Mae 656 - 03-D01

MAE 656 - Advanced
Computer Aided Design

03. Beams and Trusses
Solution of Beams and Trusses
Problems
Introduction
If our structure is made of multiple elements that can be
characterized as beams or trusses, the best approach to the
problem is with these elements. These should be used
whenever it is possible.
Beams: Each node has three possible displacements and
three possible rotations. Efforts in the node are three forces
(axial and shear) and three moments (torsion and bending)
Trusses: The bar element only handles axial loads.
Displacement of the nodes will be along the bar axis.
MAE656 cba Dr.XavierMartinez,2012 03.Beams&Trusses Doc01
Beam Simulations
The simulation of a structure made of beam elements is
made with linear elements that represent the beam axis.
Beam Simulations
The beams can have any possible shape:
Beam Simulations
Or cross section:
Beam Simulations
If we only have one beam, although a first beam study may
be helpful to establish preliminary dimensions, we may
have to use shell or solid elements to obtain good results.
On the other hand, if we have many beams:
the beam analysis becomes imperative
Simplification of the problem
We want to study the following crane:
The first thing we have to decide is in which configuration
(or configurations) we want to study it.
If we are concerned about maximum bending, this can be the worst
scenario:
We must know the problem dimensions:
We must locate the axis of the different beams, as the
structure will be defined according to these axis.
Notice that we have some distortions of reality by having to attach the
different bar elements along their axis. In this case, the piston becomes
larger.
We have to define the cross sections of the beams.
In this example we will approximate the beam behavior with a single
beam which thickness is the mean value.
Finally we have to define the structure dimensions and the
dimensions of all cross sections of the structure:
Variable Cross Section
Ansys Workbench does not allow to define a variable cross
section along the beam axis.
A possible solution to this problem is to divide the beam in
several shorter beams, each one with a different cross
section.
Cross Section Excentricity
There are some structures where the beam axis are not
aligned:
The cross section of this structure looks like:
If we draw the axis of the structure we get:
Which means that the beams are placed:
We have to give an initial excentricity to the beams in order
to recover the original position
In Ansys Design Modeler:
Previous knowledge of the problem
It is necessary a good knowledge of Strength of Materials,
in order to define some structural elements:
The proposed simplification can be made if forces are acting along the
x axis. If forces act along the y axis, this simplification is not correct!
Beam Elements in Ansys Workbench
The linear element available in ANSYS Workbench is
BEAM 188:
(// Element Reference // I. Element Library // BEAM188)
(http://www.kxcad.net/ansys/ANSYS/ansyshelp/Hlp_E_BEAM188.html)
This beam element is based on Timoshenko beam theory, which
is a first order shear deformation theory: transverse shear strain
is constant through the cross-section; that is, cross-sections
remain plane and undistorted after deformation.
It is not a TRUSS element. We will have to release node
connectivities in order to get a truss performance.
Body to body connections
It is possible to define the degrees
of freedom that are fixed and free in
the connection of two different
bodies. This is done with body to
body connections.
In order to get a Truss
performance we have to create a
revolute joint, which frees the
rotation along z axis.
The bodies to be connected must be
independent.
Body to body connections
In beams elements, a
revolute joint is applied
to the vertex that is
shared by the two
elements that are
connected.
While a revolute joint
frees z rotation. A
General joint allows
defining the degrees of
freedom that are free.
MESHING
The performance of BEAM 188 element is such that it
provides a correct solution if each bar is defined with a
single finite element.
In case of structures with curved beam elements, or with
elements with a variable cross section, it is necessary to
define enough elements to have a good representation of
the structure geometry
RESULTS
The main results in which we will be interested when
solving a beam structure are the following:
Results
Direct stress is the stress produced by the axial load
Bending stress (maximum and mnimum) is the stress
produced by the bending moments
Combined stress is the stress result of the linear
combination of the stresses produced by the axial load and
the stresses produced by the bending moments.
Exercise
Obtain the displacement, efforts and stresses of the structural steel
crane drawn in the following picture. The load applied has a magnitude
of 15 kN and it is applied vertical at the end of the arm
If there is any beam that holds stresses larger than 90% the elastic limit
(250MPa), modify it to reduce the stresses in it.

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MAE 656 - Advanced

Computer Aided Design

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