NUTRITIONs

WHAT IS NUTRITION?
The process that organisms obtain energy from food, for growth, maintenance and repair of
damage tissue

TYPES OF NUTRITION

1) Autotrophs (self, feed)
* Photosynthesis (Green plants)
* Chemosynthesis (Bacteria synthesis organic compounds by oxidising inorganic compounds -
ammonia)

2) Heterotrophs (cannot synthesise their own food)
* Holozoic (Herbivours, Carnivours & Omnivours)
* Saprophytic (Organisms fed on dead / decaying matter
* Parasitic (Organisms obtains nutrient by living on/ in the body of other living organisms

BALANCE DIET
* Balance diet: a diet which contains the right amounts of carbohydrate, proteins, fat,
vitamins, mineral, water and fibers.
* Healthy diet: should provide the body with all the substances necessary to maintain growth,
to keep good health and repair damage tissue.









WHAT ARE THE FACTORS THAT EFFECTING THE DAILY ENERGY REQUIREMENT?
Climate!
Colder place need more energy to maintain body temp.
because of the lost of energy to the surrounding.

FACTORS EFFECTING DAILY ENERGY REQUIREMENT
* Body size - The smaller person have a larger surface per unit volume compare to a larger
person, the rate of heat loss is higher, they need more energy.
* Gender - Male need more energy because they are more active & the metabolic rate is
higher then female.
* Growing children have higher metabolic rate than older people. They need more energy.
* Occupation - Person does heavy work needs more energy than a person who is only
moderately active.

NUTRIENTS IN FOOD
* Carbohydrates: (rice, noodles, potatoes)
o Source of energy for motion and growth
o Used to form supporting structures in plants (cell wall)
o Effective methods for food storage (starch/glycogen)
o Part of nucleus (DNA)
o Lack of it : become very weak

* Proteins : (meat, fish, cheese, eggs)
o Make new cells for growing
o Repair & Replace damaged cells/tissues
o Make enzymes, antibodies & hormones
o Lack of it: kwashiorkor, very weak, muscle are poorly developed

* Fat : ( oils, butter, milk, nuts)
o Supply energy
o Part of cell membrane
o Help absorb certain vitamins (ADEK)
o Too much: excess fat stored under the skin (obese)
o Too little: vitamins wont be absorbed, cell membrane wont be formed normally

* Vitamins:
o To protect health.
o Biological catalyst for chemical reaction in
the body.
o 2 categories:

i) Fat soluble vitamins
+ A,D,E,K
+ Stored in the body fat
+ No need to consume everyday (stored in
the body)





ii) Water soluble vitamins
+ C and B (8 types)
+ Dissolved easily in water, easily lost
+ Cannot be stored in the body, need to be
consumed everyday.

Vitamin Source Functions Defiency
Vitamin
A
Milk, green leaf, butter,
tomatoes, cod liver, egg
Normal growth,
healthy eyes &
skin.
Night blindness
Vitamin
B1
Milk, peas, cereals, green
leaf.
Growth &
development
Beriberi (disease
affects the nervous
system).
Vitamin
B2
Peas, yeast, egg, meat Healthy skin
growth
Skin disease,
retarded growth
Vitamin
B4
Whole cereals, potatoes,
tomatoes, meat, fish
Healthy skin,
digestive &
nervous system
Pellagra (disease
affect the skin,
alimentary canal &
nervous system).
Vitamn c Tomatoes, green leaf,
vegetables, fruits.
Healthy growth,
strong blood
vessels
Scurvy (gums easily
bleed).
Vitamin
D
Sunlight, milk, butter Strong bones &
teeth
Rickets ( Soft
bones & deformed
on children)
Vitamin
E
Vegetables, oils, milk, butter. : Protect the cell
membrane.
Affect fertility.

Vitamin
K
Green vegetables, Soya bean
oils
Help in clotting the
blood
Help in clotting the
blood
* Mineral salts:
o Major trace mineral- required in large amount
o Minor trace mineral- required in small amount

* Iron - Formation of heamoglobin
* Calcium - Strong bones & teeth, muscle contractions, clotting blood
* Phosphorus - Strong bones
* Potassium - Growth & osmotic balance
* Sodium - Osmotic balance, proper functioning of nervous system
* Iodine - Body metabolism, development of brain
* Roughage/ fiber
o Higher water holding capacity
o Help peristalsis / bowel movement
o Prevent from constipation
o Lower the cholesterol
o Reduce the risk of heart disease

* Water:
o Medium for biochemical reactions
o Medium for transportation of respiratory gases
o Regulates body temp.
o Removes excretory waste
o Maintain osmotic pressure
o Aids peristaltic movement
o Hydrolyse some food substances
o Dissolve most chemical substances








SPECIAL DIET

* Pregnant lady
Need more nutrient to provide more energy to meet the need of my growing fetus
o Folate brain development
o Iron prevent from anemic
o Calcium - growth of babys bone & teeth

* Baby
Need mothers milk to provide me with energy & nutrient.

* Children
They are active & love to play. They need carbohydrates to give us energy and protein to
develop new tissue.

* Vegetarian
They need supplement in order to complete their need.

* Diabetic
Low sugar.

* Teenagers
o Carbohydrates provides energy (theyre active)
o Protein still growing
o Iron menstruation (girl)

* Athletes
Carbohydrates they need more energy.





MALNUTRITION

* Starvation insufficient amount of food
* Eating disorder:
o Anorexia Nervosa Girls believe themselves to be fat (theyre extremely thin), dont want to
eat.
Bulimia Over concern with body weight, eat a lot and then force themselves to vomit.

* Overweight/ Obesity - high risk of diabetes, hypertension, heart attack
* Over consumption of cholesterol & saturated fat:
o Can cause arthrosclerosis (build up fatty deposits in the coronary arteries/ blood vessels.

* Constipation: lack of dietary fiber.

Class Of Chemicals
Cells need various types of organic and inorganic compounds to enable them to carry out their
functions, as well as build their cellular components. While organic compounds contain the
element carbon, inorganic compounds do not.

Below is the classified descriptions of chemical compound.

Carbohydrate
* Starch made up of long chain of glucose
* The ratio of C:H:O in it is 1:2:1
* Cellulose that strengthens the cell walls of plants
* Maltose can be converted into glucose by hydrolysis
* Its glucose molecules can be converted into glycogen

Lipid
* Cholesterol is an example of it
* Fats have the triglyceride molecules in them
* Fatty acids can be saturated and unsaturated
* The hormone testosterone is an example of it



Nucleic Acid
* An example is the DNA found in the nucleus of a cell
* Genetic material that directs protein synthesis
* Contain pentose sugars and phosphate groups

Protein
* Amino acids are its building blocks
* Nearly all enzymes are examples of it
* The haemoglobin molecules in the red blood cells
* Builds muscles and aids growth

Water
* An inorganic compound with no carbon in it
* A polar molecule with two H atoms and one O atom
* A universal solvent
* Acts as a medium for reactions in one's body