinitel<.
Inc/easin4l<B the abilit< to t/ans7lant such o/4ans as hea/tsB lun4sB li3e/sB and
0idne<s will allow us to li3e lon4e/. But we can ne3e/ achie3e b/ain t/ans7lants.
The/e a/eB fo/ a sta/tB ten 6illion ne/3es /unnin4 f/o6 the b/ain down the nec0B
not to 6ention the 6illions ;oinin4 the b/ain to the sensin4 o/4ans. Clea/l<B thenB
as the t/ans7lantation of o/4ans allows 6o/e and 6o/e 7eo7le to li3e lon4e/B those
with de4ene/ati3e b/ain diso/de/s will fo/6 an e3e/Ainc/easin4 7/o7o/tion of the
7o7ulation.
The a/4u6ent abo3e is based on which one of the followin4 assu67tions=
>A? De4ene/ati3e b/ain diso/de/s will inc/easin4l< st/i0e <oun4e/ and <oun4e/
7atients.
>B? It is still @uite /a/e fo/ 7eo7le to li3e lon4 enou4h to need 6o/e than one
t/ans7lant of an< 4i3e o/4an.
>C? The/e a/e de4ene/ati3e b/ain diso/de/s that will not be cu/able without b/ain
t/ans7lants.
>D? De4ene/ati3e b/ain diso/de/s account fo/ a 3e/< s6all 7/o7o/tion of deaths in
the 7o7ulation at la/4e.
>E? Mo/e is bein4 s7ent on /esea/ch into de4ene/ati3e b/ain diso/de/s than on
/esea/ch into t/ans7lantation.
1. Iolitician1 M< o77onents a/4ue that the futu/e of ou/ cit< de7ends on co67/o6ise
Kthat unless the cit<2s leade/s 7ut aside thei/ diffe/ences and wo/0 to4ethe/
towa/d co66on 4oalsB the cit< will suffe/. Howe3e/B the founde/s of this cit<
based the cit<2s cha/te/ on definite 7/inci7lesB and an<one who co67/o6ises
those 7/inci7les bet/a<s the cit< founde/s2 4oals. ,hat an< o77onents a/e
ad3ocatin4B the/efo/eB is nothin4 less than bet/a<in4 the 4oals of the cit<2s
founde/s.
C/itic1 I26 af/aid <ou/ a/4u6ent is flawed. Dnless <ou2/e assu6in4 that the
diffe/ences a6on4 the cit<2s leade/s a/e diffe/ences of 7/inci7leB <ou/ a/4u6ent
de7ends on a 6isleadin4 use of the te/6CCCCCC.
,hich one of the followin4 7/o3ides the 6ost lo4ical co67letion of the c/itic2s
state6ent=
8"# 'SAT
>A? bet/a<
>B? co66on
>C? co67/o6ise
>D? 7/inci7les
>E? o77onents
1". Thou4h 6an< insects die soon afte/ /e7/oducin4 fo/ the fi/st ti6eB so6e 6a< li3e
fo/ <ea/s afte/ the su/3i3al of the ne8t 4ene/ation has been secu/ed. A6on4 the
latte/ a/e so6e insects that wo/0 fo/ the benefit of the ecos<ste6Kfo/ e8a67leB
bees.
,hich one of the followin4 can be 7/o7e/l< infe//ed f/o6 the info/6ation abo3e=
>A? Su/3i3al of the s7eciesB /athe/ than of the indi3idualB is the 4oal of 6ost insect
7o7ulations.
>B? Insects that do not 7la< a 3ital /ole in the ecos<ste6 a/e 6o/e li0el< to dies
afte/ /e7/oducin4 fo/ the fi/st ti6e.
>C? Most bees li3e well be<ond the onset of the 4ene/ation that follows the6.
>D? Those bees that /e7/oduce do not alwa<s die soon afte/ /e7/oducin4 fo/ the
fi/st ti6e.
>E? Most insects a/e hatched selfAsufficient and do not need to be ca/ed fo/ b<
adult insects.
1#. Ieo7le2s 7olitical beha3io/ f/e@uentl< does not 6atch thei/ /heto/ic. Althou4h
6an< co67lain about 4o3e/n6ent inte/3ention in thei/ li3esB the< tend not to
/eelect inacti3e 7oliticians. But a 7olitician2s acti3it< consists la/4el< in the
7assa4e of laws whose enfo/ce6ent affects 3ote/s2 li3es. ThusB 3ote/s often
/eelect 7oliticians whose beha3io/ the< /esent.
a/4u6ent b< the clai6 that 7eo7le tend not to /eelect inacti3e 7oliticians=
>A? It desc/ibes a 7heno6enon fo/ which the a/4u6ent2s conclusion is offe/ed as
an e87lanation.
>B? It is a 7/e6ise offe/ed in su77o/t of the conclusion that 3ote/s often /eelect
7oliticians whose beha3io/ the< /esent.
>C? It is offe/ed as an e8a67le of how a 7olitician2s acti3it< consists la/4el< in the
7assa4e of laws whose enfo/ce6ent inte/fe/es with 3ote/s2 li3es.
>D? It is a 4ene/ali9ation based on the clai6 that 7eo7le co67lain about
4o3e/n6ent inte/3ention in thei/ li3es.
>E? It is cited as e3idence that 7eo7le2s beha3io/ ne3e/ 6atches thei/ 7olitical
beliefs.
1!. 'ea1 Conte67o/a/< a/t has beco6e bi4 business. )owada<s a/t has less to do
with selfAe87/ession than with 6a0in4 6one<. The wo/0 of conte67o/a/< a/tists
is utte/l< be/eft of s7ontaneit< and c/eati3it<B as a 3isit to an< a/t 4alle/<
GMAT . 'SAT C- 8"!
de6onst/ates.
Susan1 I disa4/ee. (ne can still find s7ontaneousB inno3ati3e new a/two/0 in 6ost
of the s6alle/B inde7endent 4alle/ies.
'ea2s and Susan2s /e6a/0s 7/o3ide the 6ost su77o/t fo/ holdin4 that the< disa4/ee
about whethe/
>A? la/4e 4alle/ies contain c/eati3e a/two/0
>B? 6ost 4alle/ies contain so6e a/two/0 that lac0s s7ontaneit< and c/eati3it<
>C? conte67o/a/< a/t has beco6e bi4 business
>D? so6e s6alle/ a/t 4alle/ies still e8hibit c/eati3e new a/two/0
>E? conte67o/a/< a/tB in 4ene/alB is 6uch less conce/ned with selfAe87/ession
than olde/ a/t is
16. Ethicist1 In a /ecent ;udicial decisionB a cont/acto/ was o/de/ed to 6a0e /estitution
to a co67an< because of a bun4led const/uction ;obB e3en thou4h the co67an<
had si4ned a w/itten a4/ee6ent 7/io/ to ente/in4 into the cont/act that the
cont/acto/ would not be financiall< liable should the tas0 not be ade@uatel<
7e/fo/6ed. ThusB it was 6o/all< w/on4 fo/ the co67an< to chan4e its 6ind and
see0 /estitution.
,hich one of the followin4 7/inci7lesB if 3alidB 6ost hel7s to ;ustif< the ethicist2s
/easonin4=
>A? It is 6o/all< w/on4 fo/ one 7a/t< not to abide b< its 7a/t of an a4/ee6ent onl<
if the othe/ 7a/t< abides b< its 7a/t of the a4/ee6ent.
>B? It is 6o/all< w/on4 to see0 a 7enalt< fo/ an action fo/ which the a4ent is
unable to 6a0e /estitution.
>C? It is 6o/all< w/on4 fo/ one 7e/son to see0 to 7enali9e anothe/ 7e/son fo/ an
action that the fi/st 7e/son induced the othe/ 7e/son to 7e/fo/6.
>D? It is 6o/all< w/on4 to i4no/e the te/6s of an a4/ee6ent that was f/eel<
unde/ta0en onl< if the/e is clea/ e3idence that the a4/ee6ent was le4all<
7e/6issible.
>E? It is 6o/all< w/on4 to see0 co67ensation fo/ an action 7e/fo/6ed in the
conte8t of a 7/o6ise to fo/4o such co67ensation.
1%. Qoolo4ist1 Ani6als can ce/tainl< si4nal each othe/ with sounds and 4estu/es.
Howe3e/B this does not confi/6 the thesis that ani6als 7ossess lan4ua4eB fo/ it
does not 7/o3e that ani6als 7ossess the abilit< to use sounds o/ 4estu/es to /efe/
to conc/ete ob;ects o/ abst/act ideas.
,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion on which the 9oolo4ist2s a/4u6ent
de7ends=
>A? Ani6als do not ha3e the co4niti3e ca7abilities to ente/tain abst/act ideas.
>B? If an ani6al2s s<ste6 of sounds o/ 4estu/es is not a lan4ua4eB then that ani6al
is unable to ente/tain abst/act ideas.
8"6 'SAT
>C? ,hen si4nalin4 each othe/ with sounds of 4estu/esB ani6als /efe/ neithe/ to
conc/ete ob;ects no/ abst/act ideas.
>D? If a s<ste6 of sounds o/ 4estu/es contains no e87/essions /efe//in4 to
conc/ete ob;ects o/ abst/act ideasB then that s<ste6 is not a lan4ua4e.
>E? So6e ani6als that 7ossess a lan4ua4e can /efe/ to both conc/ete ob;ects and
abst/act ideas.
18. A 7e/son is 6o/e li0el< to beco6e disabled as that 7e/son a4es. A6on4 adults in
the count/< of East ,endellB howe3e/B the 7/o7o/tion /ecei3in4 disabilit< benefit
7a<6ents sh/in0s f/o6 # 7e/cent a6on4 !! to 6# <ea/ olds to 7e/cent fo/ those
a4ed 6! to %# and 1 7e/cent fo/ those a4ed %! and olde/. The e87lanation of this
disc/e7anc< is that the 7/o7o/tion of ;obs offe/in4 such a disabilit< benefit has
4/eatl< inc/eased in /ecent <ea/s.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ue about East ,endellB shows that the
e87lanation abo3e is at best inco67lete=
>A? The t/eat6ent of newl< incu//ed disabilities is 6o/e successful now than in
the 7ast in /esto/in4 7a/tial function in the affected a/ea within si8 6onths.
>B? So6e 7eo7le /ecei3e disabilit< benefit 7a<6ents unde/ e67lo<e/2s insu/ance
7lansB and so6e /ecei3e the6 f/o6 the 4o3e/n6ent.
>C? Medical ad3ances ha3e 7/olon4ed the a3e/a4e lifes7an be<ond what it was $
<ea/s a4o.
>D? 5o/ 7e/son /ecei3in4 disabilit< benefit 7a<6entsB those 7a<6ents on a3e/a4e
/e7/esent a s6alle/ sha/e of thei/ 7/edisabilit< inco6e now than was the case
$ <ea/s a4o.
>E? Dnde/ 6ost e67lo<e/s2 7lansB disabilit< benefit 7a<6ents sto7 when an
e67lo<ee with a disabilit< /eaches the usual /eti/e6ent a4e of 6!.
1&. 'i4ht is /e4iste/ed in the /etina when 7hotons hit 6olecules of the 7i46ent
/hodo7sin and chan4e the 6olecules2 sha7e. E3en when the< ha3e not been st/uc0
b< 7hotons of li4htB /hodo7sin 6olecules so6eti6es chan4e sha7e because of
no/6al 6olecula/ 6otionB the/eb< int/oducin4 e//o/ into the 3isual s<ste6. The
a6ount of this 6olecula/ 6otion is di/ectl< 7/o7o/tional to the te67e/atu/e of the
/etina.
,hich one of the followin4 conclusion is 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ted b< the
info/6ation abo3e=
>A? The te67e/atu/e of an ani6al2s /etina de7ends on the a6ount of li4ht the
/etina is abso/bin4.
>B? The 3isual s<ste6s of ani6als whose bo< te67e/atu/e 6atches that of thei/
su//oundin4s a/e 6o/e e//o/A7/one in hot su//oundin4s than in cold ones.
>C? As the te67e/atu/e of the /etina /isesB /hodo7sin 6olecules /eact 6o/e slowl<
to bein4 st/uc0 b< 7hotons.
>D? -hodo7sin 6olecules a/e 6o/e sensiti3e to 7hotons in ani6als whose /etinas
GMAT . 'SAT C- 8"%
ha3e la/4e su/face a/eas than in ani6als whose /etinas ha3e s6all su/face
a/eas.
>E? Molecules of /hodo7sin a/e the onl< 7i46ent 6olecules that occu/ natu/all< in
the /etina.
$. C/itic1 Iolitical utilit< dete/6ines the 7o7ula/it< of a 6eta7ho/. In autho/ita/ian
societiesB the 6eta7ho/ of societ< as a hu6an bod< 4o3e/ned b< a head is
7e/3asi3e. The/efo/eB the societ<AasAbod< 6eta7ho/B with its connection between
societ<2s 7/o7e/ functionin4 and 4o3e/nance b< a headB 7/o6otes 4/eate/
acce7tance of autho/ita/ian /e7/ession than do othe/ 6eta7ho/sB such as li0enin4
societ< to a fa6il<.
,hich one of the followin4 state6entsB if t/ueB 6ost wea0ens the c/itic2s
a/4u6ent=
>A? In autho/ita/ian societiesB the 6eta7ho/ of societ< as a fa6il< is ;ust as
7e/3asi3e as the societ<AasAbod< 6eta7ho/.
>B? E3e/< societ< t/ies to ;ustif< the le4iti6ac< of its 4o3e/n6ent th/ou4h the use
of 6eta7ho/.
>C? The 6eta7ho/ of societ< as a hu6an bod< is so6eti6es used in
nonautho/ita/ian societies.
>D? Autho/ita/ian leade/s a/e alwa<s sea/chin4 fo/ new 6eta7ho/s fo/ societ< in
thei/ effo/t to 6aintain thei/ 7owe/.
>E? The 6eta7ho/ of societ< as a hu6an bod< 4o3e/ned b< head is /a/el< used in
libe/al de6oc/acies.
1. Thi/t< <ea/s a4oB the 7e/centa4e of thei/ inco6e that sin4le 7e/sons s7ent on food
was twice what it is toda<. Gi3en that inco6es ha3e /isen o3e/ the 7ast thi/t<
<ea/sB we can conclude that inco6es ha3e /isen at a 4/eate/ /ate than the 7/ice of
food in that 7e/iod.
,hich one of the followin4B if assu6edB hel7s 6ost to ;ustif< the conclusion
d/awn abo3e=
>A? The a6ount of food eaten 7e/ ca7ita toda< is identical to the a6ount of food
eaten 7e/ ca7ita thi/t< <ea/s a4o.
>B? In 4ene/alB sin4le 7e/sons toda< eat healthie/ foods and eat less than thei/
counte/7a/ts of thi/t< <ea/s a4o.
>C? Sin4le 7e/sons todaD? The 7/ices of nonfood ite6s sin4le 7e/son 7u/chase ha3e /isen faste/ than the
7/ice of food o3e/ the 7ast thi/t< <ea/s.
>E? Dnli0e sin4le 7e/sonsB fa6ilies toda< s7end about the sa6e 7e/centa4e of
thei/ inco6e on food as the< did thi/t< <ea/s a4o.
. *i/uses can ha3e beneficial effects. 5o/ e8a67leB so6e 0ill 6o/e co67le8
8"8 'SAT
6ic/oo/4anis6sB so6e of which a/e deadl< to hu6ans. But 3i/uses ha3e such
si67le st/uctu/es that /e7lacin4 ;ust a few of a beneficial 3i/us2s se3e/al 6illion
ato6s can 6a0e it deadl< to hu6ans. Clea/l<B since alte/ations of 4/eate/
co67le8it< than this a/e co66onl< 7/oduce b< /ando6 6utationsB an< 3i/us
could easil< beco6e dan4e/ous to hu6ans.
If the state6ents abo3e a/e t/ueB then each of the followin4 state6ents could also
be t/ue EHCEIT1
>A? -ando6 6utation 6a0es so6e deadl< 3i/uses beneficial to hu6ans.
>B? So6e o/4anis6s of 4/eate/ co67le8it< than 3i/uses a/e no 6o/e li0el< than
3i/uses to unde/4o si4nificant alte/ations th/ou4h /ando6 6utation.
>C? So6e 6ic/oo/4anis6s that a/e 6o/e co67le8 than 3i/uses a/e beneficial to
hu6ans.
>D? So6e 3i/uses that fail to 0ill othe/ 3i/uses that a/e deadl< to hu6ans a/e
ne3e/theless beneficial to hu6ans.
>E? )o 3i/us that is deadl< to o/4anis6s of 4/eate/ co67le8it< than itself is
beneficial to hu6ans.
". Societies in which 3alue is 6easu/ed 7/i6a/il< in financial te/6s in3a/iabl<
f/a46ent into isolated social units. But since 6one< is not the 6ain 6easu/e of
3alue in nonindust/ial societiesB the< 6ust tend in cont/ast to be sociall< unified.
The flawed /easonin4 in which one of the followin4 is 6ost si6ila/ to that in the
a/4u6ent abo3e=
>A? Ani6als of diffe/ent 4ene/a cannot inte/b/eed. But that does not 7/o3e that
;ac0als and wol3es cannot inte/b/eedB fo/ the< belon4 to the sa6e 4enus.
>B? Ecos<ste6s close to the e@uato/ usuall< ha3e 6o/e s7ecies than those close/
to the 7oles. ThusB the Saha/a Dese/t 6ust contain 6o/e s7ecies than Sibe/ia
doesB since the latte/ is fa/the/ f/o6 the e@uato/.
>C? Insects 7ass th/ou4h se3e/al sta4es of 6atu/ation1 e44B la/3aB 7u7aB and adult.
Since insect a/e a/th/o7odsB all a/th/o7ods 7/obabl< unde/4o si6ila/
6atu/ation 7/ocesses.
>D? Ioets f/e@uentl< con3e< thei/ thou4hts 3ia nonlite/al uses of lan4ua4e such as
6eta7ho/s and analo4ies. But ;ou/nalists a/e not 7oetsB so su/el< ;ou/nalists
alwa<s use lan4ua4e lite/all<.
>E? Technolo4icall< so7histicated 6achines often cause us 6o/e t/ouble than
si67le/ de3ices se/3in4 the sa6e function. Since co67ute/s a/e 6o/e
technolo4icall< so7histicated than 7encilsB the< 6ust tend to be 6o/e
t/oubleso6e.
#. -in4tail o7ossu6s a/e an Aust/alian wildlife s7ecies that is 7otentiall<
endan4e/ed. A nu6be/ of /in4tail o7ossu6s that had been o/7haned and
subse@uentl< /aised in ca7ti3it< we/e 6onito/ed afte/ bein4 /etu/ned to the wild.
Se3ent<Afi3e 7e/cent of these o7ossu6s we/e 0illed b< fo8esB a s7ecies not nati3e
GMAT . 'SAT C- 8"&
to Aust/alia. Conse/3ationists concluded that the nati3e /in4tail o7ossu6
7o7ulation was endan4e/ed not b< a sca/cit< of foodB as had been 7/e3iousl<
thou4htB but b< nonAnati3e 7/edato/ s7ecies a4ainst which the o7ossu6 had not
de3elo7ed natu/al defenses.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ts the conse/3ationists2
a/4u6ent=
>A? The/e a/e fewe/ nonAnati3e 7/edato/ s7ecies that 7/e< on the /in4tail o7ossu6
than the/e a/e nati3e s7ecies that 7/e< on the /in4tail o7ossu6.
>B? 5o8esB which we/e int/oduced into Aust/alia o3e/ $$ <ea/s a4oB ada7ted to
the Aust/alian cli6ate less successfull< than did so6e othe/ fo/ei4n s7ecies.
>C? The /in4tail o7ossu6s that we/e /aised in ca7ti3it< we/e fed a diet si6ila/ to
that which /in4tail o7ossu6s t<7icall< eat in the wild.
>D? 5ew of the s7ecies that co67ete with the /in4tail o7ossu6 fo/ food sou/ces
a/e nati3e to Aust/alia.
>E? -in4tail o7ossu6s that 4/ow to adulthood in the wild defend the6sel3es
a4ainst fo8es no 6o/e successfull< than do /in4tail o7ossu6s /aised in
ca7ti3it<.
!. +o/dan1 If a business in3ests the 6one< necessa/< to i67le6ent ecolo4icall<
sound 7/acticesB its 6a/0et sha/e will dec/ease. But if it doesn2t i67le6ent these
7/acticesB it 7ollutes that en3i/on6ent and wastes /esou/ces.
Te//<1 But if consu6e/s de6and en3i/on6ental /es7onsibilit< of all businessesB
no 7a/ticula/ business will be es7eciall< hu/t.
In which one of the followin4 e8chan4es is the lo4ical /elationshi7 between
+o/dan2s and Te//<2s state6ents 6ost si6ila/ to the lo4ical /elationshi7 between
thei/ state6ents abo3e=
>A? +o/dan1 Eithe/ it will /ain and ou/ 7lans fo/ a 7icnic will be thwa/ted o/ it
won2t /ain and the 4a/den will 4o <et anothe/ da< without 6uchAneeded
wate/in4.
Te//<1 But if it doesn2t /ainB we can bu< a hose and wate/ the 4a/den with the
hose.
>B? +o/dan1 Each 7e/son can ha3e eithe/ an en;o<able life o/ a lon4 lifeB fo/ one
6ust eat 3e4etables and e8e/cise continuousl< to sta< health<.
Te//<1 That2s not t/ue1 the/e a/e 6an< ha77< healthAconscious 7eo7le.
>C? +o/dan1 If ta8es a/e /aisedB 6an< social 7/oble6s could be sol3edB but if
the<2/e lowe/edB the econo6< will 4/ow a4ain. So we can2t ha3e both social
/efo/6 and a 4/owin4 econo6<.
Te//<1 But if ta8es /e6ain at thei/ cu//ent le3elB neithe/ social 7/oble6s no/
the econo6< will 4et wo/se.
>D? +o/dan1 If we /e6odel the 0itchenB the house will be 6o/e 3aluableB but e3en
if we doB the/e2s no 4ua/antee that we2ll actuall< 4et 6o/e fo/ the house
8#$ 'SAT
when we sell it.
Te//<1 But if we don2t /e6odel the 0itchenB we 6i4ht 4et e3en less fo/ the
house than we 7aid fo/ it.
>E? +o/dan1 If the da62s s7illwa< is o7enedB the /i3e/ 6i4ht flood the easte/n 7a/t
of townB but if the s7illwa< is not o7enedB the da6 6i4ht bu/st.
Te//<1 The/e2s no /eal dan4e/ of the da62s bu/stin4B but if we 4et 6o/e hea3<
/ainB o7enin4 the s7illwa< is the 6ost 7/udent 7olic<.
6. The 6edia now de3ote 6o/e co3e/a4e to c/i6e than the< did ten <ea/s a4o. :et
this is not because the c/i6e /ate has inc/easedB but /athe/ because the 7ublic is
now 6o/e inte/ested in /eadin4 and hea/in4 about c/i6e. Afte/ allB a c/ucial facto/
in the 6edia2s decisions about what issues to co3e/ and to what e8tent to co3e/
the6 is the inte/ests of thei/ audiences.
