1

Year 9 Higher Number Presumed knowledge

This is material that you have met before. Some of it might be easy, some a little more demanding.
The notes at the start are designed to assist you, but you may need to track down more help. Use
revision guides, friends, teachers, websites anything you like. As you answer each one of the
questions make sure you do the following:
(i) show your working. Your teacher needs to know that you really understand this work and the best
way to do this is to set your work out neatly, demonstrating your thinking. This may just mean
writing down the question as well as the answer if it is a simple calculation.
(ii) take a minute to make sure that you have read the question carefully and that your answer
makes sense.
(iii) ask yourself if you are really happy that you understand what you are doing. If you have any
doubt DO SOMETHING!!! (the easiest thing may be to ask your teacher next lesson).
Contents
Page 2.............................................................Four rules for positive and negative integers
Page 3.............................................................Fraction Arithmetic addition and subtraction
Page 4.............................................................Fraction Arithmetic multiplication and division
Page 5.............................................................Decimal Arithmetic addition and subtraction
Page 5 and 6...................................................Decimal Arithmetic multiplication
Page 7.............................................................Decimal Arithmetic division
Page 8.............................................................Ratio
Page 9.............................................................Rules for positive, integer indices
Page 10...........................................................Rounding (decimal places)
Page 11...........................................................Rounding (significant figures)
Page 12...........................................................Estimation
Page 13...........................................................Factors, primes and multiples
Pages 14 and 15..............................................Prime Factorisation, HCF and LCM
Pages 16, 17 and 18........................................Fraction/Decimal equivalence
Pages 19 and 20..............................................QUESTIONS




2

1) Four rules for positive and negative integers
You need to be able to add and subtract positive and negative integers (whole numbers). This is all
about moving in the correct direction along a number line. Make sure you start in the right place,
make sure you move in the right direction, make sure you move the right distance.
Adding a positive number: move UP the number line
Adding a negative number: move DOWN the number line
Subtracting a positive number: move DOWN the number line
Subtracting a negative number: move UP the number line

EXAMPLES

(a) 5 + (-7)

You need to START at 5 on the number line.
Youre adding a negative, so you move DOWN the number line.
You need to move 7 places.

So: 5 + (-7) = -2

(b) (-4) (-9)

You need to START at -4 on the number line.
Youre subtracting a negative, so you move UP the number line.
You need to move 9 places.

So: (-4) (-9) = 5

(c) (-1) + (-3)

You need to START at -1 on the number line.
Youre adding a negative, so you move DOWN the number line.
You need to move 3 places.

So: (-1) + (-3) = -4

Notice that in this case two minuses definitely do NOT make a plus!

You also need to be able to MULTIPLY and DIVIDE with positive and negative integers. So long as you
know your tables this is easy (but you do NEED to know your tables).
There is a simple rule for multiplying and dividing with negative numbers...
If the signs are the same then the answer is ALWAYS POSITIVE
If the signs are different then the answer is ALWAYS NEGATIVE

Examples

(a) 4 x (-5) = -20 (negative since signs are different one negative, one positive)
(b) (-3) x (-9) = 27 (positive since signs are the same both negative)
(c) 24 (-8) = -3 (negative since signs are different one positive, one negative)
(d) (-35) (-5) = 7 (positive since signs are the same both negative)


3

2) FRACTION ARITHMETIC

You need to be able to add, subtract, multiply and divide simple fractions and mixed numbers. You
need to be able to give your answer in its simplest form. You need to be able to change between
mixed numbers and top-heavy fractions. You need to be able to find other fractions that are
equivalent to a given fraction.

Addition and Subtraction

The absolute CRUCIAL thing here is that the fractions need to be written with the same
denominator. Firstly you need to choose this denominator you need a common multiple of the
given denominators, usually the lowest common multiple. Once youve chosen this new
denominator, you write each of the original fractions as an equivalent fraction with that
denominator. You then simply add or subtract the numerators, simplifying your answer if necessary.
Unless the question tells you otherwise you can leave an answer larger than 1 as a mixed number or
a top-heavy fraction. For addition and subtraction of mixed numbers, you can EITHER deal with the
whole number parts on their own (normally easier, but sometimes tricky) or write the mixed
numbers as top-heavy fractions.

DONT EXPECT TO BE ABLE TO DO THESE QUICKLY!!!