The 7/o7osition that the 7ublic is now 6o/e inte/ested in /eadin4 and hea/in4
about c/i6e 7la<s which one of the followin4 /oles in the a/4u6ent=
>A? It su77o/ts the conclusion that the 6edia now de3ote 6o/e co3e/a4e to c/i6e
than the c/i6e /ate alone ;ustifies.
>B? It is 7/esented as e3idence that the 6edia decide what to co3e/ and to what
e8tent to co3e/ it de7endin4 on the inte/est of the 7ublic.
>C? It is a counte/e8a67le to the clai6 that the 6edia de3ote 6o/e co3e/a4e to
c/i6e now than the< did ten <ea/s a4o.
>D? It is a 4ene/ali9ation based on the clai6 that the c/i6e /ate has inc/eased o3e/
the 7ast ten <ea/s.
>E? It is offe/ed as an alte/nati3e e87lanation of wh< the 6edia de3ote 6o/e
co3e/a4e to c/i6e now than the< did ten <ea/s a4o.
TEST (ct $$1
SECTI() I
1. So6e c/itics a/4ue that an o7e/a2s sta4e di/ections a/e ne3e/ /eflected in its 6usic.
Man< co6ic scenes in Mo9a/t2s o7e/asB howe3e/B o7en with 3iolin 7h/ases that
sound li0e the s@uea0in4 of chan4in4 scene/<. Clea/l< Mo9a/t intended the 6usic
to echo the sounds occu//in4 while sta4e di/ections a/e ca//ied out. HenceB a
chan4e of scene/<Kthe 6ost basic and f/e@uent sta4e di/ectionKcan be /eflected
in the 6usicB which 6eans that othe/ o7e/atic sta4e di/ections can be as well.
In the a/4u6entB the state6ent that 6an< co6ic scenes in Mo9a/t2s o7e/as o7en
with 3iolin 7h/ases that sound li0e the s@uea0in4 of chan4in4 scene/< is offe/ed
in su77o/t of the clai6 that
>A? a chan4e of scene/< is the sta4e di/ection 6ost f/e@uentl< /eflected in an
GMAT . 'SAT C- 8#1
o7e/a2s 6usic
>B? an o7e/a2s sta4e di/ections a/e ne3e/ /eflected in its 6usic
>C? an o7e/a2s 6usic can ha3e an effect on the o7e/a2s sta4e di/ections
>D? a 3a/iet< of sta4e di/ections can be /eflected in an o7e/a2s 6usic
>E? the 6ost f/e@uent /elation between an o7e/a2s 6usic and its sta4e di/ections is
one of 6usical i6itation of the sounds that occu/ when a di/ection is ca//ied
out
. 'ectu/e1 Gi3en ou/ cu//ent state of 0nowled4e and technolo4<B we can sa< that
the 4ene/ali9ation that the ent/o7< of a closed s<ste6 cannot dec/ease fo/ an<
s7ontaneous 7/ocess has not been falsified b< an< of ou/ tests of that
4ene/ali9ation. So we conclude it to be t/ue uni3e/sall<. :etB it 6ust be ad6itted
that this 4ene/ali9ation has not been conclusi3el< 3e/ifiedB in the sense that it has
not been tested in e3e/< co/ne/ of the uni3e/seB unde/ e3e/< feasible condition.
)e3e/thelessB this 4ene/ali9ation is co//ectl< /e4a/ded as a scientific lawG indeedB
it is /efe//ed to as the Second 'aw of The/6od<na6ics.
,hich one of the followin4 7/inci7lesB if 3alidB 6ost ;ustifies the lectu/e/2s
classification of the 4ene/ali9ation desc/ibed abo3e=
>A? ,hate3e/ is a scientific law has not been falsified.
>B? If a 4ene/ali9ation is confi/6ed onl< unde/ a few ci/cu6stancesB it should not
be conside/ed a scientific law.
>C? ,hate3e/ is t/ue uni3e/sall< will e3entuall< be confi/6ed to the e8tent
cu//ent science allows.
>D? If a 4ene/ali9ation is confi/6ed to the e8tent cu//ent science allowsB then it is
conside/ed a scientific law.
>E? ,hate3e/ is /e4a/ded as a scientific law will e3entuall< be conclusi3el<
3e/ified.
". Mo/e wo6en than 6en suffe/ f/o6 Al9hei6e/2s diseaseKa disease that is 6ost
co66onl< cont/acted b< elde/l< 7e/sons. This disc/e7anc< has often been
att/ibuted to wo6en2s lon4e/ life s7anB but his theo/< 6a< be w/on4. A /ecent
stud< has shown that 7/esc/ibin4 est/o4en to wo6en afte/ 6eno7auseB when
est/o4en 7/oduction in the bod< dec/easesB 6a< 7/e3ent the6 f/o6 de3elo7in4
the disease. Men2s su77l< of testoste/one 6a< hel7 safe4ua/d the6 a4ainst
Al9hei6e/2s disease because 6uch of it is con3e/ted b< the bod< to est/o4enB and
testoste/one le3els sta< /elati3el< stable into old a4e.
,hich of the followin4 6ost accu/atel< e87/esses the 6ain conclusion of the
a/4u6ent=
>A? A dec/ease in est/o4enB /athe/ than lon4e/ life s7anB 6a< e87lain the hi4he/
occu//ence of Al9hei6e/2s disease in wo6en /elati3e to 6en.
>B? As one 4ets olde/B one2s chances of de3elo7in4 Al9hi6e/2s disease inc/ease.
>C? ,o6en who 4o th/ou4h 6eno7ause ea/lie/ in life than do 6ost othe/ wo6en
8# 'SAT
ha3e an inc/eased /is0 of cont/actin4 Al9hei6e/2s disease.
>D? The con3e/sion of testoste/one into est/o4en 6a< hel7 safe4ua/d 6en f/o6
Al9hei6e/2s disease.
>E? Testoste/one is necessa/< fo/ 7/e3entin4 Al9hei6e/2s disease in olde/ 6en.
#. Ia/ent I1 Child/en will need co67ute/ s0ills to deal with to6o//ow2s wo/ld.
Co67ute/s should be int/oduced in 0inde/4a/tenB and co67ute/ lan4ua4es should
be /e@ui/ed in hi4h school.
Ia/ent (1 That would be 7ointless. Technolo4< ad3ances so /a7idl< that the
co67ute/s used b< toda<2s hi4h schools would beco6e obsolete b< the ti6e these
child/en a/e adults.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB is the st/on4est lo4ical counte/ 7a/ent I can
6a0e to 7a/ent N2s ob;ection=
>A? ,hen technolo4< is ad3ancin4 /a7idlB? Th/ou4hout histo/< 7eo7le ha3e ada7ted to chan4eB and the/e is no /eason to
belie3e that toda<2s child/en a/e not e@uall< ca7able of ada7tin4 to
technolo4< as it ad3ances.
>C? In the 7/ocess of lea/nin4 to lan4ua4eB child/en inc/ease thei/ abilit< to
inte/act with co67ute/ technolo4<.
>D? Auto6oti3e technolo4< is continuall< ad3ancin4 tooB but that does not /esult
in one2s ha3in4 to /elea/n to d/i3e ca/s as the new ad3ances a/e inco/7o/ated
into new auto6obiles.
>E? (nce 7eo7le ha3e 4/aduated f/o6 hi4h schoolB the< ha3e less ti6e to lea/n
about co67ute/s and technolo4< than the< had du/in4 thei/ schoolin4 <ea/s.
Questions 5-&
I/o7onent1 I//adiation of food b< 4a66a /a<s would 0ee7 it f/o6 s7oilin4 befo/e it
/eaches the consu6e/ in food sto/es. The 7/ocess lea3es no /adiation behindB and
3ita6in losses a/e co67a/able to those that occu/ in coo0in4B so the/e is no /eason to
/e;ect i//adiation on the 4/ounds of nut/ition o/ safet<. IndeedB it 0ills ha/6ful
/al,onella bacte/iaB which in conta6inated 7oult/< ha3e caused se/ious illness to
consu6e/s.
(77onent1 The i//adiation 7/ocess has no effect on the bacte/ia that cause botulis6B a
3e/< se/ious fo/6 of food 7oisonin4B while those that cause bad odo/s that would wa/n
consu6e/s of botulis6 a/e 0illed. Mo/eo3e/B /al,onella and the bacte/ia that cause
botulis6 can easil< be 0illed in 7oult/< b< usin4 a safe che6ical di7.
!. The o77onent2s a/4u6ent 7/oceeds b<
>A? isolatin4 an a6bi4uit< in a c/ucial te/6 in the 7/o7onent2s a/4u6ent
>B? showin4 that clai6s 6ade in the 7/o7onent2s a/4u6ent /esult in a selfA
GMAT . 'SAT C- 8#"
cont/adiction
>C? establishin4 that undesi/able conse@uences /esult f/o6 the ado7tion of eithe/
one of two 7/o7osed /e6edies
>D? shiftin4 7e/s7ecti3e f/o6 safet< with /es7ect to consu6e/s to safet< with
/es7ect to 7/oduce/s
>E? 7ointin4 out an alte/nati3e wa< of obtainin4 an ad3anta4e clai6ed b< the
7/o7onent without /is0in4 a 7a/ticula/ disad3anta4e
6. ,hich one of the followin4 could the o77onent 7/o7e/l< cite as indicatin4 a flaw
in the 7/o7onent2s /easonin4 conce/nin4 3ita6in losses=
>A? Afte/ i//adiationB food 6i4ht still s7oil if 0e7t in sto/a4e fo/ a lon4 ti6e afte/
bein4 7u/chased b< the consu6e/.
>B? I//adiated food would still need coo0in4B o/B if eaten /awB it would not ha3e
the 3ita6in ad3anta4e of /aw food.
>C? *ita6in loss is a se7a/ate issue f/o6 safet<.
>D? *ita6ins can be in4ested in 7ill fo/6 as well as in foods.
>E? That food does not s7oil befo/e it can be offe/ed to the consu6e/ is 7/i6a/il<
a benefit to the selle/B not to the consu6e/.
%. Due to wide/ co66e/cial a3ailabilit< of audio /eco/din4s of autho/s /eadin4 thei/
own boo0sB sales of 7/inted boo0s ha3e d/o77ed si4nificantl<.
,hich one of the followin4 confo/6s 6ost closel< to the 7/inci7le illust/ated
abo3e=
>A? Because of the /isin4 cost of fa/6 labo/B fa/6e/s be4an to 6a0e 6o/e
e8tensi3e use of 6achines.
>B? Because of the wide 3a/iet< of new co67ute/ 4a6es on the 6a/0etB sales of
hi4hA@ualit< co67ute/ 3ideo sc/eens ha3e i67/o3ed.
>C? Because a new b/and of soft d/in0 ente/ed the 6a/0etB consu6e/s /educed
thei/ consu67tion of an established b/and of soft d/in0.
>D? Because a child was fo/bidden to 7la< until ho6ewo/0 was co67letedB that
child did 6uch less da<d/ea6in4 and focused on ho6ewo/0.
>E? Because neithe/ of the two leadin4 wo/d 7/ocessin4 7/o4/a6s has all of the
featu/es consu6e/s wantB neithe/ has been able to do6inate the 6a/0et.
8. 'obste/s and othe/ c/ustaceans eaten b< hu6ans a/e 6o/e li0el< to cont/act 4ill
diseases when sewa4e conta6inates thei/ wate/. Dnde/ a /ecent 7/o7osalB 6illions
of 4allons of local sewa4e each da< would be /e/outed 6an< 0ilo6ete/s offsho/e.
Althou4h this would substantiall< /educe the a6ount of sewa4e in the ha/bo/
whe/e lobste/s a/e cau4htB the 7/o7osal is 7ointlessB because ha/dl< an< lobste/s
li3e lon4 enou4h to be ha/6ed b< those diseases.
>A? Conta6inants in the ha/bo/ othe/ than sewa4e a/e e@uall< ha/6ful to lobste/s.
8## 'SAT
>B? 'obste/sB li0e othe/ c/ustaceansB li3e lon4e/ in the o7en ocean than in
indust/ial ha/bo/s.
>C? 'obste/s b/eed as /eadil< in sewa4eAconta6inated wate/ as in un7olluted
wate/.
>D? Gill diseases cannot be detected b< e8a6inin4 the su/face of the lobste/.
>E? Hu6ans often ill as a /esult of eatin4 lobste/s with 4ill diseases.
&. -esea/che/1 The /ate of 7s<cholo4ical 7/oble6s is hi4he/ a6on4 child/en of
di3o/ced 7a/ents than a6on4 othe/ child/en. But it would be a 6ista0e to
conclude that these 7/oble6s a/e caused b< the difficult< the child/en ha3e
ad;ustin4 to di3o/ce. It is ;ust as /easonable to infe/ that ce/tain beha3io/s that
inc/ease the li0elihood of di3o/ceKhostilit<B dist/ustB lac0 of e67ath<Ka/e
lea/ned b< child/en f/o6 thei/ 7a/entsB and that it is these lea/ned beha3io/sB
/athe/ than the difficult< of ad;ustin4 to di3o/ceB that cause the child/en2s
7s<cholo4ical 7/oble6s.
The asse/tion that child/en of di3o/ced 7a/ents ha3e a hi4he/ /ate of 7s<cholo4ical
7/oble6s than othe/ child/en fi4u/es in the a/4u6ent in which one of the
followin4 wa<s=
>A? It is the conclusion of the a/4u6ent.
>B? It is the clai6 that the a/4u6ent t/ies to /efute.
>C? It is offe/ed as e3idence fo/ the clai6 that di3o/ce is ha/6ful to the child/en
of the di3o/cin4 7a/ents.
>D? It is offe/ed as e3idence fo/ the clai6 that ce/tain beha3io/s a/e often
/es7onsible fo/ di3o/ce.
>E? It is cited as an established findin4 fo/ which the a/4u6ent 7/o7oses an
e87lanation.
1$. Althou4h 6a/athons a/e 6. 6iles >#. 0ilo6ete/s? lon4 and ta0e e3en wo/ldA
class 6a/athone/s o3e/ hou/s to /unB athletes who t/ain b< /unnin4 &$ 6inutes a
da< fa/e bette/ in 6a/athons than do those who t/ain b< /unnin4 1$ 6inutes o/
6o/e a da<.
Each of the followin4B if t/ueB cont/ibutes to an e87lanation of the diffe/ence in
6a/athon 7e/fo/6ances desc/ibed abo3e EHCEIT1
>A? The lon4e/ the 7e/iod of ti6e that one /uns dailB? The lon4e/ the 7e/iod of ti6e that one /uns dailC? The lon4e/ the /unB the 6o/e f/e@uent is the occu//ence of ;oint in;u/ies that
si4nificantl< inte/fe/e with o3e/all t/ainin4.
>D? -unne/s who t/ain o3e/ &$ 6inutes 7e/ da< 4/ow bo/ed with /unnin4 and
beco6e less 6oti3ated.
>E? -unne/s who t/ain o3e/ &$ 6inutes 7e/ da< de7lete ce/tain bioche6ical
GMAT . 'SAT C- 8#!
ene/4< /ese/3esB lea3in4 the6 less ene/4< fo/ 6a/athons.
11. 'in4uist1 So6e 7eo7le ha3e unde/stood ce/tain studies as showin4 that bilin4ual
child/en ha3e a /educed Econce7tual 6a7F because bilin4ualis6 o3e/st/esses the
child2s lin4uistic ca7acities. *ocabula/< tests ta0en b< bilin4ual child/en a77ea/ to
show that these child/en tend to ha3e a s6alle/ 3ocabula/< than do 6ost child/en
of the sa6e a4e 4/ou7. But these studies a/e dee7l< flawedB since the tests we/e
4i3en in onl< one lan4ua4e. DualAlan4ua4e tests /e3ealed that the child/en often
e87/essed a 4i3en conce7t with a wo/d f/o6 onl< one of thei/ two lan4ua4es.
The lin4uist2s a/4u6ent 7/oceeds b<
>A? offe/in4 e3idence fo/ the ad3anta4es of bilin4ualis6 o3e/ 6onolin4ualis6
>B? 7ointin4 out an inconsistenc< in the 3iew that bilin4ualis6 o3e/st/esses a
child2s lin4uistic ca7abilities
>C? offe/in4 e3idence that unde/6ines the use of an< 3ocabula/< test to 7/o3ide
info/6ation about a child2s conce7tual 6a7
>D? 7/o3idin4 a diffe/ent e87lanation fo/ the a77a/ent ad3anta4es of bilin4ualis6
f/o6 the e87lanation su44ested b< the /esults of ce/tain studies
>E? 7ointin4 out a 6ethodolo4ical e//o/ in the techni@ue used to obtain the
7u/7o/ted e3idence of a 7/oble6 with bilin4ualis6
1. Gene s7licin4 can 4i3e /ise to new 3a/ieties of fa/6 ani6als that ha3e onl< a
7a/tiall< unde/stood 4enetic 6a0eu7. In addition to int/oducin4 the 4enes fo/
whiche3e/ t/ait is desi/edB the techni@ue can int/oduce 4enes 4o3e/nin4 the
7/oduction of to8ins o/ ca/cino4ensB and these latte/ undesi/able t/aits 6i4ht not
be easil< disco3e/able.
>A? All to8in 7/oduction is 4eneticall< cont/olled.
>B? Gene s7licin4 to 7/oduce new 3a/ieties of fa/6 ani6als should be used
cautiousl<.
>C? Gene s7licin4 is not effecti3e as a wa< of 7/oducin4 new 3a/ieties of fa/6
ani6als.
>D? Most new 3a/ieties of fa/6 ani6als 7/oduced b< 4ene s7licin4 will de3elo7
cance/.
>E? Gene s7licin4 will ad3ance to the 7oint whe/e unfo/eseen conse@uences a/e
no lon4e/ a 7/oble6.
1". +ou/nal1 In se3e/al 7s<cholo4ical studiesB sub;ects we/e 4i3en state6ents to /ead
that caused the6 to fo/6 new beliefs. 'ate/B the sub;ects we/e told that the
o/i4inal state6ents we/e false. The studies /e7o/tB howe3e/B that 6ost sub;ects
7e/se3e/ed in thei/ newl< ac@ui/ed beliefsB e3en afte/ bein4 told that the o/i4inal
state6ents we/e false. This st/on4l< su44ests that hu6ans continue to hold onto
ac@ui/ed beliefs e3en in the absence of an< c/edible e3idence to su77o/t the6.
8#6 'SAT
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost unde/6ines the ;ou/nal2s a/4u6ent=
>A? -e4a/dless of the t/uth of what the sub;ects we/e late/ toldB the beliefs based
on the o/i4inal state6ents we/eB fo/ the 6ost 7a/tB co//ect.
>B? It is un/ealistic to e87ect 7eo7le to 0ee7 t/ac0 of the o/i4inal basis of thei/
beliefsB and to /e3ise a belief when its o/i4inal basis is unde/cut.
>C? The state6ents o/i4inall< 4i3en to the sub;ects would be hi4hl< 6isleadin4
e3en if t/ue.
>D? Most of the sub;ects had ac@ui/ed confi/6ation of thei/ newl< ac@ui/ed
beliefs b< the ti6e the< we/e told that the o/i4inal state6ents we/e false.
>E? Most of the sub;ects we/e initiall< s0e7tical of the state6ents o/i4inall< 4i3en
to the6.
1#. )o3elists cannot beco6e 4/eat as lon4 as the< /e6ain in acade6ia. Iowe/s of
obse/3ation and anal<sisB which schools successfull< honeB a/e useful to the
no3elistB but an intuiti3e 4/as7 of the e6otions of e3e/<da< life can be obtained
onl< b< the 0ind of i66e/sion in e3e/<da< life that is 7/ecluded b< bein4 an
acade6ic.
>A? )o3elists /e@ui/e so6e i67a/tialit< to 4et an intuiti3e 4/as7 of the e6otions
of e3e/<da< life.
>B? )o 4/eat no3elist lac0s 7owe/s of obse/3ation and anal<sis.
>C? Ia/tici7ation in lifeB inte/s7e/sed with i67a/tial obse/3ation of lifeB 6a0es
no3elists 4/eat.
>D? )o3elists cannot be 4/eat without an intuiti3e 4/as7 of the e6otions of
e3e/<da< life.
>E? Mnowled4e of the e6otions of e3e/<da< life cannot be ac@ui/ed b< 6e/el<
obse/3in4 and anal<9in4 life.
1!. Statistician1 A financial 6a4a9ine clai6ed that its su/3e< of its subsc/ibe/s
showed that )o/th A6e/icans a/e 6o/e conce/ned about thei/ 7e/sonal finances
than about 7olitics. (ne @uestion was1 E,hich do <ou thin0 about 6o/e1 7olitics
o/ the ;o< of ea/nin4 6one<=F This @uestion is clea/l< biased. AlsoB the /eade/s of
the 6a4a9ine a/e a selfAselectin4 sa67le. ThusB the/e is /eason to be s0e7tical
about the conclusion d/awn in the 6a4a9ine2s su/3e<.
Each of the followin4B if t/ueB would st/en4then the statistician2s a/4u6ent
EHCEIT1
>A? The c/edibilit< of the 6a4a9ine has been called into @uestion on a nu6be/ of
occasions.
>B? The conclusions d/awn in 6ost 6a4a9ine su/3e<s ha3e e3entuall< been
dis7/o3ed.
>C? (the/ su/3e<s su44est that )o/th A6e/icans a/e ;ust as conce/ned about
7olitics as the< a/e about finances.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 8#%
>D? The/e is /eason to be s0e7tical about the /esults of su/3e<s that a/e biased and
un/e7/esentati3e.
>E? (the/ su/3e<s su44est that )o/th A6e/icans a/e conce/ned not onl< with
7olitics and financesB but also with social issues.
Questions 1&-1'
(n the basis of the a3ailable e3idenceB Anta/ctica has 4ene/all< been thou4ht to ha3e
been co3e/ed b< ice fo/ at least the 7ast 1# 6illion <ea/s. -ecentl<B howe3e/B th/eeA
6illionA<ea/Aold fossils of a 0ind 7/e3iousl< found onl< in oceanAfloo/ sedi6ents we/e
disco3e/ed unde/ the ice sheet co3e/in4 cent/al Anta/ctica. About th/ee 6illion <ea/s
a4oB the/efo/eB the Anta/ctic ice sheet 6ust te67o/a/il< ha3e 6elted. Afte/ allB eithe/
se3e/e cli6atic wa/6in4 o/ 3olcanic acti3it< in Anta/ctica2s 6ountains could ha3e
6elted the ice sheetB thus /aisin4 sea le3els and sub6e/4in4 the continent.
16. ,hich one of the followin4 is the 6ain conclusion of the a/4u6ent=
>A? Anta/ctica is no lon4e/ 4ene/all< thou4ht to ha3e been co3e/ed b< ice fo/ the
7ast 1# 6illion <ea/s.
>B? It is not the case that ancient fossils of the 0ind /ecentl< found in Anta/ctica
a/e found onl< in oceanAfloo/ sedi6ents.