Examples (try to set your answers out like this)

a)
15
13
15
3
15
10
5
1
3
2
b)
12
1
12
8
12
9
3
2
4
3



c)
14
3
5
14
17
4
14
10
14
7
4
7
5
2
1
3 1
7
5
3
2
1
1
OR

14
3
5
14
83
14
52
14
21
7
26
2
3
7
5
3
2
1
1

d)
15
8
1
15
7
2
15
12
15
5
2
5
4
3
1
1 3
5
4
1
3
1
3

OR

15
8
1
15
23
15
27
15
50
5
9
3
10
5
4
1
3
1
3

You cant have a top-heavy fraction in a mixed
number so this needs to be changed to
14
3
1
You need to deal with this negative
fraction take 7 away from 15 to get 8
4

Multiplication
For simple fractions, just multiply tops and multiply bottoms.
For numbers given as mixed numbers, change them to top-heavy fractions first.
It is always a good idea to look to cancel numbers from top and bottom at the start in order to
keep the numbers small.
Always make sure that your answer is in its simplest form, although unless the question specifically
asks for a certain form, you may leave answers greater than one as mixed numbers or top-heavy.

Examples (try to set your answers out like this)

a)
21
10
7
5
3
2
No need to simplify at all
b)
10
1
20
2
5
2
4
1
You COULD have divided top and bottom by two at the beginning:

10
1
5
2
4
1


c)
24
91
8
13
3
7
8
5
1
3
1
2 , or if you prefer
24
19
3
d)
18
35
9
10
4
7
9
1
1
4
3
1 , or if you prefer
18
17
1

Division
If necessary write any mixed numbers as top-heavy fractions.
Turn the SECOND fraction upside-down this is also known as taking the reciprocal of the
second fraction.
Now multiply, following the rules above, and you have your answer.

Examples (try to set your answers out like this)

a)
8
9
2
3
4
3
3
2
4
3
, or if you prefer
8
1
1

b)
14
5
4
5
7
2
5
4
7
2


c)
14
25
7
5
2
5
5
7
2
5
5
2
1
2
1
2 , or if you prefer
24
11
1




To sum up fraction arithmetic you need to know that there are different rules for different
operations. A common denominator is ONLY necessary when youre doing addition or subtraction.
Do NOT expect to be able to do these quickly and make sure you show ALL your working!

2
1
5
2
1
2
5

3) Decimal Arithmetic

You need to be able to add, subtract, multiply and divide decimals.

Addition and Subtraction

Just keep the decimal points in line! Remember to carry and borrow just as if the numbers were
whole numbers (integers).

Examples (set your work out in columns like this)

1) 2.32 + 0.784

2 . 3 2 0 (you can add this zero if you like!)
+ 0 . 7 8 4
3 . 1 0 4


2) 11.035 + 8.7 + 1.294

1 1 . 0 3 5
8 . 7 0 0 (again, you can add these zeros if you like!)
+ 1 . 2 9 4
2 1 . 0 2 9

3) 13.3 8.978
1 3 . 3 0 0 (when subtracting these zeros are important)
8 . 9 7 8

4 . 3 2 2

You may be confident working these out in your head please dont be tempted to do so! Always
set your work out in columns!
Remember the key for addition and subtraction is to KEEP THE DECIMAL POINTS IN LINE!!!
Multiplication
You need to be able to use a method of long multiplication in the exam you can use any method
you like (I demonstrate two different methods below) but the ONLY method youll get working
marks for if you get the answer wrong is the traditional method (first example).
Start by working out the answer WITHOUT WORRYING about the decimal points at all. You then
need to think carefully about where the decimal point goes in your answer. Generally it does NOT
stay in line! There are two distinct methods for working out where to put it:
(i) ESTIMATION work out roughly how big the answer should be by rounding the original numbers,
then put the decimal point in the best place
(ii) COUNTING DECIMAL DIGITS count up the number of digits to the RIGHT of decimal points in the
question, then make sure that you have the same number of decimal digits in your answer.
1 1
1 1 1
1 1
1 2
2
9
6

Examples whatever method you use show your working clearly. Only the FIRST of these
techniques will gain method marks in the exam!
1) 1.2 3.4 (2 underlined digits are decimal digits)
Work out 12 34, then make sure that there are TWO digits to the right of the decimal point in your
answer (just like in the question)
1 2
3 4
3 6 0 (this line is 30 12)
4 8 (this line is 4 12)
4 0 8