>C? The ice sheet co3e/in4 Anta/ctica has not been continuousl< 7/esent
th/ou4hout the 7ast 1# 6illion <ea/s.
>D? ,hat caused Anta/ctica to be sub6e/4ed unde/ the sea was the 6eltin4 of the
ice sheet that had 7/e3iousl< co3e/ed the continent.
>E? The ice sheet co3e/in4 Anta/ctica was 6elted eithe/ as a /esult of 3olcanic
acti3it< in Anta/ctica2s 6ountains o/ as a /esult of se3e/e cli6atic wa/6in4.
1%. The /easonin4 in the a/4u6ent is 6ost 3ulne/able to which one of the followin4
c/iticis6s=
>A? That a 4i3en 7osition is widel< belie3ed to be t/ue is ta0en to show that the
7osition in @uestion 6ustB in factB be t/ue.
>B? That eithe/ of two thin4s could inde7endentl< ha3e 7/oduced a 4i3en effect is
ta0en to show that those two thin4s could not ha3e o7e/ated in con;unction
to 7/oduce that effect.
>C? Establishin4 that a ce/tain e3ent occu//ed is confused with ha3in4 established
the cause of that e3ent.
>D? A clai6 that has a 3e/< 4ene/al a77lication is based enti/el< on e3idence f/o6
a na//owl< /est/icted /an4e of cases.
>E? An inconsistenc< thatB as 7/esentedB has 6o/e than one 7ossible /esolution is
t/eated as thou4h onl< one /esolution is 7ossible.
18. The cu//ent 7atte/n of hu6an consu67tion of /esou/cesB in which we /el< on
non/enewable /esou/cesB fo/ e8a67le 6etal o/eB 6ust e3entuall< chan4e. Since
the/e is onl< so 6uch 6etal o/e a3ailableB ulti6atel< we 6ust eithe/ do without o/
8#8 'SAT
tu/n to /enewable /esou/ces to ta0e its 7lace.
>A? The/e a/e /enewable /esou/ce /e7lace6ents fo/ all of the non/enewable
/esou/ces cu//entl< bein4 consu6ed.
>B? ,e cannot indefinitel< /e7lace e8hausted non/enewable /esou/ces with othe/
non/enewable /esou/ces.
>C? A /enewable /esou/ce cannot be e8hausted b< hu6an consu67tion.
>D? Consu67tion of non/enewable /esou/ces will not continue to inc/ease in the
futu/e.
>E? Dlti6atel< we cannot do without non/enewable /esou/ces.
1&. 'ath</is6B a debilitatin4 neu/olo4ical diso/de/ caused b< the consu67tion of the
le4u6e )athyrus sati4usB is wides7/ead a6on4 the do6estic ani6als of so6e
count/ies. Atte67ts to use /ats to stud< 'ath</is6 ha3e 4ene/all< failed. -ats that
in4ested )athyrus sati4us did not 7/oduce the s<67to6s associated with the
diso/de/.
>A? The 7h<siolo4< of /ats is /adicall< diffe/ent f/o6 that of do6estic ani6als.
>B? The /ats did not consu6e as 6uch )athyrus sati4us as did the do6estic
ani6als that cont/acted 'ath</is6.
>C? )ot all ani6al s7ecies a/e e@uall< susce7tible to 'ath</is6.
>D? Most of the ani6als that can cont/act 'ath</is6 a/e do6estic.
>E? 'abo/ato/< conditions a/e not conduci3e to the de3elo76ent of 'ath</is6.
$. Colu6nist1 Al6ost an<one can be an e87e/tB fo/ the/e a/e no official 4uidelines
dete/6inin4 what an e87e/t 6ust 0now. An<bod< who 6ana4es to con3ince so6e
7eo7le of his o/ he/ @ualifications in an a/eaKwhate3e/ those 6a< beKis an
e87e/t.
The colu6nist2s conclusion follows lo4icall< if which one of the followin4 is
assu6ed=
>A? Al6ost an<one can con3ince so6e 7eo7le of his o/ he/ @ualifications in so6e
a/ea.
>B? So6e e87e/ts con3ince e3e/<one of thei/ @ualification in al6ost e3e/< a/ea.
>C? Con3incin4 ce/tain 7eo7le that one is @ualified in an a/ea /e@ui/es that one
actuall< be @ualified in that a/ea.
>D? E3e/< e87e/t has con3inced so6e 7eo7le of his o/ he/ @ualifications in so6e
a/ea.
>E? So6e 7eo7le 6ana4e to con3ince al6ost e3e/<one of thei/ @ualifications in
one o/ 6o/e a/eas.
1. A 7atient co67lained of feelin4 constantl< fati4ued. It was dete/6ined that the
GMAT . 'SAT C- 8#&
7atient a3e/a4ed onl< fou/ to si8 hou/s of slee7 7e/ ni4htB and this was dete/6ined
to cont/ibute to the 7atient2s condition. Howe3e/B the 7atient was not ad3ised to
slee7 6o/e.
>A? The sho/te/ one2s slee7 ti6eB the easie/ it is to awa0en f/o6 slee7in4.
>B? The fi/st two hou/s of slee7 do the 6ost to alle3iate fati4ue.
>C? So6e 7eo7le /e@ui/e less slee7 than the ei4ht hou/s /e@ui/ed b< the a3e/a4e
7e/son.
>D? Most 7eo7le who suffe/ f/o6 ni4ht6a/es e87e/ience the6 in the last hou/ of
slee7 befo/e wa0in4.
>E? ,o//< about satisf<in4 the need fo/ sufficient slee7 can 6a0e it 6o/e difficult
to slee7.
. )o cho/dates a/e t/acheo7h<tesB and all 6e6be/s of Ite/o7sida a/e t/acheo7h<tes.
So no 6e6be/s of Ite/o7sida belon4 to the fa6il< Ho6inidae.
>A? All 6e6be/s of the fa6il< Ho6inidae a/e t/acheo7h<tes.
>B? All 6e6be/s of the fa6il< Ho6inidae a/e cho/dates.
>C? All t/acheo7h<tes a/e 6e6be/s of Ite/o7sida.
>D? )o 6e6be/s of the fa6il< Ho6inidae a/e cho/dates.
>E? )o cho/dates a/e 6e6be/s of Ite/o7sida.
". So6e statisticians clai6 that the su/est wa< to inc/ease the o3e/all co//ectness of
the total set of one2s beliefs is1 ne3e/ chan4e that setB e8ce7t b< /e;ectin4 a belief
when 4i3en ade@uate e3idence a4ainst it. Howe3e/B if this we/e the onl< /ule one
followedB then whene3e/ one we/e 7/esented with an< 0ind of e3idenceB one
would ha3e to eithe/ /e;ect so6e of one2s beliefs o/ else lea3e one2s beliefs
unchan4ed. But thenB o3e/ ti6eB one could onl< ha3e fewe/ and fewe/ beliefs.
Since we need 6an< beliefs in o/de/ to su/3i3eB the statisticians2 clai6 6ust be
6ista0en.
>A? 7/esu6esB without 7/o3idin4 an< ;ustificationB that the su/est wa< of
inc/easin4 the o3e/all co//ectness of the total set of one2s beliefs 6ust not
hinde/ one2s abilit< to su/3i3e
>B? ne4lects the 7ossibilit< that e3en while followin4 the statisticians2 /uleB one
6i4ht also acce7t new beliefs when 7/esented with so6e 0inds of e3idence
>C? o3e/loo0s the 7ossibilit< that so6e la/4e sets of beliefs a/e 6o/e co//ect
o3e/all than a/e so6e s6all sets of beliefs
>D? ta0es fo/ 4/anted that one should acce7t so6e beliefs /elated to su/3i3al e3en
when 4i3en ade@uate e3idence a4ainst the6
8!$ 'SAT
>E? ta0es fo/ 4/anted that the beliefs we need in o/de/ to ha3e 6an< beliefs 6ust
all be co//ect beliefs
#. In e3e/< case of 7olitical un/est in a ce/tain count/<B the 7olice ha3e disco3e/ed
that so6e un0nown 7e/son o/ 7e/sons o/4ani9ed and fo6ented that un/est.
Clea/lA? E3e/< Chica4o d/i3e/ has a nu6be/ on his o/ he/ licenseB so the nu6be/ on
so6e Chica4o d/i3e/2s license is the e8act a3e/a4e of the nu6be/s on all
Chica4o d/i3e/s2 licenses.
>B? E3e/< tele7hone nu6be/ in )o/th A6e/ica has an a/ea codeB so the/e 6ust be
at least as 6an< a/ea codes as tele7hone nu6be/s in )o/th A6e/ica.
>C? E3e/< citi9en of Ed6onton has a social insu/ance nu6be/B so the/e 6ust be
one nu6be/ that is the social insu/ance nu6be/ fo/ all citi9ens of Ed6onton.
>D? E3e/< loss of a sin4le hai/ is insi4nificantB so no one who has a full head of
hai/ at twent< e3e/ beco6es bald.
>E? E3e/< 6o6ent in *ladi6i/2s life is followed b< a late/ 6o6ent in *ladi6i/2s
lifeB so *ladi6i/2s life will ne3e/ end.
!. A co67an< that 7/oduces 6en2s colo4ne had been ad3e/tisin4 the 7/oduct in
4ene/alAci/culation 6a4a9ines fo/ se3e/al <ea/s. Then one <ea/ the co67an<
decided to ad3e/tise its colo4ne e8clusi3el< in those s7o/ts 6a4a9ines with a
7/edo6inantl< 6ale /eade/shi7. That <ea/ the co67an< sold fewe/ bottles of
colo4ne than it had in an< of the th/ee i66ediatel< 7/ecedin4 <ea/s.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB best hel7s to e87lain wh< the sale of the
co67an<2s colo4ne d/o77ed that <ea/=
>A? Tele3ision ad3e/tisin4 /eaches 6o/e 7eo7le than does 6a4a9ine ad3e/tisin4B
but the co67an< ne3e/ ad3e/tised its colo4ne on tele3ision because of the
hi4h cost.
>B? The 4ene/alAci/culation 6a4a9ines in which the co67an< had 7laced its
ad3e/tise6ents e87e/ienced a la/4e /ise in ci/culation /ecentl<.
>C? Most 6en do not wea/ colo4ne on a /e4ula/ basis.
>D? ,o6en often bu< colo4ne as 4ifts fo/ 6ale f/iends o/ /elati3es.
>E? Successful ad3e/tise6ents fo/ 6en2s colo4ne often featu/e wellA0nown
athletes.
6. Mi61 The /a7idl< 4/owin4 wo/ld 7o7ulation is inc/easin4 de6ands on food
7/oduce/s in wa<s that th/eaten ou/ natu/al /esou/ces. ,ith 6o/e land needed fo/
both food 7/oduction and u/ban a/easB less land will be a3ailable fo/ fo/ests and
wildlife habitats.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 8!1
Ha67ton1 :ou a/e o3e/loo0in4 the 7/o6ises of technolo4<. I a6 confident that
i67/o3e6ents in a4/icultu/e will allow us to feed the wo/ld 7o7ulation of ten
billion 7/edicted fo/ $!$ without si4nificantl< inc/easin4 the 7e/centa4e of the
wo/ld2s land now de3oted to a4/icultu/e.
Mi62s and Ha67ton2s state6ents 6ost st/on4l< su77o/t the clai6 that both of
the6 would a4/ee with which one of the followin4=
>A? Effo/ts should be ta0en to slow the /ate of hu6an 7o7ulation 4/owth and to
inc/ease the a6ount of land co66itted to a4/icultu/e.
>B? Continued /esea/ch into 6o/eAefficient a4/icultu/al 7/actices and inno3ati3e
biotechnolo4< ai6ed at 7/oducin4 6o/e food on less land would be
beneficial.
>C? A4/icultu/al and wilde/ness a/eas need to be 7/otected f/o6 u/ban
enc/oach6ent b< 7/e7a/in4 u/ban a/eas fo/ 4/eate/ 7o7ulation densit<.
>D? In the ne8t half centu/E? The hu6an diet needs to be 6odified in the ne8t half centu/< because of the
de7letion of ou/ natu/al /esou/ces due to o3e/7o7ulation.
SECTI() I*
1. The 4/a7hical illust/ations 6athe6atics teache/s use enable students to lea/n
4eo6et/< 6o/e easil< b< 7/o3idin4 the6 with an intuiti3e unde/standin4 of
4eo6et/ic conce7tsB which 6a0es it easie/ to ac@ui/e the abilit< to 6ani7ulate
s<6bols fo/ the 7u/7ose of calculation. Illust/atin4 al4eb/aic conce7ts 4/a7hicall<
would be e@uall< effecti3e 7eda4o4icallA? Iicto/ial unde/standin4 is not the final sta4e of 6athe6atical unde/standin4.
>B? Ieo7le who a/e 3e/< 4ood at 6ani7ulatin4 s<6bols do not necessa/il< ha3e
an< 6athe6atical unde/standin4.
>C? Illust/atin4 4eo6et/ic conce7ts 4/a7hicall< is an effecti3e teachin4 6ethod.
>D? Ac@ui/in4 the abilit< to 6ani7ulate s<6bols is 7a/t of the 7/ocess of lea/nin4
4eo6et/<.
>E? The/e a/e st/ate4ies that can be effecti3el< e67lo<ed in the teachin4 both of
al4eb/a and of 4eo6et/<.
. Bu/eauc/atic 6echanis6s a/e en4inee/ed to /esist chan4e. ThusB des7ite 4/owin4
dissatisfaction with co67le8 bu/eauc/atic s<ste6sB it is unli0el< that
bu/eauc/acies will be si67lified.
8! 'SAT
The clai6 that bu/eauc/atic 6echanis6s a/e en4inee/ed to /esist chan4e 7la<s
>A? It is a 7/e6ise offe/ed in su77o/t of the clai6 that it is unli0el< that
bu/eauc/acies will be si67lified.
>B? It is a conclusion fo/ which the onl< su77o/t offe/ed is the clai6 that
dissatisfaction with co67le8 bu/eauc/atic s<ste6s is 4/owin4.
>C? It is cited as e3idence that bu/eauc/atic s<ste6s a/e beco6in4 6o/e and 6o/e
co67le8.
>D? It is used to wea0en the clai6 that bu/eauc/acies should be si67lified.
>E? It is a conclusion fo/ which the clai6 that bu/eauc/acies a/e unli0el< to be
si67lified is offe/ed as su77o/t.
". In s7eechB when wo/ds o/ sentences a/e a6bi4uousB 4estu/e and tone of 3oice a/e
used to indicate the intended 6eanin4. ,/ite/sB of cou/seB cannot use 4estu/e o/
tone of 3oice and 6ust /el< instead on st<leG the /eade/ detects the w/ite/2s
intention f/o6 the a//an4e6ent of wo/ds and sentences.
,hich one of the followin4 state6ents is 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ted b< the
info/6ation abo3e=
>A? The 7/i6a/< function of st<le in w/itin4 is to au46ent the lite/al 6eanin4s of
the wo/ds and sentences used.
>B? The intended 6eanin4 of a 7iece of w/itin4 is indicated in 7a/t b< the w/ite/2s
a//an4e6ent of wo/ds and sentences.
>C? It is easie/ fo/ a listene/ to detect the tone of a s7ea0e/ than fo/ a /eade/ to
detect the st<le of the w/ite/.
>D? A w/ite/2s intention will alwa<s be inte/7/eted diffe/entl< b< diffe/ent /eade/s.
>E? The w/ite/2s a//an4e6ent of wo/ds and sentences co67letel< dete/6ines the
aesthetic 3alue of his o/ he/ w/itin4.
#. 'ast <ea/ a la/4e fi/6 set a 4oal of dec/easin4 its wo/0fo/ce b< ! 7e/cent. Th/ee
di3isionsB totalin4 ! 7e/cent of its wo/0fo/ce at that ti6eB we/e to be eli6inated
and no new 7eo7le hi/ed. These di3isions ha3e since been eli6inated and no new
7eo7le ha3e ;oined the fi/6B but its wo/0fo/ce has dec/eased b< onl< 1! 7e/cent.
diffe/ence in the 7lanned 3e/sus the actual /eduction in the wo/0fo/ce=
>A? The th/ee di3isions that we/e eli6inated we/e well /un and had the 7otential
to ea/n 7/ofits.
>B? )o/6al att/ition in the /etained di3isions continued to /educe staff because no
new 7eo7le we/e added to the fi/6.
>C? So6e of the e67lo<ees in the eli6inated di3isions we/e eli4ible fo/ ea/l<
/eti/e6ent and chose that o7tion.
>D? As the di3isions we/e bein4 eli6inated so6e of thei/ e67lo<ees we/e
GMAT . 'SAT C- 8!"
assi4ned to othe/ di3isions.
>E? E67lo<ees in the /etained di3isions we/e fo/ced to wo/0 faste/ to offset the
loss of the eli6inated di3isions.
!. (ne of the ad3anta4es of Ba$illus thuringiensls >B.t.? to8ins o3e/ che6ical
insecticides /esults f/o6 thei/ s7ecificit< fo/ 7est insects. The to8ins ha3e no
0nown det/i6ental effects on 6a66als o/ bi/ds. In additionB the li6ited /an4e of
acti3it< of the to8ins towa/d insects 6eans that often a 7a/ticula/ to8in will 0ill
7est s7ecies but not affect insets that 7/e< u7on the s7ecies. This ad3anta4e 6a0es
B.t. to8ins 7/efe/able to che6ical insecticides fo/ use as co67onents of insect
7est 6ana4e6ent 7/o4/a6s.
,hich one of the followin4 state6entsB if t/ueB 6ost wea0ens the a/4u6ent=
>A? Che6ical insecticides cause ha/6 to a 4/eate/ nu6be/ of insect s7ecies than
do B.t. to8ins.
>B? )o 7a/ticula/ B.t. to8in is effecti3e a4ainst all insects.
>C? B.t. to8ins do not ha/6 weeds that do da6a4e to fa/6 c/o7s.
>D? Insects build u7 /esistance 6o/e /eadil< to B.t. to8ins than to che6ical
insecticides.
>E? Bi/ds and /odents often do 4/eate/ da6a4e to fa/6 c/o7s than do insects.
6. Man< 7eo7le a/e ala/6ed about the 7o7ulation e87losion. The< fail to a77/eciate
that the 7/esent /ise in 7o7ulation has in fact been followed b< e@uall< 7otent
econo6ic 4/owth. Because of this connection between an inc/ease in 7o7ulation
and an inc/ease in econo6ic acti3itA? Subsc/ibe/s to news6a4a9ines a/e conce/ned that inc/eased 7osta4e costs will
be 7assed on to the6 in the fo/6 of hi4he/ subsc/i7tion /ates. But that is a
7/ice the< ha3e to 7a< fo/ ha3in4 the 6a4a9ines deli3e/ed. )o 4/ou7 of use/s
of the 7ostal s<ste6 should be subsidi9ed at the e87ense of othe/s.
>B? Most of the sales7eo7le a/e conce/ned with co67laints about the sales
6ana4e/2s a44/essi3e beha3io/. The< need to conside/ that sales a/e
cu//entl< inc/easin4. Due to this successB no action should be ta0en to
add/ess the 6ana4e/2s beha3io/.
>C? Ia/ents a/e conce/ned about thei/ child/en s7endin4 too 6uch ti6e watchin4
tele3ision. Those 7a/ents should conside/ tele3ision ti6e as ti6e the< could
s7end with thei/ child/en. 'et the child/en watch tele3isionB but watch it with
the6.
>D? )ut/itionists wa/n 7eo7le not to eat unhealth< foods. Those foods ha3e been
in 7eo7le2s diets fo/ <ea/s. Befo/e cuttin4 all those foods out of diets it
would be wise to /e6e6be/ that 7eo7le en;o< culina/< 3a/iet<.
8!# 'SAT
>E? So6e consu6e/s beco6e conce/ned when the 7/ice of a 7/oduct inc/eases fo/
se3e/al <ea/s in a /owB thin0in4 that the 7/ice will continue to inc/ease. But
these consu6e/s a/e 6ista0en since a lon4Ate/6 t/end of 7/ice inc/eases
indicates that the 7/ice will 7/obabl< decline in the futu/e.
%. Atto/ne<1 I as0 <ou to find M/. S6ith 4uilt< of assaultin4 M/. +ac0son.
-e4/ettabl<B the/e we/e no e<ewitnesses to the c/i6eB but M/. S6ith has a 3iolent
cha/acte/. Ms. 'o7e9 testified ea/lie/ that M/. S6ithB shoutin4 loudlA? a44/essi3e beha3io/ is not a su/e indicato/ of a 3iolent cha/acte/
>B? S6ith2s testi6on< is un/eliable since he is loud and a44/essi3e
>C? since S6ith ne3e/ dis7/o3ed the clai6 that he th/eatened 'o7e9B he did in fact
th/eaten he/
>D? 'o7e92s testi6on< is /eliable since she is neithe/ loud no/ a44/essi3e
>E? ha3in4 a 3iolent cha/acte/ is not necessa/il< associated with the co66ission
of 3iolent c/i6es
8. It is widel< belie3ed that b< a4e 8$B 7e/ce7tion and 6e6o/< a/e each si4nificantl<
/educed f/o6 thei/ functionin4 le3els at a4e "$. Howe3e/B a /ecent stud< showed
no diffe/ence in the abilities of 8$A<ea/Aolds and "$A<ea/Aolds to 7la< a ca/d 4a6e
de3ised to test 7e/ce7tion and 6e6o/<. The/efo/eB the belief that 7e/ce7tion and
6e6o/< a/e si4nificantl< /educed b< a4e 8$ is false.
The /easonin4 abo3e is 6ost 3ulne/able to c/iticis6 on the 4/ounds that it fails to
conside/ the 7ossibilit< that
>A? the stud<2s ca/d 4a6e does not test co4niti3e abilities othe/ than 7e/ce7tion
and 6e6o/<
>B? ca/d 4a6es a/e a6on4 the 6ost difficult co4niti3e tas0s one can atte67t to
7e/fo/6
>C? 7e/ce7tion and 6e6o/< a/e inte//elated in wa<s of which we a/e not cu//entl<
awa/e
>D? the belief that 8$A<ea/Aolds2 7e/ce7tion and 6e6o/< a/e /educed /esults f/o6
7/e;udice a4ainst senio/ citi9ens
>E? 7la<in4 the stud<2s ca/d 4a6e 7e/fectl< /e@ui/es fai/l< low le3els of
7e/ce7tion and 6e6o/<
&. Mo/alist1 Hu6ans ha3e a natu/al dis7osition to alt/uis6Kthat isB to beha3io/ that
se/3es the needs of othe/s /e4a/dless of one2s own needsKbut that 3e/<
dis7osition 7/e3ents so6e acts of alt/uis6 f/o6 countin4 as 6o/al. -eason 7la<s
an essential /ole in an< 6o/al beha3io/. (nl< beha3io/ that is intended to be in
acco/dance with a fo/6al set of /ulesB o/ 6o/al codeB can be conside/ed 6o/al
beha3io/.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 8!!
,hich one of the followin4 6ost accu/atel< states the 6ain conclusion of the
6o/alist2s a/4u6ent=
>A? All 6o/al codes 7/ohibit selfishness.