So 12 34 = 408 giving our answer of 1.2 3.4 = 4.08 (TWO decimal digits)
Alternatively, to work out where the decimal point has to go, do a rough estimate...
1.2 x 3.4 1 x 3 = 3, so we put a decimal point in our answer to get something roughly equal to 3.
The best we can do is 4.08
2) Diagonal method (sometimes called Gelosian, sometimes called Napiers Bones). You CAN use
this method, but it will NOT get you method marks if you get the wrong answer.
2.34 x 1.8 - work out 234 x 18, then make sure that there are THREE decimal digits in your answer
(since there are three underlined decimal digits).





So 234 x 18 = 4212 giving our answer of 2.34 x 1.8 = 4.212 (three decimal digits)
Alternatively, to work out where the decimal point has to go, do a rough estimate...
2.34 x 1.8 2 x 2 = 4, so we put a decimal point in our answer to get something roughly equal to 4.

1
2 4 3
1
8
2
2
0
6
1 2
0 0
3
3
4
4
1
4 2 1 2
1
7

Division
In order to be able to divide decimals you need to be able to divide whole numbers. Basically, you
need a method of long division. There are several methods you could use but the one below is my
favourite.
Start by changing the question so that you are dividing by an integer (whole number). You do this by
moving the decimal point in BOTH parts of the question. You only need the SECOND number (the
one you are dividing by) to be an integer. Now do a long division and keep the decimal point of your
answer in line with the decimal point of the question.
To do this write down the first ten multiples of the number you are dividing by....then do some
mental arithmetic to work out the remainder at each stage.
As with quite a lot of what we have seen do NOT expect to be able to do this quickly.
Example
8.058 3.4
We dont want to divide by 3.4 change the question so that we divide by 34.
8.058 3.4 becomes 80.58 34
Now write out the first ten multiples of 34:
1 34 = 34 2 34 = 68 3 34 = 102 4 34 = 136 5 34 = 170
6 34 = 204 7 34 = 238 8 34 = 272 9 34 = 406 10 34 = 340

(There are short cuts for this and you wont always need ALL the multiples)

Now set the division out CLEARLY, making sure youre careful with your remainders...
Keep the decimal points in line!

3 4 8 0 . 5 8
Step 1 how many 34s in 8? too small so...
Step 2 how many 34s in 80? 2 with 12 left over
Step 3 how many 34s in 125? 3 with 23 left over
Step 4 how many 34s in 238? 7 exactly...

So - 80.58 34 = 2.37 and the answer to the original question is the same: 8.058 3.4 = 2.37

2 . 3 7
12 23
8


4) Ratio

You need to understand what we mean by two or more quantities being in a particular ratio. You
need to understand ratio notation (eg 2 : 3 or 3 : 6 : 7 etc). You need to be able to simplify a ratio
into its simplest form and also into the forms 1 : n and n : 1 where n is not necessarily an integer.
You need to understand how to change between writing the relationship between two quantities as
a ratio and writing one of the quantities as a fraction of the other (or of the whole).
You need to be able to solve problems involving ratio.
You need to be able to share a given quantity in a particular ratio.
Simplifying ratios
We can simplify a ratio in a very similar manner to simplifying a fraction we divide (or sometimes
multiply) each part by the same number. We have finished when the different parts contain no
common factor. We are not allowed to use decimals or fractions in our final answer (although they
may appear in the question).
Examples
1) 4 : 12 simplifies to 1 : 3 (divide both numbers by 4)
2) 12 : 18 simplifies to 2 : 3 (divide both numbers by 6)
3) 1.5 : 2 simplifies to 3 : 4 (multiply both numbers by 2)
4) 1.5 : 4.5 simplifies to 1 : 3 (multiply both numbers by 2, then divide by 3)

Writing ratios in the form 1 : n and n : 1

All you need to do here is divide by whatever number you need to change to 1.

Examples

3 : 7 in the form n : 1 divide by 3 and leave 7 3 as a fraction 1 :
7
/3 (1 : 2.3 is OK)
5 : 8 in the form n : 1 - divide by 8 and leave 5 8 as a fraction
5
/8 : 1 (0.625 : 1 is OK)

Sharing in a ratio

Step 1 : add all the quantities in the given ratio
Step 2 : divide the total amount by this sum
Step 3 : multiply what you get by each part of the ratio

Example

Divide (or share) 72 in the ratio 1 : 3 : 4

Step 1: 1 + 3 + 4 = 8
Step 2: 72 8 = 9
Step 3: 9 1 = 9, 9 3 = 27 and 9 4 = 36

So the three required quantities are 9, 27 and 36.

.
9

5) Rules for positive, integer indices

Important: integers are whole numbers and indices is another word for powers

Lets start by making sure you know what were talking about.

x
n
(x to the power n) means x multiplied by itself n times

2
3
(2 to the power 3 or 2 cubed) means 2 2 2 (equals 8)
5
2
(5 to the power 2 or 5 squared) means 5 5 (equals 25)
6
5
(6 to the power 5) means 6 6 6 6 6 (equals 7776)

The three rules you need to know are:

x
a
x
b
= x
(a + b)

x
a
x
b
= x
(a - b)
(x
a
) = x
(ab)

The first two rules only work for powers of the SAME number.
If you want to simplify expressions involving powers of DIFFERENT numbers, this will only be possible
if you can write the different numbers as powers of the same number.

For example: 4
3
8
2
= (2
2
) (2
3
) = 2
6
x 2
9
= 2
15


Examples

2
4
x 2
7
= 2
11


3
12
3
4
= 3
8
(5
2
) = 5
12
8
5
13
5
9 4
5
3 3 2 2
5
3 2
3
3
3
3
3 3
3
3 3
3
27 9

) ( ) (


b
3 3
6
10

6) Rounding (decimal places and significant figures)

Basic aim to take ANY starting number (normally positive, but the rules will work if its negative
too!) and ROUND it (give a rough value) to a given level of accuracy.

Decimal Places

If a number has lots of decimal digits then we may be asked to round to a given number of decimal
places. The method for this is ALWAYS the same.....

Step 1 always start at the decimal point
Step 2 count the designated number of places
Step 3 decide whether the digit youve arrived at stays the same (if it is followed by 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4)
or rounds up (if its followed by 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9). The only time this can get a little bit complicated is
if a 9 rounds up, basically pushing an extra 1 into the previous column and leaving a zero in the
starting column.

ALWAYS CHECK that your answer has the same number of decimal places as the question asks for
this may mean leaving zeros in the final column(s)

Examples

Round 1.58297 to 1dp, 2dp, 3dp and 4dp

1.58297 = 1.6 (1dp) 1.58297 = 1.58 (2dp) 1.58297 = 1.583 (3dp) 1.58297 = 1.5830 (4dp)









Round 28.0279 to 1dp, 2dp and 3dp

28.0279 = 28.0 (1dp) 28.0279 = 28.03 (2dp) 28.0279 = 28.028 (3dp)






This is the first
decimal digit it
rounds up to a 6
because it is followed
by an 8
This is the second
decimal digit it
stays the same
because it is followed
by a 2
This is the third
decimal digit it
rounds up to a 3
because it is followed
by a 9
This is the fourth decimal
digit it rounds up because
it is followed by a 7. Because
it is a 9 and should round up
to 10, we add one to the
previous column and fill this
column with a zero
This is the first
decimal digit it
stays the same
because it is followed
by a 2
This is the second
decimal digit it
round up to a 3
because it is followed
by a 7
This is the third
decimal digit it
rounds up to an 8
because it is followed
by a 9
11

Significant figures

We may be asked to round ANY number at all to a given number of significant figures. The method
for this is ALWAYS the same.....

Step 1 start at the first NON ZERO digit
Step 2 count the designated number of places
Step 3 decide whether the digit youve arrived at stays the same (if it is followed by 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4)
or rounds up (if its followed by 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9). The only time this can get a little bit complicated is
if a 9 rounds up, basically pushing an extra 1 into the previous column and leaving a zero in the
starting column.

ALWAYS CHECK that your answer is of the same order of magnitude as the starting number (we
are giving an approximate value so it has to be the right size) sometimes we need to fill in columns
of zeros to make sure our answer is correct!