>B? All 6o/al beha3io/ is 6oti3ated b< alt/uis6.
>C? Beha3io/ 6ust se/3e the needs of othe/s in o/de/ to be 6o/al beha3io/.
>D? )ot all alt/uistic acts a/e 6o/al beha3io/.
>E? Alt/uis6 de3elo7s th/ou4h the use of /eason.
1$. A /ecent stud< su44ests that Al9hei6e/2s diseaseB which attac0s the hu6an b/ainB
6a< be caused b< a 3i/us. In the stud<B blood f/o6 11 3oluntee/sB each of who6
had the diseaseB was in;ected into /ats. The /ats e3entuall< e8hibited s<67to6s of
anothe/ de4ene/ati3e neu/olo4ical diso/de/B C/eut9feldtA+a0ob diseaseB which is
caused b< a 3i/us. This led the scientist who conducted the stud< to conclude that
Al9hei6e/2s disease 6i4ht be caused b< a 3i/us.
,hich one of the followin4 state6entsB if t/ueB would 6ost st/en4then the
scientist2s h<7othesis that Al9hei6e/2s disease is caused b< a 3i/us=
>A? Al9hei6e/2s disease in /ats is not caused b< a 3i/us.
>B? C/eut9feldtA+a0ob disease affects onl< 6oto/ ne/3es in /ats2 li6bsB not thei/
b/ains.
>C? The 3i/us that causes C/eut9feldtA+a0ob disease in /ats has no effect on
hu6ans.
>D? The s<67to6s 0nownB /es7ecti3elE? Blood f/o6 /ats without C/eut9feldtA+a0ob disease 7/oduced no s<67to6s of
the disease when in;ected into othe/ e87e/i6ental /ats.
11. (ne a77/oach to the @uestion of which ob;ects discussed b< a science a/e /eal is
to desi4nate as /eal all and onl< those entities 7osited b< the 6ost e87lanato/il<
7owe/ful theo/< of the science. But since 6ost scientific theo/ies contain entities
7osited solel< on theo/etical 4/oundsB this a77/oach is flawed.
,hich one of the followin4 7/inci7lesB if 3alidB 6ost hel7s to ;ustif< the /easonin4
abo3e=
>A? An< ob;ect that is 7osited b< a scientific theo/< and that enhances the
e87lanato/< 7owe/ of that theo/< should be desi4nated as /eal.
>B? (b;ects 7osited fo/ theo/etical /easons onl< should ne3e/ be desi4nated as
/eal.
>C? A scientific theo/< should not 7osit an< entit< that does no enhance the
e87lanato/< 7owe/ of the theo/<.
>D? A scientific theo/< should so6eti6es 7osit entities on 4/ounds othe/ than
theo/etical ones.
>E? (nl< ob;ects 7osited b< e87lanato/il< 7owe/ful theo/ies should be desi4nated
8!6 'SAT
as /eal.
1. Most docto/s /eco66end that 7/e4nant wo6en eat a nut/itious diet to 7/o6ote
the health of thei/ babies. Howe3e/B 6ost babies who a/e bo/n to wo6en who ate
nut/itious diets while 7/e4nant still de3elo7 at least one 6edical 7/oble6 in thei/
fi/st <ea/.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB does 6ost to /esol3e the a77a/ent disc/e7anc<
in the info/6ation abo3e=
>A? ,o6en who /e4ula/l< eat a nut/itious diet while 7/e4nant tend to eat a
nut/itious diet while b/eastAfeedin4.
>B? Most of the babies bo/n to wo6en who did not eat nut/itious diet while
7/e4nant de3elo7 no se/ious 6edical 7/oble6s late/ in childhood.
>C? Babies of wo6en who did not eat nut/itious diets while 7/e4nant tend to ha3e
6o/e 6edical 7/oble6s in thei/ fi/st <ea/ than do othe/ babies.
>D? Medical 7/oble6s that de3elo7 in the fi/st <ea/ of life tend to be 6o/e se/ious
than those that de3elo7 late/ in childhood.
>E? Man< of the 7h<sicians who initiall< /eco66ended that 7/e4nant wo6en
consu6e nut/itious diets ha3e onl< /ecentl< /eaffi/6ed thei/
/eco66endation.
1". Ma<o/1 The law 7/ohibitin4 7edest/ians f/o6 c/ossin4 a4ainst /ed li4hts se/3es no
useful 7u/7ose. Afte/ allB in o/de/ to se/3e a useful 7u/7oseB a law 6ust dete/ the
0ind of beha3io/ it 7/ohibits. But 7edest/ians who in3a/iabl< 3iolate this law a/e
clea/l< not dissuaded b< itG and those who co67l< with the law do not need itB
since the< would ne3e/ c/oss a4ainst /ed li4ht e3en if the/e we/e no law
7/ohibitin4 7edest/ians f/o6 c/ossin4 a4ainst /ed li4hts.
The 6a<o/2s a/4u6ent is flawed because it
>A? ta0es fo/ 4/anted that 6ost auto6obile d/i3e/s will obe< the law that 7/ohibits
the6 f/o6 d/i3in4 th/ou4h /ed li4hts
>B? uses the wo/d ElawF in one sense in the 7/e6ises and in anothe/ sense in the
conclusion
>C? i4no/es the 7ossibilit< that a law 6i4ht not se/3e a useful 7u/7ose e3en if it
does dete/ the 0ind of beha3io/ it 7/ohibits
>D? fails to conside/ whethe/ the law e3e/ dissuades 7eo7le who so6eti6es but
not alwa<s c/oss a4ainst /ed li4hts
>E? 7/o3ides no e3idence that c/ossin4 a4ainst /ed li4hts is 6o/e dan4e/ous than
c/ossin4 on 4/een li4hts
1#. Ma/ian Ande/sonB the fa6ous cont/altoB did not ta0e success fo/ 4/anted. ,e
0now this because Ande/son had to st/u44le ea/l< in lifeB and an<one who has to
st/u44le ea/l< in life is able to 0ee7 a 4ood 7e/s7ecti3e on the wo/ld.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 8!%
assu6ed=
>A? An<one who succeeds ta0es success fo/ 4/anted.
>B? An<one who is able to 0ee7 a 4ood 7e/s7ecti3e on the wo/ld does not ta0e
success fo/ 4/anted.
>C? An<one who is able to 0ee7 a 4ood 7e/s7ecti3e on the wo/ld has to st/u44le
ea/l< in life.
>D? An<one who does not ta0e success fo/ 4/anted has to st/u44le ea/l< in life.
>E? An<one who does not ta0e success fo/ 4/anted is able to 0ee7 a 4ood
7e/s7ecti3e on the wo/ld.
1!. Geneticist1 Ethicists ha3e fea/sB 6an< of the6 /easonableB about the 7/os7ect of
clonin4 hu6an bein4sB that isB 7/oducin4 e8act 4enetic du7licates. But the ho//o/A
6o3ie i6a4e of a wealth< 7e/son c/eatin4 an a/6< of e8act du7licates is
co67letel< un/ealistic. Clones 6ust be /aised and educatedB a lon4Ate/6 7/ocess
that could ne3e/ 7/oduce adults identical to the o/i4inal in te/6s of outloo0B
7e/sonalit<B o/ 4oals. Mo/e /ealistic is the 7ossibilit< that wealth< indi3iduals
6i4ht use clones as li3in4 Eo/4an ban0s.F
The clai6 that clonin4 will not 7/oduce adults with identical 7e/sonalities 7la<s
which one of the followin4 /oles in the 4eneticist2s a/4u6ent=
>A? It is a /eason fo/ dis6issin4 the 3a/ious fea/s /aised b< ethicists /e4a/din4 the
clonin4 of hu6an bein4s.
>B? It is e3idence that 4enetic clones will ne3e/ be 7/oduced successfull<.
>C? It illust/ates the clai6 that onl< wealth< 7eo7le would be able to ha3e 4enetic
du7licates 6ade of the6sel3es.
>D? It is e3idence fo/ the clai6 that wealth< 7eo7le 6i4ht use 4enetic du7licates
of the6sel3es as sou/ces of co67atible o/4ans fo/ t/ans7lantation.
>E? It is a /eason fo/ discountin4 one 7ossible fea/ conce/nin4 the clonin4 of
hu6an bein4s.
16. Iublicit< ca67ai4ns fo/ endan4e/ed s7ecies a/e unli0el< to ha3e 6uch i67act on
the 6ost i67o/tant en3i/on6ental 7/oble6sB fo/ while the ease of att/ibutin4
feelin4s to la/4e 6a66als facilitates e3o0in4 s<67ath< fo/ the6B it is 6o/e
difficult to elicit s<67ath< fo/ othe/ 0inds of o/4anis6sB such as the soil
6ic/oo/4anis6s on which la/4e ecos<ste6s and a4/icultu/e de7end.
>A? The 6ost i67o/tant en3i/on6ental 7/oble6s in3ol3e endan4e/ed s7ecies
othe/ than la/4e 6a66als.
>B? Mic/oo/4anis6s cannot e87e/ience 7ain o/ ha3e othe/ feelin4s.
>C? Iublicit< ca67ai4ns fo/ the en3i/on6ent a/e the 6ost effecti3e when the<
elicit s<67ath< fo/ so6e o/4anis6.
>D? Ieo7le i4no/e en3i/on6ental 7/oble6s unless the< belie3e the 7/oble6s will
8!8 'SAT
affect c/eatu/es with which the< s<67athi9e.
>E? An o/4anis6 can be en3i/on6entall< si4nificant onl< if it affects la/4e
ecos<ste6s o/ a4/icultu/e.
1%. Iolitician1 All nations that 7lace a hi4h ta8 on inco6e 7/oduce the/eb< a ne4ati3e
incenti3e fo/ technolo4ical inno3ationB and all nations in which technolo4ical
inno3ation is ha67e/ed ine3itabl< fall behind in the inte/national a/6s /ace.
Those nations thatB th/ou4h histo/ical accident o/ the foolishness of thei/ 7olitical
leade/shi7B wind u7 in a st/ate4icall< disad3anta4eous 7osition a/e destined to
lose thei/ 3oice in the wo/ld affai/s. So if a nation wants to 6aintain its 3alue
s<ste6 and wa< of lifeB it 6ust not allow its hi4hest ta8 b/ac0et to e8ceed "$
7e/cent of inco6e.
Each of the followin4B if t/ueB wea0ens the 7olitician2s a/4u6ent EHCEIT1
>A? The to7 le3el of ta8ation 6ust /each #! 7e/cent befo/e ta8ation be4ins to
dete/ in3ento/s and indust/ialists f/o6 int/oducin4 new technolo4ies and
indust/ies.
>B? Ma0in4 a 4/eat deal of 6one< is an insi4nificant facto/ in d/i3in4
technolo4ical inno3ation.
>C? 5allin4 behind in the inte/national a/6s /ace does not necessa/il< lead to a
st/ate4icall< less ad3anta4eous 7osition.
>D? Those nations that lose influence in the wo/ld co66unit< do not necessa/il<
suffe/ f/o6 a th/eat to thei/ 3alue s<ste6 o/ wa< of life.
>E? Allowin4 one2s count/< to lose its technolo4ical ed4eB es7eciall< as conce/ns
wea7on/<B would be foolish /athe/ than 6e/el< a histo/ical accident.
18. Ihiloso7he/1 Scientists tal0 about the 7u/suit of t/uthB but li0e 6ost 7eo7leB the<
a/e selfAinte/ested. Acco/din4l<B the 7/ofessional acti3ities of 6ost scientists a/e
di/ected towa/d 7e/sonal ca/ee/ enhance6entB and onl< incidentall< towa/d the
7u/suit of t/uth. HenceB the acti3ities of the scientific co66unit< a/e la/4el<
di/ected towa/d enhancin4 the status of that co66unit< as a wholeB and onl<
incidentall< towa/d the 7u/suit of t/uth.
The /easonin4 in the 7hiloso7he/2s a/4u6ent is flawed because the a/4u6ent
>A? i67/o7e/l< infe/s that each and e3e/< scientist has a ce/tain cha/acte/istic
f/o6 7/e6ise that 6ost scientists ha3e that cha/acte/istic
>B? i67/o7e/l< d/aws an infe/ence about the scientific co66unit< as a whole
f/o6 a 7/e6ise about indi3idual scientists
>C? 7/esu6esB without 4i3in4 ;ustificationB that the ai6 of 7e/sonal ca/ee/
enhance6ent ne3e/ ad3ances the 7u/suit of t/uth
>D? illicitl< ta0es ad3anta4e of an a6bi4uit< in the 6eanin4 of EselfAinte/estedF
>E? i67/o7e/l< d/aws an infe/ence about a cause f/o6 7/e6ises about its effects
1&. Se3e/al c/itics ha3e clai6ed that an< conte67o/a/< 7oet who w/ites fo/6al 7oet/<
GMAT . 'SAT C- 8!&
K7oet/< that is /h<6ed and 6ete/edKis 7e/fo/6in4 a 7oliticall< conse/3ati3e
act. This is 7lainl< false. Conside/ Moll< Ieacoc0 and Ma/il<n Hac0e/B two
conte67o/a/< 7oets whose 7oet/< is al6ost e8clusi3el< fo/6al and <et who a/e
the6sel3es 7oliticall< 7/o4/essi3e fe6inists.
The conclusion d/awn abo3e follows lo4icall< if which one of the followin4 is
assu6ed=
>A? )o one who is a fe6inist is also 7oliticall< conse/3ati3e.
>B? )o 7oet who w/ites un/h<6ed o/ un6ete/ed 7oet/< is 7oliticall< conse/3ati3e.
>C? )o one who is 7oliticall< 7/o4/essi3e is ca7able of 7e/fo/6in4 a 7oliticall<
conse/3ati3e act.
>D? An<one who so6eti6es w/ites 7oet/< that is not 7oliticall< conse/3ati3e
ne3e/ w/ites 7oet/< that is 7oliticall< conse/3ati3e.
>E? The content of a 7oet2s wo/0B not the wo/02s fo/6B is the 6ost decisi3e facto/
in dete/6inin4 what 7olitical conse@uencesB if an<B the wo/0 will ha3e.
$. A/chaeolo4ist1 A s0eleton of a )o/th A6e/ican 6astodon that beca6e e8tinct at
the 7ea0 of the Ice A4e was /ecentl< disco3e/ed. It contains a hu6anA6ade
7/o;ectile dissi6ila/ to an< found in that 7a/t of Eu/asia closest to )o/th A6e/ica.
ThusB since Eu/asians did not settle in )o/th A6e/ica until sho/tl< befo/e the
7ea0 of the Ice A4eB the fi/st Eu/asian settle/s in )o/th A6e/ica 7/obabl< ca6e
f/o6 a 6o/e distant 7a/t of Eu/asia.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< wea0ens the a/chaeolo4ist2s
a/4u6ent=
>A? The 7/o;ectile found in the 6astodon does not /ese6ble an< that we/e used in
Eu/asia befo/e o/ du/in4 the Ice A4e.
>B? The 7eo7le who occu7ied the Eu/asian a/ea closest to )o/th A6e/ica
/e6ained no6adic th/ou4hout the Ice A4e.
>C? The s0eleton of a bea/ f/o6 the sa6e 7lace and ti6e as the 6astodon s0eleton
contains a si6ila/ 7/o;ectile.
>D? (the/ )o/th A6e/ican a/tifacts f/o6 the 7ea0 of the Ice A4e a/e si6ila/ to
ones f/o6 the sa6e ti6e found in 6o/e distant 7a/ts of Eu/asia.
>E? Cli6atic conditions in )o/th A6e/ica ;ust befo/e the Ice A4e we/e 6o/e
conduci3e to hu6an habitation than we/e those in the 7a/t of Eu/asia closest
to )o/th A6e/ica at that ti6e.
1. All social s<ste6s a/e based u7on a di3ision of econo6ic /oles. The 3alues of a
social s<ste6 a/e e6bodied in the 7/esti4e acco/ded 7e/sons who fill 3a/ious
econo6ic /oles. It is the/efo/e unsu/7/isin4 thatB fo/ an< social s<ste6B the
int/oduction of labo/Asa3in4 technolo4< that 6a0es ce/tain econo6ic /oles
obsolete will tend to unde/6ine the 3alues in that social s<ste6.
,hich one of the followin4 can 6ost /easonabl< be concluded on the basis of the
info/6ation abo3e=
86$ 'SAT
>A? Social s<ste6s will ha3e unchan4in4 3alues if the< a/e shielded f/o6
technolo4ical ad3ance6ent.
>B? )o t<7e of technolo4< will fail to unde/6ine the 3alues in a social s<ste6.
>C? A social s<ste6 whose 3alues a/e not susce7tible to chan4e would not be one
in which technolo4< can eli6inate econo6ic /oles.
>D? A technolo4icall< ad3anced societ< will 7lace little 3alue on the 7/esti4e
associated with an econo6ic /ole.
>E? A technolo4ical inno3ation that is i67le6ented in a social s<ste6 fo/ei4n to
the one in which it was de3elo7ed will tend to unde/6ine the fo/ei4n social
s<ste6.
. Multi7le scle/osis is an autoi66une disease1 white blood cells attac0 the 6<elin
sheath that 7/otects ne/3e fibe/s in the s7inal co/d and b/ain. Medical science now
has a d/u4 that can be used to successfull< t/eat 6ulti7le scle/osisB but the 7ath
that led 6edical /esea/che/s to this d/u4 was ha/dl< st/ai4htfo/wa/d. Initiall<B
so6e scientists belie3ed attac0s cha/acte/istic of 6ulti7le scle/osis 6i4ht be
t/i44e/ed b< ch/onic 3i/al infections. So in 1&8# the< be4an testin4 4a66a
inte/fe/onB one of the bod<2s own anti3i/al wea7ons. To thei/ ho//o/B all the
6ulti7le scle/osis 7atients tested beca6e d/a6aticall< wo/se. The false ste7
7/o3ed to be inst/ucti3e howe3e/.
,hich of the followin4 is 'EAST co67atible with the /esults of the 4a66a
inte/fe/on e87e/i6ent=
>A? Ga66a inte/fe/on sto7s white blood cells f/o6 7/oducin4 6<elinAdest/o<in4
co67ounds.
>B? Ad6iniste/in4 4a66a inte/fe/on to those without 6ulti7le scle/osis causes an
inc/ease in the nu6be/ of white blood cells.
>C? Medical /esea/che/s ha3e disco3e/ed that the 4a66a inte/fe/on le3el in the
ce/eb/os7inal fluid s0</oc0et ;ust befo/e and du/in4 6ulti7le scle/osis
infections.
>D? It has now been established that 6ost 6ulti7le scle/osis suffe/e/s do not ha3e
ch/onic 3i/al infections.
>E? The d/u4 now used to t/eat 6ulti7le scle/osis is 0nown to inhibit the acti3it<
of 4a66a.
". The hi4he/ the altitudeB the thinne/ the ai/. Since Me8ico Cit<2s altitude is hi4he/
than that of Iana6a CitA? As one 4ets olde/ one 4ets wise/. Since Hen/ietta is olde/ than he/ dau4hte/B
Hen/ietta 6ust be wise/ than he/ dau4hte/.
>B? The 6o/e e44 whites used and the lon4e/ the< a/e beatenB the fluffie/ the
GMAT . 'SAT C- 861
6e/in4ue. Since '<dia used 6o/e e44 whites in he/ 6e/in4ue than +ose7h
used in hisB '<dia2s 6e/in4ue 6ust be fluffie/ than +ose7h2s.
>C? The 7eo7le who /un the fastest 6a/athons these da<s a/e faste/ than the
7eo7le who /an the fastest 6a/athons ten <ea/s a4o. Cha/les is a 6a/athon
/unne/. So Cha/les 6ust /un faste/ 6a/athons these da<s than he did ten
<ea/s a4o.
>D? The olde/ a t/eeB the 6o/e /in4s it has. The t/ee in 'ou2s <a/d is olde/ than the
t/ee in The/esa2s <a/d. The/efo/eB the t/ee in 'ou2s <a/d 6ust ha3e 6o/e
/in4s than does the t/ee in The/esa2s <a/d.
>E? The bi44e/ the 3ocabula/< a lan4ua4e hasB the ha/de/ it is to lea/n. En4lish is
ha/de/ to lea/n than Italian. The/efo/eB En4lish 6ust ha3e a bi44e/
3ocabula/< than Italian.
#. A /ecent stud< of 6B#$" 7eo7le showed that those t/eated with the d/u4
7/a3astatinB one of the effects of which is to /educe choleste/olB had about oneA
thi/d fewe/ nonfatal hea/t attac0s and oneAthi/d fewe/ deaths f/o6 co/ona/<
disease than did those not ta0in4 the d/u4. This /esult is consistent with othe/
studiesB which show that those who ha3e hea/t disease often ha3e hi4he/ than
a3e/a4e choleste/ol le3els. This shows that lowe/in4 choleste/ol le3els /educes
the /is0 of hea/t disease.
>A? ne4lects the 7ossibilit< that 7/a3astatin 6a< ha3e se3e/e side effects
>B? fails to conside/ that 7/a3astatin 6a< /educe the /is0 of hea/t disease but not
as a conse@uence of its lowe/in4 choleste/ol le3els
>C? /elies on 7ast findin4B /athe/ than d/awin4 its 7/inci7al conclusion f/o6 the
data found in the s7ecific stud< cited
>D? d/aws a conclusion /e4a/din4 the effects of lowe/in4 choleste/ol le3els on
hea/t diseaseB when in fact the conclusion should focus on the /elation
between 7/a3astatin and choleste/ol le3els
>E? fails to conside/ that 7e/centa4e of the 4ene/al 7o7ulation 6i4ht be ta0in4
7/a3astatin
Questions !5-!&
Qacha/<1 The te/6 Ef/escoF /efe/s to 7aint that has been a77lied to wet 7laste/. (nce
d/iedB a f/esco indelibl< 7/ese/3es the 7aint that a 7ainte/ has a77lied in this wa<.
Dnfo/tunatel<B additions 0nown to ha3e been 6ade b< late/ 7ainte/s ha3e obscu/ed the
o/i4inal f/esco wo/0 done b< Michelan4elo in the Sistine Cha7el. The/efo/eB in o/de/
to /esto/e Michelan4elo2s Sistine Cha7el 7aintin4s to the a77ea/ance that
Michelan4elo intended the6 to ha3eB e3e/<thin4 e8ce7t the o/i4inal f/esco wo/0 6ust
be st/i77ed awa<.
Ste7hen1 But it was e8t/e6el< co66on fo/ 7ainte/s of Michelan4elo2s e/a to add
7ainted details to thei/ own f/esco wo/0 afte/ the f/escos had d/ied.
86 'SAT
!. Ste7hen2s /es7onse to Qacha/< 7/oceeds b<
>A? callin4 into @uestion an assu67tion on which Qacha/<2s conclusion de7ends
>B? challen4in4 the definition of a 0e< te/6 in Qacha/< /eaches
>C? d/awin4 a conclusion othe/ than the one that Qacha/< /eaches
>D? den<in4 the t/uth of one of the stated 7/e6ises of Qacha/<2s a/4u6ent
>E? de6onst/atin4 that Qacha/<2s conclusion is not consistent with the 7/e6ises
he uses to su77o/t it
6. Ste7hen2s /es7onse to Qacha/A? It is i67ossible to distin4uish the late/ 7ainted additions 6ade to
Michelan4elo2s Sistine Cha7el 7aintin4s f/o6 the o/i4inal f/esco wo/0.