Examples

Round 27603 to 1sf, 2sf, 3sf and 4sf

27603 = 30000 (1sf) 27603= 28000 (2sf) 27603 = 27600 (3sf) 27603 = 27600 (4sf)









Notice that the final two answers are the same (!). Rounding to significant figures can be a little bit
more complicated than rounding to decimal places.

Round 0.018275 to 1sf, 2sf, 3sf and 4sf

0.018275 = 0.02 (1sf) 0.018275 = 0.018 (2sf) 0.018275 = 0.0183 (3sf) 0.018275 = 0.01828 (4sf)







This is the first
significant figure it
rounds up to a 3
because it is followed
by a 7. We need to fill
in 4 zeros.
This is the second
significant figure it
rounds up to an 8
because it is followed
by a 6. We need to fill
in 3 zeros.
This is the third
significant figure it
stays the same
because it is followed
by a 0. We need to fill
in 2 zeros.

This is the fourth
significant figure it
stays the same because
it is followed by a 3. We
need to fill one
ADDITIONAL zero.
This is the first
significant figure it
rounds up to a 2
because it is followed
by a 8.
This is the second
significant figure it
stays the same
because it is followed
by a 2.
This is the third
significant figure it
rounds up to a 3
because it is followed
by a 7.

This is the fourth
significant figure it
rounds up to an 8
because it is followed
by a 5.
12


7) Estimation

When a question asks you to Estimate an answer, its looking for a specific method.

Step 1: round EVERY value in the question to 1 significant figure (look at the previous section if
youre unsure) make sure you show this step CLEARLY
Step 2: showing any intermediate steps, work out the answer

Examples (set your answers out like this write the question, then write an is approximately
equal to sign, then show how you round, then work out the answer)

Estimate the following:

1) 54 87

54 87 50 90 = 4500

2) 716 82.65

716 82.65 700 80 = 56000

3)
87 2
98 5 23 19
.
. .


40
3
120
3
6 20
87 2
98 5 23 19

.
. .


Square roots

You can get a rough idea of the value of a square root by comparing the value in the square root
with the nearest square number. You are expected to know all the square numbers up to 15
2
= 225.

Examples

Estimate the value of 62

The nearest square number to 62 is 8
2
= 64.
So 62 is a little bit less than 8.
So a rough estimate for 62 is 7.9 (7.8 would be fine too)


Estimate the value of 126

The nearest square number to 126 is 11
2
= 121.
So 126is a little bit more than 11.
So a rough estimate for 126 is 11.2 (11.1 or 11.3 would be fine too)

13

8) Factors, Primes and Multiples

You need to
(i) Know what these are (dont get factors and multiples muddled up!)
(ii) Make sure you know your tables, otherwise this is a bit tricky

FACTORS go exactly into a number
It is often better to think of them as hanging around in pairs

Examples

All factors of 24: 1,24 2,12 3,8 4,6
All factors of 40: 1,40 2,20 4,10 5,8
All factors of 100: 1,100 2,50 4,25 5,20 10
(notice that 100 has a lone factor because it is a square number)

A PRIME NUMBERS has exactly 2 factors itself and one.
You should be able to recognise prime numbers under 100:
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97
and for larger numbers you may be asked to work out whether they are prime.

MULTIPLES of a number are the numbers that it goes exactly into (ie its times table)

Examples

First 5 multiples of 6: 6, 12, 18, 24, 30
First 5 multiples of 11: 11, 22, 33, 44, 55

You can check if a number is a multiple of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9 or 10 by using a divisibility test

A number is a multiple of 2 if..............it ends in 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 (ie it is even)
A number is a multiple of 3 if..............its digit sum is 3, 6 or 9
A number is a multiple of 4 if..............its last two digits are a multiple of 4
A number is a multiple of 5 if..............its last digit is 0 or 5
A number is a multiple of 6 if..............it is a multiple of 2 AND 3
A number is a multiple of 9 if..............its digit sum is 9
A number is a multiple of 10 if............its last digit is 0

There are other tests for divisibility that you may be familiar with (eg 7, 11) but you should be OK
with all of the above.

14

9) Prime Factorisation, Highest Common Factor (HCF) and Lowest Common Multiple (LCM)

If you know your prime numbers, and if you can divide, then you can use a FACTOR TREE to work out
the prime factors of a number and hence write ANY positive integer as a product of its prime factors,
in INDEX FORM if required.