>B? St/i77in4 awa< e3e/<thin4 e8ce7t Michelan4elo2s o/i4inal f/esco wo/0 f/o6
the Sistine Cha7el 7aintin4s would be unli0el< to /esto/e the6 to the
a77ea/ance Michelan4elo intended the6 to ha3e.
>C? The 7ainted details that 7ainte/s of Michelan4elo2s e/a added to thei/ own
f/esco wo/0 we/e not an inte4/al 7a/t of the co67leted 7aintin4s2 o3e/all
desi4n.
>D? )one of the 7ainte/s of Michelan4elo2s e/a who 6ade additions to the Sistine
Cha7el 7aintin4s was i67o/tant a/tist in his o/ he/ own /i4ht.
>E? Michelan4elo was /a/el< satisfied with the a77ea/ance of his finished wo/0s.
TEST (ct $$
SECTI() I
1. Ih<sician1 In itselfB e8e/cise does not cause hea/t attac0sG /athe/B a sudden
inc/ease in an e8e/cise /e4i6en can be a cause. ,hen 7eo7le of an< 7h<sical
condition suddenl< inc/ease thei/ a6ount of e8e/ciseB the< also inc/ease thei/ /is0
of hea/t attac0. As a /esultB the/e will be an inc/eased /is0 of hea/t attac0 a6on4
e67lo<ees of this co67an< due to the new health 7/o4/a6.
The conclusion d/awn b< the 7h<sician follows lo4icall< if which one of the
flowin4 is assu6ed=
>A? E67lo<ees will ab/u7tl< inc/ease thei/ a6ount of e8e/cise as a /esult of the
new health 7/o4/a6.
>B? The e8e/cised in3ol3ed in the new health 7/o4/a6 a/e 6o/e st/enuous than
those in the 7/e3ious health 7/o4/a6.
>C? The new health 7/o4/a6 will fo/ce e67lo<ees of all le3els of health to
e8e/cise /e4ula/l<.
>D? The new health 7/o4/a6 constitutes a sudden chan4e in the co67an<2s 7olic<.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 86"
>E? All e67lo<eesB no 6atte/ what thei/ 7h<sical conditionB will 7a/tici7ate in the
new health 7/o4/a6.
. 'ast 6onth (C5B Inc.B announced what it desc/ibed as a uni@ue new 7/oduct1 an
ad;ustable co67ute/ wo/0station. Th/ee da<s late/ E/4oTech un3eiled an al6ost
identical 7/oduct. The two co67anies clai6 that the si6ila/ities a/e coincidental
and occu//ed because the desi4ne/s inde7endentl< /eached the sa6e solution to
the sa6e 7/oble6. The si6ila/ities a/e too funda6ental to be 6e/e coincidenceB
howe3e/. The two 7/oducts not onl< loo0 ali0eB but the< also wo/0 ali0e. Both a/e
oddl< sha7ed with identicall< 7laced cont/ol 7anels with the sa6e t<7es of
cont/ols. Both allow the sa6e t<7es of ad;ust6ents and the sa6e t<7es of o7tional
enhance6ents.
>A? The two 7/oducts ha3e 6an< cha/acte/istics in co66on.
>B? E/4oTech 6ust ha3e co7ied the desi4n of its new 7/oduct f/o6 (C52s desi4n.
>C? The si6ila/ities between the two 7/oducts a/e not coincidental.
>D? I/oduct desi4ne/s so6eti6es /each the sa6e solution to a 4i3en 7/oble6
without consultin4 each othe/.
>E? )ew 7/oducts that at fi/st a77ea/ to be uni@ue a/e so6eti6es si67l<
3a/iations of othe/ 7/oducts.
Questions 3-4
An anth/o7olo4ist h<7othesi9ed that a ce/tain 6edicinal 7owe/ contained a si4nificant
a6ount of the deadl< to8in T. ,hen the test she 7e/fo/6ed fo/ the 7/esence of to8in T
was ne4ati3eB the anth/o7olo4ist did not /e7o/t the /esults. A che6ist who ne3e/theless
lea/ned about the test /esults cha/4ed the anth/o7olo4ist with f/aud. The
anth/o7olo4istB howe3e/B counte/ed that those /esults we/e in3alid because the 7owe/
had inad3e/tentl< been test in acidic solution.
". In the absence of the anth/o7olo4ist2s /e7lA? -e7o/tin4 /esults fo/ an e87e/i6ent that was not conducted and /e7o/tin4 a
false /esult fo/ an actual e87e/i6ent a/e both instances of scientific f/aud.
>B? Scientists can co66it f/aud and <et /e7o/t so6e disconfi/6ations of thei/
h<7othesis.
>C? Scientists can ne4lect to /e7o/t so6e disconfi/6ations of thei/ h<7otheses and
<et be innocent of f/aud.
>D? Scientists co66it f/aud whene3e/ the< /e7o/t as 3alid an< test /esult the<
0now to be in3alid.
>E? Scientists who ne4lect to /e7o/t an< e87e/i6ent that could be inte/7/eted as
disconfi/6in4 thei/ h<7othesis ha3e the/eb< co66itted f/aud.
#. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost st/en4thens the anth/o7olo4ist2s
86# 'SAT
counte/a/4u6ent=
>A? The anth/o7olo4ist had e3idence f/o6 fieldwo/0 that the 6edicinal 7owde/
was t<7icall< 7/e7a/ed usin4 to8in T.
>B? The acti3it< le3el of to8in T tends to decline if the 7owde/ is sto/ed fo/ a lon4
ti6e.
>C? ,hen it is 7ut into an acidic solutionB to8in T beco6es undetectable.
>D? A f/esh batch of 7owde/ fo/ a /e7eat anal<sis was a3ailable at the ti6e of the
test.
>E? The t<7e of anal<sis used was insensiti3e to 3e/< s6all a6ounts of to8in T.
!. )ai6a1 The 7/o7osed new co67ute/ s<ste6B once we full< i67le6ented itB would
o7e/ate 6o/e s6oothl< and efficientl< than the cu//ent s<ste6. So we should
de3ote the /esou/ces necessa/< to acco67lish the con3e/sion as soon as 7ossible.
)a0ai1 ,e should 0ee7 the cu//ent s<ste6 fo/ as lon4 as we can. The cost in ti6e
and 6one< of con3e/tin4 to the new s<ste6 would be 4/eate/ than an< 7/edicted
benefits.
>A? The 7/edicted benefits of the new co67ute/ s<ste6 will be /eali9ed.
>B? It is essential to ha3e the best co67ute/ s<ste6 a3ailable.
>C? Acco67lishin4 the con3e/sion is technicall< i67ossible.
>D? The cu//ent co67ute/ s<ste6 does not wo/0 well enou4h to do what it is
su77osed to do.
>E? The con3e/sion to a new co67ute/ s<ste6 should be dela<ed.
6. E3e/< <ea/B new /e7o/ts a77ea/ conce/nin4 the health /is0s 7osed b< ce/tain
substancesB such as coffee and su4a/. (ne <ea/ an a/ticle clai6ed that coffee is
dan4e/ous to one2s health. The ne8t <ea/B anothe/ a/ticle a/4ued that coffee has
so6e benefits fo/ one2s health. 5/o6 these cont/adicto/< o7inionsB we see that
e87e/ts a/e useless fo/ 4uidin4 one2s decisions about one2s health.
,hich one of the followin4 6ost accu/atel< desc/ibes a flaw in the a/4u6ent
abo3e=
>A? The a/4u6ent ta0es fo/ 4/anted that coffee is dan4e/ous to one2s health.
>B? The a/4u6ent 7/esu6esB without 7/o3idin4 wa//antB that one alwa<s wants
e87e/t 4uidance in 6a0in4 decisions about one2s health.
>C? The a/4u6ent fails to conside/ the natu/e of e87e/t o7inion in a/eas othe/ than
health.
>D? The a/4u6ent 7/esu6esB with out 7/o3idin4 ;ustificationB that because e87e/t
o7inion is t/ustwo/th< in one caseB it 6ust the/efo/e be t/ustwo/th< in all
cases.
>E? The a/4u6ent fails to conside/ that coffee 6a< be ha/6ful to one2s health in
so6e /es7ects and beneficial in othe/s.
%. Because 7eo7le a/e 4ene/all< bette/ at detectin4 6ista0es in othe/s2 wo/0 than in
GMAT . 'SAT C- 86!
thei/ ownB a 7/udent 7/inci7le is that one should alwa<s ha3e one2s own wo/0
chec0ed b< so6eone else.
,hich one of the followin4 7/o3ides the best illust/ation of the 7/inci7le abo3e=
>A? The best ele6enta/< school 6ath teache/s a/e not those fo/ who6 6ath was
alwa<s eas<. Teache/s who had to st/u44le th/ou4h 6ath the6sel3es a/e
bette/ able to e87lain 6ath to students.
>B? (ne 6ust 6a0e a s7ecial effo/t to clea/l< e87lain one2s 3iews to so6eone
elseG 7eo7le no/6all< find it easie/ to unde/stand thei/ own 3iews than to
unde/stand othe/s2 3iews.
>C? +u/ies co67osed of le4al no3icesB /athe/ than 7anels of law<e/sB should be the
final a/bite/s in le4al 7/oceedin4s. Ieo7le who a/e not le4al e87e/ts a/e in a
bette/ 7osition to detect 4ood le4al a/4u6ents b< law<e/s than a/e othe/
law<e/s.
>D? Ieo7le should alwa<s ha3e thei/ w/itin4 7/oof/ead b< so6eone else. So6eone
who does not 0now in ad3ance what is 6eant to be said is in a bette/ 7osition
to s7ot t<7o4/a7hical e//o/s.
>E? Two 7eo7le 4oin4 out fo/ dinne/ will ha3e a 6o/e en;o<able 6eal if the<
o/de/ fo/ each othe/. B< allowin4 so6eone else to chooseB one o7ens oneself
u7 to new and e8citin4 dinin4 e87e/ience.
8. Iundit1 The onl< ai/line 7/o3idin4 se/3ice fo/ ou/ town announces that because
the se/3ice is un7/ofitableB it will discontinue this se/3ice ne8t <ea/. Town
officials ha3e u/4ed the co66unit< to use the ai/line2s se/3ice 6o/e f/e@uentl< so
that the ai/line will chan4e its decision. The/e is no /eason to co67l< with thei/
/eco66endationB howe3e/B fo/ ;ust last wee0 these sa6e officials d/o3e to an outA
ofAtown confe/ence instead of fl<in4.
The Iundit2s /easonin4 is 6ost 3ulne/able to c/iticis6 on the 4/ounds that it
7/esu6esB without 7/o3idin4 ;ustificationB that
>A? Inc/easin4 the nu6be/ of tic0ets sold without inc/easin4 tic0et 7/ices will be
sufficient to 6a0e continued ai/ se/3ice econo6icall< feasible.
>B? Sus7endin4 se/3ice and losin4 6one< b< continuin4 se/3ice a/e the ai/line2s
onl< o7tions.
>C? The town officials 7aid fo/ thei/ t/i7 with ta87a<e/s2 6one< /athe/ than thei/
own 6one<.
>D? G/ound t/ans7o/tation is usuall< no less e87ensi3e than ai/7lane
t/ans7o/tation.
>E? If the town officials did not follow thei/ own ad3iceB then that ad3ice is not
wo/th followin4.
&. So6e scientists belie3e that 6! 6illion <ea/s a4o an aste/oid st/uc0 what is now
the :ucatan IeninsulaB the/eb< causin4 e8tinction of the dinosau/s. These
scientists ha3e established that such a st/i0e could ha3e hu/led enou4h deb/is into
866 'SAT
the at6os7he/e to bloc0 sunli4ht and cool the at6os7he/e. ,ithout ade@uate
sunli4htB food sou/ces fo/ he/bi3o/ous dinosau/s would ha3e disa77ea/edB and no
dinosau/s could ha3e su/3i3ed a 7/olon4ed 7e/iod of low te67e/atu/es. These
sa6e scientistsB howe3e/B ha3e also established that 6ost deb/is launched b< the
aste/oid would ha3e settled to the 4/ound within si8 6onthsB too soon fo/ the
7lants to disa77ea/ o/ the dinosau/s to f/ee9e.
disc/e7anc< between the scientists2 beliefs and the scientists2 /esultsB as desc/ibed
abo3e=
>A? 'oss of the he/bi3o/ous dinosau/s would ha3e de7/i3ed the ca/ni3o/ous
dinosau/s of thei/ food sou/ce.
>B? Dinosau/s inhabited 6ost land6asses on the 7lanet but we/e not es7eciall<
abundant in the a/ea of the aste/oid st/i0e.
>C? A cloud of deb/is ca7able of di6inishin4 sunli4ht b< $ 7e/cent would ha3e
cooled the ea/th2s su/face b< % to 1$ de4/ees Celsius.
>D? The aste/oid was at least &.6 06 in dia6ete/B la/4e enou4h fo/ 6an< dinosau/s
to be 0illed b< the st/i0e itself and b< subse@uent tidal wa3es.
>E? Dinosau/s we/e susce7tible to fatal /es7i/ato/< 7/oble6s cause b<
conta6ination of the ai/ b< aste/oid deb/is.
1$. Be/nand1 5o/ which lan4ua4eB and thus which f/e@uenc< dist/ibution of lette/s
and lette/ se@uencesB was the standa/d t<7ew/ite/ 0e<boa/d desi4ned=
Co/a1 To as0 this @uestionB <ou 6ust be 6a0in4 a 6ista0en assu67tion1 that
t<7in4 s7eed was to be 6a8i6i9ed. The /eal dan4e/ with ea/l< t<7ew/ite/s was
that o7e/ato/s would hit successi3e 0e<s too @uic0l<B the/eb< c/ashin4 t<7eba/s
into each othe/B bendin4 connectin4 wi/es and so on. So the idea was to slow the
o7e/ato/ down b< 6a0in4 the 6ost co66on lette/ se@uences aw0wa/d to t<7e.
Be/nand1 This is su/el< not /i4htJ These technolo4ical li6itations ha3e lon4 since
3anishedB <et the 0e<boa/d is still as it was then.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB could be used b< Co/a to counte/ Be/na/d2s
/e;ection of he/ e87lanation=
>A? T<7ew/ite/s and wo/dA7/ocessin4 e@ui76ent a/e t<7icall< sold to 7eo7le who
ha3e lea/ned to use the standa/d 0e<boa/d and whoB the/efo/eB de6and it in
e@ui76ent the< bu<.
>B? T<7ew/ite/s ha3e been su7e/seded in 6ost offices b< wo/dA7/ocessin4
e@ui76entB which has inhe/ited the standa/d 0e<boa/d f/o6 t<7ew/ite/s.
>C? The standa/d 0e<boa/d allows s0illed o7e/ato/s to achie3e/ conside/able
t<7in4 s7eedsB thou4ht it 6a0es ac@ui/in4 such s0ills /elati3el< difficult.
>D? A 7e/son who has lea/ned one 0e<boa/d la<out can /eadil< lea/n to use a
second one in 7lace of the fi/stB but onl< with difficult< lea/n to use a second
one alon4side the fi/st.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 86%
>E? It is now 7ossible to const/uct t<7ew/ite/ and wo/dA7/ocessin4 e@ui76ent in
which a sin4le 0e<boa/d can acco66odate two o/ e3en 6o/e diffe/ent
0e<boa/d la<outsB each accessible to the o7e/ato/ at will.
11. So6e teache/s clai6 that students would not lea/n cu//icula/ content without the
incenti3e of 4/ades. But students with intense inte/est in the 6ate/ial would lea/n
it without this incenti3eB while the beha3io/ of students lac0in4 all inte/ests in the
6ate/ial is unaffected b< such an incenti3e. The incenti3e of 4/adesB the/efo/eB
se/3es no essential acade6ic 7u/7ose.
>A? ta0e fo/ 4/anted that the onl< 7u/7ose of school is to con3e< a fi8ed bod< of
info/6ation to students
>B? ta0es fo/ 4/anted that students who a/e indiffe/ent to the 4/ades the< /ecei3e
a/e 4enuinel< inte/ested in the cu//icula/ 6ate/ial
>C? fails to conside/ that the incenti3e of 4/ades 6a< se/3e so6e useful
nonacade6ic 7u/7ose
>D? i4no/e the 7ossibilit< that students who lac0 inte/est in the cu//icula/ 6ate/ial
would be @uite inte/ested in it if allowed to choose thei/ own cu//icula/
6ate/ial
>E? fails to conside/ that so6e students 6a< be neithe/ fascinated b< no/
co67letel< indiffe/ent to the sub;ect bein4 tau4ht
1. Econo6ist1 Technolo4< now chan4es so /a7idl< that wo/0e/s need 7e/iodic
/et/ainin4. Such /et/ainin4 can be efficient onl< if it allows indi3idual co67anies
to 6eet thei/ own sho/tAte/6 needs. HenceB la/4e 4o3e/n6ental ;ob /et/ainin4
7/o4/a6s a/e no lon4e/ a 3iable o7tion in the effo/t to /et/ain wo/0e/s efficientl<.
,hich one of the followin4 is an assu67tion /e@ui/ed b< the econo6ist2s
a/4u6ent=
>A? ,o/0e/s did not need to be /et/ained when the 7ace of technolo4ical chan4e
was slowe/ than it is cu//entl<.
>B? 'a/4e ;ob /et/ainin4 7/o4/a6s will be less efficient than s6alle/ 7/o4/a6s if
the 7ace of technolo4ical chan4e slows.
>C? )o sin4le t<7e of /et/ainin4 7/o4/a6 is 6ost efficient at /et/ainin4
technolo4ical wo/0e/s.
>D? 'a/4e 4o3e/n6ental ;ob /et/ainin4 7/o4/a6s do not 6eet the sho/tAte/6 needs
of diffe/ent indi3idual co67anies.
>E? Technolo4ical wo/0e/s a/e 6o/e li0el< now than in the 7ast to 6o3e in o/de/
to find wo/0 fo/ which the< a/e al/ead< t/ained.
1". -ecent /esea/ch indicates that inc/eased consu67tion of f/uits and 3e4etables b<
6iddleAa4ed 7eo7le /educes thei/ susce7tibilit< to st/o0e in late/ <ea/s. The
/esea/che/s s7eculate that this 6a< be because f/uits and 3e4etables a/e /ich in
folic acid. 'ow le3els of folic acid a/e associated with hi4h le3els of
868 'SAT
ho6oc<steineB an a6ino acid that cont/ibutes to bloc0ed a/te/ies.
,hich one of the followin4 state6ents is 6ost st/on4l< su77o/ted b< the
info/6ation abo3e=
>A? An inc/eased /is0 of st/o0e is co//elated with low le3els of ho6oc<steine.
>B? A dec/eased /is0 of st/o0e is co//elated with inc/eased le3els of folic acid.
>C? An inc/eased 7/o7ensit< fo/ bloc0ed a/te/ies is co//elated with dec/eased
le3els of ho6oc<steine.
>D? A dec/eased 7/o7ensit< fo/ bloc0ed a/te/ies is co//elated with low le3els of
folic acid.
>E? St/o0e is 7/e3ented b< in4estion of folic acid in @uantities sufficient to
7/e3ent a decline in the le3els of ho6oc<steine.
1#. Thi/t< <ea/s a4oB the 7e/centa4e of the B/itish 7eo7le who 3acationed in fo/ei4n
count/ies was 3e/< s6all co67a/ed with the la/4e 7e/centa4e of the B/itish
7o7ulation who t/a3el ab/oad fo/ 3acations now. 5o/ei4n t/a3el isB and alwa<s has
beenB e87ensi3e f/o6 B/itain. The/efo/eB B/itish 7eo7le 6ust ha3eB on a3e/a4eB
6o/e 6one< to s7end on 3acations now than the< did "$ <ea/s a4o.
The a/4u6ent /e@ui/es assu6in4 which one of the followin4=
>A? If fo/ei4n t/a3el had been less e87ensi3e "$ <ea/s a4oB B/itish 7eo7le would
still not ha3e had enou4h 6one< to ta0e 3acation ab/oad.
>B? If t/a3el to B/itain we/e less e87ensi3eB 6o/e 7eo7le of othe/ count/ies would
t/a3el to B/itain fo/ thei/ 3acations.
>C? If the 7e/centa4e of B/itish 7eo7le 3acationin4 ab/oad was lowe/ "$ <ea/s
a4oB then the B/itish 7eo7le of "$ <ea/s a4o 6ust ha3e s7ent 6o/e 6one< on
do6estic 3acations.
>D? If 6o/e of the B/itish 7eo7le "$ <ea/s a4o had had enou4h 6one< to 3acation
ab/oadB 6o/e would ha3e done so.
>E? If B/itish 7eo7le a/e now wealthie/ than the< we/e "$ <ea/s a4oB then the<
6ust ha3e 6o/e 6one< to s7end on 3acations now than the< did "$ <ea/s
a4o.
1!. M<ste/< sto/ies often featu/e a b/illiant detecti3e and the detecti3e2s dull
co67anion. Clues a/e 7/esented in the sto/<B and the co67anion w/on4l< infe/s
an inaccu/ate solution to the 6<ste/< usin4 the sa6e clues that the detecti3e uses
to deduce the co//ect solution. ThusB the autho/2s st/ate4< of includin4 the dull
co67anion 4i3es /eade/s a chance to sol3e the 6<ste/< while also di3e/tin4 the6
f/o6 the co//ect solution.
>A? Most 6<ste/< sto/ies featu/e a b/illiant detecti3e who sol3es the 6<ste/<
7/esented in the sto/<.
>B? M<ste/< /eade/s often sol3e the 6<ste/< in a sto/< si67l< b< s7ottin4 the
6ista0es in the /easonin4 of the detecti3e2s dull co67anion in that sto/<.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 86&
>C? So6e 6<ste/< sto/ies 4i3e /eade/s enou4h clues to infe/ the co//ect solution
to the 6<ste/<.
>D? The actions of the b/illiant detecti3e in a 6<ste/< sto/< /a/el< di3e/t /eade/s
f/o6 the actions of the detecti3e2s dull co67anion.
>E? The detecti3e2s dull co67anion in a 6<ste/< sto/< 4ene/all< unco3e/s the
6isleadin4 clues that di3e/t /eade/s f/o6 the 6<ste/<2s co//ect solution.
16. Iolic< anal<st1 Inc/easin4 the si9e of a 7olice fo/ce is onl< a sto74a7 6ethod of
c/i6e 7/e3ention. It does not 4et at the /oot causes of c/i6e. The/efo/eB cit<
officials should not /es7ond to /isin4 c/i6e /ates b< inc/easin4 the si9e of thei/
cit<2s 7olice fo/ce.