Start by finding a factor pair of the starting number. If one of these factors is prime, circle it and stop
that part of the tree there. For any non-primes continue writing as a factor pair until youre left JUST
with circled primes.

Example: 1540

Youve got choices for how
to start.
You could start 2 770, but
I think its good to get the
numbers small quickly so Ill
start with 10 154

The completed factor tree gives us 1540 = 2 2 5 7 11 (try to write primes in ascending order)

We can write this in index form (using powers) as 1540 = 2
2
5 7 11

While there are quite a few ways of drawing out the tree (you could have started with 2 and 770) all
the different ways will give the same set of prime factors.

Highest Common Factor of two (or more) numbers

The HCF of two (or more) numbers is the LARGEST number that is a FACTOR of both (all) of them.

For small numbers its usually easiest to work this out by writing out a list of all factors of each
number.

Examples

(i) Find the HCF of 36 and 48.
Factors of 36: 1, 36 2, 18 3, 12 4, 9 6
Factors of 48: 1, 48 2, 24 3, 16 4, 12 6, 8
Comparing lists gives 12 as the HCF.

(ii) Find the HCF of 24, 32 and 56.
Factors of 24: 1, 24 2, 12 3, 8 4, 6
Factors of 32: 1, 32 2, 16 4, 8
Factors of 56: 1, 56 2, 28 4, 14 8, 7
Comparing lists gives as the HCF.

Lowest Common Multiple of two (or more) numbers

The LCM of two (or more) numbers is the SMALLEST number that is a MULTIPLE of both (all) of
them.

Again, for small numbers its usually easiest to work this out by writing out a list of multiples of each
number.

1540
10 154
2 5 2 77
7 11
15

Examples

(i) Find the LCM of 12 and 18.
Multiples of 12: 12, 24, 36, ......
Multiples of 18: 18, 36, ...
Comparing lists gives 36 as the LCM.

(ii) Find the HCF of 8, 18 and 24.
Multiples of 8: 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72, .....
Multiples of 18: 18, 36, 54, 72, ......
Multiples of 24: 24, 48, 72, ......
Comparing lists gives 72 as the LCM.

As the numbers get bigger, or when there are more numbers, or if the numbers are just a bit nasty
youre often better off using the prime factorisation of each number and a VENN DIAGRAM.

Example

Find the HCF and LCM of 56 and 84

Step 1: work out prime factorisation of 56 and 84

56 = 2
3
7, 84 = 2
2
3 7

Step 2: put these factors into a Venn Diagram












Step 3: the HCF is the product of all the primes in the INTERSECTION (middle)
In this case 2 2 7 = 28

Step 4: the LCM is the product of all the primes in the whole diagram
In this case 2 2 2 7 3 = 168

(This number can often be quite big so the question might ask you to leave it as a product of prime
numbers in index form)

56 84
2
7
3
2 2
16

10) Fraction/Decimal Equivalence

You need to know that fractions and decimals are different ways of representing numbers, and you
need to be able to change between the two forms (easy example:
1
/2 = 0.5)

Just like your tables, some of these equivalences you should just know. If you're unfamiliar with any
of these below please try to learn them.

Terminating decimals (ie decimals that stop)

1
/2 = 0.5
1
/4 = 0.25
1
/5 = 0.2
1
/8 = 0.125
1
/10 = 0.1


3
/4 = 0.75
2
/5 = 0.4
3
/8 = 0.375
3
/10 = 0.3


3
/5 = 0.6
5
/8 = 0.625
7
/10 = 0.7



4
/5 = 0.8
7
/8 = 0.875
9
/10 = 0.9


Recurring decimals (ie decimals that go on repeating forever - the digit under the dot repeats, or in
the case of the final column, both the digit repeat)

1
/3 = 0. 3

1
/6 = 0. 6 1

1
/9 = 1 0

.
1
/11 = 9 0 0

.
2
/3 = 0. 6

5
/6 = 0. 3 8

2
/9 = 2 0

.
2
/11 = 8 1 0

.




4
/9 = 4 0

.
3
/11 = 7 2 0

.




5
/9 = 5 0

.
4
/11 = 6 3 0

.




7
/9 = 7 0

.
5
/11 = 5 4 0

.




8
/9 = 8 0

.
6
/11 = 4 5 0

.




7
/11 = 3 6 0

.






8
/11 = 2 7 0

.





9
/11 = 1 8 0

.






10
/11 = 0 9 0

.

(i) I have left out equivalent fractions (ie
2
/4 is the same as
1
/2,
3
/9 is the same as
1
/3 etc)
(ii) Hopefully you can see some patterns in the ninths and elevenths - they aren't that difficult to
learn!

Changing terminating decimals to fractions

This will always work, but it may be tricky to cancel the fraction fully. Remember that you are
expected just to know some of these (listed above)

Step 1: count the number of decimal places in the starting decimal - for the denominator, use the
appropriate power of 10, with as many zeros as you had decimal places to start with
Step 2: use the decimal digits as the numerator of your fraction
Step 3: cancel down as far as you can this can be tricky so take your time


17

Examples

1) 0.78

Step 1: 2 decimal places, so we use 100 as the denominator
Step 2: choose 78 as the numerator
Step 3: cancel down by dividing top and bottom by 2
0.78 =
50
39
100
78


2) 0.8725

Step 1: 4 decimal places, so we use 10000 as the denominator
Step 2: choose 8725 as the numerator
Step 3: cancel down by dividing top and bottom by 25
0.8725 =
400
349
10000
8725


Changing a nice fraction to a decimal (if it isnt one you know see list above)

Whenever you are asked to change a fraction to a decimal, start by making sure its in its simplest
form (ie cancel down if necessary).
Once youve done this you may well end up with a nice denominator by this I mean a number
that you can change fairly easily into a power of 10 (10, 100, 1000 etc)
Then its just a question of writing an equivalent fraction with a power of 10 as the denominator,
then changing it to a decimal.

Examples

64 0
100
64
25
16
. (multiply top and bottom by 4 to get 100 on the bottom)

45 0
100
45
20
9
40
18
. (cancel down, multiply top and bottom by 5 to get 100 on the bottom)

6 0
10
6
30
18
. (cancel down and you get 10 on the bottom)

Once youve cancelled down, some examples of nice denominators are 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 20, 25, 40, 50
because its quite easy to change them to 10, 100, 1000.

18

Changing any fraction to a decimal (if you cant do it quickly)

To be able to do this you need to be able to do division, and you divide the numerator by the
denominator. If the denominator is nasty you will need to be able to do long division.

Examples

1) Change
7
3
to a decimal.

Divide 3 by 7. In order to get the "decimal places" keep adding zeros to the 3 ie make it 3.00000...
Then do your "normal" division.

0 . 4 2 8 5 7 1 4 ...
7 3 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...


Step 1: how many 7s in 3? 0 remainder 3
Step 2: how many 7s in 30? 4 remainder 2
Step 3: how many 7s in 20? 2 remainder 6
Step 4: how many 7s in 60? 8 remainder 4
Step 5: how many 7s in 40? 5 remainder 5
Step 6: how many 7s in 50? 7 remainder 1
Step 7: how many 7s in 10? 1 remainder 3
Step 8: how many 7s in 30? 4 remainder 2

As soon as we get a remainder repeated (in this case the 3) we know that the decimal will recur.
So we have 7 1 5 8 2 4 0
7
3

.

2) Change
24
7
to a decimal.

This is going to be a bit trickier as I don't know my 24 times table.
Just like with "normal" long division, write out the first 10 multiples of 24:

1 24 = 24 2 24 = 48 3 24 = 72 4 24 = 96 5 24 = 120

6 24 = 144 7 24 = 168 8 24 = 192 9 24 = 216 10 24 = 240

Now follow the same procedure as above

0 . 2 9 1 6 6 ...
24 7 . 0 0 0 0 0 ...

Step 1: how many 24s in 7? 0 remainder 7
Step 2: how many 24s in 70? 2 remainder 22
Step 3: how many 24s in 220? 9 remainder 4
Step 4: how many 24s in 40? 1 remainder 16
Step 5: how many 24s in 160? 6 remainder 16
Step 6: how many 24s in 160? 6 remainder 16......repeated remainder so decimal recurs now

So, 6 291 0
24
7

.
3 2 6 4 5 1 3
7 22 4 16 16
19

QUESTIONS

A) Four rules for positive and negative integers
Write each question out then give its answer. Use the rules carefully!