The flawed /easonin4 in which one of the followin4 a/4u6ents 6ost closel<
/ese6bles the flawed /easonin4 in the 7olic< anal<st2s a/4u6ent=
>A? So6e 7eo7le thin0 that /ules with hi4he/ standa/ds than 7eo7le can li3e u7 toB
such as those en;oinin4 total honest<B 7/e3ent so6e i66o/al beha3io/ b<
4i3in4 7eo7le a 4uide to selfAi67/o3e6ent. But such /ules actuall< wo/sen
beha3io/ b< 6a0e 7eo7le c<nical about /ules. ThusB societies should not
institute o3e/l< de6andin4 /ules.
>B? Swa67s 7la< an i67o/tant /ole in alla<in4 the ha/sh effects of floods because
the< abso/b a 4/eat deal of wate/. Althou4h da6s 7/e3ent 6an< floodsB the<
wo/sen the effects of the 4/eatest floods b< d/<in4 u7 swa67s. Thus da6s
should not be built.
>C? Althou4h less effecti3e in 7/e3entin4 theft than secu/it< 4ua/dsB bu/4la/ ala/6
s<ste6s a/e 6o/e affo/dable to 6aintain. Because the 4/eate/ loss f/o6 theft
when ala/6s a/e used is outwei4hed b< thei/ lowe/ costB co67anies a/e
ad3ised alwa<s to use bu/4la/ ala/6 s<ste6s.
>D? Because ta0in4 this d/u4 does not cu/e the disease fo/ which it is 7/esc/ibedB
but onl< /educes the disease2s 6ost ha/6ful effectsB docto/s should not
continue to 7/esc/ibe this d/u4.
>E? ,e will ne3e/ full< unde/stand what causes 7eo7le to en4a4e in c/i6inal
acti3it<. The/efo/eB we should in3esti4ate othe/ wa<s to i67/o3e societ<2s
abilit< to co6bat c/i6e.
Question 1'-18
In o/de/ to dete/6ine auto6obile insu/ance 7/e6iu6s fo/ a d/i3e/B insu/ance
co67anies calculate 3a/ious /is0 facto/sG as the /is0 facto/s inc/easeB so does the
7/e6iu6. Ce/tain facto/sB such as the d/i3e/2s a4e and 7ast accident histo/<B 7la< an
i67o/tant /ole in these calculations. :et these 7/e6iu6s should also inc/ease d/i3es.
Afte/ allB a 7e/son2s chance of bein4 in3ol3ed in a 6isha7 inc/eases in 7/o7o/tion to
the nu6be/ of ti6es that 7e/son d/i3es.
1%. ,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost unde/6ines the a/4u6ent=
>A? Ieo7le who d/i3e in f/e@uentl< a/e 6o/e li0el< to be in3ol3ed accidents that
8%$ 'SAT
occu/ on s6all /oads than in hi4hwa< accidents.
>B? Ieo7le who d/i3e inf/e@uentl< a/e less li0el< to follow /ules fo/ safe d/i3in4
than a/e 7eo7le who d/i3e f/e@uentl<.
>C? Ieo7le who d/i3e inf/e@uentl< a/e less li0el< to 3iolate local s7eed li6its than
a/e 7eo7le who d/i3e f/e@uentl<.
>D? Ieo7le who d/i3e f/e@uentl< a/e 6o/e li0el< to 6a0e lon4Adistance t/i7s in
the cou/se of a <ea/ than a/e 7eo7le who d/i3e inf/e@uentl<.
>E? Ieo7le who d/i3e f/e@uentl< a/e 6o/e li0el< to beco6e dist/acted while
d/i3in4 than a/e 7eo7le who d/i3e inf/e@uentl<.
18. The clai6 that insu/ance 7/e6iu6s should inc/ease as the f/e@uenc< with which a
d/i3e/ d/i3es inc/eases 7la<s which one of the followin4 /oles in the a/4u6ent=
>A? a 7/e6ise of the a/4u6ent
>B? the conclusion of the a/4u6ent
>C? e3idence offe/ed in su77o/t of one of the 7/e6ises
>D? an asse/tion 7h/ased to 7/eclude an antici7ated ob;ection
>E? a cla/ification of a 0e< te/6 in the a/4u6ent
1&. Essa<ist1 (nl< ha77iness is int/insicall< 3aluableG othe/ thin4s a/e 3aluable onl<
insofa/ as the< cont/ibute to ha77iness. So6e 7hiloso7he/s a/4ue that the fact that
we do not a77/o3e of a bad 7e/son2s bein4 ha77< shows that we 3alue ha77iness
onl< when it is dese/3ed. This su77osedl< shows that we find so6ethin4 besides
ha77iness to be int/insicall< 3aluable. But the ha77iness 7eo7le dese/3e is
dete/6ined b< the a6ount of ha77iness the< b/in4 to othe/s. The/efo/eB CCCCCC
,hich one of the followin4 6ost lo4icall< co67letes the final sentence of the
essa<ist2s a/4u6ent=
>A? the notion that 7eo7le can be dese/3in4 of ha77iness is ulti6atel< incohe/ent
>B? 7eo7le do not actuall< 3alue ha77iness as 6uch as the< thin0 the< do
>C? the ;ud46ent that a 7e/son dese/3es to be ha77< is itself to be unde/stood in
te/6s of ha77iness
>D? the onl< wa< to be assu/ed of ha77iness is to b/in4 ha77iness to those who
ha3e done so6ethin4 to dese/3e it
>E? a t/ul< bad 7e/son cannot actuall< be 3e/< ha77<
$. Sociolo4ist1 Cli6ate and 4eolo4< dete/6ine whe/e hu6an indust/< can be
established . D/astic shifts in cli6ate alwa<s /esult in 6i4/ationsB and 6i4/ations
b/in4 about the inte/6in4lin4 of ideas necessa/< fo/ /a7id ad3ances in
ci3ili9ation.
The sociolo4ist2s state6entsB if t/ueB 6ost st/on4l< su77o/t which one of the
followin4=
>A? Cli6ate is the 7/i6a/< cause of 6i4/ation
GMAT . 'SAT C- 8%1
>B? All shifts in cli6ate 7/oduce a net 4ain in hu6an 7/o4/ess
>C? A 7o7ulation /e6ains settles onl< whe/e the cli6ate is fai/l< stable.
>D? Io7ulations settle in e3e/< 7lace whe/e hu6an indust/< can be established
>E? E3e/< 6i4/ations acco67anies b< /a7id ad3ances in ci3ili9ation
1. So6e educato/s clai6 that it is best that school cou/ses co3e/ onl< basic sub;ect
6atte/B but co3e/ it in de7th. These educato/s a/4ue that if student achie3e a solid
4/as7 of the basic conce7ts and in3esti4ato/< techni@ues in a sub;ectB the< will be
able to e87lo/e the b/eadth of that sub;ect on thei/ own afte/ the cou/se is o3e/.
But if the< si67l< lea/n a lot of factual info/6ationB without t/ul< unde/standin4
its si4nificanceB the< will not be well e@ui77ed fo/ fu/the/ stud< on thei/ own.
The educato/2s /easonin4 7/o3ides 4/ounds fo/ acce7tin4 which one of the
followin4 state6ents=
>A? It is easie/ to unde/stand how 7lants and ani6als a/e classified afte/ lea/nin4
how 7lants and ani6als can be useful
>B? It is 6o/e difficult to /ecall the details of a dull and co67licated lectu/e than
of a li3el< and inte/estin4 one.
>C? It is easie/ to /e6e6be/ new ideas e87lained 7e/sonall< b< a teache/ than
ideas that one e87lo/es inde7endentl<.
>D? It is easie/ to unde/stand an< G/ee0 t/a4ed< afte/ one has anal<9ed a few of
the6 in detail.
>E? It is easie/ to lea/n 6an< si67le ideas well than to lea/n a few co67licated
ideas well.
. Da66in4 the Me/3 -i3e/ would 7/o3ide i//i4ation fo/ the d/< land in its
u7st/ea6 a/easG unfo/tunatel<B a da6 would /educe a4/icultu/al 7/oducti3it< in
the fe/tile land downst/ea6 b< /educin4 the a3ailabilit< and @ualit< of the wate/
the/e. The 7/oducti3it< loss in the downst/ea6 a/ea would be 4/eate/ than the
7/oducti3it< 4ain u7st/ea6 B so buildin4 a da6 would <ield no o3e/all 4ain in
a4/icultu/al 7/oducti3it< in the /e4ion as a whole.
The /easonin4 in the a/4u6ent abo3e 6ost closel< 7a/allels that in which one of
the followin4=
>A? diseaseAcausin4 bacte/ia in e44s can be dest/o<ed b< o3e/coo0in4 the e44sB
but the e44s then beco6e 6uch less a77eti9in4G health is 6o/e i67o/tant
than tasteB howe3e/B so it is bette/ to o3e/coo0 e44s than not to do so.
>B? Inc/easin4 the 7/ice of t/ansatlantic tele7hone calls will discou/a4e 6an<
7/i3ate indi3iduals f/o6 6a0in4 the6. But since 6ost t/ansatlantic tele7hone
calls a/e 6ade b< businessesB not b< 7/i3ate indi3idualsB a /ate inc/ease will
not /educe tele7hone co67an< 7/ofits.
>C? A new hi4hwa< will allow subu/ban co66ute/s to /each the cit< 6o/e
@uic0l<B but not without causin4 inc/eased dela<s within the cit< that will
6o/e than offset an< ti6e sa3ed on the hi4hwa<. The/efo/eB the hi4hwa< will
8% 'SAT
not educe subu/ban co66ute/s2 o3e/all co66utin4 ti6e.
>D? Docto/s can 7/esc/ibe antibiotics f/o 6an< 6ino/ illnessesB but antibiotics a/e
e87ensi3eB and these illnesses can often be cu/ed b< /est alone. The/efo/eB it
is bette/ to /est at ho6e than to see a docto/ fo/ these illnesses.
>E? A ce/tain che6ical will 0ill 4a/den 7est that da6a4e to6atoesB but that
che6ical will da6a4e ce/tain othe/ 7lants 6o/e se3e/el< than the 7ests
da6a4e the to6atoesB so the onl< 4a/den that will benefit f/o6 the use of the
che6ical a/e those in which onl< to6atoes a/e 4/own.
". Acti3ist1 5ood 7/oduce/s i//adiate food in o/de/ to 7/olon4 its shelf life. 5i3e
ani6al studies we/e /ecentl< conducted to in3esti4ate whethe/ this 7/ocess alte/s
food in a wa< that could be dan4e/ous to 7eo7le who eat it. The studies concluded
that i//adiated food is safe fo/ hu6an to eat. Howe3e/B because these studies we/e
subse@uentl< found b< a 7anel of inde7endent scientists to be se/iousl< flawed in
thei/ 6ethodolo4A? t/eats a failu/e to 7/o3e a clai6 as constitutin4 7/oof of the denial of that
clai6
>B? t/eat 6ethodolo4ical flaws in 7ast studies as 7/oof that it is cu//entl< not
7ossible to de3ise 6ethodolo4icall< ade@uate alte/nati3es
>C? fails to conside/ the 7ossibilit< that e3en a stud< whose 6ethodolo4< has no
se/ious flaws nonetheless 6i4ht 7/o3ide onl< wea0 su77o/t fo/ it2s
conclusion
>D? fails to conside/ the 7ossibilit< that what is safe fo/ ani6als 6i4ht not alwa<s
be safe fo/ hu6an bein4s
>E? fails to establish that the inde7endent scientists 0now 6o/e about food
i//adiation than do the 7eo7le who 7/oduced the fi3e studies
#. (neA<ea/Aolds o/dina/il< 7/efe/ the taste of sweet food to that of salt< food. :et if
one feeds a oneA<ea/Aold salt< food /athe/ than sweet foodB then o3e/ a 7e/iod of
about a <ea/ he o/ she will de3elo7 a taste fo/ the salt< fla3o/ and choose to eat
salt< food /athe/ than sweet food. ThusB a <oun4 child2s taste 7/efe/ences can be
affected b< the t<7e of food he o/ she has been e87osed to.
>A? TwoA<ea/Aolds do not natu/all< 7/efe/ salt< food to sweet food
>B? A child2s taste 7/efe/ences usuall< chan4es between a4e one and a4e two.
>C? TwoA<ea/Aolds do not natu/all< disli0e salt< food so 6uch that the< would not
choose it o3e/ so6e othe/ foods.
>D? The salt< food fed to infants in o/de/ to chan4e thei/ taste 7/efe/ences 6ust
taste 7leasant
>E? Sweet food is bette/ fo/ infant de3elo76ent than is salt< food.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 8%"
SECTI() I*
Time $ minutes "* #uestions
Question 1-!
Ms. S6ith1 I a6 u7set that 6< son2s enti/e class lost two da<s of /ecess because so6e
of the child/en we/e th/owin4 /aisins in the cafete/ia. He was not th/owin4 /aisinsB and
it was clea/ to e3e/<one ;ust who the cul7/its we/e.
I/inci7al1 I26 so//< <ou2/e u7setB Ms. S6ithB but <ou/ son2s situation is li0e bein4
cau4ht in a t/affic ;a6 caused b< an accident. Ieo7le who a/en2t in3ol3ed in the
accident ne3e/theless ha3e to suffe/ b< sittin4 the/e in the 6iddle of it.
1. If the 7/inci7al is s7ea0in4 since/elA? 6an< child/en we/e th/owin4 /aisins in the cafete/ia
>B? Ms. S6ith2s son 6i4ht not ha3e th/own /aisins in the cafete/ia
>C? Afte/ an accident the /esultin4 t/affic ;a6s a/e 4ene/all< caused b< 7olice
acti3it<.
>D? Ms. S6ith2s son 0now who it was that th/ew /aisins in the cafete/ia
>E? 'osin4 two da<s of /ecess will dete/ futu/e dis/u7tions.
. The 7/inci7al2s /es7onse to Ms. S6ith2s co67laint is 6ost 3ulne/able to c/iticis6
on which one of the followin4 4/ounds=
>A? it 6a0es a 4ene/ali9ation about all the child/en in the class which is not
;ustified b< the facts.
>B? It su44ests that th/owin4 /aisins in the cafete/ia 7/oduces as 6uch
incon3enience as does bein4 cau4ht in a t/affic ;a6.
>C? It does not ac0nowled4e the fact that a t/affic ;a6 followin4 an accident is
una3oidable while the 6ass 7unish6ent was a3oidable.
>D? It assu6es that Ms. S6ith2s son is 4uilt< when the/e is e3idence to the
cont/a/< which the 7/inci7al has dis/e4a/ded.
>E? It atte67ts to confuse the 7oint at issue b< int/oducin4 i//ele3ant facts about
the incident.
". +ou/nalist1 (b3iousl<B thou4h so6e ani6als a/e 7u/el< ca/ni3o/ousB none would
su/3i3e without 7lants. But eh de7endence is 6utual. Man< 7lant s7ecies would
ne3e/ ha3e co6e to be had the/e been no ani6als to 7ollinateB fe/tili9eB and
b/oadcast thei/ seeds. AlsoB 7lants2 7hotos<nthetic acti3it< would de7lete the
ca/bon dio8ide in Ea/th2s at6os7he/e we/e it not constantl< bein4 /e7lenished b<
the e8halation of ani6alsB en4ine fu6esB and s6o0e f/o6 fi/esB 6an< set b<
hu6an bein4s.
8%# 'SAT
;ou/nalist2s a/4u6ent=
>A? The 7hotos<nthetic acti3it< of 7lants is necessa/< fo/ ani6al lifeB but ani6al
life is also necessa/< fo/ the occu//ence of 7hotos<nthesis in 7lants.
>B? So6e 7u/el< ca/ni3o/ous ani6als would not su/3i3e without 7lants.
>C? The che6ical co67osition of Ea/th and its at6os7he/e de7endsB at least to
so6e e8tentB one the e8istence and acti3ities of the ani6als that 7o7ulate
Ea/th.
>D? Hu6an acti3it< is 7a/t of what 7/e3ents 7lants f/o6 de7letin4 the o8<4en in
Ea/th2s at6os7he/e on which 7lants and ani6als ali0e de7ends.
>E? +ust as ani6als a/e de7endent on 7lants fo/ thei/ su/3i3alB 7lants a/e
de7endent on ani6als fo/ thei/s.
#. The 4o3e/n6entAowned 4as co67an< has be4un sellin4 sto3es and othe/ 4as
a77liances to c/eate a la/4e/ 6a/0et fo/ its 4as. Me/chants who sell such 7/oducts
co67lain that the co67etition will hu/t thei/ businesses. That 6a< well beG
howe3e/B the 4o3e/n6entAowned 4as co67an< is within its /i4hts. Afte/ allB the
owne/ of a 7/i3ate 4as co67an< 6i4ht will decide to sell such a77liances and
su/el< the/e would be nothin4 w/on4 with that.
,hich one of the followin4 7/inci7lesB if 3alidB 6ost hel7s ;ustif< the /easonin4
abo3e=
>A? Go3e/n6entAowned co67anies ha3e the /i4ht to do whate3e/ 7/i3ate
businesses ha3e the /i4ht to do.
>B? A 4o3e/n6ent should alwa<s ta0e se/iousl< the co67laints of 6e/chants.
>C? I/i3ate businesses ha3e not /i4ht to co67ete with 4o3e/n6ent 6ono7olies.
>D? The/e is nothin4 w/on4 with a 4o3e/n6entAowned co67an< sellin4 7/oducts
so lon4 as owne/s of 7/i3ate co67anies do not co67lain.
>E? The/e is nothin4 w/on4 with 7/i3ate co67anies co67etin4 a4ainst each othe/.
!. To8icolo4ist1 A su/3e< of oilA/efine/< wo/0e/s who wo/0 with MBTEB an
in4/edient cu//entl< used in so6e s6o4A/educin4 4asolineB found an ala/6in4
incidence of co67laints about headachesB fati4ueB and sho/tness of b/eath. Since
4asoline containin4 MBTE will soon be widel< usedB we can e87ect an inc/eased
incidence of headachesB fati4ueB and sho/tness of b/eath.
Each of the followin4B if t/ueB st/en4thens the to8icolo4ist2s a/4u6ent EHCEIT1
>A? Most oilA/efine/< wo/0e/s who do not wo/0 with MBTE do not ha3e se/ious
health 7/oble6s in3ol3in4 headachesB fati4ueB and sho/tness of b/eath.
>B? HeadachesB fati4ueB and sho/tness of b/eath a/e a6on4 the s<67to6s of
se3e/al 6edical conditions that a/e 7otentiall< se/ious th/eats to 7ublic
health.
>C? Since the ti6e when 4asoline containin4 MBTE was fi/st int/oduced in a few
6et/o7olitan a/easB those a/eas /e7o/ted an inc/ease in the nu6be/ of
GMAT . 'SAT C- 8%!
co67laints about headachesB fati4ueB and sho/tness of b/eath.
>D? -e4ions in which onl< 4asoline containin4 MBTE is used ha3e a 6uch
4/eate/ incidence of headachesB fati4ueB and sho/tness of b/eath than do
si6ila/ /e4ions in which onl< MBTEAf/ee 4asoline is used.
>E? The oilA/efine/< wo/0e/s su/3e<ed we/e ca/efull< selected to be /e7/esentati3e
of the b/oade/ 7o7ulation in thei/ 6edical histo/ies 7/io/ to e87osu/e to
MBTEB as well as in othe/ /ele3ant /es7ects.
6. In an< fieldB e87e/ience is /e@ui/ed fo/ a 7/oficient 7e/son to beco6e an e87e/t.
Th/ou4h e87e/ienceB a 7/oficient 7e/son 4/aduall< de3elo7s a /e7e/to/< of 6odel
situations that allows an i66ediateB intuiti3e /es7onse to each new situation. This
is the hall6a/0 of e87e/tiseB and o/ this /eason co67ute/i9ed Ee87e/t s<ste6sF
cannot be as 4ood as hu6an e8e/ts. Althou4h co67ute/s ha3e the abilit< to sto/e
6illions of bits of info/6ationB the 0nowled4e of hu6an e87e/tsB who benefit
f/o6 the e87e/ience of thousands of situationsB is not sto/ed within thei/ b/ains in
the fo/6 of /ules and facts.
The a/4u6ent /e@ui/es the assu67tion of which one of the followin4=
>A? Co67ute/s can show no 6o/e o/i4inalit< in /es7ondin4 to a situation than that
built into the6 b< thei/ desi4ne/s.
>B? The 0nowled4e of hu6an e87e/ts cannot be ade@uatel< /ende/ed into the t<7e
of info/6ation that a co67ute/ can sto/e.
>C? Hu6an e87e/ts /el< on info/6ation that can be e87/essed b< /ules and facts
when the< /es7ond to new situations.
>D? 5utu/e ad3ances in co67ute/ technolo4< will not /ende/ co67ute/s ca7able of
so/tin4 th/ou4h 4/eate/ a6ounts of info/6ation.
>E? Hu6an e87e/ts /el< hea3il< on intuition while the< a/e de3elo7in4 a /e7e/to/<
of 6odel situations.
%. ,hen d/i3e/s a/e de7/i3ed of slee7 the/e a/e definite beha3io/al chan4esB such as
slowe/ /es7onses to sti6uli and a /educed abilit< to concent/ateB but 7eo7le2s selfA
awa/eness of these chan4es is 7oo/. Most d/i3e/s thin0 the< can tell when the< a/e
about to fall aslee7B but the< cannot.
Each of the followin4 illust/ates the 7/inci7le that the 7assa4e illust/ates
EHCEIT1
>A? Ieo7le who ha3e been d/in0in4 alcohol a/e not 4ood ;ud4es of whethe/ the<
a/e too d/un0 to d/i3e.
>B? Ele6enta/< school students who disli0e a/ith6etic a/e not 4ood ;ud4es of
whethe/ 6ulti7lication tables should be included in the school2s cu//iculu6.
>C? Indust/ial wo/0e/s who ha3e ;ust been e87osed to no8ious fu6es a/e not 4ood
;ud4es of whethe/ the< should 0ee7 wo/0in4.
>D? Ieo7le who ha3e ;ust donated blood and ha3e beco6e faint a/e not 4ood
;ud4es of whethe/ the< a/e /ead< to wal0 out of the facilit<.
8%6 'SAT
>E? Ieo7le who a/e bein4 t/eated fo/ schi9o7h/enia a/e not 4ood ;ud4es of
whethe/ the< should continue thei/ 6edical t/eat6ents.
8. Iolitician1 M< o77onent sa<s ou/ 9onin4 laws too st/on4l< 7/o6ote subu/ban
sin4leAfa6il< dwellin4s and should be chan4ed to encou/a4e othe/ fo/6s of
housin4 li0e a7a/t6ent buildin4s. :et he li3es in a house in the count/<. His
lifest<le cont/adicts his own a/4u6entB which should the/efo/e not be ta0en
se/iousl<.
The 7olitician2s /easonin4 is 6ost 3ulne/able to c/iticis6 on the 4/ound that
>A? Its cha/acte/i9ation of the o77onent2s lifest<le /e3eals the 7olitician2s own
7/e;udice a4ainst const/uctin4 a7a/t6ent buildin4s.
>B? It ne4lects the fact that a7a/t6ent buildin4s can be built in the subu/bs ;ust as
easil< as in the cente/ of the cit<.