1) 8 17 2) (-3) + 9 3) (-4) + (-2) 4) 8 (-4) 5) (-13) (-11)

6) (-5) x 8 7) 4 x (-9) 8) 12 x (-9) 9) 24 (-3) 10) (-42) (-7)

B) Fraction Arithmetic
Write out each question and show your working.
If your answer is greater than one you may leave it as a mixed number OR as a top-heavy fraction.
You answer MUST be simplified.

1)
7
1
3
2
2)
8
5
6
5
3)
8
1
2
7
3
1 4)
5
3
6
5
5)
7
5
1
2
1
3

6)
4
3
5
2
7)
5
2
3
2
1 8)
2
1
1
7
2
2 9)
9
7
8
5
10)
4
3
1
3
1
3

C) Decimal Arithmetic
Show careful working for each question

1) 2.34 + 5.7 2) 12.3 5.67 3) 12.34 + 1.752 3.9 4) 2.6 15.3 5) 22.678 4.6

D) Ratio
1) Simplify each of the following ratios. Write the question, then "=", then give your answer.
a) 3 : 6 b) 12 : 2 c) 1.5 : 4 d) 1.2 : 5 e) 14 : 35 : 77

2) a) Write the ratio 4 : 7 in the ratio 1 : n where n is a fraction or a decimal
b) Write the ratio 3 : 8 in the ratio n : 1 where n is a fraction or a decimal

3) The ratio of boys to girls on a school trip is 2 : 3
a) Write the number of boys on the trip as a FRACTION of the number of girls on the trip
b) Write the number of boys on the trip as a FRACTION of the number of children on the trip
c) If there are 45 children on the trip, how many are boys and how many are girls?

4) Showing your working carefully, share 63 in the ratio 3 : 4

5) Three bags contain a mixture of red and green balls.
In bag A there are 30 balls and the ratio of red to green balls is 2 : 1
In bag B there are 24 balls and the ratio of red to green balls is 3 : 5
In bag C there are 28 balls and the ratio of red to green balls is 4 : 3
What fraction of ALL the balls are red? Give your answer in its simplest form.

E) Rules for positive, integer indices
For these questions, write the question then "=", then give your answer.
1) Simplify the following
a) 2
3
2
4
b) 6
8
6
2
c) (5
2
)

2) Write as a single power of 2
a) 4
5
b) 16
3
c)
3
2 4
4
8 x 2


3
20

F) Rounding to a given number of decimal places or significant figures

Round the following to the stated degree of accuracy (dp = decimal places, sf = significant figures).
No need to explain your answer/show any working but please write down the question and details
of how youve rounded. For example: 4.527 = 4.5 (1dp)

1) 34.65 (1dp) 2) 1.8672 (2dp) 3) 12.8091 (3dp) 4) 342.898 (2dp) 5) 1.9765 (1dp)

6) 1875 (1sf) 7) 0.02876 (1sf) 8) 86026 (2sf) 9) 0.0030698 (2sf) 10) 8.976 (2sf)

G) Estimation
Estimate the following. Start by writing the question then show your working clearly.

1) 68 17 2)
89 3
8 51 1 23
.
. .
3)
187 0
87 2 1 5
.
. .
4) 23 5) 170

H) Factors, Primes and Multiples
1)Write out this list:
2, 3, 11, 14, 17, 18, 21, 27, 29, 31, 36, 39, 40
From the list of numbers above, list....
a) all multiples of 7
b) all factors of 36
c) all primes

2) With reasons, decide whether 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9 and 10 are factors of number 4620.

I) Prime Factorisation, HCF and LCM
For all these questions, show your working carefully.
1) Write the number 1092 as a product of prime numbers in index form.

2) Work out
a) the HCF of 45 and 60
b) the LCM of 24 and 30

2) Work out the HCF of 234 and 198

3) Work out the LCM of 80 and 52, writing your answer as a product of prime numbers in index form.

J) Fraction/ Decimal equivalence

1) Write out each of these fractions, then give its decimal equivalence (no working required)
a)
5
3
b)
8
5
c)
3
2
d)
6
5
e)
9
8


2) Showing careful working, change these decimals to fractions in their simplest form:

a) 0.24 b) 0.85 c) 0.256

3) Showing careful working, change these fractions to decimals, clearly showing recurring digits if
necessary

a)
25
3
b)
40
13
c)
12
1
d)
15
7