>C? It fails to 6ention the 7olitician2s own li3in4 situation
>D? Its discussion of the o77onent2s lifest<le is i//ele3ant to the 6e/its of the
o77onent2s a/4u6ent.
>E? It i4no/es the 7ossibilit< that the o77onent 6a< ha3e 7/e3iousl< li3ed in an
a7a/t6ent buildin4.
&. Consu6e/s a/e dee7l< conce/ned about the @uantit< of 7lastic 7ac0a4in4 on the
6a/0et and ha3e s7u//ed 6anufactu/e/s to find wa<s to /ec<cle 7lastic 6ate/ials.
Des7ite thei/ effo/tsB howe3e/B onl< 6.! 7e/cent of 7lastic is not bein4 /ec<cledB as
co67a/ed to "" 7e/cent of containe/ 4lass.
Each of the followin4B if t/ueB hel7s to e87lain the /elati3el< low /ate of 7lastic
/ec<clin4 EHCEIT1
>A? Man< facto/ies a/e set u7 to acce7t and 6a0e econo6ical use of /ec<cled
4lassB whe/eas the/e a/e few facto/ies that 6a0e 7/oducts out of /ec<cled
7lastic.
>B? Man< 7lastic 7/oducts a/e inco67atible and cannot be /ec<cled to4ethe/B
whe/eas 6ost containe/s 6ade of 4lass a/e co67atible.
>C? The 6anufactu/e of new 7lastic de7letes oil /ese/3esB whe/eas the
6anufactu/e of new 4lass uses /enewable /esou/ces.
>D? Dnli0e 4lassB which can be heated to thousands of de4/ees du/in4 the
/ec<clin4 7/ocess to bu/n off conta6inantsB /ec<cled 7lastic cannot be heated
enou4h to ste/ili9e it.
>E? Ilastic 7ol<6e/s tend to b/ea0 down du/in4 the /ec<clin4 7/ocess and wea0en
the /esultin4 7/oductB whe/eas 4lass does not b/ea0 down.
1$. Technolo4ical 7/o4/ess 6a0es econo6ic 4/owth and wides7/ead 7/os7e/it<
7ossibleG it also 6a0es a wo/0e/2s 7a/ticula/ s0ills less c/ucial to 7/oduction. :et
wo/0e/s2 satisfaction in thei/ wo/0 de7ends on thei/ belie3in4 that thei/ wo/0 is
difficult and /e@ui/es unco66on s0ills. Clea/lA? deceases the @ualit< of 6ost 7/oducts
>B? 7/o3ides benefits onl< to those whose wo/0 is not di/ectl< affected b< it
>C? is 4ene/all< o77osed b< the wo/0e/s whose wo/0 will be di/ectl< affected b<
it
>D? cause wo/0e/s to feel less satisfaction in thei/ wo/0
>E? eli6inates 6an< wo/0e/2s ;obs
11. En3i/on6entalist1 The co67le8 ecos<ste6 of the )o/th A6e/ican 7/ai/ie has
la/4el< been dest/o<ed to 7/oduce cattle feed. But the 7/ai/ie ecos<ste6 once
su77o/ted "$ to %$ 6illion bisonB whe/eas )o/th A6e/ican a4/icultu/e now
su77o/ts about !$ 6illion cattle. Since bison <ield as 6uch 6eat as cattleB and the
natu/al 7/ai/ie /e@ui/ed neithe/ 7esticidesB 6achine/<B no/ 4o3e/n6ent subsidiesB
/etu/nin4 as 6uch land as 7ossible to an unculti3ated state could /esto/e
biodi3e/sit< without a 6a;o/ decease in 6eat 7/oduction.
,hich one of the followin4 6ost accu/atel< e87/esses the en3i/on6entalist2s
6ain conclusion=
>A? If ea/lie/ )o/th A6e/ican a4/icultu/al techni@ues we/e /eint/oducedB 6eat
7/oduction would dec/ease onl< sli4htl<.
>B? I/otectin4 the habitat of wild ani6als so that we can utili9e these ani6als as a
food sou/ce is 6o/e cost effecti3e than /aisin4 do6esticated ani6als.
>C? The biodi3e/sit< of the )o/th A6e/ican 7/ai/ie ecos<ste6 should not be
/esto/ed if doin4 so will ha3e intole/able econo6ic conse@uences.
>D? I/ese/3ation of the /e6ainin4 )o/th A6e/ican bison would be a sensible
7olic<.
>E? The de3astation of the )o/th A6e/ican 7/ai/ie ecos<ste6 could be la/4el<
/e3e/sed without si4nificantl< dec/easin4 6eat 7/oduction.
1. Ite6 /e6o3ed f/o6 sco/in4.
1". A /ecent stud< /e3eals that tele3ision ad3e/tisin4 does not si4nificantl< affect
child/en2s 7/efe/ences fo/ b/ea0fast ce/eals. The stud< co67a/ed two 4/ou7s of
child/en. (ne 4/ou7 had watched no tele3isionB and the othe/ 4/ou7 had watched
a3e/a4e a6ounts of tele3ision and its ad3e/tisin4. Both 4/ou7s st/on4l< 7/efe//ed
the su4a/< ce/eals hea3il< ad3e/tised on tele3ision.
,hich one of the followin4 state6entsB if t/ueB 6ost wea0ens the a/4u6ent=
>A? The 7/efe/ences of child/en who do not watch tele3ision ad3e/tisin4 a/e
influenced b< the 7/efe/ences of child/en who watch the ad3e/tisin4.
>B? The 7/efe/ence fo/ sweets is not a uni3e/sal t/ait in hu6an and can be
influenced b< en3i/on6ental facto/s such as tele3ision ad3e/tisin4.
>C? Most of the child/en in the 4/ou7 that had watched tele3ision we/e al/ead<
fa6ilia/ with the ad3e/tise6ents fo/ these ce/eals.
8%8 'SAT
>D? Both 4/ou7s /e;ected ce/eals low in su4a/ e3en when these ce/eal we/e
hea3il< ad3e/tised on tele3ision.
>E? Ce/eal 7/efe/ences of adults who watch tele3ision a/e 0nown to be
si4nificantl< diffe/ent f/o6 the ce/eal 7/efe/ences of adults who do not
watch tele3ision.
1#. -educin4 s7eed li6its neithe/ sa3es li3es no/ 7/otects the en3i/on6ent. This is
because the 6o/e slowl< a ca/ is d/i3enB the 6o/e ti6e it s7ends on the /oad
s7ewin4 e8haust into the ai/ and /unnin4 the /is0 of collidin4 with othe/ 3ehicles.
>A? ne4lects the fact that so6e 6oto/ists co67letel< i4no/e s7eed li6its.
>B? I4no/e the 7ossibilit< of benefits f/o6 lowe/in4 s7eed li6its othe/ than
en3i/on6ental and safet< benefits.
>C? 5ails to conside/ that if s7eed li6its a/e /educedB inc/eased d/i3in4 ti6es will
inc/ease the nu6be/ of ca/s on the /oad at an< 4i3en ti6e.
>D? I/esu6esB without 7/o3idin4 ;ustificationB that total e6issions fo/ a 4i3en
auto6obile t/i7 a/e dete/6ined 7/i6a/il< b< the a6ount of ti6e the t/i7 ta0es
>E? I/esu6esB without 7/o3idin4 ;ustificationB that d/i3e/s /un a si4nificant /is0 of
collision onl< if the< s7end a lot of ti6e on the /oad.
1!. 'o44e/head tu/tles li3e and b/eed in distinct 4/ou7sB of which so6e a/e in the
Iacific (cean and so6e a/e in the Atlantic. )ew e3idence su44ests that ;u3enile
7acific lo44e/heads that feed nea/ the Ba;a 7eninsula hatch in +a7anese wate/s
1$B$$$ 0ilo6ete/s awa<. )inet<Afi3e 7e/cent of the D)A sa67les ta0en f/o6 the
Ba;a tu/tles 6atch those ta0en f/o6 tu/tles at the +a7anese nestin4 sites.
,hich one of the followin4B if t/ueB 6ost se/iousl< wea0ens the /easonin4 abo3e=
>A? )estin4 sites of lo44e/head tu/tles ha3e been found off the Iacific coast of
)o/th A6e/ica se3e/al thousand 0ilo6ete/s no/th of the Ba;a 7eninsula.
>B? The distance between nestin4 sites and feedin4 sites of Atlantic lo44e/head
tu/tles is less than !B$$$ 0ilo6ete/s.
>C? 'o44e/head hatchlin4s in +a7anese wate/s ha3e been declinin4 in nu6be/ fo/
the last decade while the nu6be/ of nestin4 sites nea/ the Ba;a 7eninsula had
/e6ained constant.
>D? )inet<Afi3e 7e/cent of the D)A sa67les ta0en f/o6 the Ba;a tu/tles 6atch
those ta0en f/o6 Atlantic lo44e/head tu/tles.
>E? Co66e/cial a@ua/iu6s ha3e been successfull< b/eedin4 Atlantic lo44e/heads
with Iacific lo44e/heads f/o the last fi3e <ea/s.
16. Ieo7le who do not belie3e that othe/s dist/ust the6 a/e confident in thei/ own
abilitiesB so 7eo7le who tend to t/ust othe/s thin0 of a difficult tas0 as a challen4e
/athe/ than a th/eatB since this is 7/ecisel< how 7eo7le who a/e confident in thei/
won abilities /e4a/d such tas0s.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 8%&
>A? Ieo7le who belie3e that othe/s dist/ust the6 tend to t/ust othe/s.
>B? Confidence in one2s own abilities 4i3es one confidence in the t/ustwo/thiness
of othe/s.
>C? Ieo7le who tend to t/ust othe/s do not belie3e that othe/s dist/ust the6.
>D? Ieo7le who a/e not th/eatened b< difficult tas0s tend to find such tas0s
challen4in4.
>E? Ieo7le tend to dist/ust those who the< belie3e lac0 selfAconfidence.
1%. Mullen has 7/o7osed to /aise ta8es on the /ichB who 6ade so 6uch 6one< du/in4
the 7ast decade. :et Mullen2s ta8 /eco/ds show hea3< in3est6ent in business
du/in4 that ti6e and la/4e 7/ofitsG so Mullen2s 7/o7osal does not dese/3e ou/
conside/ation.
The flawed /easonin4 in the a/4u6ent abo3e is 6ost si6ila/ to the flawed
/easonin4 in which one of the followin4=
>A? Do not 3ote fo/ S6ith2s 7/o7osed le4islation to subsidi9e child ca/e fo/
wo/0in4 7a/entsG S6ith is a wo/0in4 7a/ent.
>B? Do not 7ut an< c/edence in D/. Han2s /ecent 7/o7osal to ban s6o0in4 in all
7ublic 7lacesG D/. Han is a hea3< s6o0e/.
>C? The 7/e3ious witness2s testi6on< ou4ht to be i4no/edG he has been con3icted
of both fo/4e/< and 6ail f/aud.
>D? Boa/d 6e6be/ Ti662s 7/o7osal to /aise the sala/ies of the co67an<2s 6iddle
6ana4e/s does not dese/3e to be conside/edG Ti662s dau4hte/ is a 6iddle
6ana4e/ at the co67an<2s head@ua/te/s.
>E? D/. ,asow2s anal<sis of the desi4n of this b/id4e should not be ta0en
se/iousl<G afte/ allB D/. ,asow has 7/e3iousl< onl< desi4ned facto/<
buildin4s.
Question 18919
Ande/s1 The 7h<sical st/uctu/e of the b/ain 7la<s an i67o/tant /ole in thin0in4. So
/esea/che/s de3elo7in4 Ethin0in4 6achinesFKco67ute/s that can 6a0e decisions
based on both co66on sense and factual 0nowled4eKshould closel< 6odel those
6achines on the st/uctu/e of the b/ain.
:an41 I67o/tant does not 6ean essential. Afte/ allB no fl<in4 6achine closel< 6odeled
on bi/ds has wo/0edG wo/0able ai/c/aft a/e st/uctu/all< 3e/< diffe/ent f/o6 bi/ds. So
thin0in4 6achines closel< 6odeled on the b/ain a/e also li0el< to fail. In de3elo7in4 a
wo/0able thin0in4 6achineB /esea/che/s would the/efo/e inc/ease thei/ chances of
success if the< focus on the b/ain2s function and si67l< i4no/e its 7h<sical st/uctu/e.
18. The state6ent Ethin0in4 6achines closel< 6odeled on the b/ain a/e also li0el< to
fail2 se/3es which one of the followin4 /oles in <an42s a/4u6ent=
>A? the 6ain conclusion of the a/4u6ent
88$ 'SAT
>B? a subsidia/< conclusion used in su77o/t of the 6ain conclusion
>C? a 7/inci7le of /esea/ch in3o0ed in su77o/t of the conclusion
>D? a 7a/ticula/ e8a67le illust/atin4 a 4ene/al clai6
>E? bac04/ound info/6ation 7/o3idin4 a conte8t fo/ the a/4u6ent
1&. In e3aluatin4 :an42s a/4u6ent it would be 6ost hel7ful to 0now whethe/
>A? studies of the 7h<sical st/uctu/e of bi/ds 7/o3ided info/6ation c/ucial to the
de3elo76ent of wo/0able ai/c/aft
>B? /esea/che/s cu//entl< wo/0in4 on thin0in4 6achines ta0e all thin0in4 to
in3ol3e both co66on sense and factual 0nowled4e
>C? as 6uch ti6e has been s7ent t/<in4 to de3elo7 a wo/0able thin0in4 6achine
as had been s7ent in de3elo7in4 the fi/st wo/0able ai/c/aft
>D? /esea/che/s who s7eciali9e in the st/uctu/e of the b/ain a/e a6on4 those who
a/e t/<in4 to de3elo7 thin0in4 6achines
>E? so6e fl<in4 6achines that we/e not closel< 6odeled on bi/ds failed to wo/0
$. Sh< adolescents often de3ote the6sel3es totall< to a hobb< to hel7 dist/act the6
f/o6 the loneliness b/ou4ht on b< thei/ sh<ness. So6eti6es the< a/e able to
beco6e f/iends with othe/s who sha/e thei/ hobb<. But if the< lose inte/est in that
hobb<B thei/ loneliness 6a< be e8ace/bated. So de3elo7in4 an allAconsu6in4
hobb< is not a successful st/ate4< fo/ o3e/co6in4 adolescent loneliness.
,hich one of the followin4 assu67tions does the a/4u6ent de7end on=
>A? E3entuallB? )o successful st/ate4< f/o o3e/co6in4 adolescent loneliness e3e/ intensifies
that loneliness.
>C? Sh< adolescents will lose inte/est in thei/ hobbies if the< do not 6a0e f/iends
th/ou4h thei/ en4a4e6ent in those hobbies.
>D? So6e othe/ st/ate4< fo/ o3e/co6in4 adolescent loneliness is 4ene/all< 6o/e
successful than is de3elo7in4 an allAconsu6in4 hobb<.
>E? Sh< adolescents de3ote the6sel3es to hobbies 6ainl< because the< want to
6a0e f/iends.
1. Iolitical scientist1 As a 7olitical s<ste6B de6oc/ac< does not 7/o6ote 7olitical
f/eedo6. The/e a/e histo/ical e8a67les of de6oc/acies that ulti6atel< /esulted in
so6e of the 6ost o77/essi3e societies. 'i0ewiseB the/e ha3e been enli4htened
des7otis6s and oli4a/chies that ha3e 7/o3ided a /e6a/0able le3el of 7olitical
f/eedo6 to thei/ sub;ects.
The /easonin4 in the 7olitical scientist2s a/4u6ent is flawed because it
>A? confuses the conditions necessa/< fo/ 7olitical f/eedo6 with the conditions
sufficient to b/in4 it about
>B? fail to conside/ that a substantial inc/ease in the le3el of 7olitical f/eedo6
GMAT . 'SAT C- 881
6i4ht cause a societ< to beco6e 6o/e de6oc/atic
>C? a77eals to histo/ical e8a67les that a/e i//ele3ant to the causal clai6 bein4
6ade
>D? o3e/loo0s the 7ossibilit< that de6oc/ac< 7/o6otes 7olitical f/eedo6 without
bein4 necessa/< o/ sufficient b< itself to 7/oduce it
>E? bases its histo/ical case on a 7e/sonal 7oint of 3iew
. In hu6ansB in4ested 7/otein is b/o0en down into a6ino acidsB all of which 6ust
co67ete to ente/ the b/ain. Subse@uent in4estion of su4a/s leads to the 7/oduction
of insulinB a ho/6one that b/ea0s down the su4a/s and also /ids the bloodst/ea6
of /esidual a6ino acidsB e8ce7t fo/ t/<7to7hanB T/<7to7han then sli7s into the
b/ain uncontested and is t/ansfo/6ed into the che6ical se/otoninB inc/easin4 ht
b/ain2s se/otonin le3el. Thus su4a/s can 7la< a 6a;o/ /ole in 6ood ele3ationB
hel7in4 one to feel /ela8ed and an8iet<Af/ee.
>A? Ele3ation of 6ood and f/eedo6 f/o6 an8iet< /e@ui/e inc/easin4 the le3el of
se/otonin the b/ain.
>B? 5ailu/e to consu6e foods /ich in su4a/s /esults in an8iet< and a lowe/in4 of
6ood.
>C? Se/otonin can be 7/oduced natu/all< onl< if t/<7to7han is 7/esented in the
bloodst/ea6.
>D? Inc/easin4 the le3el of se/otonin in the b/ain 7/o6otes /ela8ation and f/eedo6
f/o6 an8iet<.
>E? The consu67tion of 7/oteinA/ich foods /esults in an8iet< and a lowe/in4 of
6ood.
". If an act of ci3il disobedienceKwillfull< b/ea0in4 a s7ecific law in o/de/ to b/in4
about le4al /efo/6Kis done out of selfAinte/est alone and not out of a conce/n fo/
othe/sB I t cannot be ;ustified. But one is ;ustified in 7e/fo/6in4 an act of ci3il
disobedience if one2s conscience /e@ui/es one to do so.
,hich one of the followin4 ;ud46ents 6ost closel< confo/6s to the 7/inci7les
stated abo3e=
>A? Meisha2s 7/otest a4ainst what she 7e/cei3ed to be a b/utal and /e7/essi3e
dictato/shi7 in anothe/ count/< was an act of ;ustified ci3il disobedienceB
because in o/4ani9in4 an ille4al but 7eaceful de6onst/ation callin4 fo/ a
/etu/n to de6oc/atic leade/shi7 in that count/B? +anice2s 7/otest a4ainst a law that fo/bade labo/ st/i0es was 6oti3ated solel<
b< a desi/e to hel7 local 6ine wo/0e/s obtain fai/ wa4es. But he/ conscience
did not /e@ui/e he/ to 7/otest this lawB so +anice didn2t 7e/fo/6 an act of
;ustified ci3il disobedience.
>C? In o/4ani9in4 an ille4al 7/otest a4ainst the 7/actice in he/ count/< of ha3in4
88 'SAT
7/ison in6ates wo/0 ei4hteen hou/s 7e/ daD? Ma/ia2s delibe/ate 3iolation of a law /e@ui/in4 7/e7ublication 4o3e/n6ent
a77/o3al of all 7/inted 6ate/ials was an act of ;ustified ci3il disobedience1
thou4h he/ inte/est as an owne/ of a 7ublishin4 co67an< would be se/3ed b<
/e7eal of the lawB she 3iolated the law because he/ conscience /e@ui/ed doin4
so on behalf of all 7ublishe/s.
>E? In o/4ani9in4 a 7a/ade of 6oto/c<clists /idin4 without hel6ets th/ou4h the
ca7ital cit<B 'ouise2s act was not one of ;ustified ci3il disobedience1 she was
willfull< challen4in4 a s7ecific law /e@ui/in4 6oto/c<clists to wea/ hel6etsB
but he/ conscience did not /e@ui/e he/ to o/4ani9e the 7a/ade.
#. Most landAdwellin4 3e/teb/ates ha3e /otatin4 li6bs te/6inatin4 in di4itsB a
cha/acte/istic useful fo/ land 6o3e6ent. Biolo4ists who assu6e that this
cha/acte/istic e3ol3ed onl< afte/ ani6als abandoned a@uatic en3i/on6ents 6ust
conside/ the Acanthoste4aB a newl< disco3e/ed ancesto/ of all land 3e/teb/ates. It
7ossessed /otatin4 li6bs te/6inatin4 in di4itsB but its s0eleton was too feeble fo/
land 6o3e6ent. It also b/eathed usin4 onl< inte/nal 4illsB indicatin4 that it and its
7/edecesso/s we/e e8clusi3el< a@uatic.
>A? Man< anato6ical cha/acte/istics co66on to 6ost land ani6als /e7/esent a
disad3anta4e fo/ su/3i3al unde/wate/.
>B? )one of the anato6ical cha/acte/istics co66on to 6ost a@uatic ani6als
/e7/esent an ad3anta4e fo/ su/3i3al on land.
>C? Acanthoste4a o/i4inated as a landAdwellin4 s7eciesG but e3ol3ed 4ills onl<
afte/ 6o3in4 to an unde/wate/ en3i/on6ent.
>D? All anato6ical cha/acte/istics not useful fo/ land 6o3e6ent but co66on to
6ost land ani6als /e7/esent an ad3anta4e fo/ su/3i3al unde/wate/.
>E? Ce/tain anato6ical cha/acte/istics co66on to so6e a@uatic ani6als /e7/esent
an ad3anta4e fo/ su/3i3al on land.
!. (ne /eason wh< Eu/o7ean 6usic has had such a st/on4 influence th/ou4hout the
wo/ldB and wh< it is a so7histicated achie3e6entB is that o3e/ ti6e the o/i4inal
function of the 6usicKwhethe/ /itualB danceB o/ wo/shi7K4/aduall< beca6e an
as7ect of its st<leB not its definin4 fo/ce. Dance 6usic could stand inde7endent of
danceB fo/ e8a67leB and sac/ed 6usic inde7endent of /eli4ious wo/shi7B because
each co67osition has so 6uch inte/nal cohe/ence that the 6usic ulti6atel<
de7ends on nothin4 but itself.
The clai6s 6ade abo3e a/e co67atible with each of the followin4 EHCEIT1
>A? Af/ican 6usic has had a 6o/e 7owe/ful i67act on the wo/ld than Eu/o7ean
6usic has had.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 88"
>B? Eu/o7ean 6ilita/< and econo6ic e87ansionis6 7a/tiall< e87lains the 4lobal
influence of Eu/o7ean 6usic.
>C? The o/i4inal functions of 6an< t<7es of Chinese 6usic a/e no lon4e/ thei/
definin4 fo/ces.
>D? Music that is unintelli4ible when it is 7/esented inde7endentl< of its o/i4inal
function tends to be the 6ost so7histicated 6usic.
>E? So6e wo/0s of a/t lose thei/ a77eal when the< a/e 7/esented to se/3e a
function othe/ than thei/ o/i4inal one.
6. Ton<1 A sho/t sto/< is little 6o/e than a no3elist2s s0etch 7ad. (nl< no3els ha3e
na//ati3e st/uctu/es that allow w/ite/s to de7ict hu6an li3es accu/atel< b<
7o/t/a<in4 cha/acte/s whose 7e/sonalities 4/aduall< de3elo7 th/ou4h life
e87e/ience.
-aoul1 'ife consists not of a linea/ 7/ocess of 7e/sonalit< de3elo76entB but /athe/
of a se/ies of co67letel< dis;ointed 3i4nettesB f/o6 6an< of which the disce/nin4
obse/3e/ 6a< catch 4li67ses of cha/acte/. ThusB the sho/t sto/< de7icts hu6an
li3es 6o/e faithfull< than does the no3el.
The dialo4ue 6ost su77o/ts the clai6 that Ton< and -aoul disa4/ee about
whethe/
>A? hu6an li3es a/e best unde/stood as se/ies of co67letel< dis;ointed 3i4nettes
>B? no3els and sho/t sto/ies e67lo< the sa6e st/ate4ies to de7ict hu6an li3es
>C? no3els usuall< de7ict 4/adual chan4es in cha/acte/s2 7e/sonalities
>D? onl< sho/t sto/ies a/e used as no3elists2 s0etch 7ads
>E? sho/t sto/ies 7/o3ide 4li67ses of facts of cha/acte/ that a/e usuall< 0e7t
hidden
88# A)S,E-S
A+(,-.(
GMAT
TEST A
1. A . D ". D #. E !. B
6. C %. C 8. A &. A 1$. C
11. E 1. D 1". E 1#. B 1!. C
16. C 1%. B 18. D 1&. A $. D
TEST B
1. D . A ". E #. B !. C
6. B %. D 8. D &. E 1$. C
11. B 1. A 1". E 1#. E 1!. A
16. A 1%. B 18. C 1&. C $. B
TEST C
1. A . C ". E #. A !. D
6. D %. D 8. E &. D 1$. C
11. E 1. B 1". A 1#. C 1!. C
16. B 1%. B 18. A 1&. B $. B
TEST D
1. A . D ". C #. E !. B
6. A %. E 8. E &. D 1$. B
11. A 1. C 1". C 1#. D 1!. E
16. B 1%. C 18. B 1&. A $. D
TEST I
1. B . C ". E #. E !. D
6. C %. B 8. D &. E 1$. A
11. D 1. C 1". E 1#. B 1!. A
16. C 1%. C 18. A 1&. D $. E
TEST II
1. B . C ". E #. E !. C
6. A %. D 8. D &. E 1$. D
11. B 1. B 1". B 1#. E 1!. A
16. D 1%. C 18. D 1&. E $. E
TEST III
1. A . B ". E #. B !. A
6. B %. E 8. C &. B 1$. C
11. C 1. D 1". B 1#. E 1!. D
16. D 1%. E 18. C 1&. C $. D
GMAT . 'SAT C- 88!
TEST 1
1. D . B ". E #. D !. A
6. C %. E 8. E &. D 1$. D
11. C 1. E 1". A 1#. C 1!. A
16. B 1%. D 18. C 1&. C $. A
TEST
1. A . C ". B #. E !. B
6. E %. D 8. B &. B 1$. B
11. C 1. A 1". B 1#. A 1!. D
16. A 1%. A 18. E 1&. A $. D
TEST "
1. B . B ". C #. E !. E
6. A %. C 8. C &. C 1$. E
11. D 1. B 1". B 1#. D 1!. A
16. C 1%. C 18. D 1&. A $. E
TEST #
1. A . C ". B #. A !. B
6. B %. B 8. D &. D 1$. E
11. C 1. E 1". C 1#. B 1!. C
16. D 1%. A 18. C 1&. E $. B
TEST !
1. D . E ". E #. D !. C
6. B %. B 8. D &. C 1$. E
11. D 1. E 1". C 1#. A 1!. A
16. C 1%. C 18. E 1&. A $. C
TEST 6
1. B . B ". B #. C !. E
6. C %. B 8. C &. C 1$. D
11. D 1. E 1". A 1#. A 1!. D
16. D 1%. E 18. E 1&. A $. C
TEST %
1. C . C ". E #. C !. A
6. D %. D 8. C &. A 1$. A
11. D 1. A 1". D 1#. B 1!. E
16. E 1%. D 18. B 1&. E $. B
TEST 8
1. E . A ". B #. D !. C
6. A %. A 8. B &. E 1$. B
11. A 1. A 1". E 1#. B 1!. B
16. E 1%. B 18. C 1&. D $. E
886 A)S,E-S
TEST &
1. A . B ". D #. D !. B
6. E %. C 8. D &. A 1$. E
11. B 1. D 1". A 1#. C 1!. E
16. B 1%. B 18. A 1&. C $. A
TEST 1$
1. C . C ". E #. D !. A
6. D %. A 8. D &. C 1$. A
11. D 1. C 1". B 1#. B 1!. B
16. E 1%. A 18. B 1&. B $. D
TEST 11
1. A . D ". B #. C !. A
6. E %. D 8. B &. E 1$. C
11. C 1. D 1". E 1#. A 1!. B
16. A 1%. C 18. B 1&. E $. B
TEST 1
1. D . B ". D #. C !. E
6. C %. E 8. C &. A 1$. C
11. C 1. E 1". C 1#. A 1!. B
16. E 1%. E 18. D
1&. $.
TEST 1"
1. D . E ". C #. B !. A
6. D %. D 8. E &. C 1$. C
11. A 1. E 1". A 1#. E 1!. D
TEST 1#
1. E . C ". A #. B !. A
6. B %. E 8. B &. A 1$. E
11. C 1. B 1". D 1#. D 1!. A
16. B
1%. 18. 1&. $.
TEST 1!
1. D . E ". D #. A !. B
6. D %. A 8. D &. A 1$. C
11. C 1. E 1". B 1#. C 1!. B
16. D
1%. 18. 1&. $.
TEST 16
1. D . A ". B #. E !. B
6. E %. C 8. D &. B 1$. B
11. C 1. C 1". C 1#. A 1!. C
16. B
1%. 18. 1&. $.
TEST 1%
GMAT . 'SAT C- 88%
1. B . E ". C #. C !. B
6. A %. D 8. D &. B 1$. A
11. B 1. D 1". E 1#. C 1!. E
16. D
1%. 18. 1&. $.
TEST 18
1. A . A ". E #. A !. D
6. E %. B 8. A &. E 1$. C
11. E 1. D 1". A 1#. B 1!. C
16. C
1%. 18. 1&. $.
TEST 1&
1. C . A ". E #. E !. B
6. A %. E 8. D &. B 1$. D
11. D 1. B 1". D 1#. B 1!. C
16. D
1%. 18. 1&. $.
TEST $
1. E . B ". E #. D !. A
6. D %. A 8. A &. D 1$. A
11. E 1. B 1". C 1#. D 1!. B
16. A
1%. 18. 1&. $.
'(AT
TEST 1
SECTI() I
1. D . E ". C #. E !. D
6. D %. D 8. D &. A 1$. E
11. E 1. E 1". A 1#. D 1!. E
16. C 1%. A 18. B 1&. D $. B
1. B . D ". D #. E !. B
SECTI() I*
1. E . B ". D #. C !. E
6. A %. A 8. D &. D 1$. C
11. B 1. A 1". B 1#. C 1!. A
16. A 1%. C 18. E 1&. D $. C
1. B . A ". B #. D !. A
6. D
%. 8. &. "$.
TEST
SECTI() II
1. D . E ". E #. D !. C
6. B %. A 8. E &. B 1$. C
888 A)S,E-S
11. B 1. A 1". C 1#. C 1!. B
16. E 1%. B 18. B 1&. D $. C
1. D . A ". E #. E
!.
SECTI() I*
1. C . C ". E #. A !. B
6. B %. D 8. C &. D 1$. D
11. B 1. A 1". B 1#. E 1!. A
16. C 1%. A 18. D 1&. D $. D
1. E . D ". C #. D !. A
TEST "
SECTI() I
1. E . A ". E #. D !. C
6. E %. D 8. D &. A 1$. E
11. C 1. E 1". D 1#. C 1!. D
16. A 1%. C 18. D 1&. D $. B
1. B . C ". E
#. !.
SECTI() I*
1. B . E ". C #. A !. D
6. A %. D 8. B &. B 1$. D
11. B 1. C 1". D 1#. E 1!. A
16. C 1%. B 18. B 1&. E $. D
1. E . D ". B #. D !. E
TEST #
SECTI() I
1. E . A ". B #. A !. B
6. E %. A 8. B &. A 1$. C
11. D 1. D 1". E 1#. A 1!. A
16. B 1%. D 18. B 1&. C $. B
1. E . C ". B #. C !. E
SECTI() III
1. C . B ". E #. E !. B
6. A %. E 8. C &. C 1$. A
11. C 1. C 1". D 1#. B 1!. C
16. B 1%. A 18. A 1&. E $. B
1. C . E ". D #. B !. E
TEST !
SECTI() II
1. C . E ". D #. B !. E
6. C %. A 8. B &. D 1$. E
GMAT . 'SAT C- 88&
11. D 1. D 1". A 1#. B 1!. D
16. C 1%. C 18. C 1&. B $. C
1. B . A ". C #. A !. E
SECTI() *I
1. D . C ". C #. D !. C
6. A %. B 8. E &. A 1$. E
11. E 1. E 1". C 1#. D 1!. E
16. A 1%. D 18. E 1&. D $. C
1. B . B ". A #. E
!.
TEST 6
SECTI() II
1. C . A ". D #. E !. B
6. C %. E 8. A &. C 1$. E
11. B 1. E 1". E 1#. D 1!. C
16. E 1%. B 18. E 1&. E $. C
1. D . D ". E #. C !. C
SECTI() III
1. A . B ". D #. B !. D
6. E %. A 8. D &. A 1$. D
11. A 1. C 1". E 1#. B 1!. B
16. E 1%. A 18. A 1&. D $. C
1. E . A ". D #. B !. E
6. C
%. 8. &. "$.
TEST %
SECTI() I
1. C . C ". E #. E !. B
6. E %. C 8. A &. D 1$. B
11. C 1. A 1". C 1#. E 1!. A
16. B 1%. B 18. C 1&. C $. B
1. B . E ". D #. A !. D
SECTI() I*
1. D . E ". B #. E !. A
6. C %. A 8. E &. C 1$. D
11. A 1. A 1". D 1#. D 1!. E
16. E 1%. D 18. A 1&. B $. A
1. A . D ". C #. D !. E
TEST 8
SECTI() II
1. D . C ". A #. D !. D
8&$ A)S,E-S
6. B %. B 8. E &. E 1$. E
11. B 1. D 1". C 1#. D 1!. A
16. D 1%. C 18. A 1&. B $. A
1. A . B ". E #. A
!.
SECTI() I*
1. B . B ". E #. C !. C
6. D %. C 8. C &. B 1$. A
11. D 1. C 1". A 1#. D 1!. A
16. C 1%. A 18. D 1&. B $. A
1. E . E ". B #. D !. E
TEST &
SECTI() I
1. D . A ". A #. C !. C
6. C %. C 8. B &. D 1$. B
11. B 1. E 1". D 1#. B 1!. A
16. B 1%. B 18. E 1&. E $. B
1. D . A ". E #. B !. B
SECTI() I*
1. C . D ". D #. A !. C
6. C %. E 8. C &. B 1$. C
11. A 1. D 1". E 1#. A 1!. A
16. C 1%. A 18. D 1&. D $. B
1. A . D ". E #. C !. B
TEST 1$
SECTI() II
1. A . D ". B #. B !. D
6. C %. D 8. D &. A 1$. B
11. E 1. A 1". D 1#. C 1!. B
16. A 1%. B 18. E 1&. D $. A
1. D . D ". A #. D !. A
SECTI() I*
1. C . E ". C #. C !. E
6. C %. D 8. C &. B 1$. B
11. D 1. C 1". A 1#. A 1!. D
16. E 1%. B 18. C 1&. A $. C
1. E . E ". E #. D !. D
TEST 11
SECTI() I
1. B . E ". E #. D !. B
GMAT . 'SAT C- 8&1
6. C %. A 8. E &. D 1$. E
11. C 1. B 1". B 1#. E 1!. A
16. E 1%. B 18. E 1&. D $. D
1. B . C ". D #. E !. E
SECTI() I*
1. A . B ". C #. D !. B
6. D %. A 8. C &. D 1$. A
11. A 1. D 1". B 1#. B 1!. B
16. D 1%. E 18. E 1&. A $. E
1. E . E ". D #. C !. C
TEST 1
SECTI() II
1. E . D ". C #. B !. E
6. E %. D 8. B &. D 1$. D
11. B 1. E 1". A 1#. E 1!. D
16. C 1%. E 18. D 1&. A $. A
1. B . A ". A #. A !. E
6. E
%. 8. &. "$.
SECTI() I*
1. D . C ". E #. D !. C
6. B %. C 8. C &. E 1$. D
11. B 1. D 1". A 1#. A 1!. E
16. A 1%. B 18. A 1&. A $. D
1. E . B ". B #. A
!.
TEST 1"
SECTI() I
1. D . C ". E #. B !. D
6. A %. B 8. C &. E 1$. B
11. D 1. D 1". D 1#. D 1!. B
16. B 1%. C 18. A 1&. B $. D
1. C . C ". C #. A !. B
6. E
%. 8. &. "$.
SECTI() I*
1. D . E ". E #. B !. A
6. B %. D 8. C &. D 1$. A
11. A 1. A 1". C 1#. D 1!. B
16. E 1%. C 18. E 1&. B $. A
1. D . C ". C #. A
!.
TEST 1#
8& A)S,E-S
SECTI() II
1. D . C ". C #. A !. A
6. E %. B 8. A &. D 1$. A
11. D 1. D 1". A 1#. D 1!. E
16. C 1%. A 18. A 1&. C $. A
1. C . D ". D #. E !. A
6. B
%. 8. &. "$.
SECTI() I*
1. A . C ". D #. E !. E
6. B %. E 8. D &. C 1$. D
11. C 1. B 1". B 1#. E 1!. B
16. C 1%. D 18. B 1&. D $. E
1. D . A ". E #. C
!.
TEST 1!
SECTI() II
1. C . C ". B #. E !. D
6. D %. D 8. B &. C 1$. B
11. D 1. A 1". B 1#. C 1!. E
16. D 1%. C 18. D 1&. E $. B
1. A . D ". E #. D !. E
SECTI() I*
1. E . D ". C #. C !. B
6. A %. C 8. E &. D 1$. A
11. E 1. E 1". C 1#. D 1!. C
16. A 1%. E 18. D 1&. A $. E
1. B . A ". C #. C !. B
TEST 16
SECTI() II
1. A . D ". E #. D !. A
6. B %. B 8. A &. E 1$. C
11. E 1. C 1". E 1#. B 1!. C
16. E 1%. D 18. B 1&. A $. A
1. E . E ". B #. A
!.
SECTI() III
1. B . E ". C #. A !. B
6. E %. B 8. A &. B 1$. B
11. C 1. E 1". A 1#. C 1!. B
16. C 1%. A 18. A 1&. A $. B
1. D . C ". E #. C !. D
6. E
%. 8. &. "$.
GMAT . 'SAT C- 8&"
TEST 1%
SECTI() III
1. A . B ". E #. D !. C
6. A %. A 8. B &. A 1$. C
11. B 1. D 1". C 1#. E 1!. B
16. C 1%. D 18. E 1&. C $. E
1. C . E ". C #. E !. A
SECTI() I*
1. C . A ". C #. C !. B
6. D %. D 8. C &. E 1$. C
11. B 1. A 1". B 1#. E 1!. E
16. A 1%. B 18. E 1&. A $. D
1. D . B ". C #. E
!.
TEST 18
SECTI() II
1. B . E ". C #. B !. B
6. C %. A 8. B &. D 1$. D
11. B 1. D 1". D 1#. B 1!. C
16. E 1%. B 18. D 1&. D $. E
1. D . E ". C #. A !. E
6. E
%. 8. &. "$.
SECTI() I*
1. B . B ". D #. A !. C
6. A %. A 8. A &. E 1$. C
11. A 1. D 1". B 1#. B 1!. D
16. A 1%. A 18. C 1&. B $. C
1. A . D ". B #. A !. A
6. C
%. 8. &. "$.
TEST 1&
SECTI() II
1. B . A ". D #. E !. C
6. D %. C 8. E &. C 1$. E
11. D 1. B 1". D 1#. D 1!. E
16. E 1%. B 18. A 1&. A $. E
1. A . E ". D #. E
!.
SECTI() III
1. D . B ". B #. C !. D
6. C %. A 8. B &. A 1$. A
11. E 1. A 1". B 1#. E 1!. C
16. C 1%. A 18. D 1&. A $. D
8&# A)S,E-S
1. D . B ". D #. B !. C
6. A
%. 8. &. "$.
TEST $
SECTI() II
1. B . C ". B #. D !. C
6. B %. B 8. E &. E 1$. A
11. C 1. B 1". D 1#. C 1!. A
16. E 1%. C 18. A 1&. C $. D
1. A . E ". B #. A !. E
SECTI() III
1. E . A ". E #. A !. C
6. C %. D 8. C &. B 1$. D
11. C 1. B 1". A 1#. D 1!. E
16. C 1%. D 18. D 1&. B $. D
1. B . C ". C #. E !. E
TEST 1
SECTI() II
1. B . D ". B #. C !. D
6. C %. A 8. B &. C 1$. E
11. E 1. C 1". D 1#. A 1!. A
16. A 1%. B 18. E 1&. E $. B
1. A . D ". A #. E !. A
SECTI() III
1. B . E ". D #. E !. D
6. D %. E 8. C &. E 1$. D
11. B 1. D 1". B 1#. C 1!. E
16. A 1%. A 18. A 1&. D $. B
1. A . C ". B #. D !. D
6. B
%. 8. &. "$.
TEST
SECTI() II
1. B . E ". C #. E !. D
6. D %. C 8. B &. A 1$. A
11. E 1. C 1". A 1#. C 1!. A
16. B 1%. B 18. D 1&. E $. B
1. C . D ". C #. A !. D
SECTI() III
1. B . D ". D #. D !. E
6. E %. C 8. A &. D 1$. D
GMAT . 'SAT C- 8&!
11. B 1. D 1". D 1#. E 1!. B
16. A 1%. B 18. E 1&. E $. A
1. A . E ". C #. E !. E
TEST "
SECTI() II
1. A . C ". D #. D !. D
6. B %. B 8. C &. B 1$. B
11. B 1. D 1". A 1#. C 1!. B
16. C 1%. C 18. E 1&. E $. B
1. A . D ". E #. A
!.
SECTI() I*
1. D . A ". E #. B !. A
6. C %. E 8. E &. B 1$. A
11. B 1. C 1". E 1#. B 1!. C
16. C 1%. B 18. C 1&. C $. C
1. C . D ". D #. A !. B
6. D
%. 8. &. "$.
TEST #
SECTI() I
1. B . A ". B #. B !. E
6. D %. E 8. B &. C 1$. C
11. D 1. D 1". D 1#. C 1!. C
16. A 1%. D 18. C 1&. D $. C
1. A . E ". E #. B !. D
SECTI() I*
1. D . C ". B #. A !. D
6. C %. E 8. A &. B 1$. C
11. D 1. B 1". A 1#. C 1!. B
16. D 1%. E 18. A 1&. D $. E
1. D . A ". D #. B !. D
6. B
%. 8. &. "$.
TEST !
SECTI() II
1. C . B ". D #. D !. A
6. E %. E 8. A &. C 1$. B
11. E 1. B 1". C 1#. D 1!. D
16. E 1%. D 18. B 1&. A $. E
1. D . D ". E #. C !. B
SECTI() I*
8&6 A)S,E-S
1. A . C ". C #. A !. C
6. C %. C 8. D &. A 1$. E
11. C 1. B 1". D 1#. A 1!. C
16. E 1%. D 18. B 1&. B $. B
1. D . D ". B #. E !. A
6. D
%. 8. &. "$.
TEST 6
SECTI() II
1. C . B ". E #. D !. C
6. D %. A 8. D &. E 1$. C
11. C 1. B 1". A 1#. A 1!. D
16. C 1%. D 18. B 1&. B $. B
1. E . D ". E #. D !. B
6. D
%. 8. &. "$.
SECTI() III
1. C . A ". A #. A !. C
6. E %. B 8. E &. B 1$. B
11. B 1. E 1". D 1#. B 1!. C
16. C 1%. C 18. B 1&. E $. D
1. E . B ". D #. C
!.
TEST %
SECTI() II
1. A . C ". A #. A !. B
6. C %. C 8. A &. E 1$. E
11. D 1. A 1". B 1#. A 1!. D
16. E 1%. D 18. E 1&. B $. D
1. E . A ". C #. E !. D
SECTI() I*
1. A . B ". E #. B !. A
6. D %. A 8. A &. B 1$. B
11. D 1. D 1". B 1#. D 1!. E
16. D 1%. B 18. D 1&. A $. C
1. C . C ". B #. D !. E
6. E
%. 8. &. "$.
TEST 8
SECTI() II
1. B . B ". A #. C !. A
6. D %. C 8. A &. B 1$. C
11. A 1. D 1". A 1#. D 1!. C
16. C 1%. B 18. C 1&. B $. C
GMAT . 'SAT C- 8&%
1. E . C ". C #. E !. E
SECTI() III
1. B . B ". D #. C !. C
6. E %. E 8. E &. C 1$. D
11. A 1. D 1". E 1#. A 1!. C
16. D 1%. D 18. A 1&. D $. B
1. C . D ". B #. E !. B
TEST $$1.6
SECTI() II
1. A . E ". E #. C !. B
6. B %. A 8. A &. D 1$. D
11. C 1. A 1". B 1#. C 1!. C
16. B 1%. A 18. B 1&. D $. D
1. B . E ". E #. B !. C
SECTI() III
1. C . D ". B #. E !. D
6. B %. E 8. B &. A 1$. A
11. C 1. C 1". D 1#. B 1!. D
16. E 1%. D 18. E 1&. B $. A
1. C . E ". D #. E !. A
6. E
%. 8. &. "$.
TEST $$1.1$
SECTI() I
1. D . D ". A #. C !. E
6. B %. C 8. E &. E 1$. B
11. E 1. B 1". D 1#. D 1!. E
16. C 1%. E 18. B 1&. C $. A
1. E . B ". A #. C !. D
6. B
%. 8. &. "$.
SECTI() I*
1. B . A ". B #. D !. D
6. B %. C 8. E &. D 1$. D
11. B 1. C 1". D 1#. B 1!. E
16. A 1%. E 18. B 1&. C $. A
1. C . A ". D #. B !. A
6. B
%. 8. &. "$.
TEST $$.1$
SECTI() I
1. A . C ". E #. C !. E
8&8 A)S,E-S
6. E %. D 8. E &. E 1$. A
11. E 1. D 1". B 1#. D 1!. C
16. D 1%. B 18. B 1&. C $. C
1. D . C ". A #. A
!.
SECTI() I*
1. B . C ". E #. A !. B
6. B %. B 8. D &. C 1$. D
11. E 1. )RA 1". A 1#. D 1!. D
16. C 1%. B 18. B 1&. A $. B
1. D . D ". D #. E !. D
6. A
%. 8. &. "$.

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